Literatura académica sobre el tema "Constraint translation"

Le contexte général de ce travail est la problématique de la conception de systèmes de haute qualité intégrant plusieurs sources de données via une couche sémantique codée dans un langage de représentation et de raisonnement sur les connaissances. Nous considérons les systèmes de gestion de données basés sur des connaissances (KBDM), qui sont structurés en trois couches : la couche de données, qui comprend les sources de données, la couche de connaissances (ou ontologique), et les mappings entre les deux. Les mappings et les connaissances sont exprimés dans le cadre des règles existentielles. Une des difficultés intrinsèques à la conception d'un système KBDM est la nécessité de comprendre le contenu des sources de données. Les sources de données sont souvent fournies avec des requêtes et des contraintes typiques, à partir desquelles on peut tirer des informations précieuses sur leur sémantique, tant que cette information est rendue intelligible aux concepteurs du système KBDM. Cela nous amène à notre question centrale : est-il possible de traduire les requêtes et les contraintes des données au niveau de la connaissance tout en préservant leur sémantique ? Les principales contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes. Nous étendons les travaux antérieurs sur la traduction de requêtes sur les données vers l'ontologie avec de nouvelles techniques pour le calcul de traductions de requêtes parfaites, minimalement complètes ou maximalement adéquates. En ce qui concerne la traduction des contraintes sur les données vers l'ontologie, nous définissons un cadre général et l'appliquons à plusieurs classes de contraintes. Enfin, nous fournissons un opérateur de réécriture de requêtes adéquat et complet pour les règles existentielles disjonctives et les mappings disjonctifs, ainsi que des résultats d'indécidabilité, qui sont d'un intérêt indépendant<br>The general context of this work is the issue of designing high-quality systems that integrate multiple data sources via a semantic layer encoded in a knowledge representation and reasoning language. We consider knowledge-based data management (KBDM) systems, which are structured in three layers: the data layer, which comprises the data sources, the knowledge (or ontological) layer, and the mappings between the two. Mappings and knowledge are expressed within the existential rule framework. One of the intrinsic difficulties in designing a KBDM is the need to understand the content of data sources. Data sources are often provided with typical queries and constraints, from which valuable information about their semantics can be drawn, as long as this information is made intelligible to KBDM designers. This motivates our core question: is it possible to translate data queries and constraints at the knowledge level while preserving their semantics?The main contributions of this thesis are the following. We extend previous work on data-to-ontology query translation with new techniques for the computation of perfect, minimally complete, or maximally sound query translations. Concerning data-to-ontology constraint translation, we define a general framework and apply it to several classes of constraints. Finally, we provide a sound and complete query rewriting operator for disjunctive existential rules and disjunctive mappings, as well as undecidability results, which are of independent interest

Morphology and syntax have both received attention in statistical machine translation research, but they are usually treated independently and the historical emphasis on translation into English has meant that many morphosyntactic issues remain under-researched. Languages with richer morphologies pose additional problems and conventional approaches tend to perform poorly when either source or target language has rich morphology. In both computational and theoretical linguistics, feature structures together with the associated operation of unification have proven a powerful tool for modelling many morphosyntactic aspects of natural language. In this thesis, we propose a framework that extends a state-of-the-art syntax-based model with a feature structure lexicon and unification-based constraints on the target-side of the synchronous grammar. Whilst our framework is language-independent, we focus on problems in the translation of English to German, a language pair that has a high degree of syntactic reordering and rich target-side morphology. We first apply our approach to modelling agreement and case government phenomena. We use the lexicon to link surface form words with grammatical feature values, such as case, gender, and number, and we use constraints to enforce feature value identity for the words in agreement and government relations. We demonstrate improvements in translation quality of up to 0.5 BLEU over a strong baseline model. We then examine verbal complex production, another aspect of translation that requires the coordination of linguistic features over multiple words, often with long-range discontinuities. We develop a feature structure representation of verbal complex types, using constraint failure as an indicator of translation error and use this to automatically identify and quantify errors that occur in our baseline system. A manual analysis and classification of errors informs an extended version of the model that incorporates information derived from a parse of the source. We identify clause spans and use model features to encourage the generation of complete verbal complex types. We are able to improve accuracy as measured using precision and recall against values extracted from the reference test sets. Our framework allows for the incorporation of rich linguistic information and we present sketches of further applications that could be explored in future work.

El presente estudio analiza de forma empírica si los estilos de aprendizaje se correlacionan significativamente con la calidad de traducción, cuando la tarea de traducción se desarrolla bajo restricciones de tiempo cada vez mayores. Además, el estudio vincula la práctica pedagógica con la realidad profesional, a la vez que potencia las sinergias entre dicha práctica pedagógica y la investigación empírica en el campo de la traducción. El estudio se construye gradualmente sobre el análisis de los patrones de rendimiento basado en el producto y los patrones de rendimiento basado en el proceso resultantes y luego destaca los vínculos pertinentes de la variable personal de estilos de aprendizaje. Todo ello sobre la base de los datos obtenidos sobre un total de 84 estudiantes universitarios de traducción de la Facultad de filología inglesa de la Universidad Aristóteles de Tesalónica en Grecia. Los resultados apuntan a un estilo de aprendizaje que se correlaciona significativamente con la calidad de la traducción cuando se trabaja con plazos de entrega relativamente más amplios y otro distinto cuando se aumentan las restricciones de tiempo. La evidencia empírica sugiere que los participantes experimentan un estado cognitivo de "shock" cuando sufren restricciones de tiempo cada vez mayores. Las conclusiones parecen indicar que es aconsejable favorecer un ambiente de aprendizaje que tenga en cuenta los diferentes estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes.<br>The present study examines empirically whether learning styles significantly correlate with translation quality when the translation task takes place under increasing time constraints. It strives to link pedagogical practice with professional reality, while promoting synergies between pedagogical practice and empirical translation research. The study gradually builds on the analysis of emerging product- and process-based performance patterns and then highlights pertinent links with the personal variable of learning styles, on the basis of data collected from a total of 84 undergraduates studying translation at the School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Results point to a learning style that correlates significantly with translation quality when working under a relatively relaxed deadline, and to a different one when time constraints increase. Empirical evidence also suggests that participants undergo a state of cognitive “shock” when under increasing time constraints. The conclusions seem to indicate it is worthwhile favoring a learning environment which will take into account students’ different learning styles.

This project analyzes the Spanish dubbing of Glee for Latin American audiences in order to understand how identity—gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, religion, and (dis)ability—is shaped by the adaptation process. I make two primary interventions within the field of global television studies. First, I expand adaptation analysis by adding industrial norms and production processes to the traditional theorizations of technical and cultural aspects; secondly, I use this web of elements as an interpretive lens for analyzing television translations, thus providing a model for making sense of how the adaptation process affects the representation of race, sexuality, and other forms of identity. Glee is translated for all of Latin America by the Mexico City company New Art Dub, and so I spent three weeks there doing field work. In addition to interviewing Glee’s Spanish-language script writer, director, actors, engineers, and technicians, and observing their work at every stage, I reviewed dubbed scripts and conducted textual analysis of the dubbed episodes. As this project demonstrates, the translation process negotiates complex international forces along with numerous industrial, technical, and cultural constraints as it shapes representations of and discourses about sexual, gender, racial, and ethnic identities. This research demonstrates that between imperialism and indigenization is an entire adaptation industry which simultaneously exaggerates and downplays cross-cultural similarities and differences.

Although Audiovisual Translation has received considerable attention in recent years, evidence suggests that there is a paucity of empirical research carried out on the topic of ideological and cultural constraints in audiovisual translation from English into Arabic. This is despite the fact that subtitling and dubbing Western animation into Arabic has been on the increase ever since television sets entered Arab homes; which is why several authority figures are calling for tighter control and moral screening of what is aired on television sets, in particular that which is aimed at children. This study aims to add some understanding of the problems facing practitioners in the dubbing/subtitling industry, such as the reasons for their alleged reality distortion and how these problems are dealt with by the dubbing agencies. This is achieved by exploring the extent ideological and cultural norms, as weB as other agents, shape the outcome of dubbed English animations/films when rendered into Arabic by manipulation, subversion and/or appropriation. Fifty-two dubbed episodes of The Simpsons were selected for this study. The Simpsons was chosen due to its universal appeal and influence. It addresses many sensitive issues, such as sex, drugs, religion, politics, racial and gender stereotypes, with a bluntness and boldness rarely seen before, and goes beyond passive entertainment and school education. Therefore, it is looked at with suspicion and vigilance in the Arab World. The methodological approach adopted for this study is primarily qualitative, which is proven to provide the kind of expert understanding this study aims to achieve, as Denzin and Lincoln (1994) attest. Because this research springs from the conviction that the issues involved constitute a complex phenomenon, and because the aim is to uncover what could be learnt about intrinsic and extrinsic conditions, it is important to adopt Toury's (1980, 1995) descriptive translation studies paradigm as well as critical discourse analysis strategy. This paradigm enables researchers to describe, explore, analyse, interpret views of the participants, and bring forth the representational properties of the screen discourse as a vehicle for ideological and cultural power transfer. The contrastive analysis of the English and Arabic versions of The Simpsons yielded interesting results; it established that the translation process is marred by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, either exercised by the translator or imposed upon him. Ideological and socio-cultural factors are the chief culprits in the case of translating The Simpsons into Arabic.

A tradução para legendas compreende, além de fatores culturais e linguísticos, questões técnicas específicas, as quais exercem grande influência no momento de fazer as escolhas tradutórias. É frequente a sensação, para os conhecedores da língua fonte, de que a legenda não compreende tudo o que está sendo dito na tela. Entretanto, o conhecimento das restrições técnicas, bem como a análise de fatores extratextuais envolvidos no material, permitem ao espectador discernir as possíveis intenções do legendador. Nesta pesquisa, analisamos o script do filme O auto da Compadecida, de Guel Arraes (2000), a fim de identificarmos marcadores culturais e quais os tratamentos dispensados a eles nas traduções para as legendas disponíveis no DVD oficial do filme, a partir do conceito de modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (2006). Após o levantamento dos marcadores e as análises das traduções, observamos as relações estabelecidas entre a tradução textual, as restrições técnicas da legendagem e os elementos extratextuais presentes no filme, conforme Titford (1982), e o quanto essas relações favorecem a compreensão da natureza dos marcadores por parte dos espectadores estrangeiros. Como resultado, apresentamos quatro tipologias de legendas combinadas com as modalidades, com o propósito de favorecer futuros estudos que versarão sobre a tradução de marcadores culturais e tradução para legendagem.<br>Translation into subtitles includes, in addition to cultural and linguistic factors, specific technical concerns, which exert great influence in the moment of making translation choices. It is often felt by those who have a solid knowledge of the source language, that the subtitle does not consist of everything that is displayed on the screen. However, the knowledge of specific technical constraints, as well as the analysis of extratextual factors involved in the material, allow the viewer to discern the possible intentions of the subtitler. In this research, we analyzed the movie script of O auto da Compadecida (A dogs will) by Guel Arraes (2000) in order to identify cultural markers and what treatments were given to them in the official subtitles which are available in the DVD, based on the concept of translation modalities by Aubert (2006). After selecting the cultural markers and having analyzed the translations, we observed the relations established between the textual translation, the technical constraints and the extratextual elements present in the movie, according to Titford (1982), as well as how these relations allow the comprehension of the nature of the markers by the foreign viewers. As a result, we present four typologies of subtitles united with the modalities, with the purpose of providing support for future studies that deal with translation of cultural markers and translation for subtitling.

La conductivité hydraulique racinaire (Lpr) traduit la facilité du passage de l'eau au travers des racines. Ce paramètre, majoritairement contrôlé par l'activité de canaux hydriques membranaires (aquaporines), est modulable par diverses contraintes environnementales. Ce travail a permis de caractériser, sur un même organisme (Arabidopsis), les effets d'un ensemble de contraintes abiotiques et biotiques, représentatives de situations environnementales, sur la Lpr. Alors que la flagelline n'affecte pas la Lpr, les contraintes osmotiques (NaCl, mannitol), oxydantes (H2O2, NO) et nutritionnelles (carence en phosphate, en nitrate, culture des plantes en nuit prolongée) inhibent la Lpr. Par contre, la réalimentation en phosphate ainsi que l'addition de saccharose à des plantes cultivées en nuit prolongée stimulent la Lpr. Une approche phosphoprotéomique quantitative, basée sur l'analyse par MS de protéines microsomales racinaires purifiées à partir de plantes cultivées dans trois de ces contextes (NaCl, NO, phosphate) a permis de quantifier les variations d'abondance de l'ensemble des aquaporines racinaires ainsi que de leur état de MPT. D'un point de vue qualitatif, 22 aquaporines ont été identifiées dans la racine ainsi que plusieurs types de MPTs, incluant des nouveaux sites de phosphorylation (7), de méthylation (13 à 15), de formylation (4) et de déamidation (25 à 26). D'un point de vue quantitatif, cette étude a permis de conclure que les observations réalisées au niveau de la Lpr sont la résultante de mécanismes multifactoriels incluant l'état de phosphorylation des trois sites de l'extrémité C terminale de PIP2;1/2;2/2;3, l'état de phosphorylation de l'extrémité N terminale de PIP1;1/1;2, ainsi que les aquaporines TIPs. Ce travail permet donc de proposer de nouveaux mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation de la Lpr en réponse à des contraintes de l'environnement<br>The water uptake capacity of plant roots (root hydraulic conductivity, Lpr) is mainly determined by water channels (aquaporins) and is modulated by environmental constraints. The present work characterised, in a unique organism (Arabidopsis), effects on Lpr of abiotic and biotic constraints representative of environmental situations. Whereas flagelline does not affect Lpr, osmotic (NaCl or mannitol), oxidative (H2O2 or NO) and nutritional (phosphate or nitrate starvation, prolonged night) stimuli inhibit Lpr. However, phosphate and sucrose resupply stimulate Lpr. A phosphoproteomics approach based on MS analysis of microsomal proteins extracted from roots of plants cultivated in different environmental constraints (NaCl, NO,phosphate starvation and resupply) allowed to quantify variations of abundance of roots aquaporins and of their PTMs. As a qualitative point of view, 22 aquaporins were identified in roots as well as several post-translational modifications including new sites of phosphorylation (7), methylation (13 to 15), formylation (4) and deamidation (25 to 26). From a quantitative point of view, the present work drove to the conclusion that the modulations of Lpr result from multifactorial mechanisms including the phosphorylation status of the C terminal part of PIP2;1/2;2/2;3 and of the N-terminal part of PIP1;1/1;2 and TIP aquaporins. This study proposes new molecular mechanisms implicated in Lpr regulation in response to various environmental situations