Bibliografías temáticas / Cyanobacteria Toxicology

Índice

Artículos de revistas
Tesis
Libros
Capítulos de libros
Actas de conferencias

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Cyanobacteria Toxicology"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 31 de enero de 2023

Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros

Elija tipo de fuente:

Consulte las listas temáticas de artículos, libros, tesis, actas de conferencias y otras fuentes académicas sobre el tema "Cyanobacteria Toxicology".

Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.

También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.

Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Cyanobacteria Toxicology"

Rangel, Luciana M., Lúcia H. S. Silva, Elisabeth J. Faassen, Miquel Lürling, and Kemal Ali Ger. "Copepod Prey Selection and Grazing Efficiency Mediated by Chemical and Morphological Defensive Traits of Cyanobacteria." Toxins 12, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070465.

Texto completo

Resumen

Phytoplankton anti-grazer traits control zooplankton grazing and are associated with harmful blooms. Yet, how morphological versus chemical phytoplankton defenses regulate zooplankton grazing is poorly understood. We compared zooplankton grazing and prey selection by contrasting morphological (filament length: short vs. long) and chemical (saxitoxin: STX- vs. STX+) traits of a bloom-forming cyanobacterium (Raphidiopsis) offered at different concentrations in mixed diets with an edible phytoplankton to a copepod grazer. The copepod selectively grazed on the edible prey (avoidance of cyanobacteria) even when the cyanobacterium was dominant. Avoidance of the cyanobacterium was weakest for the “short STX-” filaments and strongest for the other three strains. Hence, filament size had an effect on cyanobacterial avoidance only in the STX- treatments, while toxin production significantly increased cyanobacterial avoidance regardless of filament size. Moreover, cyanobacterial dominance reduced grazing on the edible prey by almost 50%. Results emphasize that the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria such as Raphidiopsis can interfere with copepod grazing in a trait specific manner. For cyanobacteria, toxin production may be more effective than filament size as an anti-grazer defense against selectively grazing zooplankton such as copepods. Our results highlight how multiple phytoplankton defensive traits interact to regulate the producer-consumer link in plankton ecosystems.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Andeden, Enver Ersoy, Sahlan Ozturk, and Belma Aslim. "Antiproliferative, neurotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of toxic cyanobacterial extracts." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0026.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract Cyanobacteria are the rich resource of various secondary metabolites including toxins with broad pharmaceutical significance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antiproliferative, neurotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of cyanobacterial extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MCLR) in vitro. ELISA analysis results showed that MCLR contents of five cyanobacterial extracts were 2.07 ng/mL, 1.43 ng/mL, 1.41 ng/mL, 1.27 ng/mL, and 1.12 ng/mL for Leptolyngbya sp. SB1, Phormidium sp. SB4, Oscillatoria earlei SB5, Phormidium sp. SB2, Uncultured cyanobacterium, respectively. Phormidium sp. SB4 and Phormidium sp. SB2 extracts had the lowest neurotoxicity (86% and 79% cell viability, respectively) and Oscillatoria earlei SB5 extracts had the highest neurotoxicity (47% cell viability) on PC12 cell at 1000 µg/ml extract concentration. Leptolyngbya sp. SB1 and Phormidium sp. SB2 showed the highest antiproliferative effect (92% and 77% cell death) on HT29 cell. On the other hand, all concentrations of five toxic cyanobacterial extracts induced DNA damage between 3.0% and 1.3% of tail intensity and did not cause any direct mutagenic effect at the 1000 µg/plate cyanobacterial extracts. These results suggest that cyanobacteria-derived MCLR is a promising candidate for development of effective agents against colon cancer.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Jalili, Farhad, Saber Moradinejad, Arash Zamyadi, Sarah Dorner, Sébastien Sauvé, and Michèle Prévost. "Evidence-Based Framework to Manage Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Water and Sludge from Drinking Water Treatment Plants." Toxins 14, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060410.

Texto completo

Resumen

Freshwater bodies and, consequently, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) sources are increasingly facing toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Even though conventional treatment processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration can control cyanobacteria and cell-bound cyanotoxins, these processes may encounter challenges such as inefficient removal of dissolved metabolites and cyanobacterial cell breakthrough. Furthermore, conventional treatment processes may lead to the accumulation of cyanobacteria cells and cyanotoxins in sludge. Pre-oxidation can enhance coagulation efficiency as it provides the first barrier against cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and it decreases cell accumulation in DWTP sludge. This critical review aims to: (i) evaluate the state of the science of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin management throughout DWTPs, as well as their associated sludge, and (ii) develop a decision framework to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in DWTPs and sludge. The review identified that lab-cultured-based pre-oxidation studies may not represent the real bloom pre-oxidation efficacy. Moreover, the application of a common exposure unit CT (residual concentration × contact time) provides a proper understanding of cyanobacteria pre-oxidation efficiency. Recently, reported challenges on cyanobacterial survival and growth in sludge alongside the cell lysis and cyanotoxin release raised health and technical concerns with regards to sludge storage and sludge supernatant recycling to the head of DWTPs. According to the review, oxidation has not been identified as a feasible option to handle cyanobacterial-laden sludge due to low cell and cyanotoxin removal efficacy. Based on the reviewed literature, a decision framework is proposed to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins and their associated sludge in DWTPs.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Dulić, Tamara, Zorica Svirčev, Tamara Palanački Malešević, Elisabeth J. Faassen, Henna Savela, Qingzhen Hao, and Jussi Meriluoto. "Assessment of Common Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacteria of Biological Loess Crusts." Toxins 14, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14030215.

Texto completo

Resumen

Cyanotoxins are a diverse group of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria that have adverse effects on human and animal health. While the phenomenon of cyanotoxin production in aquatic environments is well studied, research on cyanotoxins in terrestrial environments, where cyanobacteria abundantly occur in biocrusts, is still in its infancy. Here, we investigated the potential cyanotoxin production in cyanobacteria-dominated biological loess crusts (BLCs) from three different regions (China, Iran, and Serbia) and in cyanobacterial cultures isolated from the BLCs. The presence of cyanotoxins microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the presence of cyanotoxin-encoding genes (mcyE, cyrJ, sxtA, sxtG, sxtS, and anaC) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. We could not detect any of the targeted cyanotoxins in the biocrusts or the cyanobacterial cultures, nor could we amplify any cyanotoxin-encoding genes in the cyanobacterial strains. The results are discussed in terms of the biological role of cyanotoxins, the application of cyanobacteria in land restoration programs, and the use of cyanotoxins as biosignatures of cyanobacterial populations in loess research. The article highlights the need to extend the field of research on cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin production to terrestrial environments.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Swartzendruber, Julie A., Rosalinda Monroy Del Toro, Ryan Incrocci, Nessa Seangmany, Joshua R. Gurr, Alejandro M. S. Mayer, Philip G. Williams, and Michelle Swanson-Mungerson. "Lipopolysaccharide from the Cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. Induces Neutrophil Infiltration and Lung Inflammation." Toxins 14, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040267.

Texto completo

Resumen

Glucocorticoid-resistant asthma, which predominates with neutrophils instead of eosinophils, is an increasing health concern. One potential source for the induction of neutrophil-predominant asthma is aerosolized lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cyanobacteria have recently caused significant tidal blooms, and aerosolized cyanobacterial LPS has been detected near the cyanobacterial overgrowth. We hypothesized that cyanobacterial LPS contributes to lung inflammation by increasing factors that promote lung inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. To test this hypothesis, c57Bl/6 mice were exposed intranasally to LPS from the cyanobacterium member, Geitlerinema sp., in vivo to assess neutrophil infiltration and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from the bronchoalveolar fluid by ELISA. Additionally, we exposed the airway epithelial cell line, A549, to Geitlerinema sp. LPS in vitro to confirm that airway epithelial cells were stimulated by this LPS to increase cytokine production and the expression of the adhesion molecule, ICAM-1. Our data demonstrate that Geitlerinema sp. LPS induces lung neutrophil infiltration, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-6, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and Interferongamma as well as the chemokines IL-8 and RANTES. Additionally, we demonstrate that Geitlerinema sp. LPS directly activates airway epithelial cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and the adhesion molecule, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), in vitro using the airway epithelial cell line, A549. Based on our findings that use Geitlerinema sp. LPS as a model system, the data indicate that cyanobacteria LPS may contribute to the development of glucocorticoid-resistant asthma seen near water sources that contain high levels of cyanobacteria.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Liyanage, H. M., D. N. Magana Arachchi, T. Abeysekara, and L. Guneratne. "Toxicology of freshwater cyanobacteria." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 34, no. 3 (May 26, 2016): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2016.1193923.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Ballot, Andreas, Thida Swe, Marit Mjelde, Leonardo Cerasino, Vladyslava Hostyeva, and Christopher O. Miles. "Cylindrospermopsin- and Deoxycylindrospermopsin-Producing Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Microcystin-Producing Microcystis spp. in Meiktila Lake, Myanmar." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040232.

Texto completo

Resumen

Meiktila Lake is a shallow reservoir located close to Meiktila city in central Myanmar. Its water is used for irrigation, domestic purposes and drinking water. No detailed study of the presence of cyanobacteria and their potential toxin production has been conducted so far. To ascertain the cyanobacterial composition and presence of cyanobacterial toxins in Meiktila Lake, water samples were collected in March and November 2017 and investigated for physico-chemical and biological parameters. Phytoplankton composition and biomass determination revealed that most of the samples were dominated by the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii. In a polyphasic approach, seven isolated cyanobacterial strains were classified morphologically and phylogenetically as R. raciborskii, and Microcystis spp. and tested for microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), saxitoxins and anatoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). ELISA and LC–MS analyses confirmed CYNs in three of the five Raphidiopsis strains between 1.8 and 9.8 μg mg−1 fresh weight. Both Microcystis strains produced MCs, one strain 52 congeners and the other strain 20 congeners, including 22 previously unreported variants. Due to the presence of CYN- and MC-producing cyanobacteria, harmful effects on humans, domestic and wild animals cannot be excluded in Meiktila Lake.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Schwarzenberger, Anke. "Negative Effects of Cyanotoxins and Adaptative Responses of Daphnia." Toxins 14, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110770.

Texto completo

Resumen

The plethora of cyanobacterial toxins are an enormous threat to whole ecosystems and humans. Due to eutrophication and increases in lake temperatures from global warming, changes in the distribution of cyanobacterial toxins and selection of few highly toxic species/ strains are likely. Globally, one of the most important grazers that controls cyanobacterial blooms is Daphnia, a freshwater model organism in ecology and (eco)toxicology. Daphnia–cyanobacteria interactions have been studied extensively, often focusing on the interference of filamentous cyanobacteria with Daphnia’s filtering apparatus, or on different nutritional constraints (the lack of essential amino acids or lipids) and grazer toxicity. For a long time, this toxicity only referred to microcystins. Currently, the focus shifts toward other deleterious cyanotoxins. Still, less than 10% of the total scientific output deals with cyanotoxins that are not microcystins; although these other cyanotoxins can occur just as frequently and at similar concentrations as microcystins in surface water. This review discusses the effects of different cyanobacterial toxins (hepatotoxins, digestive inhibitors, neurotoxins, and cytotoxins) on Daphnia and provides an elaborate and up-to-date overview of specific responses and adaptations of Daphnia. Furthermore, scenarios of what we can expect for the future of Daphnia–cyanobacteria interactions are described by comprising anthropogenic threats that might further increase toxin stress in Daphnia.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Dziga, Dariusz, Nada Tokodi, Damjana Drobac, Mikołaj Kokociński, Adam Antosiak, Jakub Puchalski, Wojciech Strzałka, Mariusz Madej, Zorica Svirčev, and Jussi Meriluoto. "The Effect of a Combined Hydrogen Peroxide-MlrA Treatment on the Phytoplankton Community and Microcystin Concentrations in a Mesocosm Experiment in Lake Ludoš." Toxins 11, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120725.

Texto completo

Resumen

Harmful cyanobacteria and their toxic metabolites constitute a big challenge for the production of safe drinking water. Microcystins (MC), chemically stable hepatotoxic heptapeptides, have often been involved in cyanobacterial poisoning incidents. A desirable solution for cyanobacterial management in lakes and ponds would eliminate both excess cyanobacteria and the MC that they potentially produce and release upon lysis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has recently been advocated as an efficient means of lysing cyanobacteria in lakes and ponds, however H2O2 (at least when used at typical concentrations) cannot degrade MC in environmental waters. Therefore, mesocosm experiments combining the cyanobacteria-lysing effect of H2O2 and the MC-degrading capacity of the enzyme MlrA were set up in the highly eutrophic Lake Ludoš (Serbia). The H2O2 treatment decreased the abundance of the dominant cyanobacterial taxa Limnothrix sp., Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, and Planktothrix agardhii. The intracellular concentration of MC was reduced/eliminated by H2O2, yet the reduction of the extracellular MC could only be accomplished by supplementation with MlrA. However, as H2O2 was found to induce the expression of mcyB and mcyE genes, which are involved in MC biosynthesis, the use of H2O2 as a safe cyanobacteriocide still requires further investigation. In conclusion, the experiments showed that the combined use of H2O2 and MlrA is promising in the elimination of both excess cyanobacteria and their MC in environmental waters.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Khomutovska, Nataliia, Małgorzata Sandzewicz, Łukasz Łach, Małgorzata Suska-Malawska, Monika Chmielewska, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Marta Cegłowska, et al. "Limited Microcystin, Anatoxin and Cylindrospermopsin Production by Cyanobacteria from Microbial Mats in Cold Deserts." Toxins 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040244.

Texto completo

Resumen

Toxic metabolites are produced by many cyanobacterial species. There are limited data on toxigenic benthic, mat-forming cyanobacteria, and information on toxic cyanobacteria from Central Asia is even more scarce. In the present study, we examined cyanobacterial diversity and community structure, the presence of genes involved in toxin production and the occurrence of cyanotoxins in cyanobacterial mats from small water bodies in a cold high-mountain desert of Eastern Pamir. Diversity was explored using amplicon-based sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, toxin potential using PCR-based methods (mcy, nda, ana, sxt), and toxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecular identification of cyanobacteria showed a high similarity of abundant taxa to Nostoc PCC-73102, Nostoc PCC-7524, Nodularia PCC-935 and Leptolyngbya CYN68. The PCRs revealed the presence of mcyE and/or ndaF genes in 11 samples and mcyD in six. The partial sequences of the mcyE gene showed high sequence similarity to Nostoc, Planktothrix and uncultured cyanobacteria. LC-MS/MS analysis identified six microcystin congeners in two samples and unknown peptides in one. These results suggest that, in this extreme environment, cyanobacteria do not commonly produce microcystins, anatoxins and cylindrospermopsins, despite the high diversity and widespread occurrence of potentially toxic taxa.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Más fuentes

Tesis sobre el tema "Cyanobacteria Toxicology"

Froscio, Suzanne M. "Investigation of the mechanisms involved in cylindrospermopsin toxicity : hepatocyte culture and reticulocyte lysate studies." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf938.pdf.

Texto completo

Resumen

Bibliography: leaves 121-139. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which protein synthesis inhibition, lowered glutathione (GSH) levels and toxin metabolism contribute to the toxicity of cyclindrospermopsin. Both hepatocyte cultures and reticulocyte lysates were utilized as in vitro tools of investigation. The findings imply that the inhibition of protein synthesis by direct action of the toxin cannot be considered a primary cause of hepatocyte cell death over an acute time frame. Cytochrome P450-derived metabolites may play a crucial role in cytotoxicity, and the toxicity process does not appear to involve oxidative damage.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Niyonzima, Francois Niyongabo. "Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicology of b-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) in model crop plants." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1475.

Texto completo

Resumen

Cyanobacteria are known to produce a variety of toxic compounds. β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is one of the neurotoxins produced by most cyanobacteria. BMAA has been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS / PDC) and was suggested to contribute to this pathology after biomagnification and slow release of BMAA from a protein associated form. The uptake and accumulation of BMAA by the aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum has recently been shown, but the consumption of aquatic macrophytes by humans is not typical. The uptake by, and accumulation in, crop plants (Nasturtium officinale and Daucus carota) was therefore investigated so as to establish the existence of any risk to humans from the consumption of plants irrigated with water from dams with high cyanobacterial biomass and therefore high BMAA levels. After the exposure to the BMAA through the growth medium, BMAA had no effect on growth and development of N. officinale and D. carota. The uptake and bioaccumulation of BMAA was observed in N. officinale and D. carota, and was found to be concentration-dependent. Both free and bound cellular BMAA was detected following BMAA exposure through the growth medium. The photosynthetic apparatus of N. officinale was not significantly damaged. The uptake and accumulation of BMAA in edible terrestrial plants may constitute another route of human exposure to BMAA; it may now be prudent to avoid spray irrigation of edible plants with waters from dams with high cyanobacterial biomass and therefore high BMAA levels. After uptake by plants, the cyanotoxins may induce oxidative stress. A recent study showed that BMAA has a significant inhibitory effect on the oxidative stress enzymes in C. demersum. Therefore, the toxicological effects on selected plants were investigated by a range of biochemical enzyme assays in order to establish the plant stress response to exogenous BMAA. The inhibition of antioxidant enzymes upon exposure of N. officinale to BMAA through the growth medium was observed. The inhibition of antioxidant defence enzymes by BMAA correlated with the BMAA bioaccumulation in N. officinale. Further investigations are needed to analyze the uptake, accumulation, and ecotoxicology of BMAA in other crop plants, and to examine the fate of BMAA in these plants particularly its distribution and metabolism.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Humpage, Andrew Raymond. "Tumour promotion by the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh9258.pdf.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Giles, Jonathan. "Mathematical modelling of the development of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in an eutrophical lake, including aspects of toxicology." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284893.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Brookes, Justin Dean. "The influence of nutrients and light on the metabolic activity and buyoancy of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena circinalis /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb8711.pdf.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Sampaio, Joseane. "Cianopeptídeos inibidores de proteases produzidos por cianobactérias brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-08032013-153415/.

Texto completo

Resumen

As cianobactérias são micro-organismos reconhecidos por seu potencial em produzir cianotoxinas que afetam não só o ecossistema e a outros organismos dos ambientes aquáticos, mas também aos seres humanos, agindo em diversos órgãos e tecidos. Cerca de 600 metabólitos secundários produzidos por cianobactérias já foram descritos na literatura, sendo que muitos deles possuem potencial biológico. Os peptídeos de baixo peso molecular, produzidos por cianobactérias chamados cianopeptídeos, dos quais se podem citar as anabaenopeptinas, aeruginosinas, microviridinas, cianopeptolinas e microgininas, são compostos provindos do metabolismo secundário de cianobactérias e são descritos como inibidores de proteases e fosfatases em alguns sistemas biológicos. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar a ocorrência de cianopeptídeos em cianobactérias brasileiras e testar seu efeito de inibição da atividade sobre enzimas proteases. Os objetos de estudo foram: uma linhagem da espécie Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae, duas de Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, duas de Microcystis sp, uma de Oscillatoria e uma de Pseudanabena sp. A partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que do total de linhagens analisadas, ao menos 4 destas parecem produzir os cianopeptídeos de interesse, quando avaliados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos (HPLC-DAD). Em seguida, culturas de duas linhagens de C. raciborskii (uma produtora e outra não produtora de saxitoxina) foram amostradas a cada 3 dias, para a avaliação do crescimento celular, produção de cianopeptídeos e de saxitoxina e suas variantes. Não foi possível confirmar a produção de cianopeptídeos nas duas linhagens desta espécie. Por outro lado, foi evidenciado um aumento da produção de saxitoxinas quando cultivada num meio sem nitrogênio em comparação com a condição controle. Quando analisada a linhagem de Microcystis sp. (LTPNA 08), produtora de microcistinas, foi possível confirmar por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas (LC-MS) a produção de dois cianopeptídeos, sendo estes, duas microgininas. Desta forma, desenvolveu-se um método cromatográfico para a separação desses compostos e purificação por cromatografia líquida semi-preparativa, onde foi possível a obtenção de frações enriquecidas de microgininas e microcistinas-RR e LR, com cerca de 70%, 86% e 97% de pureza. Por fim, realizaram-se ensaios avaliando a atividade da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) e aminopeptidase M (AMP M) com as frações isoladas de microgininas e microcistina-LR. A atividade da ECA foi ± 50% inibida pelas frações testadas de cianopeptídeos, microcistina-LR isolada e microcistins-lR comercial. A atividade da AMP M foi 100% e 24,5% inibida quando incubada com 20 µM da fração de microgininas e microcistina-LR, respectivamente. Desta forma, as microgininas isoladas de cianobactérias brasileiras, mostraram-se como importantes inibidores da ECA e AMP M, podendo, no futuro, serem utilizadas como compostos para o tratamento de patologias cardiovasculares e renais.<br>Cyanobacteria are micro-organisms recognized for their potential to produce cyanotoxins that affect not only the ecosystem and other organisms of aquatic environments, but also humans, acting in various organs and tissues. Around 600 secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria have been described in the literature; many of them have biological potential. Low molecular weight peptides produced by cyanobacteria are called cyanopeptides, among them we can cite the anabaenopeptins, aeruginosins, microviridins, cyanopeptolins and microginins, these compounds are derived from secondary metabolisms of cyanobacteria and apparently cause inhibition of proteases and phosphatases in some biological systems. Therefore, this study targeted the identification of the occurrence of cyanopeptides in Brazilian cyanobacterias and testing its effect on the inhibition of proteases activity. The targets of study were: a strain of species Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae, two strains of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, two strains of Microcystis sp. and, one strain of Pseudanabena and Oscillatoria sp. From the results obtained in this study it can be stated that at least four of the total of strains analyzed appear to produce cyanopeptides of interest, when analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography whit phodo diodo array detector (HPLC-PDA). The cultures of two strains of C. raciborskii (a producer of saxitoxin and a non-producer) were sampled every 3 days for assessment of cell growth, production of cyanopeptides and saxitoxins. It was not possible to confirm the production of cyanopeptides in strains of this species. Nevertheless, an increase in production of saxitoxins was shown when cultivated in an environment without nitrogen, as compared to the control condition. When the strain of Microcystis sp. (LTPNA 08), a producer of microcystins, was analyzed, the production of two cyanopeptides was confirmed by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). After confirmation, a method using HPLC-PDA was used to do the separation and purification of these compounds by semi-preparative chromatography, in which it was possible to obtain an enriched fraction of microginins, microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR with approximately 70%, 86% and 97% purity, respectively. Lastly, inhibition experiments were run with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and aminopeptidase M (AMP M) with the isolated fractions. The microginins fractions, MC-LR commercial and MC-LR isolated, showed an inhibition of ± 50% of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. The activity of AMP M was 100% and 24.5% inhibited when incubated with microginins and microcystin-LR fractions in a concentration of 20 µM, respectively. Thus, isolated microginins from Brazilian cyanobacteria have exhibited properties as potential therapeutic agents in development of inhibitors of ACE and AMP M, which can be a benefit of using these molecules in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal pathologies.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Zajac, Meron Petro. "Investigação da cilidrospermopsina e PSPs em amostras de águas superficiais no Estado de São Paulo (OU) Investigação da presença de cilindrospermopsina e saxitoxinas em amostras de águas superficiais no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-27102009-120004/.

Texto completo

Resumen

O crescimento desordenado das cidades tem trazido à tona problemas de saneamento e degradação dos recursos naturais, entre eles a água. O despejo de efluentes domésticos e industriais têm ocasionado a eutrofização dos mananciais, culminando com a proliferação dos fitoplânctons. Esta proliferação tem chegado ao ponto, em certos momentos, de acarretar episódios de floração de algas. Entre os organismos fitoplanctônicos que se desenvolvem no ambiente, estão as cianobactérias, com vários gêneros capazes de produzir diversas cianotoxinas, tais como as microcistinas, anatoxinas, cilindrospermopsinas (CY), saxitoxinas (PSPs), entre outras. Com o aumento da freqüência dos episódios de floração de algas, a probabilidade da ocorrência destas toxinas também aumenta. Como conseqüência disto e devido às exigências legais, os corpos dágua devem ser monitorados para garantir a qualidade da água para consumo humano. Com vistas ao monitoramento da presença das cianotoxinas CY e PSPs, foram realizadas investigações em alguns corpos dágua do Estado de São Paulo. Das investigações realizadas, a neosaxitoxina foi identificada pela primeira vez no Reservatório Billings e os congêneres, saxitoxina, goniautoxina 2, goniautoxina 3, foram identificados de forma inédita em amostras de água deste reservatório. Com relação à CY, foi desenvolvido um método analítico, parcialmente validado. Entretanto, esta cianotoxina não foi localizada nas amostras de água ou cianobactérias das águas superficiais dos corpos dágua estudados. Este estudo mostra a importância do monitoramento da qualidade das águas dos mananciais quanto à presença de cianotoxinas, especialmente daqueles corpos dágua com a finalidade do consumo humano.<br>Cities growth usually occur in an unorganized manner. This tendence can generate a variety of sanitary problems, including the degradation of natural resources, such as water bodies. As a consequence, domestic and industrial efluents cause eutrofication of water reservoir, increasing the natural level of phytoplancton, what may form algal bloom. Among the phytoplanktonic organisms that grow in this modified environment it is found the cyanobacteria. Some of them can produce different types of cyanotoxins such as microcystin, anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin (CY) and saxitoxin (PSPs). The probability of production of these cyanotoxins increase according to frequent occurrence of algal blooms episodes. Consequently, water bodies monitoring becomes important to assure water quality. The aim of this project was to develop a specific method to identify the presence of cyanotoxins CY and to investigate PSPs in water bodies in São Paulo State. The results confirmed the presence of neosaxitoxin (NEO), a toxin of PSPs family. It was the first time that Neo was indentified in Billings Reservoir along with other PSPs types: saxitoxin, gonyautoxin 2, gonyautoxin 3. Although the study also included CY monitoring, CY was not identified in the tested samples. The present study confirmed the importance of continuous searching and monitoring of water bodies to grant quality to water used for human consumption.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Bortoli, Stella de. "Investigação da biossíntese de toxinas produzidas por cepas de cianobactérias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-29092011-164054/.

Texto completo

Resumen

A demanda crescente de água doce de boa qualidade são problemas atuais e mundiais, além do descaso com os dejetos lançados nos ambientes aquáticos que comprometem a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. Um dos parâmetros que atesta a potabilidade da água é a presença de cianobactérias e cianotoxinas. Cianobactérias são microrganismos procariontes aeróbicos fotoautróficos que sintetizam as cianotoxinas. Estes compostos podem ser classificados de acordo com seus mecanismos de ação em hepatotóxicos, neurotóxicos e dermatotóxicos. Por sua diversidade, representam diferentes riscos não só ao ecossistema e a outros organismos dos ambientes aquáticos, como também aos seres humanos. Esse projeto visou o isolamento e cultivo de cepas de cianobactérias produtoras de toxinas para a investigação da biossíntese desses compostos. Com este intuito, foram realizadas coletas de água em três reservatórios no estado de São Paulo e um no Paraná. Cepas de cianobactérais foram isoladas, identificadas e analisadas quanto à produção de toxinas. Uma cepa de Microcystis aeruginosa (LTPNA 02) produtora de microcistinas (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LW e desm-MC-LR e desm- MC-RR) foi escolhida para ser estudada frente diferentes condições de cultivo e ter o seu crescimento, produção de toxinas e expressão gênica estudados. Foram utilizados os meios de cultura já referidos na literatura: ASM-1 (N:P=1, 10 e 20), MLA (N:P=10), Bold 3N (N:P=16) e BG-11 (N:P=10 e 100). Para acompanhar o crescimento, dois métodos foram utilizados: contagem de células e espectrofotometria. As toxinas foram quantificadas por LC-MS - QTrap. A análise da expressão gênica foi realizada por reação de PCR em tempo real pelo método de quantificação relativa ΔΔCt. Foi observada diferença no crescimento da cepa estudada nos diferentes meios de cultivo empregados. A contagem das células permitiu a identificação das fases logarítmica e total de crescimento. Durante a fase logarítmica, três experimentos demonstraram diferenças estatísticas quando comparadas ao controle (p<0,05). Ao se avaliar o crescimento total, quatro experimentos foram menores (p<0,01). As leituras das absorvâncias e a contagem de células demonstraram alta correlação Para ambas as leituras em 680 nm e 750 nm o coeficiente de correlação (r) esteve entre 0,93 e 0,99. A quantificação das microcistinas (MC) foi realizada por LC-MS - QTrap. Foram quantificadas as variantes MC-LR, MR-RR e MC-YR. Apesar da relação toxina/célula ser distinto para cada experimento, não representou grande variação naqueles realizados com meio ASM-1 (N:P 1; 10 e 20), meio MLA (N:P=10) e BG11(N:P=10). O experimento realizado em Bold3N (N:P=16,6) apresentou menor concentração de toxina/célula e as variantes MC-LR e MC-YR não foram detectadas. Por outro lado, o experimento realizado em BG-11 (N:P=100) apresentou a maior relação toxina por célula. Estes resultados sugerem que o excesso de nitrato seja um fator estressante para o desenvolvimento e crescimento da cepa de M. aeruginosa avaliada e ao mesmo tempo um fator estimulante para a produção das toxinas analisadas. Os experimentos que avaliaram a expressão dos genes 16S e mcyB em relação ao gene da ficocianina (controle endógeno) foram realizados em meio ASM-1 (N:P=10 e 100) e BG 11 (N:P= 10 e 100). Os parâmetros anteriores, como crescimento e produção de toxinas também foram avaliados. Novamente foram encontradas diferenças entre as fases de crescimento e produção de toxina, porém a expressão dos genes avaliados não demonstrou variação significativa entre os experimentos. Porém ambos os genes avaliados demonstraram menor expressão nos experimentos condizidos em (N:P=100).<br>There is a great concern these days about potable and good quality water due to the increase of the population needs and also to the arising problems with contamination caused by anthropogenic sources. The presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins are some parameters that attest water potability. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic aerobic photoautotrophic microorganisms that may synthesize cyanotoxins. These compounds can be classified as hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and dermatotoxic according to their action mechanisms. Because of their diversity, they may represent different risks, not only to their ecosystem and other aquatic living organisms, but also to human beings. The aim of this project was the isolation and cultivation of cyanotoxin-producing cyanobacteria for further investigation on the biosynthesis of these compounds. Water samples from three different reservoirs in São Paulo state and one in Paraná state were collected in order to isolate cyanobacteria strains and accomplish their identification and to evaluate the toxin production. The Microcystis aeruginosa (LTPNA 02) microcystin producer strain (MCLR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LF, MC-LW, desm-MC-LR and desm-MC-RR) was chosen to be grown in different cultivation conditions and later analyzed for its growth rate, toxin production and gene expression. All culture media used in this research were chosen according to the literature: ASM-1 (N:P=1, 10 and 20), MLA (N:P=10), Bold 3N (N:P=16) and BG-11 (N:P=10 and 100). To evaluate growth rate, two techniques were used: cell counting and absorbance determination in two different wavelengths (680 nm and 750 nm). Toxins were quantified by LC-MS in a hybrid triple-quadrupole instrument (Qtrap). Gene expression was assessed by real time PCR, using the ΔΔCt relative quantification method. Cell counting allowed total growth and logarithmic phase identification. During the last, three experiments showed statistical difference from control group (p<0,05). Four experiments resulted in a lower total growth rate (p<0,05). A high correlation between cell counting and absorbance levels was found for both wavelengths tested. Correlation coefficients (r) were from 0,93 to 0,99. Three microcystin variants (MC-LR, MR-RR e MC-YR) were quantified by LC-MS. The toxin content per cell was calculated and showed no statistc variation among those experiments performed on ASM-1 (N:P 1; 10 and 20), MLA (N:P=10) and BG-11 (N:P=10). The lowest toxin/cell concentration was found for Bold3N (N:P=16,6) medium, where MC-LR and MC-YR production was not detected. On the other hand, the experiment with BG-11 (N:P=100) medium showed the highest toxin/cell content. These results suggest that high levels of nitrate in the culture medium may be a stressing factor for the development and growth of the M. aeruginosa tested strain, as well as a disturbing factor for microcystin production. Gene expression experiments regarding 16S and mycB genes using the phycocyanin gene as endogen control were performed on ASM-1 (N:P=10 and 100) and BG 11 (N:P= 10 and 100) media, along with the evaluation of growth rate and toxin production. Differences between growth rates and toxin production were once more observed, however gene expression did not show a significant variation among experiments.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Müller, Luciana. "Avaliação da toxicidade e degradação de M. aeruginosa e Microcistina-LR por AOPs e nanopartículas de prata." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2601.

Texto completo

Resumen

Florações de cianobactérias são facilmente encontradas, devido ao crescente aporte de nutrientes nos corpos de águas naturais e artificiais, ocasionado pelos acelerados processos de eutrofização frutos da ocupação urbana e rural sem a observação de critérios mínimos. Microcystis aeruginosa é uma espécie de cianobactéria potencialmente produtora de cianotoxinas, comumente associada a casos de intoxicação em escala mundial. Novas tecnologias para o tratamento de água têm sido implementadas para cumprimento dos padrões de potabilidade exigidos pela legislação. O presente trabalho buscou analisar a produção científica mundial relacionada ao tratamento de água com presença de M.aeruginosa e MCLR, buscando identificar o estado da arte, além de embasar a discussão dos métodos propostos. O presente estudo está dividido em três artigos, no primeiro realizou-se uma análise bibliométrica das pesquisas mundiais relacionadas à cianobactérias, cianotoxinas e o tratamento de água, a partir da base de dados Scopus. No segundo artigo buscou-se avaliar a aplicabilidade dos AOPs UV-C e UV-C/H2O2 na degradação de Microcystis aeruginosa BB005 e MC-LR, e a análise dos efeitos da adição de nanopartículas de Ag, com base em um produto comercial composto por peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e nanopartículas de prata (NAg). No terceiro artigo buscou-se avaliar a qualidade da água produzida a partir de ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia magna. Os resultados indicam que a fotólise e o processo UV-C/H2O2 apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, sendo uma alternativa eficiente. Porém, os resultados dos ensaios de ecotoxicidade inferem que estes tratamentos utilizados com a finalidade de degradar M. aeruginosa e MC-LR, possuem potencial de geração de subprodutos de degradação tóxicos: os ensaios com D. magna demonstraram toxicidade mesmo quando a água submetida a fotólise foi diluída quatro vezes. Com relação ao processo UV-C/H2O2 (sem e com adição de NAg), a amostra foi tóxica quando não diluída. Já quando empregada as NAg combinadas a radiação UV-C, esta apresentou toxicidade extremamente alta, afetando a mobilidade de todos os organismos teste em todas as diluições (até 16 x).<br>Cyanobacterial blooms are easily found, due to the increasing nutrient supply in natural and artificial bodies of water, caused by the accelerated processes of eutrophication, fruits of urban and rural occupation without observing minimum criteria. Microcystis aeruginosa is a specie of cyanobacteria that are potentially cyanotoxin-producing, commonly associated with cases of worldwide intoxication. New technologies for water treatment have been implemented to meet the standards of potability required by legislation. The present study looked for analyze the world scientific production related to the treatment of water with presence of M. aeruginosa and MC-LR, seeking to identify the state of the art, besides supporting the discussion of the proposed methods. The present study is divided into three articles, the first one was a bibliometric analysis of the world-wide research related to cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins and water treatment, from the Scopus database. In the second article evaluated the aplicability of UV-C e UV-C/H2O2 AOPs on degradation of Microcystis aeruginosa BB005 and MC-LR, and the analysis of effects Ag nanoparticles addition, based on a commercial product composed of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and silver nanoparticles (NAg). In the trird article evaluated the water quality produced, from acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna. The results indicate that photolysis and the UV-C/H2O2 process presents satisfactory results, being an efficient alternative. However, the results of the ecotoxicity assays infer that these treatments used for the purpose of degrading M. aeruginosa and MCLR, have potential to generate toxic degradation byproducts: the D. magna assays demonstrated toxicity even when the water submitted to photolysis was diluted four times. Regarding the UV-C/H2O2 process (without and with NAg addition), the sample was toxic when undiluted. When NAg was used in combination with UV-C radiation, it showed extremely high toxicity, affecting the mobility of all test organisms at all dilutions (until 16x).

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Norris, Ross L. G. "Toxicology of compounds from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16950.pdf.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Más fuentes

Libros sobre el tema "Cyanobacteria Toxicology"

Helén, Annadotter, ed. Manual on aquatic cyanobacteria: A photo guide and a synopsis of their toxicology. Paris, France: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Unesco, 2006.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ed. Freshwater alga and cyanobacteria: Growth inhibition test. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2006.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Zurawell, Ron. Alberta Environment cyanotoxin program status report. Edmonton: Alberta Environment, Environmental Assurance Division, Water Policy Branch, 2010.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Ferrao-Filho, Aloysio Da S. Cyanobacteria: Ecology, Toxicology and Management. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2013.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Toxic Blue-Green Algae (Water Quality Series). Stationery Office Books (TSO), 1990.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Australias Poisonous Plants Fungi And Cyanobacteria A Guide To Species Of Medical And Veterinary Importance. CSIRO Publishing, 2012.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Giles, Jonathan. Mathematical modelling of the development of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in an eutrophical lake, including aspects of toxicology. 1998.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

The Research and Development Report (R & D Report: 29). Stationery Office Books, 1996.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press, 1993.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Falconer, Ian Robert. Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press, 1993.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Cyanobacteria Toxicology"

Pipe, Annette E. "Pesticide Effects on Soil Algae and Cyanobacteria." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 95–170. New York, NY: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9751-9_4.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Metcalf, J. S., and N. R. Souza. "Cyanobacterial toxins." In A handbook of environmental toxicology: human disorders and ecotoxicology, 33–48. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786394675.0033.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Gupta, PK. "Bacterial and Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algae)." In Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology, 187–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22250-5_9.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Chauhan, Abhishek, Anuj Ranjan, Rupesh Kumar Basniwal, and Tanu Jindal. "Cytotoxic and Antibiotic Properties of Cyanobacterial Extracts." In New Frontiers in Environmental Toxicology, 23–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72173-2_4.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Codd, G. A., C. J. Ward, and S. G. Bell. "Cyanobacterial Toxins: Occurrence, Modes of Action, Health Effects and Exposure Routes." In Archives of Toxicology, 399–410. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_38.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Duy, Tai Nguyen, Paul K. S. Lam, Glen R. Shaw, and Des W. Connell. "Toxicology and Risk Assessment of Freshwater Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) Toxins in Water." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 113–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6429-1_3.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Porzani, Samaneh J., Stella T. Lima, James S. Metcalf, and Bahareh Nowruzi. "In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins: A Mini-Review." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 109–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/398_2021_74.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Hooser, Stephen B., and Patricia A. Talcott. "Cyanobacteria." In Small Animal Toxicology, 685–89. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-72-160639-3/50044-7.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Puschner, Birgit, and Caroline Moore. "Cyanobacteria." In Small Animal Toxicology, 533–40. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-0717-1.00043-0.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Humbert, J. F. "Toxins of Cyanobacteria." In Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, 371–79. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012374484-5.00027-4.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Cyanobacteria Toxicology"

Mankiewicz-Boczek, J., K. Izyorczyk, and T. Jurczak. "Risk assessment of toxic Cyanobacteria in Polish water bodies." In ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/etox060061.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Ofrecemos descuentos en todos los planes premium para autores cuyas obras están incluidas en selecciones literarias temáticas. ¡Contáctenos para obtener un código promocional único!