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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Decadale trends"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

Última modificación: 19 de julio de 2025

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Decadale trends"

Nissanka, Nuwanthi, Erandathie Lokupitiya, and Shiromani Jayawardena. "Trends in climate change observed under tropical wet and tropical montane climates; A case study from Sri Lanka." MAUSAM 74, no. 3 (2023): 579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v74i3.5993.

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Climate change-related changes in temperature and precipitation trends must be investigated at local, regional and global levels. Temperature and precipitation trends in two selected regions having tropical wet and tropical montane climates (i.e., Colombo and Nuwara Eliya respectively) in Sri Lanka were studied for a 30 year period from 1989 to 2019, to evaluate the temporal dynamics of climate change. Precipitation trends were analyzed on annual, monthly, and seasonal scales, while the trends in mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures were examined on annual and monthly scales. Decadal time series plots were used to study decadal variations in average temperature and precipitation. The trends in extreme temperature and precipitation events were also evaluated. In addition, the trends in diurnal temperature range (DTR), cool and warm nights, and heat index (HI) were studied. The significance of trends was evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test, while the magnitude of the slope was assessed by Sen’s slope estimator. Clear statistically significant increasing trends were observed for the mean annual temperatures under the tropical wet and tropical montane climates, and no clear trends were observed in annual precipitation in both districts. There were decreasing trends in south-west monsoon rainfall, with a significant decrease in Nuwara Eliya under the tropical montane climate. Increasing trends were observed for the average monthly precipitation in November (i.e., during the inter-monsoonal rains) and average monthly temperature in April (i.e., the hottest month) over the last decade (i.e., 2010-2019) in Colombo. The DTR has significantly decreased over the last three decades in Colombo. A significant upward trend was observed for HI values during the last decade in Colombo. Colombo also showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in the number of cool nights and a statistically significant decreasing trend in the number of warm nights over the last decade.

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Johnson, Gregory C., John M. Lyman, and Sarah G. Purkey. "Informing Deep Argo Array Design Using Argo and Full-Depth Hydrographic Section Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 11 (2015): 2187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0139.1.

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AbstractData from full-depth closely sampled hydrographic sections and Argo floats are analyzed to inform the design of a future Deep Argo array. Here standard errors of local decadal temperature trends and global decadal trends of ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level anomalies integrated from 2000 to 6000 dbar are estimated for a hypothetical 5° latitude × 5° longitude × 15-day cycle Deep Argo array. These estimates are made using temperature variances from closely spaced full-depth CTD profiles taken during hydrographic sections. The temperature data along each section are high passed laterally at a 500-km scale, and the resulting variances are averaged in 5° × 5° bins to assess temperature noise levels as a function of pressure and geographic location. A mean global decorrelation time scale of 62 days is estimated using temperature time series at 1800 dbar from Argo floats. The hypothetical Deep Argo array would be capable of resolving, at one standard error, local trends from <1 m °C decade−1 in the quiescent abyssal North Pacific to about 26 m °C decade−1 below 2000 dbar along 50°S in the energetic Southern Ocean. Larger decadal temperature trends have been reported previously in these regions using repeat hydrographic section data, but those very sparse data required substantial spatial averaging to obtain statistically significant results. Furthermore, the array would provide decadal global ocean heat content trend estimates from 2000 to 6000 dbar with a standard error of ±3 TW, compared to a trend standard error of ±17 TW from a previous analysis of repeat hydrographic data.

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SUDEVAN, S., N. T. NIYAS, K. SANTHOSH, and RAMESH CHAND. "Study on hourly temperature features over Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram and Minicoy during 1969-2012." MAUSAM 67, no. 3 (2021): 633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i3.1382.

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Amongst all the climatic elements, temperature plays a major role in detecting and analyzing climatic change and its impact. The variability in resident time of the surface temperature is studied to investigate whether any change in temperature has taken place. Analysis of the results is presented for Mumbai, a mega city with large change in land-use pattern, Thiruvananthapuram, a semi-urban city with moderate changes in land-use pattern and Minicoy, an Island city without much change in land-use pattern. These three places representing varying geographical locations and climatic conditions are unique in nature, however having uniform maritime influence. It is revealed that the change is large in Mumbai in comparison with others as expected. The study proposes a new methodology based on the resident time of temperatures and its trend and could be used as a tool for relative ranking of cities and to gauge the source and sink regions of climate change forcing. The resident time of temperatures shows increasing trend above the mean temperature and decreasing trend below the mean temperature of the initial decade. Decadal linear increasing trends in mean temperatures are 0.256 °C, 0.159 °C and 0.146 °C per decade for Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram and Minicoy respectively. This confirms the effect of global warming unequivocally irrespective of urban effect. Decadal linear increasing trends in mean temperature during non-monsoon season for Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram and Minicoy are 0.315 °C, 0.155 °C and 0.181 °C per decade respectively. The rate of increase of mean temperature for Mumbai and Minicoy during monsoon season is 0.143 °C and 0.081 °C per decade respectively, are significantly less than the decadal trend in annual mean, which suggests that rainfall activity seems to be the correction factor for the increasing trend in the annual mean temperature which otherwise would have been a higher value. However, the rate of increase of mean temperature for Thiruvananthapuram during monsoon season for the study period is 0.172 °C per decade, which is slightly higher than the decadal trend in annual mean. Noticeable changes in resident time during monsoon season are in conformity with change in rainfall patterns.

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Al-Taisan, Wafa’a A. "A Remote Sensing Approach for Displaying the Changes in the Vegetation Cover at Az Zakhnuniyah Island at Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia." Scientifica 2022 (March 17, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2907921.

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In the terrestrial ecosystem, vegetation is the important component of exchanging of water and energy in biogeochemical and climate cycle. A study was conducted to detect the vegetation cover change at Az Zakhnuniyah island by using remote sensing techniques. It includes vegetation analysis using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) while comparing with climatological data including temperature, humidity, and precipitation. A clear trend was seen in climatological parameters where temperature and humidity were rising decade by decade although NDVI did not show. In addition, increasing soil salinization over the years was observed when soil salinity index was used. NDVI-based long-term decadal analysis on vegetation cover based on Landsat surface reflectance data showed increase of vegetation cover which was also linked to precipitation trends. Also, the short-term demi-decadal comparison using PROBA-V showed the vegetation cover reduction between 2015 and 2019. Nevertheless, the sea level surrounding the island also showed an increasing trend of 0.34 cm/y, which could be the cause of inundation in some parts of the island in future. Furthermore, all these trends need to be observed in entirety as many of those trends can be interlinked.

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Yela, Margarita, Manuel Gil-Ojeda, Mónica Navarro-Comas, et al. "Hemispheric asymmetry in stratospheric NO2 trends." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 21 (2017): 13373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-13373-2017.

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Abstract. Over 20 years of stratospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD) data from ground-based zenith DOAS spectrometers were used for trend analysis, specifically, via multiple linear regression. Spectrometers from the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) cover the subtropical latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (Izaña, 28° N), the southern Subantarctic (Ushuaia, 55° S) and Antarctica (Marambio, 64° S, and Belgrano, 78° S). The results show that for the period 1993–2014, a mean positive decadal trend of +8.7 % was found in the subtropical Northern Hemisphere stations, and negative decadal trends of −8.7 and −13.8 % were found in the Southern Hemisphere at Ushuaia and Marambio, respectively; all trends are statistically significant at 95 %. Belgrano only shows a significant decadal trend of −11.3 % in the summer/autumn period. Most of the trends result from variations after 2005. The trend in the diurnal build-up per hour (DBU) was used to estimate the change in the rate of N2O5 conversion to NO2 during the day. With minor differences, the results reproduce those obtained for NO2. The trends computed for individual months show large month-to-month variability. At Izaña, the maximum occurs in December (+13.1 %), dropping abruptly to lower values in the first part of the year. In the Southern Hemisphere, the polar vortex dominates the monthly distributions of the trends. At Marambio, the maximum occurs in mid-winter (−21 %), whereas at the same time, the Ushuaia trend is close to its annual minimum (−7 %). The large difference in the trends at these two relatively close stations suggests a vortex shift towards the Atlantic/South American area over the past few years. Finally, the hemispheric asymmetry obtained in this work is discussed in the framework of the results obtained by previous works that considered tracer analysis and Brewer–Dobson circulation. The results obtained here provide evidence that the NO2 produced by N2O decomposition is not the only cause of the observed trend in the stratosphere and support recent publications pointing to a dynamical redistribution starting in the past decade.

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Omopekunola, Moses Oluoke, Abel Jacob, Ahmed Abubakar, and Augustina Achimugu. "An Assessment of Rainfall Variability and Trends in Wukari, Nigeria from 1981 to 2021." African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 2 (2025): 280–97. https://doi.org/10.58578/amjsai.v2i2.5402.

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This study assessed the trends and variability of rainfall in Wukari, Nigeria, from 1981 to 2021, using the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data sets. Rainfall trends and variations over the study period were analyzed using Mann Kendal trend test and the Theil Sen slope estimator. The assessment of monthly rainfall variation for the rainy months (May-October) showed an increasing trend for August, September, and October, with August having the highest increasing trend of magnitude 0.051 mmmonth-1. The result also showed an encroachment of the dry spell towards the rainy season and vice versa. This will create a variation in onset of rainfall and cessation in the coming decades, which will affect the farming season in Wukari in terms of the time of planting and harvesting of crops. A decline in annual rainfall of magnitude -0.005mm/ year was observed within the period 1981 to 2021. The rainfall pattern revealed a periodic trend on a decadal basis with an increasing trend been followed be decreasing trend in the next decade. The highest increasing trend of magnitude 0.73 mmdecade-1 was observed in the third decade, and the highest decreasing trend in the fourth decade, with magnitude -0.93 mmdecade-1. Based on the trend pattern, an increasing trend in rainfall amount is expected in next decade (2021-2030), with a higher increasing trend magnitude greater than that of the third decade. Therefore, it is recommended that Government Agencies and stakeholders in the agriculture sector should be proactive in educating/enlightening farmers on the likelihood of a change in the farming season and make adequate preparation to mitigate the effect of flooding in the area.

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Li, Gen, Baohua Ren, Jianqiu Zheng, and Chengyun Yang. "Trend Singular Value Decomposition Analysis and Its Application to the Global Ocean Surface Latent Heat Flux and SST Anomalies." Journal of Climate 24, no. 12 (2011): 2931–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3743.1.

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Abstract Given the complexity of trends in the actual climate system, distinguishing between different trends and different trend modes is important for climate research. This study introduces a new method called “trend singular value decomposition (TSVD) analysis,” which is designed for systematically extracting coupled trend modes, albeit small, by performing an eigenanalysis of the inverse-rank covariance matrix between two fields. Applications to simple time series models and annual mean surface latent heat flux (LHF) and SST data for 1958–2006 are presented and discussed. Results show that the TSVD analysis can capture different coherent trends into different leading modes. The first TSVD mode between the global LHF and SST anomalies, similar to the first conventional SVD mode, generally represents a large-scale increasing LHF trend induced by a warming SST trend; whereas, interestingly, unlike the second SVD mode that is mainly associated with the familiar ENSO, the second TSVD mode is mainly associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). TSVD analysis casts the (global) long-term and (Pacific) decadal trends into the leading two modes, respectively. Compared to SVD analysis, the advantages of the TSVD analysis in detecting coupled low-frequency modes are even more evident in the tropical Pacific (TP), where the coherent trend signals (i.e., the long-term trends and the decadal trends) are smaller than the ENSO-related signals. Thus, TSVD analysis performs better than SVD analysis when focusing on trends rather than on maximum covariance patterns, particularly on relatively small coherent trend patterns, such as the coupled long-term trends and decadal trends in the TP.

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Bernhard, Germar, and Scott Stierle. "Trends of UV Radiation in Antarctica." Atmosphere 11, no. 8 (2020): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080795.

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The success of the Montreal Protocol in curbing increases in harmful solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface has recently been demonstrated. This study also provided evidence that the UV Index (UVI) measured by SUV-100 spectroradiometers at three Antarctic sites (South Pole, Arrival Heights, and Palmer Station) is now decreasing. For example, a significant (95% confidence level) downward trend of −5.5% per decade was reported at Arrival Heights for summer (December through February). However, it was also noted that these measurements are potentially affected by long-term drifts in calibrations of approximately 1% per decade. To address this issue, we have reviewed the chain of calibrations implemented at the three sites between 1996 and 2018 and applied corrections for changes in the scales of spectral irradiance (SoSI) that have occurred over this period (Method 1). This analysis resulted in an upward correction of UVI data measured after 2012 by 1.7% to 1.8%, plus smaller adjustments for several shorter periods. In addition, we have compared measurements during clear skies with model calculations to identify and correct anomalies in the measurements (Method 2). Corrections from both methods reduced decadal trends in UVI on average by 1.7% at the South Pole, 2.1% at Arrival Heights, and 1.6% at Palmer Station. Trends in UVI calculated from the corrected dataset are consistent with concomitant trends in ozone. The decadal trend in UVI calculated from the corrected dataset for summer at Arrival Heights is −3.3% and is significant at the 90% level. Analysis of spectral irradiance measurements at 340 nm suggests that this trend is partially caused by changes in sea ice cover adjacent to the station. For the South Pole, a significant (95% level) trend in UVI of −3.9% per decade was derived for January. This trend can partly be explained by a significant positive trend in total ozone of about 3% per decade, which was calculated from SUV-100 and Dobson measurements. Our study provides further evidence that UVIs are now decreasing in Antarctica during summer months. Reductions have not yet emerged during spring when the ozone hole leads to large UVI variability.

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Worden, H. M., M. N. Deeter, C. Frankenberg, et al. "Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 9 (2012): 25703–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-25703-2012.

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Abstract. Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) distributions are controlled by anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, transport and oxidation by reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). Quantifying trends in CO is therefore important for understanding changes related to all of these contributions. Here we present a comprehensive record of satellite observations from 2000 through 2011 of total column CO using the available measurements from nadir-viewing thermal infrared instruments: MOPITT, AIRS, TES and IASI. We examine trends for CO in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along with regional trends for Eastern China, Eastern USA, Europe and India. We find that all the satellite observations are consistent with a modest decreasing trend ∼−1% yr−1 in total column CO over the Northern Hemisphere for this time period and a less significant, but still decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere. Although decreasing trends in the United States and Europe have been observed from surface CO measurements, we also find a decrease in CO over E. China that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Some of the interannual variability in the observations can be explained by global fire emissions, but the overall decrease needs further study to understand the implications for changes in anthropogenic emissions.

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Worden, H. M., M. N. Deeter, C. Frankenberg, et al. "Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 2 (2013): 837–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-837-2013.

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Abstract. Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) distributions are controlled by anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, transport and oxidation by reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH). Quantifying trends in CO is therefore important for understanding changes related to all of these contributions. Here we present a comprehensive record of satellite observations from 2000 through 2011 of total column CO using the available measurements from nadir-viewing thermal infrared instruments: MOPITT, AIRS, TES and IASI. We examine trends for CO in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along with regional trends for Eastern China, Eastern USA, Europe and India. We find that all the satellite observations are consistent with a modest decreasing trend ~ −1 % yr−1 in total column CO over the Northern Hemisphere for this time period and a less significant, but still decreasing trend in the Southern Hemisphere. Although decreasing trends in the United States and Europe have been observed from surface CO measurements, we also find a decrease in CO over E. China that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Some of the interannual variability in the observations can be explained by global fire emissions, but the overall decrease needs further study to understand the implications for changes in anthropogenic emissions.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Decadale trends"

Boulanger, Kelsey Jane. "Decadal trends in atmospheric organic aerosol :." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101836.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-67). Organic aerosol (OA) makes up a substantial fraction of atmospheric particulate matter, yet its sources and controlling factors - and thus its impacts on climate and human health - are not well understood. Recently-developed analytical techniques have provided new insight into OA chemistry, but major uncertainty remains in how OA has changed over the past few decades. Characterizing long-term trends in OA would allow for better calibration of models that currently struggle to replicate ambient organic measurements as well as answer questions of how changes in OA relate to changes in emissions sources, anthropogenic-biogenic emissions interactions, altered chemistry, and more. This work represents a two-fold effort to better constrain our understanding of OA trends spatially, temporally, and chemically. First, trends in aerosol species concentrations over the past two decades are examined using existing data from the U.S. Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network to provide insight into the long-term OA evolution across the rural U.S. Along with large decreases in total aerosol amounts (30-50%), OA is found to decrease at a fractional rate nearly equivalent to the decreases in three other major aerosol species: nitrate, sulfate, and elemental carbon. This suggests a link between the controlling factors of the different species, but explaining these observations is made challenging by the lack of chemical characterization of historic OA measurements that would help point to changing sources and chemistry. Thus, the second part of this work introduces a technique that enhances our ability to obtain important chemical information from small-volume environmental aerosol samples, such as filter extracts from remote regions like those monitored by the IMPROVE network, that were previously excluded from Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) analysis due to the prohibitive volumes required for standard atomization. The Small Volume Nebulizer (SVN) nebulizes microlitersized liquid samples, allowing for highly time- and mass-resolved chemical analysis of dissolved organic species on the AMS and providing valuable insight into the factors that control observed OA trends. By examining historic trends in particulate matter loading and composition, and expanding AMS coverage to include small-volume environmental samples, we can begin to answer the question of how and why OA has changed over the past few decades - and what that means for OA chemistry, the climate, and regional and global air quality. by Kelsey Jane Boulanger. S.M.

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Wang, Wuke [Verfasser]. "The Tropical Tropopause Layer : Detailed Thermal Structure, Decadal Variability and Recent Trends / Wuke Wang." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078261695/34.

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Gu, Wenjia M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Trends and innovations in high-rise buildings over the past decade." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99597.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 48-49). Over the past decade, high-rise buildings in the world are both booming in quantity and expanding in height. One of the most important reasons driven the achievement is the continuously evolvement of structural systems. In this paper, previous classifications of structural systems are summarized and different types of structural systems are introduced. Besides the structural systems, innovations in other aspects of today's design of high-rise buildings including damping systems, construction techniques, elevator systems as well as sustainability are presented and discussed. To better understand current high-rise buildings, information about buildings above 200 meter completed within recent ten years and the current 100 tallest building in the world is collected and analyzed. Structural systems of worldwide 100 tallest buildings are discussed, from which trends are found. Data shows that tubular systems are in vast majority in recent high-rise building designs and an increasing number of buildings are using concrete and composite materials instead of steel. Developments in structural systems also reduce structures' dependence on auxiliary damping devices. Additionally, sustainability has been given more and more consideration. by Wenjia Gu. M. Eng.

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Ask, Jacob. "Selected Trends and Space Technologies Expected to Shape the Next Decade of SSC Services." Thesis, KTH, Rymdteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261779.

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Since the early 2000s the space industry has undergone significant changes such as the advent of reusable launch vehicles and an increase of commercial opportunities. This new space age is characterized by a dynamic entrepreneurial climate, lowered barriers to access space and the emergence of new markets. New business models are being developed by many actors and the merging of space and other sectors continues, facilitating innovative and disruptive opportunities. Already established companies are adapting in various ways as efforts to stay relevant are gaining attention. The previous pace of development that was exclusively determined by governmental programs are now largely set by private and commercial ventures. Relating to all trends, new technologies and driving forces in the space industry is no trivial matter. By analyzing and examining identified trends and technologies the author has attempted to discern those that will have a significant impact on the industrial environment during the next decade. Market assessments have been summarized and interviews have been carried out. Discussions and conclusions relating to the services provided by the Swedish Space Corporation are presented. This report is intended to update the reader on the current status of the space industry, introduce concepts and provide relevant commentary on many important trends. Sedan början av 2000-talet har det skett markanta förändringar inom rymdindustrin, såsom utvecklingen av återanvändningsbara raketer och en ökad mängd kommersiella möjligheter. Denna nya rymder a karaktäriseras av ett dynamiskt klimat för entreprenörer, minskande barriärer för att etablera rymdverksamhet och uppkomsten av nya marknader. Nya affärsmodeller utvecklas och integrering mellan rymden och andra industrier fortsätter, vilket ger utrymme för utveckling av innovativa och disruptiva idéer. Redan etablerade företag anpassar sig till förändringarna på olika sätt och ansträngningar för att bibehålla relevans prioriteras. Utvecklingstakten inom branschen var tidigare dominerad av statliga program men är nu alltmer influerad av privata och kommersiella satsningar. Att relatera till ny teknik, nuvarande trender och drivkrafter inom rymdindustrin är Jacob Ask is pursuing a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. Christer Fuglesang is a professor in Space Travel, director of KTH Space Center and responsible for the Aerospace Engineering master program. He serves as the examiner for this master thesis project. Linda Lyckman is the Head of Business & Technology Innovation at SSC and supervisor for this master thesis project. komplext. Genom att undersöka och analysera identifierade trender och teknologier ämnar författaren urskilja de som kan komma att påverka industrin i störst utsträckning under det kommande decenniet. Bedömningar av marknadsmöjligheter och intervjuer har genomförts och i denna rapport presenteras ¨aven diskussioner och slutsatser relaterade till den typ av tjänster som Swedish Space Corporation erbjuder. Denna rapport har för avsikt att uppdatera läsaren om delar av den aktuella nulägesanalysen inom rymdindustrin, introducera koncept och ge relevanta kommentarer om viktiga trender.

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Mircoff, Elena Rebecca Mircoff. "A Multi-Decade Perspective of Influenza A Virus Subtype Diversity Trends in Waterfowl in North America." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523367748804756.

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Volkoff, Veronica, and vvolkoff@unimelb edu au. "Changing drivers, shifting trends: a decade of equity research in Australian vocational education and training (VET) 1996-2006." RMIT University. Education, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080603.095451.

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This integrating essay presents and discusses the findings of the research studies that Veronica Volkoff completed within the context of the shifts in the Australian vocational education and training landscape and resultant trends in vocational education and training policy, in particular equity policy, during the period of researching and writing the nominated works, 1995 to 2004. The research included analysis of vocational education and training in relation to: equity policy; provider inclusiveness strategies; and access, participation, completion and outcomes in relation to learners, in particular members of designated and emerging equity target groups. A range of methodologies was implemented in these studies, usually utilising a mix of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The first study, the Longitudinal study of student experiences in vocational education and training, explored the experiences of access, participation and outcomes of students in vocational education and training from a range of equity target groups. It was undertaken in six Australian locations across three states and territories. It revealed that intentions, experiences and outcomes varied across students and equity target groups and that membership of multiple equity target groups compounded disadvantage and had an adverse effect upon outcomes. The second study, a Review of equity literature, was commissioned to inform national policy and broad strategy development and analysed the situation for five designated equity target groups in vocational education and training, nationally. Two other studies focussed on Vocational education and training for people from non-English speaking backgrounds, undertaken five years apart, reviewed the literature and analysed participation and outcomes for people from non-English speaking backgrounds. A further study analysed the Delivery of vocational education and training programs by adult and community education providers, particularly its provision for people belonging to disadvantaged groups.

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Corkin, Lucy Jane. "A decade of democracy : comparing trends in support for democracy in South Africa and Brazil since democratic transition." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16271.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Brazil and South Africa were both part of the global “third-wave” of democracy, the beginnings of their democratic transitions occurring in 1985 and 1994 respectively. Despite having been formerly subjected to decades of authoritarian rule, both countries experienced a modicum of democratic practice, however limited in franchise, under the previous regimes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the levels of support for democracy in Brazil and South Africa since democratic transition. Two types of political support are identified as crucial for democratic sustainability: diffuse support, or support for democracy’s intrinsic principles, and specific support, support which is conditional on the positive evaluation of the regime institutions and incumbents. These two types of political support are conceptualized as encompassing five levels or objects of political support, according to the Norris model: the political community, regime principles, regime performance (diffuse support), regime institutions and political actors (specific support). This study proposes that because vestiges of democratic norms and practices have been present within these countries’ political systems for some time, it is possible that they will manifest trends in support similar to much older, more established democracies. These global trends indicate that diffuse support for democracy is being maintained while specific support for democracy is waning. A longitudinal quantitative study was conducted, using consecutive waves of World Values Survey to operationalize support for democracy in terms of the five abovementioned political objects and the results of South Africa and Brazil compared. These results show that both case studies could be interpreted as having fairly high levels of diffuse support and decreasing levels of specific support for democracy. It is however acknowledged that results are not conclusive and further research is required, especially with respect to how respondents conceptualize the term ‘democracy’. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Brasilië en Suid-Afrika was albei deel van die globale “derde golf” van demokrasie, met die aanvang van hulle oorgang na demokrasie onderskeidelik in 1985 en 1994. Ten spyte daarvan dat hierdie twee lande voormalig aan dekades van outoritêre gesag onderwerp is, het albei, hoewel beperk in stemreg, ’n mate van demokratiese praktyk onder ’n vorige bestel ervaar. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die steunvlakke vir demokrasie in Brasilië en Suid- Afrika sedert hulle oorgang na demokrasie te ondersoek. Twee soorte politieke steun word geïdentifiseer as deurslaggewend vir demokratiese volhoubaarheid: verspreide steun – of steun vir die intrinsieke beginsels van demokrasie – en spesifieke steun – steun wat van die positiewe evaluering van die regime se instellings en ampsbekleders afhang. Hierdie twee soorte politieke steun word deur vyf konsepte voorgestel wat die vyf vlakke of voorwerpe van politieke steun volgens die Norris-model dek: die politieke gemeenskap, regimebeginsels, regimeprestasie (verspreide steun), regime-instellings en politieke akteurs (spesifieke steun). Hierdie studie stel voor dat, aangesien spore van demokratiese norme en praktyke vir ’n geruime tyd binne hierdie lande se politieke stelsels teenwoordig was, dit moontlik is dat hulle steuntendense sal toon wat aan baie ouer, meer gevestigde demokrasieë soortgelyk is. Hierdie globale tendense toon dat verspreide steun vir demokrasie gehandhaaf word terwyl spesifieke steun vir demokrasie aan die kwyn is. ’n Longitudinale kwantitatiewe studie is onderneem wat van opeenvolgende siklusse van die “World Values Survey” gebruik maak om steun vir demokrasie in terme van die vyf bogenoemde politieke voorwerpe uit te beeld. Die resultate van Suid-Afrika en Brasilië is daarna vergelyk. Uit hierdie resultate sou afgelei kon word dat redelik hoë vlakke van verspreide steun en dalende vlakke van spesifieke steun vir demokrasie in beide gevalle voorkom. Daar word egter erken dat resultate nie beslissend is nie en dat verdere navorsing nodig is, in besonder met betrekking tot respondente se begrip van die term ‘demokrasie’.

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Figueira, Junior Aylton Jose. "Atividade fisica e aptidão fisica de adolescentes : similaridades e contrastes em uma decada." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/274791.

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Orientador: Maria Beatriz Rocha Ferreira Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FigueiraJunior_AyltonJose_D.pdf: 2121934 bytes, checksum: eb3e476d446a31227f8846d476a09293 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 Resumo: O presente estudo teve o objetivo de delinear pelo corte transversal a análise das variáveis de estilo de vida, nível de atividade e aptidão física de adolescentes residentes em duas regiões do Estado de São Paulo, em duas regiões distintas: uma na região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo (Município de Santo André) e a outra cidade localizada em área do interior (São Bento do Sapucaí). Comparamos o estilo de vida, nível de atividade física e de aptidão física de adolescentes residentes nas duas regiões em 1997 e 2007, bem como o nível de atividade física, aptidão física e fatores psicosocioculturais (fatores determinantes) nos adolescentes residentes na mesma cidade em 1997 e 2007. Analisamos a relação do nível de atividade física e os fatores socioculturais e biológicos de adolescentes de ambos os sexos no corte amostral de 2007 (regressão multivariada - Modelo Hierárquico). Avaliamos 484 adolescentes de ambos os sexos residentes nas duas regiões e períodos. A avaliação dos indicadores psicosocioculturais foi realizada pelo Questionário de Atividade Física e Estilo de Vida proposto por Figueira Junior e Rocha Ferreira (2000), com questões das características da moradia, prática de atividade física na escola, prática de atividade física fora da escola, nível de atividade física e hábitos da vida. A avaliação da aptidão física seguiu protocolo de Matsudo,V (2005) das medidas antropométricas: peso corporal (kg) e estatura (m); metabólica pela potência aeróbica-teste de consumo de oxigênio (corrida de 12 minutos); neuromotores: força muscular de membros inferiores-impulsão vertical sem (cm) e com auxílio (cm) dos braços, impulsão horizontal (cm), força de tronco-teste abdominal (rep/min) e agilidade-teste de shuttle-run (s). Utilizamos a estatística descritiva, teste t de Student; teste de Mann-Whitney para a análise não paramétrica, teste do qui-quadrado (?2) para a tendência linear e teste Exato de Fisher. A análise do Modelo Hierárquico utilizou a regressão multivariada de Poisson com IC-95%. Resultados comparativos entre os períodos de avaliação em cada região, indicaram mudança (p<0,05) na estatura dos adolescentes (1997-2007) e no peso em Santo André (masculino). O comportamento da força muscular mostrou incremento nos adolescentes das duas regiões e sexos. A mesma tendência foi encontrada para a agilidade e força de tronco. O valor do consumo de oxigênio aumentou (1997-2007) nos dois grupos. A análise por sexo mostrou que as meninas não apresentaram mudança significativa, exceto nas adolescentes de São Bento do Sapucaí que aumentou. A prevalência de adolescentes ativos aumentou em 2007 comparado com 1997 nas duas regiões e sexos. A caminhada como forma de deslocamento parece contribuir significativamente. As barreiras da atividade física mostraram maior prevalência em Santo André que São Bento do Sapucaí em 2007 que 1997, o que explicaria o nível de atividade física. A preocupação com o aspecto físico, falta de estímulo dos pais e local para a prática de atividade física foram às barreiras mais citadas. A análise de regressão multivariada mostrou que a participação nas aulas de educação física, maior número de irmãos, caminhar ou pedalar para a escola são fatores de proteção para a inatividade física nas duas regiões. Podemos concluir que o intervalo de 10 anos de avaliação em duas regiões promoveu impacto diferente no comportamento de adolescentes ambos os sexos. Abstract: This paper aimed to analyze throughout cross-sectional approach the lifestyle, physical activity level and adolescents physical fitness living at two different regions from Sao Paulo State: one at metropolitan area and other (Santo André) city and other from Sao Paulo countryside area (São Bento do Sapucaí). We compared the lifestyle in both region in 1997 and 2007, as well as the physical activity level, physical fitness and psychological and cultural factors (determinants factor) in adolescents from the same city, but ten years evaluation gap (1997-2007). The relationship among physical activity level and socio, cultural and biological variables were evaluated at 2007 sample, by multiple regression analysis (Hierarchical Model). 484 both sexes adolescents from different regions and periods were evaluated. The psycho-socio-cultural variables were determined by the Physical Activity and Lifestyle Questionnaire (Figueira Junior and Rocha Ferreira, 2000), that was organized to find the house characteristics; school physical activity practice, physical activity level and lifestyle indicators. The physical fitness variables were evaluated following Matsudo,V (2005) to anthropometric measures: body weight (Kg), statures (m); metabolic by maximal aerobic oxygen consumption (12 minutes run test) and neuromotors variables: lower limbs strength test by vertical jump test with and without help of arms movement, stand long jump, trunk abdominal strength and shuttle-run agility test. The descriptive statistics analysis chosen was the Student t test, Mann-Whitney to non-parametric approaches and Chi-Square (?2) to linear trend and Fisher Test. The hierarchical model was assessed by Poisson multivariate regression with CI - 95%. The results were compared between regions and evaluation period and presented changes (p.<05) on male adolescents stature (1997-2007) and body weight (Santo André). The muscle strength showed increases for both groups and period. The same trend was observed for agility and trunk strength. The analysis by sex did not presented chances girls on physical fitness, except from Sao Bento do Sapucaí adolescents. The active adolescents' physical activity increased in 2007 compared to 1997 in both region and sex. Walking as health-related locomotion, positively contribute for total physical activity. The barriers to physical activity showed higher prevalence in Santo André sample than in Sao Bento do Sapucaí in 2007 than 1997, that can explain the physical activity level. The physical appearance worry, lack of parents stimulus and place to physical activity practice were the most barriers found. Multivariate regression showed that physical education classes participation, more siblings walking or riding a bike to or back from school are variables that may protect against physical inactivity at both regions. So, we may conclude that 10 years interval between evaluations resulted on different adolescents behavior related to physical activity level and sociocultural approaches. Doutorado Atividade Fisica, Adaptação e Saude Doutor em Educação Física

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Shen, Meicheng. "Statistical Estimation of Vegetation Production in the Northern High Latitude Region based on Satellite Image Time Series." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563552594966495.

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Knabikaitė, Indrė. "Vakarų Europos ir sovietinės mados sankirta 1960 - 1970 metais Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140703_145404-61151.

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Magistro kvalifikaciniame darbe analizuojama 1960 - 1970 metų mada Lietuvoje. Darbo tikslas išanalizavus septintojo dešimtmečio Vakarų Europos ir sovietinės mados tendencijas, naudojant lyginamosios analizės metodą, palyginti su Lietuvoje vyravusiomis ir nustatyti jų transformacijos priežastis. Atlikta mokslinės literatūros analizė ir empirinis tyrimas iš esmės patvirtino darbe iškeltą hipotezę - madų tendencijos Lietuvoje atsiliko (laiko atžvilgiu) nuo Vakarų Europos, jaučiamas šių madų tendencijų skirtumas, atkeliavusios iš Vakarų Europos madų tendencijos Lietuvoje transformavosi. There is analysing 1960 - 1970 years Lithuanian fashion trends in this master qualification work. Aim of work is analysing seventh decade West Europe's and Soviet fashion ruling trends, using comparative analysis method, compared to Lithuanian and to set the causes of this transformation. An analysis of scientific literature and an empirical study in principle approved the hypothesis in this work that the fashion trends in Lithuania felt behind (by time) comparing to West Europe's, appreciable the difference between West Europe's and Soviet fashion trends and the trends which came from West to Lithuania transformed.

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Libros sobre el tema "Decadale trends"

Wilson, Robert M. Decadal trends of Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones (1950-1999). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 2001.

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Applebee, Arthur N. Writing: Trends across the decade, 1974-84. National Assessment of Educational Progress, Educational Testing Service, 1986.

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Sutton, Frances. Trends in pharmaceutical benefit expenditure over the last decade. Economics Unit and National Health Statistics Centre, Dept. of Health, 1988.

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Association, British-North American Research, British-North American Committee., National Planning Association, and C. D. Howe Institute, eds. The world economy: Trends and prospects for the next decade. British-North American Committee, 1994.

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1923-, Willmott Peter, ed. Urban trends 2: A decade in Britain's deprived urban areas. Policy Studies Institute, 1994.

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Children's Defense Fund (U.S.). Decade of indifference: Maternal and child health trends, 1980-1990. Children's Defense Fund, 1993.

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Taylor, Marilyn. Directions for the next decade: Understanding social and institutional trends. National Council for Voluntary Organisations, 1990.

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Lacy, Donald P. Local government fiscal and economic trends: A decade of change. Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992.

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D, Hurley W., ed. Software engineering and knowledge engineering: Trends for the next decade. World Scientific, 1995.

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Due, John F. Trends in state and local sales taxation in the last decade. College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1993.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Decadale trends"

Comiso, Josefino. "Decadal Changes, Correlations, and Trends." In Polar Oceans from Space. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68300-3_10.

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Singh, Sarwant. "Business Model of the Decade — Value for Many." In New Mega Trends. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137008091_8.

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Sensmeier, Joyce. "Top Informatics Trends for the Next Decade." In Nursing and Informatics for the 21st Century – Embracing a Digital World, 3rd Edition, Book 3. Productivity Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003281016-1.

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Doressoundiram, A. "Colour Properties and Trends in Trans-Neptunian Objects." In The First Decadal Review of the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt. Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3321-2_12.

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Chin, Mian, Thomas Diehl, Huisheng Bian, and Tom Kucsera. "Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Sources, Transport, and Multi-decadal Trends." In Springer Proceedings in Complexity. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_1.

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Wolfe, Jennifer C. "Disruption and Digital Trends for the Next Decade." In Disruption in the Boardroom. Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6159-0_3.

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Pittman, Karen, Merita Irby, and Thaddeus Ferber. "Unfinished Business: Further Reflections on a Decade of Promoting Youth Development." In Trends in Youth Development. Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1459-6_1.

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Ahonen, Arto K. "Finland: Success Through Equity—The Trajectories in PISA Performance." In Improving a Country’s Education. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59031-4_6.

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AbstractThe Finnish education system has gone through an exciting developmental path from a follower into a role model. Also on the two-decade history of PISA studies, Finland’s performance has provided years of glory as of the world’s top-performing nation, but also a substantial decline. This chapter examines Finland’s educational outcomes in recent PISA-study and the trends across previous cycles. Boys’ more unsatisfactory performance and the increasing effect of students’ socio-economic background are clear predictors of the declining trend, but they can explain it only partly. Some of the other possible factors are discussed.

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Mao, Rui, Cuicui Shi, Qi Zong, et al. "Mapping Wind Speed Changes." In Atlas of Global Change Risk of Population and Economic Systems. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6691-9_4.

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AbstractWind variability has a major impact on water cycles, wind energy, and natural hazards and disasters such as hurricanes and typhoons. In the past decades, the global and regional mean near-surface wind speed (sfcWind) has shown a significantly downward trend, especially in the mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (Wu et al. 2018). The global mean terrestrial sfcWind has decreased linearly at a rate of 0.08 m s−1 per decade during 1981–2011. Vautard et al. (2010) analyzed changes in sfcWind at stations across the globe and found that 73% of the total stations presented a decrease in the annual mean sfcWind, with linear trends of −0.09, −0.16, −0.12, and −0.07 m s−1 per decade in Europe, Central Asia, East Asia, and North America, respectively. In addition, a pronounced reduction in extreme sfcWind has also been observed in Europe and the United States (Yan et al. 2002; Pryor et al. 2012). However, because long-term observational data are lacking in most land areas and oceans, the uncertainty in the long-term trend of sfcWind is high, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere and over oceans.

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Fragkos, K., M. Taylor, Alkiviadis F. Bais, et al. "Multi-decadal Trend Analysis of Total Columnar Ozone Over Thessaloniki." In Perspectives on Atmospheric Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35095-0_140.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Decadale trends"

Lafraxo, Mohammed Amine, Abdelmajid Soulaymani, and Hinde Hami. "Decadal Trends in Smart Healthcare: A Bibliometric Review of Smart City Innovations." In 2024 Mediterranean Smart Cities Conference (MSCC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mscc62288.2024.10697027.

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Simpson, T. C., A. W. Bryant, G. Hook, R. A. Daley, R. J. Swinko, and R. W. Miller. "U. S. Automotive Corrosion Trends over the past Decade." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95394.

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Abstract Since 1985, the Body Division of the Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Committee of SAE (ACAP) has conducted biannual surveys of automotive body corrosion in the Detroit area. The purpose of these surveys is to track industry wide corrosion protection improvements and to make this information available for public consumption. The survey consists of a closed car parking lot survey checking for perforations, blisters, and surface rust. This paper reports the results of the five surveys conducted to date.

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Kholiya, Deepak, Neeraj Kumar Pandey, Amit Kumar Mishra, and Manoj Diwakar. "A Decade of Insights: Analyzing Trends in CCME Water Quality Index." In 2024 Eighth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/pdgc64653.2024.10984046.

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Maulana, Fairuz Iqbal, Bambang Kartono Kurniawan, Andi Pramono, Agung Purnomo, Muhamad Ezran Bin Zainal Abdulah, and Mustafa Mohamed. "Trends in Scientific Research in Smart Furniture: A Bibliometric Analysis in Decade from 2014-2023." In 2024 International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciss62896.2024.10750951.

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Birbilis, N., R. G. Buchheit, and L. J. Holloway. "Advances in Monitoring the Corrosion and Protection of Concrete Reinforcement over the past Decade." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06332.

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Abstract This paper reviews trends regarding the use of electrochemical methods over the past decade in the context of monitoring corrosion and corrosion protection of steel in concrete. Emphasis is placed on the methodology, techniques, and the application of electrochemical corrosion monitoring in practice.

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Perera, Peshala, and Deshan Sumanathilaka. "Recent Trends and Challenges in Assistive Applications for Sinhala-Speaking Adults with Dyslexia: A Decade in Review." In 2025 5th International Conference on Advanced Research in Computing (ICARC). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/icarc64760.2025.10963092.

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Jain, Nikita, and Ashish Simalti. "Exploring Mechanical Benefits of Ultra-High Performance Recycled Fibers Reinforced Concrete: A Decade Review." In 2024 13th International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/smart63812.2024.10882569.

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Hendrix, William, Isaac K. Tetteh, Ankit Agrawal, Fredrick Semazzi, Wei-keng Liao, and Alok Choudhary. "Community Dynamics and Analysis of Decadal Trends in Climate Data." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdmw.2011.51.

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Simpson, T. C., A. W. Bryant, G. Hook, R. A. Daley, R. J. Swinko, and R. W. Miller. "U.S. Automotive Corrosion Trends Over the Past Decade." In International Congress & Exposition. SAE International, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/950375.

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Zeleňáková, Martina, Pavol Purcz, and Helena Hlavatá. "Trend Detection in Precipitation Data in Climatic Station." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.096.

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Trends and changes in precipitation extremes have been a focus of research over the past decade. Observations show that changes are occurring in the amount, intensity, frequency and type of precipitation. Climate variability has created the need to study subsequent changes in hydroclimatic variables (e.g. rainfall, streamflow and evapotranspira-tion) to understand the regional effects of climate change. Mainly agricultural activities and water management activi-ties – water supply, urban drainage, and hydraulic structures management are patterned according to rainfall seasonality. Trend detection in precipitation time series is crucial for water resources management. Many researchers all over the word have investigated hydrologic variables trends at various temporal scales. In this paper we investigate the trends in precipitation time series in climatic station Košice, Slovakia in the period 1981–2013. We address the topic of trend detection in precipitation time series combining novel and traditional tools in order to simultaneously tackle the issue of seasonality and interannual variability, which usually characterize natural processes. The analysis proves that, in the case study area, statistically significant trends in precipitation have been undergoing in the last decades, although they have no significant impacts on water resources.

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Informes sobre el tema "Decadale trends"

Brown, Abby, Alexis Schayowitz, Emily White, and D'Arcy Carlson. Propane Fueling Infrastructure Trends: A Decade in Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1923486.

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Brown, Abby, Haley Erickson, and Emily White. E85 Fueling Infrastructure Trends: A Decade in Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1909898.

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Bolinger, Mark, and Ryan Wiser. Understanding Trends in Wind Turbine Prices Over the Past Decade. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051290.

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Liang, Xiao, Nan Tian, Diego Lopes da Silva, Lorenzo Scarazzato, Zubaida A. Karim, and Jade Guiberteau Ricard. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2024. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2025. https://doi.org/10.55163/avec8366.

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World military expenditure rose to $2718 billion in 2024, meaning that spending has increased every year for a full decade, going up by 37 per cent between 2015 and 2024. The 9.4 per cent increase in 2024 was the steepest year-on-year rise since at least 1988. The global military burden—the share of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) devoted to military expenditure—increased to 2.5 per cent in 2024. Average military expenditure as a share of government expenditure rose to 7.1 per cent in 2024 and world military spending per person was the highest since 1990, at $334. For the second year in a row, military expenditure increased in all five of the world’s geographical regions, reflecting heightened geopolitical tensions across the globe. The decade-long growth in global spending can be partly attributed to spending increases in Europe, largely driven by the ongoing Russia–Ukraine war, and in the Middle East, driven by the war in Gaza and wider regional conflicts. Many countries have also committed to raising military spending, which will lead to further global increases in the coming years. This SIPRI Fact Sheet examines the regional and national military expenditure data for 2024 and trends over the decade 2015–24. The data, which replaces all military spending data previously published by SIPRI, comes from the updated SIPRI Military Expenditure Database.

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Tian, Nan, Diego Lopes da Silva, Xiao Liang, Lorenzo Scarazzato, Lucie Béraud-Sudreau, and Ana Assis. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/pnvp2622.

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World military expenditure rose by 3.7 per cent in real terms in 2022, to reach a record high of $2240 billion. Global spending grew by 19 per cent over the decade 2013–22 and has risen every year since 2015. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was a major driver of the growth in spending in 2022. Military expenditure in Europe rose by 13 per cent during the year, which was the largest annual increase in total European spending in the post-cold war era. The exceptional growth was largely accounted for by substantial increases in Russian and Ukrainian spending, but many other European countries boosted their military budgets in 2022. Spending increases in parts of Asia and Oceania also contributed to the global growth in 2022. This SIPRI Fact Sheet examines key regional and national military expenditure data for 2022 and trends over the decade 2013–22. The data, which replaces all military spending data previously published by SIPRI, comes from the updated SIPRI Military Expenditure Database.

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Hilburn, Kyle. Decadal Trends and Variability in Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I) Brightness Temperatures and Earth Incidence Angle. Remote Sensing Systems, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.56236/rss-as.

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Tian, Nan, Aude Fleurant, Pieter D. Wezeman, Siemon T. Wezeman, and Alexandra Kuimov. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2017. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/plax2787.

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World military expenditure is estimated to have reached $1739 billion in 2017, the highest level since the end of the cold war. After 13 consecutive years of increases from 1999 to 2011 and relatively unchanged spending from 2012 to 2016, total global expenditure rose marginally in 2017, by 1.1 per cent in real terms. This Fact Sheet highlights the regional and national trends in 2017 and over the decade 2008–17 shown by new data from the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database.

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Birch, Izzy. Global Trends and Scenarios to 2035. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.081.

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This rapid evidence review provides an overview of global Trends and Scenarios to 2035. Research on trends and scenarios in international development highlight a complex, interconnected world and the power of positive, inclusive future narratives. The Global Risks Perception Survey shows a negative outlook for 2025 but emphasises opportunities for rebuilding trust and resilience. Key long-term trends include demographic transition, changes to earth systems, and technological disruption. Short-term economic stability is expected, but poverty and inequality will worsen. The 2020s are seen as a critical decade for climate change and development goals.

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Tian, Nan, Aude Fleurant, Alexandra Kuimova, Pieter Wezeman, and Siemon Wezeman. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2018. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ufdk7864.

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World military expenditure is estimated to have been $1822 billion in 2018. It was 2.6 per cent higher in real terms than in 2017 and 5.4 per cent higher than in 2009. Global military spending has been gradually rising following a post-2009 low in 2014. It is now 76 per cent higher than the post-cold war low in 1998. This Fact Sheet presents regional and selected national military expenditure data for 2018 and trends over the decade 2009–18. The data is from the updated SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, which provides military expenditure data by country for the years 1949–2018.

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Tian, Nan, Alexandra Kuimova, Diego Lopes da Silva, Pieter Wezeman, and Siemon Wezeman. Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/zzcq1349.

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Global military expenditure is estimated to have been $1917 billion in 2019, the highest level since 1988. The total was 3.6 per cent higher in real terms than in 2018 and 7.2 per cent higher than in 2010. World military spending rose in each of the five years from 2015, having decreased steadily from 2011 until 2014 following the global financial and economic crisis. This Fact Sheet highlights the regional and national military expenditure data for 2019 and trends over the decade 2010–19. The data is from the updated SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, which provides military expenditure data by country for the years 1949–2019.

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