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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Fàrmac"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Fàrmac"
Sabino, Bruna, Bruna Tirapelli y Selma Montosa da Fonseca. "Biossegurança em enfermagem oncológica: uma revisão integrativa". Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem, n.º 13 (20 de abril de 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/2358-3088.2015.5.13.29-43.
Texto completoSabino, Bruna, Bruna Tirapelli y Selma Montosa da Fonseca. "Biossegurança em enfermagem oncológica: uma revisão integrativa". Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 5, n.º 13 (5 de abril de 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2358-3088.2015.5.13.29-43.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Fàrmac"
López, Barallobre Blanca. "Desenvolupament d'una síntesi industrialitzable d'un fàrmac". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399736.
Texto completoThe aim of this project, in collaboration with Esteve Química is the development of potentially patentable and industrializable synthetic routes to an antiviral (or an advanced intermediate of it) and a drug used for diseases of heart failure. Both compounds are already on the market or in very advanced clinical stages. In the first part of this work the aim has been the development of synthetic routes to get a fragment present in some antivirals or an advanced intermediate thereof. We explored up to six different routes to afford the structure of interest. The more interesting has been an approach based on unprecedented stereoselective double alkylation of N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert-butyl ester under phase transfer conditions. We managed to reach the desired structure with a global yield of 29%. Despite the good results, this approach seems not competitive with report to the previous method described in the literature because, although it has better yields and contains easily improved stages in the scaling processes, the starting materials are more expensive. In the second part of this work we have faced the goal of obtaining a compound used in the treatment of heart failure, based on an alkylation reaction with a pseudoephedrine derivative amide as a key step of the synthesis. We got the structure of interest in five stages and an overal yield of 14%, but the key stage of the process gave erratic results and discrete diastereomeric excesses . These results could be improved if it carried out an exhaustive study of the alkylation reaction. Thus, the synthesis proposed would probably be competitive with respect to the results that have so far described in the literature. In general, we can say that in the two parts of this work has reached the desired products through new processes, yields range from those described in the literature. However, the industrial viability is not assured and deeper studies and some optimization stages are needed.
Tolrà, Rovira Roser. "Nova síntesi d'interès industrial d'un fàrmac genèric". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462952.
Texto completoThe main objective of this Thesis was to obtain a novel and alternative route to the existing key intermediate 1 in the synthesis of an anticoagulant drug. The new approach had to be innovative and patentable in order to produce the product industrially. First of all, we searched in the literature the existing synthetic precedents and from these we proposed a series of more specific objectives: a first approach to synthesize the central cyclohexane, another based on a iodolactamization reaction, having one of the nitrogens in the cis-diamino system already introduced, and a third approach based on aziridine as a key intermediate, in this case it has also already one of the nitrogens present in the molecule. The first approach was based on a Diels-Alder reaction as a key step to form the central cyclohexane target molecule. Despite reaching an advanced intermediate, this approach failed to reach the final product and had to discard it. The second route that was tested had a iodolactamization reaction as a key step and followed the synthesis of the Boc derivative of this product . From this intermediate we proposed several alternatives to replace the iodine atom and introduce the second nitrogen in the molecule, either directly with ammonia for example, or through a synthetic equivalent of the amino group for example with an azide or a phthalimide group. We also tried to form an urea intermediate with isocyanate and thus insert the second nitrogen in the six member ring intramolecularly. Unfortunately none of the methods allowed us to arrive at the desired product so we kept on studying the latest approach. The third proposed route passes through a key aziridine intermediate that was formed by the reaction of an olefin with a sulfamide using rhodium catalysts. After testing the main reaction from different substrates, we found a lactone intermediate which was key in this approach. Following a series of simple reactions starting from the lactone we get the objective molecule 1. The main objective was achieved, unfortunately, due to a claim of a patent that protects the last intermediate synthesis and transformation of this to 1, it will not be possible to synthesize 1 industrially following this new process. However, we decided to follow the reactions of the approach that had yielded 1, but varying the dimethylamide group to other alternative groups. We thought about forming activated esters with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, phenol and N,N- diethylhydroxylamine. This strategy would reach the target molecule obtained without infringing the patent because it was in the last stage, where it would introduce the dimethylamide group so the route would not pass through the intermediate claimed.
Gumí, Tània. "Membranes en la separació enantiomèrica del fàrmac propranolol. Desenvolupament i caracterització". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3187.
Texto completoPer a la separació enantiomèrica de SR-propranolol, fàrmac usat per al tractament d'algunes anomalies cardiovasculars, s'han estudiat diferents transportadors selectius: N-alquil-hidroxiprolines i dialquil tartrats en membranes líquides, i el norbornadiè com a polímer quiral. Malgrat tots aquest sistemes mostraven resultats prometedors, cap d'ells ha estat investigat detalladament.
La finalitat d'aquesta tesi ha consistit a desenvolupar i caracteritzar diferents sistemes de membrana per a la separació del fàrmac SR-propranolol. S'han investigat quatre sistemes distints de membranes: membranes líquides suportades (SLM), membranes compòsit activades (ACM), membranes activades quirals (CAM) i membranes basades en polisulfona quiral (CPS). En la majoria dels casos s'ha emprat com a transportador selectiu l'N-hexadecil-L-hidroxiprolina (HHP).
L'estudi i la caracterització de cada sistema s'ha dut a terme mitjançant tècniques microscòpiques i experiments de transport usant quatre mòduls de membrana diferents: una cel·la de diàlisi, un mòdul micro espiral , un mòdul que permet el modelatge del transport i un mòdul de filtració frontal.
L'estudi del sistema de SLM va permetre elucidar els dos mecanismes de transport implicats en aquest sistema de separació, així com discriminar els principals paràmetres que governen (en termes de flux i selectivitat) el comportament del sistema de membranes. En condicions òptimes de treball (fase de càrrega ajustada a pH 8 i concentració de transportador de C/A = 3) es va detectar un excés enantiomèric del 5.6%.
Les membranes compòsit activades, formades per una capa porosa de polisulfona pel·liculada sobre un paper no teixit, i una capa densa superficial de poliamida, foren caracteritzades mitjançant distintes tècniques: microscòpia de força atòmica, transport de soluts, mesures d'angle de contacte, ressonància electrònica d'espí, i microscòpia electrònica d'escombratge. L'ús d'aquestes tècniques complementàries va permetre obtenir informació de la morfologia interna i superficial de les membranes, i alhora va confirmar la presència de transportador a l'interior de les membranes. Tot i així, al ser aplicades per a la separació enantiomèrica de propranolol no es va observar transport enantioselectiu.
Les CAM, formades per un capa porosa de polisulfona pel·liculada sobre un paper no teixit, si que van permetre el transport enantioselectiu del fàrmac d'estudi. En aquest cas es va estudiar la influència sobre el sistema de la concentració de transportador selectiu en la membrana i del valor de pH de la solució receptora. L'estudi va revelar la relació entre el flux i la enantioselectivitat i va contribuir a proposar les preferències d'afinitat del transportador vers ambdós enantiòmers del fàrmac propranolol. Els bons resultats van esperonar el desenvolupament d'un nou sistema de membranes CAM emprant didodeciltartrat com a transportador selectiu. La comparació dels dos sistemes de CAM es va dur a terme mitjançant el modelatge del transport ambdós enantiòmers implicats. Els resultats mostraren que el segon sistema posseeix millors propietats per al transport enantioselectiu de propranolol.
Per últim es van investigar les membranes basades en polisulfona quiral, que contenen el selector quiral enllaçat covalentment a la matriu polimèrica. La polisulfona fou derivatitzada seguint dues rutes sintètiques distintes, i van obtenir-se dos productes diferents: CPSA i CPSB. Ara bé, sols la CPSA va resultar adequada com a polímer. Les membranes obtingudes a partir de CPSA van ser caracteritzades. L'aplicació d'aquest tipus de membranes van donar lloc a resultats prometedors tan pel que fa al flux com a la enantioselectivitat, i van permetre confirmar la major afinitat del selector per a l'enantiòmer S-propranolol. En aquest cas, quan es va incorporant la quantitat més gran possible de transportador en la membrana es va obtenir un factor de separació de 1,1a les 96h d'experimentació.
Membrane systems have been gaining importance as enatioseparation techniques.
Various membrane configurations, have been proposed to attain enantioseparation. Liquid membrane processes were firstly proposed, however they exhibit a rapid selectivity decrease with operating time and show low stability and short lifetime when tested under industrial separation conditions. Therefore, solid polymeric membranes have also been developed.
For the case of SR-propranolol, a β-blocking drug used for treating certain cardiovascular anomalies different enantioselective carriers have been studied. N-n-alkyl-hydroxyprolines, and dialkyl tartrate were used in liquid membrane configurations, and norbornadiene was considered as chiral polymer. Although all these membrane systems showed promising results, none of them was investigated in detail.
The purpose of the present work was the characterisation and development of membrane systems for the enantioselective separation of SR-propranolol. Four different membrane systems, based in supported liquid membranes (SLM), activated composite membranes (ACM), chiral activated membranes (CAM) and chiral polysulfone (CPS) membranes, have been investigated. In most of them, N-hexadecyl-L-hydroxyproline (HHP) was applied as chiral carrier.
The study and characterization of each membrane type was carried out using microscopy techniques and transport experiments. The latest were conducted with four different membrane modules: a dialysis cell, a micro spiral module, a module capable of well-defining hydrodynamics conditions for transport modelling and a dead-end filtration module.
The study of SLM, permitted the elucidation of the two transport mechanisms involved in these separation systems and allowed discriminating the principal parameters governing the performance of the membrane system, either in terms of flux as in terms of selectivity. Under operating conditions showing the best performance results (feed at pH 8, and carrier concentration up to C/A = 3) a 5.6% of enantiomeric excess was reached.
Activated composite membranes (ACM) consisted of a porous polysulfone support casted on a none-woven fabric, with a top dense polyamide layer. ACM were characterized by different techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, solute transport, contact angle measurements, electron spin resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. The use of all these complementary techniques provided an extensive and concise description of ACM internal and surface morphology, together with the confirmation of the presence of the chiral carrier inside the membranes. However, when applied to the enantioseparation of propranolol enantioselectivity was not observed.
CAM consisted in a porous polysulfone film, also casted on a non-woven fabric. This membrane type permitted the enantioselective transport of propranolol across the membranes. In that case, the influence of carrier concentration in the membrane as well as the striping phase pH were studied. These studies revealed the relationship between transport rate and enantioselectivity and contributed to propose the affinity preferences of the carrier by the two enantiomers. The good results obtained, motivated the development of another CAM system containing the chiral carrier didodecyltartrate. The comparison of the two equivalent systems was carried out by conveniently modelling the transport of both propranolol enantiomers. Results showed that the last system possesses better properties for the enantioseparation of propranolol.
The last type of polymeric membranes assayed were based in chiral polysulfones CPS, containing the chiral carrier covalently bonded to the polysulfone polymeric structure. PS was chiraly derivatised following two different sysnthetic routes, and two corresponding chiral polysulfones were obtained, namely CPSA and CPSB. However when preparing the membranes, only CPSA was suitable as polymer. CPS membranes, obtained from CPSA were prepared and characterised. The application of these polymeric membranes showed promising results regarding both the transport rate and enantioselectivity, and confirmed the higher affinity of the carrier by the S-propranolol enantiomer. In that case, with membranes containing the highest CPSA amount, a separation factor of 1.1 was encountered at 96h of experiment.
Ribera, Fuentes Marc. "Desenvolupament d’una eina per a l’avaluació del comportament ambiental de contaminants químics. Visió química i visió documental". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/32124.
Texto completoDue to the high volume of drugs produced in the World, we have to ask ourselves: What happened to drugs when they are consumed? Nowadays we know that medicaments (or more precisely, their active ingredient) are excreted by our body unaltered or in altered forms according to its Chemical nature. Those drugs, alter being excreted by our body, arrive to waste water effluents and from there to waste water treatment plants (WWTP) before being returned to the environment. Is in this point when starts the environmental problematic of drugs, because, even one part of them are degraded in WWTP, the rest will exit the WWTP and will be deposited in the different compartments of the environment. That fact represents a potential risk for the environment. The European Parliament establishes the requirements for a medicament that have to be studied before being commercialized in the European union. One of these requirements is to develop an Environmental Risk Evaluation (ERE), to determine the potential risk of a chemical substance in the environment. This work is focussed in the development and application of prediction models that can help people to perform an ERE. Developed models are based on fugacity models described by MacKay on 1979, and we will use them to the most consumed drugs in the Spanish state. Development and application of this model has to well define parts, in one hand we have the chemistry part, in where we realize all the mathematic development, where we evaluate the sensibility of the model and where we validate the model with experimental data. And, in the other hand, we have realized an analysis of the information research process followed, we have created a directory of information resources for chemists, we have discussed existing and future tools to search information on chemistry and finally we have developed an informaticsʼ application that using the model described could be used by the pharmaceutics industry to realize an ERE of a chemical pollutant. The conclusions that we can extract from this work are that drugs are not eliminated completely in WWTP and they enter the environment and there they can harm animals and plants. From the application of the model to most consumed drugs in Spain we can see that drugs concentrations in environment are not directly related to its consumptions, for example the drugs clarithromycin, clopidogrel and sertraline, that they are present in high concentrations in the environment are not highly consumed. Also we have seen that drugsʼ concentrations in the different ambient compartments take rang values between hundreds of ng/L when they are in waters near to WWTPʼs to few ng/L when they are far from highly populated areas. Biggest concentration values are obtained by the predicted local concentrations (PEC Local), where we consider waters that are few kilometres from WWTPʼs. In this cases concentrations are around 100 ng/L, and in concrete, for most consumed drugs in Spain paracetamol, ibuprofen naproxen, iopromide, erythromycin, diclofenac and ranitidine concentrations are higher than 100ng/L. We recommend the industry to use the program developed in the present work for the design of new chemical compounds more benign to environment and in accordance to European directives. We have also seen that information science is closely related to any scientific research project. Tools to increase our search possibilities are increasing day by day and it is very useful to be updated of new information science discoveries to improve our research performance.
Muñoz, Guardiola Pau. "Mecanisme d'acció del nou fàrmac antitumoral ART10812: rol de la pseudoquinasa TRIB3, l'estrès reticular i els esfingolípids en la mort mediada per autofàgia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665541.
Texto completoABTL0812 is a polyunsaturated fatty acid derivative with antitumoral activity licensed by the biopharmaceutical company Ability Pharmaceuticals. ABTL0812 shows cytotoxicity in a wide panel of human tumor cell lines and induces tumor growth inhibition in human tumor cell-derived xenografts. This have encouraged its pre-clinical and clinical development. ABTL0812 recently started Phase 2 Clinical trials in patients with advanced endometrial cancer and squamous NSCLC, as a first line of treatment in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03366480). Our laboratory is involved in the characterization of ABTL0812’s antitumoral mechanism of action, using MiPaca2 (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) and A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) cell lines as models. Previous studies carried out in our laboratory uncovered that in cells ABTL0812 activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPAR/ receptors, inducing autophagy-mediated cancer cell death without activating apoptosis. Here, by using gene reporter luciferase assay, qRT-PCR mRNA quantification and immunoblot analysis, we show that ABTL0812 activates PPAR-mediated transcription of Tribbles 3 (TRIB3) pseudokinase. Over-expressed TRIB3 then binds and inhibits Akt, preventing its activation by PDK1 and mTORC2 upstream kinases, resulting in inhibition of the oncogenic Akt/mTORC1 axis. However, we found that mTORC1 inhibition is not enough to induce robust autophagy in MiaPaca2 and A549 cell lines, as it does ABTL0812. Thus, we investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could also account for ABTL0812-induced TRIB3 overexpression, as it has been proposed for other antitumoral drugs such as tetrahydrocannabinol. We found ABTL0812 induces endoplasmic reticulum dilatation and over-expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers BiP, ATF4 and CHOP (both mRNA and protein levels), indicating that ABTL0812 induces ER stress in these tumor cells. We also show preliminary pharmacological data suggesting that ER stress has a role in mediating ABTL0812-induced cytotoxicity. Remarkably, we have optimized a protocol for the quantification of TRIB3 and CHOP mRNAs (qRT-PCR) in blood and purified PBMCs from patients enrolled in Clinical Phase 2. We describe increased levels of CHOP and TRIB3 mRNAs in response to ABTL0812 treatment. Furthermore, we have proposed and optimized RT quantification of the ER stress genes TRIB3 and CHOP as reliable pharmacodynamic biomarkers for the ongoing Phase 2 Clinical trials. Given the role of sphingolipids in initiating the ER stress, we undertook a comprehensive mass-spec analysis of cellular sphingolipids to show that ABTL0812 induces long-chain dihydroceramides accumulation without affecting ceramide levels. In cells, dihydroceramides are converted into ceramides by the desaturase-1 (Des-1) enzyme. Enzymatic analysis demonstrated that ABTL0812 treatment results in inhibition of Des-1 activity in vitro and in cellular assays, provoking an accumulation of long-chain dihydroceramides, analogously to that induced by Des-1 specific inhibitor GT11. Interestingly, we show that treatment with the dideuterated short-chain dihydroceramide d2c8DhCer (which induces an increase of cellular dihydroceramides) results in endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and cytotoxicity in MiaPaca2 and A549 cell lines. Preliminary characterization of ABTL0812-induced cell death shows that this compound alters mitochondrial function (induces a drastic depletion of cellular ATP) and it activates the canonic mitophagy pathway PINK1/parkin/ubiquitin. Furthermore, ABTL0812 induces cytosolic release lysosomal cathepsin B, suggesting a lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) that would explain the necrotic cell death observed in tumor cells. Finally, this work proposes that ABTL0812 exerts its antitumoral activity acting simultaneously on two axes. On one hand, ABTL0812 activates PPAR/ receptors, which induce TRIB3 over-expression and the subsequent Akt and mTORC1 inhibition. On the other hand, ABTL0812 inhibits Des-1 enzyme, resulting in accumulation of long-chain dihydroceramides and the subsequent activation of ER stress. Both axes synergize to activate a robust autophagy which ultimately leads to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and necrosis. In agreement with this, we show that the inhibition of mTORC1 (Everolimus) synergizes with Des-1 inhibition (GT11) to promote autophagy and cytotoxicity.
Valls, Vidal Núria. "Estudi estructural d' oligonucleòtids en presència de fàrmacs intercalants i metalls de transició". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6442.
Texto completoTant els fàrmacs intercalants com els metalls de transició poden afectar a les propietats i a l'estructura del DNA. Això es pot utilitzar en àmbits mèdics com per exemple en la millora de les propietats dels fàrmacs anticancerígens, antibiòtics, etc. Referent als metalls de transició es coneixen interaccions específiques d'aquests amb el DNA que també poden ser molt útils en dissenyar noves estructures de DNA (1).
Els estudis s'han realitzat emprant sobretot la cristal·lografia de raigs X, tècnica que permet realitzar un estudi estructural molt detallat. Per tal de complementar els estudis cristal·logràfics, s'han utilitzat també altres tècniques com són el footprinting, fluorescència o mesures de viscositat. Aquestes donen informació sobre els fàrmacs que es volen utilitzar.
S'han estudiat sistemes aromàtics derivats de l'acridina i de l'antraquinona que tenen units diferents substituents, principalment aminoàcids. S'ha comprovat, però, que en general aquests fàrmacs no són específics per a una determinada seqüència.
Els estudis de cristal·lització han demostrat aquesta inespecificitat dels fàrmacs. S'han fet assajos amb dotze oligonucleòtids diferents. Aquests contenen passos CG (pas típic on s'intercalen els fàrmacs en estructures ja descrites) i passos AA/TT. Es coneix només una estructura on el fàrmac es troba intercalat en un pas com aquest (2), i s'ha intentat induir un altre cop aquesta intercalació amb altres oligonucleòtids.
S'han fet molts assajos de cristal·lització per obtenir complexos DNA-fàrmac i s'han resolt, finalment, cinc estructures amb quatre oligonucleòtids diferents. D'aquestes cinc estructures només dues han presentat fàrmac intercalat.
El decàmer d(CGCAATTGCG) s'ha cristal·litzat en el grup espacial I212121 formant una estructura isomòrfica a la mateixa seqüència descrita per Spink (3). Aquest decàmer s'ha descrit en un total de cinc estructures diferents i en quatre grups espacials. Això ha permès realitzar un estudi comparatiu de totes elles, analitzant d'una banda les diferències i de l'altra els efectes de les diferents condicions de cristal·lització emprades.
S'ha resolt també la primera estructura de B-DNA, la seqüència d(GAATTCG), amb una simetria cúbica. És el primer cop que es cristal·litza aquesta seqüència i el grup espacial és I23. El tret més important de l'estructura són les grans cavitats de dissolvent que presenta, només el 24% del cristall està ocupat per àtoms de DNA. L'estructura s'ha resolt pel mètode de MAD utilitzant l'ió Ni2+ com a àtom pesat.
La primera estructura del decàmer d(CAATTAATTG) s'ha descrit a una resolució de 2.8 Å. Aquesta ha cristal·litzat en el grup espacial P3221 i és isomòrfica a un grup d'estructures de seqüències diferents (4). El fet de contenir un 80% de bases A i T ha suggerit fer un estudi conformacional del decàmer.
Totes les estructures s'han cristal·litzat en presència dels ions Ni2+ o Co2+, els quals formen gairebé sempre interaccions específiques amb els N7 de les guanines. Aquests ions tenen en general un paper molt important a l'hora d'estabilitzar el cristall ja que sovint ajuden a unir dues columnes de dúplexs a través de guanines terminals que es desaparellen. També s'han detectat altres ions com el Ba2+ o el Na+.
In the present thesis we have carried out structural studies on DNA. The main purpose was the determination in a detailed way of the interactions between DNA and intercalating drugs as well as with transition metals.
Both, intercalating drugs and transition metals, can influence the properties and structure of DNA. This characteristic can be used in order to improve the therapeutic applications of the drugs. On the other hand, specific interactions between DNA and transition metals are known, and they can be used to design new structures of DNA (1).
The main technique used has been X-ray crystallography, which allows studying structures in great detail, but also other techniques have been used as for example footprinting, fluorescence or viscosity assays. These techniques can give information about the drugs, they can predict whether a drug is going to intercalate in the DNA and also if they are specific for a particular sequence.
The drugs used are aromatic systems, anthraquinone and acridine derivatives with different substituents covalently linked, most of them amino acids. Our studies confirm that in general, the drugs used have no sequence specificity.
Crystallographic studies also show that drugs are not specific because in most of the structures solved, the drug could not be detected. Twelve different oligonucleotides, between six and twelve base pairs, have been tested. Those contain CG steps (typical intercalating step) and AA/TT steps. There is only one structure known in the literature where a drug intercalates in an AA/TT step (2) and we have been trying to induce this intercalation again with different oligonucleotides.
Many crystallisation assays have been done in order to obtain DNA-drug complexes and finally, five different structures with four different olignucleotides have been solved. Only two of these structures contain the intercalated drug, this is the sequence d(CGTACG) that has been crystallized with two different drugs, an acridine and an anthraquinone derivative.
The decamer d(CGCAATTGCG) has been crystallised in the space group I212121, showing an isomorphic structure of the same sequence previously described by Spink (3). This decamer has been crystallised as five different structures in four different space groups. All these structures allowed a comparative study between all of them, analysing the differences and the effect of the crystallisation conditions.
The first structure of a B-DNA with a cubic symmetry has also been solved with the sequence d(GAATTCG). It is the first time this sequence has been crystallised and the most important feature of this structure are the great cavities of solvent contained in each cell, only 24% of the crystal is occupied by DNA atoms.
Also the first structure of the decamer d(CAATTAATTG) has been solved in the space group P3221. The fact that contains a large quantity of A and T bases (80%) suggested analysing in detail the conformation of the decamer. There is a group of isomorphic structures with different sequences already described in the literature (4).
All five structures have been crystallised in the presence of Co2+ or Ni2+ ions. Both ions normally form specific interactions with the N7 atoms of guanines and they have a very imortant role in the stabilisation of the crystals. Other ions such Ba2+ and Na+ have also been detected in the structures.
Marín, Casino Mónica. "Comparativa de niveles plasmáticos, implicaciones clínicas y costes entre pacientes tratados con valproico endovenoso genérico frente a pacientes tratados con valproico endovenoso innovador". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283895.
Texto completoIn order to maximize cost savings, health care systems recommend the use of generic drugs. Its main advantage is lower cost, due to savings in research. However, small variations in bioavailability among generic drugs and brand-name drugs in epilepsy may be associated with negative effects with significant clinical changes (loss of seizure control, loss of jobs / driving license). There are multiple cases series with loss seizure control or adverse events, but there are few studies to draw conclusions about its total interchangeability in antiepileptic drugs. Objectives: To compare drug concentrations, seizure control, adverse effects and costs in patients treated with intravenous valproic generic among patients treated intravenous brand-name valproic in the target patient population (patients hospitalized with multiple administrations, different comorbidities and polytherapy). Methods: Retrospective observational study in which we compared two periods: Period 1: 2003-2006 patients receiving “Depakine” ® (brand-name). Period 2: 2007-2010 patients receiving “Ácido valproico GES EFG” ® (generic). Results: We included 49 patients in the brand-name group and 103 in the generic group. Objective 1: There were not differences in drug concentrations between the 2 groups (38.58 vs. 38.75 mcg / mL.). On stratification by dose, with the dose of 1200 mg/day, low drug concentrations were detected in the generic group (51.06 mcg / mL vs. 34.76 mcg / mL, p = 0.025). Objective 2: Baseline seizure frequency was similar in both groups (38.8% vs. 41.7 %). Subsequently, the brand-name group had a trend toward significance better seizure control (83.7% vs. 68.9%, p = 0.075). On multivariable analysis, the diagnosis of status epilepticus was found to be associated as a risk factor predictive of seizures (OR: 4.9 (1.94-12.4)). Objective 3: There was no relationship between adverse effects and drug concentration. Longer treatment was associated with an increase in adverse effects (11 vs. 5 days, p = 0.009.). There were no differences of adverse effects between the two groups. Objective 4: The cost of valproico treatment was higher in the brand-name group (241.72 vs. € 98.79, p = 0.0001). However, there were no differences in cost in patients with seizures (134.05 vs. € 143.23). Conclusions: Objective 1: Only one third of the monitored patients had therapeutic levels (50-100 mcg/mL). In general, there were not differences in mean valproico drug concentrations between both groups. However, with the dose of 1200 mg/day, the generic group had lower concentrations than brand-name group. Objective 2: The brand-name group had a trend for better control seizure. On multivariable analysis, the diagnosis of status epilepticus was associated with loss seizure control (higher incidence in the generic group with non-significant). Objective 3: There was no relationship between adverse effects and drug concentration. After discarding confounding factors, the use of generic could not relate to a different profile of adverse effects. Objective 4: Generic prescription decreased cost 7.50 €/day, resulting in a savings of almost 150 €/treatment. However, the use of generic VPA IV is a only less expensive in seizure-free patients.
Andrés, López Blanca. "Avaluació dels estudis diagnòstics d’al·lèrgia a fàrmacs". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482231.
Texto completoINTRODUCTION: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are frequent in the course of treatments, but only 6-10% of them are due to allergy. Despite their prevalence, there are no comprehensive surveys that evaluate the results of diagnostic studies. AIM OF THE STUDY: To describe the prevalence of allergic drug reactions in patients referred to the Allergy Department for drug allergy studies. To evaluate these patients, the drugs involved in the reactions, the usefulness and the cost of these diagnostic studies. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study in patients referred both from primary health centers and from patients admitted in the hospital who had experienced a suspected allergic drug reaction. We evaluated clinical and epidemiological data, the drugs implicated in the reactions and the results of the final diagnosis. One year after the study, we performed a telephone survey in order to know the usefulness of the diagnostic study based on the final report given to the patient. In this report we indicated those drugs that, according to the study, the patient had tolerated and thus could be administered in future if needed. The data were recorded in a specific database for statistical analysis and evaluation. Multivariate analysis was assessed by calculating the odds ratio (OR) and the confidence intervals (CI) 95%. RESULTS: We studied 1003 patients (683 female) with mean age 49.98 years old (14-90) and we carried out 1122 diagnostic studies. Drug allergy was confirmed in 396 patients (39.5%) and the drugs more frequently implicated were NSAID in 59.3% and β-lactam antibiotics in 20.7%. In the remaining subjects (60.5%) drug allergy was discarded. One year after the study, 322 patients were asked about tolerability of the drug indicated at the end of the study. 106 of 116 patients had tolerated the recommended drug and in 188 the drug was not administered: 124 patients because it was not necessary, 47 patients due to fear and 14 patients still considered themselves allergic despite their negative results (19%). The average cost of diagnostic studies per patient was higher in non-allergic patients (727.1 € vs 563.6 €). CONCLUSION. The 39.5% of the patients referred to study for drug reactions were diagnosed as having allergy and the drugs more frequently implicated were NSAID and β-lactam antibiotics. A high percentage of the patients surveyed did not accept the results. Allergy drug studies involve significant costs for the health system, especially if the patients are not allergic, so it is necessary to take a careful medical history before referring patients to the allergy services.
Castel, Llobet Josep Maria. "Polimorfisme genètic del metabolisme de fàrmacs. Implicacions clíniques". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5395.
Texto completo1) Determinació de la capaciat de metabolisme de la Isoniazida (fenotip acetilador) en una mostra de 126 individus sans. La distribució de freqüències de la relació entre el fàrmac i el seu principal metabòlit en orina, es comporta de forma bimodal, diferenciant-se una subpoblació d'individus amb una baixa formació de metabòlit (acetiladors lents) que representa un 65,1 de la mostra estudiada. El 34,9 restant està format per individus amb una major capacitat de metabolisme (acetiladors ràpids). No sembla existir cap influència de factors com Tedat, sexe, consum de tabac, cafè i alcohol en e1 fenotip acetilador.
2) Determinació de la capacitat de metabolisme de la debrlsoquina (fenotip hidroxilador) en una mostra de 156 voluntaris sans. La distribució de freqüències de la relació entre aquest fàrmac i el seu principal metabòlit és de tipus bimodal. Un 4,5 del individus estudiats metabolitzen de forma defectuosa la debrisoquina (hidroxiladors pobres) i un 95,5 ho fan de forma normal (hidroxiladors extensos). Tampoc existeix cap influència de l'edat, sexe, i hàbits tòxics en la manifestació d'aquest fenotip.
3) L'acció neurotòxica d'alguns xenobiòtic sembla ser un dels factors etiopatogènics de la malaltia de Parkinson. Els individus amb una baixa capacitat metabòlica (detoxificant) podrien tenir un major risc de patir parklnsonisme o malaltia de Parkinson . Alguns fàrmacs (neurolèptics) i substàncies ambientals (MPTP) que poden produir parkinsonisme es metabolitzen per via hidroxilativa. En base a aquesta hipòtesi es va determinar el fenotip hidroxilador de la debrisoquina en una mostra de 54 pacients diagnosticats de Parkinson, amb la finalitat d'estudiar si en aquest tipus de pacients hi ha una major incidència de metabolitzadors pobres. No s'han detectat diferèncles entre els percentatges d'hidroxiladors pobres de les dues mostres analitzades (individus sans 4,5, parkinsomans 3,7), el que demostra que no sembla existir relació entre la capacitat de metabolitzar la debrisoquina i la malaltia de Parkinson.
Not all patients in a group suffering from the same illness respond in the same degree to a drug administered in the same dose, by the same route and the same interval even when the intensity of the process were proven to be the same. Taking into account the variability of response when administering a drug is one of the prerequisites for a rational use of drugs. With the increase in the number of drugs prescribed in therapeutics, an increase in the incidence of adverse drug reactions has been recorded. In order to reduce such reactions and achieve an optimal therapeutic response , the factors that influence the dose/response ratio have to be known and the dose has to be individualized whenever possible. The dramatic development of techniques for the determination of plasmatic levels of drugs has revealed that pharmacokinetic processes are the main cause of interindividual variability in response to drugs and that metabolism is quantitatively the most important of these processes. The main cause of variability in the capacity to metabolize xenobiotics are the environmental and the genetic factors. The capacity to acetytate has been known to be subject to genetic polymorphism for about 30 years. More recently, metabolic polymorphisms of other pathways, usually hydroxylative, have been described. This research deals with acetylator and hydroxylator phenotypes. It is composed of tree parts:
1) Determination of the rate of metabolism of isoniazid (acetilator phenotype) in a sample of 126 healthy individuals. The frequency distribution of the urinary drug/metabolite ratio reveals a bimodal pattern: 65.1 of the sample population shown a low formation of the metabolite (slow acetilators), while the remaining 34.9 have a higher capacity to metabolize (fast acetilators). Factors such as age, sex and tobacco, cofee or alcohol intake do not seem to influence this phenotype.
2) Determination of the rate of metabolism of debrisoquine (hydroxylator phenotype) in a sample of 156 healthy volunteers. The frequency distribution of the urinary drug/metabolite ratio again showns a bimodal pattern: 4.5 of the sample population are defective metabolizers of debrisoquine (poor hydroxylators), while 95.5 are normal metabolizers (extensive hydroxylators). Age ,sex and toxic habits do not seem to influence the manifestation of this phenotype, either.
3) The neurotoxic action of some xenobiotics appears to be one of the aetiopathogenic factors causing the appearance of Parkinson's disease. Individuals with a low metabolic rate migth be more exposed to developing Parkinsonism or Parkinson's disease. Some neuroleptic drugs and some environmental substances (MPTP) which may produce Parkinsonism are metabolized by hydroxylation. According to this hypothesis, the hydroxylator phenotype of debrisoquine was determined in a sample of 54 patients with diagnosed Parkinson's disease in order to ascertain if a higher incidence of poor metabolizers is found among this kind of patients. No significant difference in the percentage of poor hydroxylators has been recorded between the two analyzed sample populations (4.5 in healthy individuals, 3.7 in Parkinson patients), which proves that no relationship seems to exist between the capacity to metabolize debrisoquine and Parkinson's disease.
Martinavarro, Domínguez Adrià. "Monitorització de fàrmacs mitjançant la cromatografía líquida micel·lar". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10406.
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