Literatura académica sobre el tema "Football competitions"

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Football competitions"

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Dantas, Florbela, Ana Borges y Rui Silva. "Impact of UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League on Financial Sustainability—Case Study of Two Small Football Portuguese Teams". Sustainability 12, n.º 21 (5 de noviembre de 2020): 9213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219213.

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Qualifying for European competitions allows football clubs to have access to the two most important football competitions played in Europe, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. Thereby, participation in these important competitions has both direct (participation prizes) and indirect (player transactions, television rights, box office, advertising, sponsorship) impacts on the sustainability of European football clubs’ accounts. The current competition model, which now includes more football teams, has become more attractive for small clubs. In this context, this research aims to analyze the impact of qualification for European competitions on the sustainability of a strong economic and financial structure of small clubs through a case study analysis of two small Portuguese clubs. The quantitative analysis is also supported by a comparative analysis, which was reinforced with nonparametric statistical analysis. The results show that the economic and financial impact on small clubs was not immediate, but was beneficial if it was managed efficiently. This research contributes to increasing knowledge of the decision-making agents of clubs that are participating for the first time in European competitions, or, if recurrent, are seeking answers and guidelines for the effective management of football teams.
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2

Li, Zhigang. "In-Network Caching and Edge Computing-Based Live Broadcasting Optimization for Football Competitions". Mobile Information Systems 2020 (11 de diciembre de 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6698448.

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The business of football competitions is called the number one sport in the world, thanks to more than one billion people’s attention. With the development of big convergence media, the live broadcasting of football competitions gradually becomes industrialization and commercialization, which has a direct relationship with economic growth. For the live broadcasting of football competitions, the users focus more on quality of experience, i.e., definition and instantaneity. In terms of such two metrics, the current live broadcasting schemes are difficult to cover them well. Therefore, this paper exploits the emerging in-network caching and edge computing technologies to optimize the live broadcasting of football competitions, shorten for IELB. At first, the live broadcasting optimization framework based on in-network caching and edge computing is presented. Then, the auction-based method is used to address the task scheduling problem in the edge computing. In addition, a video compression algorithm based on adaptive convolution kernel is introduced to accelerate the video transmission and guarantee users to obtain the contents of football competitions as quickly as possible. The proposed IELB has been verified based on the collected real football competitions dataset by evaluating response time, and the experimental results demonstrate that IELB is feasible and efficient.
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Loughran, Galvin J., Christian T. Vulpis, Jordan P. Murphy, David A. Weiner, Steven J. Svoboda, Richard Y. Hinton y Dave P. Milzman. "Incidence of Knee Injuries on Artificial Turf Versus Natural Grass in National Collegiate Athletic Association American Football: 2004-2005 Through 2013-2014 Seasons". American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, n.º 6 (17 de abril de 2019): 1294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519833925.

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Background: The use of artificial turf in American football continues to grow in popularity, and the effect of these playing surfaces on athletic injuries remains controversial. Knee injuries account for a significant portion of injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football league; however, the effect of artificial surfaces on knee injuries remains ill-defined. Hypothesis: There is no difference in the rate or mechanism of knee ligament and meniscal injuries during NCAA football events on natural grass and artificial turf playing surfaces. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The NCAA Injury Surveillance System Men’s Football Injury and Exposure Data Sets for the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 seasons were analyzed to determine the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), medial meniscus, and lateral meniscal tear injuries. Injury rates were calculated per 10,000 athlete exposures, and rate ratios (RRs) were used to compare injury rates during practices and competitions on natural grass and artificial turf in NCAA football as a whole and by competition level (Divisions I, Divisions II and III). Mechanisms of injury were calculated for each injury on natural grass and artificial turf surfaces. Results: A total of 3,009,205 athlete exposures and 2460 knee injuries were reported from 2004 to 2014: 1389 MCL, 522 ACL, 269 lateral meniscal, 164 medial meniscal, and 116 PCL. Athletes experienced all knee injuries at a significantly higher rate when participating in competitions as compared with practices. Athletes participating in competitions on artificial turf experienced PCL injuries at 2.94 times the rate as those playing on grass (RR = 2.94; 95% CI, 1.61-5.68). When stratified by competition level, Division I athletes participating in competitions on artificial turf experienced PCL injuries at 2.99 times the rate as those playing on grass (RR = 2.99; 95% CI, 1.39-6.99), and athletes in lower NCAA divisions (II and III) experienced ACL injuries at 1.63 times the rate (RR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10-2.45) and PCL injuries at 3.13 times the rate (RR = 3.13; 95% CI, 1.14-10.69) on artificial turf as compared with grass. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of MCL, medial meniscal, or lateral meniscal injuries on artificial turf versus grass when stratified by event type or level of NCAA competition. No difference was found in the mechanisms of knee injuries on natural grass and artificial turf. Conclusion: Artificial turf is an important risk factor for specific knee ligament injuries in NCAA football. Injury rates for PCL tears were significantly increased during competitions played on artificial turf as compared with natural grass. Lower NCAA divisions (II and III) also showed higher rates of ACL injuries during competitions on artificial turf versus natural grass.
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Fang, Lei, Qiang Wei y Cheng Jian Xu. "Technical and Tactical Command Decision Algorithm of Football Matches Based on Big Data and Neural Network". Scientific Programming 2021 (7 de abril de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5544071.

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A successful football team not only consists of more than a dozen people on the field but also includes a complete training, analysis, coaching team behind it, and the same basic education and youth training system. With the development of scientific concepts and the advancement of computer technology, more people have begun to study the use of modern technology to replace part of the traditional human work with low creativity and the use of more convenient quantitative analysis, prediction and other technologies to assist football professionals’ decision-making. Based on big data and neural network technology, this paper has designed a novel football technical and tactical command decision algorithm. First, the use of big data technology for analyzing the characteristics of the historical big data of football competitions provides valuable data for the work of this article. Secondly, to formulate scientific and reasonable football technical and tactical command, it requires learning effective offensive or defensive strategies from the big data of football competitions. This article uses deep neural networks to learn massive amounts of football competition data, which can effectively predict the offensive and defensive tactics of each position of the team to a certain extent. In addition, in order to better learn the timing video data of football matches, this paper also has proposed to use long- and short-term memory networks to improve the algorithm of this paper. The proposed method has achieved good results in football technical and tactical command and decision-making and also provides some new ideas for the subject of football combined with computer technology.
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Kerr, Zachary Y., Gary B. Wilkerson, Shane V. Caswell, Dustin W. Currie, Lauren A. Pierpoint, Erin B. Wasserman, Sarah B. Knowles, Thomas P. Dompier, R. Dawn Comstock y Stephen W. Marshall. "The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in United States High School Football (2005–2006 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Football (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)". Journal of Athletic Training 53, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2018): 738–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-144-17.

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Context: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of football injury data.Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school football in the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate football in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance.Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.Setting: Online injury surveillance from football teams of high school boys (annual average = 100) and collegiate men (annual average = 43).Patients or Other Participants: Football players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years in high school or the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years in college.Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury (≥24 hours) and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated.Results: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 18 189 time-loss injuries during 4 539 636 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 22 766 time-loss injuries during 3 121 476 AEs. The injury rate was higher among collegiate than high school (7.29 versus 4.01/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.79, 1.86) athletes. Most injuries occurred during competitions in high school (53.2%) and practices in college (60.9%). The competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate among both high school (IRR = 5.62; 95% CI = 5.46, 5.78) and collegiate (IRR = 6.59; 95% CI = 6.41, 6.76) players. Most injuries at both levels affected the lower extremity and the shoulder/clavicle and were diagnosed as ligament sprains and muscle/tendon strains. However, concussion was a common injury during competitions among most positions.Conclusions: Injury rates were higher in college than in high school and higher for competitions than for practices. Concussion was a frequent injury sustained during competitions, which confirms the need to develop interventions to mitigate its incidence and severity.
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Pylypenko, V., M. Timchik, A. Pedorych, I. Tkachenko, V. Honchar y M. Loichenko. "Formation of strong-willed qualities of cadet-student youth by means of football". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), n.º 2(122) (21 de febrero de 2020): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.2(122).28.

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The essence of formation of volitional qualities of personality is revealed in the article. The generalization of scientists and practitioners on the problem of formation of volitional qualities of cadet student youth by means of football is generalized. Based on a four-stage procedural scheme of adolescent personality convergence developed by I. Beh and refined by N. Kasich, we characterized the criteria and indicators of the formation of volitional qualities of cadets and students by means of football, namely: cognitive (awareness of the quality of awareness). qualities; understanding of the importance of active student-student youth as opposed to passive in the process of achieving the goal by football; knowledge of student-student youth responsibilities and their performance in the training process in football); emotional value (interest in playing football, sports history of Ukraine, sports traditions of higher education institutions; joyful experience of cadet student youth from the process of reaching the goal by means of football; desire to participate in training and competitions in football; willingness to be ready (willingness to important personality qualities; spiritual determination in the process of formation of volitional qualities; volitional desire to participate in training and competitions in football; activity-practical (ability to manifest volitional qualities to be purposeful in the process of playing football; to participate in training and competitions in football and to reach the end goal by showing responsibility for oneself and to the sports team;The pedagogical conditions, content and methods of formation of volitional qualities of cadets and students in the course of football are covered. The importance of football lessons and their effectiveness in higher education institutions is revealed. The results of the study on the formation of volitional qualities of cadets and students in the course of football are analyzed.
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Nikolaienko, Valerii, Borys Maksymchuk, Ihor Donets, Pavlo Oksom, Nazarii Verbyn, Vadym Shemchuk y Iryna Maksymchuk. "Cycles of Training Sessions and Competitions of Youth Football Players". Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 13, n.º 2 (2 de julio de 2021): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/13.2/429.

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At the present level of football development, the requirements for athletic skills are increasing. Given a fierce competition in the international and national sports arena as never before, it is important to mobilize functional reserves and maximize individual inclinations of players to demonstrate the highest capability for sport in the period optimal for it. It is precisely a long-term training programme focused on the demonstration of natural inclinations that is a strategic area in the training of qualified athletes under the current conditions. Adhering to qualitative characteristics of the training process should become the basis for evaluating the rational structure of a long-term training process. The paper aims to theoretically and methodically justify the periods of training sessions and competitions of youth football players. Research methods are the following: general theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, comparison, generalization and descriptive mathematical statistics), systemic theoretical methods (structural analysis, functional analysis, structural-and-functional analysis, historical method, system modelling), a study of the printed and electronic sources of information, description, interviewing, expert survey. An analysis of scientific and methodological literature, legal documents and training programmes adopted in the countries with a high level of football development has made it possible to construct models of annual programs based on the years of study with further regulation of cycles of training sessions and competitions. Rational construction of the system of footballers’ long-term training is based on the introduction of changes in the organization and holding of children’s and youth competitions, pedagogical principles of managing sports activities and technologies for training youth football players, as well as methods of evaluating children’s coaches’ professional performance.
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Thanasas, Georgios L. y Vassilis S. Smaraidos. "CREATIVE ACCOUNTING IN GREEK FOOTBALL CLUBS". JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 16, n.º 3 (2017) (2017): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2017.03.365.

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Football Clubs tent to manipulate their profits in order to obtain a license to participate in Championships, organized under the supervision of UEFA. This article examines, whether Football Clubs that compete in the Greek Super League and in European Competitions use earnings management techniques to manipulate their profits. In order to do so, Jones’ (1991) modified econometric model was used to estimate the accruals that determine the level of earnings management, for the period 2013-15. The statistical analysis, which performed with the use of STATA statistical package v.13, show that Greek Football Clubs which compete in European Competitions are more effective in manipulating their profits while Football Clubs which compete in Greek Super League and have difficulties in obtaining a license do not appeal to manipulate their profits.
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Balan, В. "An analysis of the competitive activity of skilled football players in the preparation stage for higher achievements". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), n.º 5(125) (27 de septiembre de 2020): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.5(125).02.

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Тhe problem of analysis of contention activity of skilled footballers on the stage of preparation to the higher achievements has an important theoretical and methodical value for an estimation and ground of traditional approaches of construction of educational-training process and system of realization of competitions in football. On this time the far of researches is executed from the study of motive activity of footballers in the conditions of competitions, as a result of that the got is given about character and volume of actions of players both with a ball, and without him. A footballer in times of game runs into a ball on the average from 34 to 70 times, thus total time of direct contact presents an about 135-165 p. it is Set that most number one times a ball is owned by the players of middle line, least are centre-backs. Resulted the given is got with application of modern technologies (program "InStat Football"). Supervisions came true by means of computer analysis of the videotape recording of matches of championship of Ukraine from football among the commands of corresponding age categories. The structure of technical and tactical actions of skilled football players in competitive activity at the stage of preparation for higher achievements is considered. These studies have been obtained using modern technologies. Observations were made by means of computer analysis of videos of matches of the Ukrainian Football Championship. Quantitative and speed indicators and characteristics of movements of players 19-20 years in matches were evaluated. The technical and tactical actions of football players in competitive activity are analyzed. The necessity of introduction of system of gradual transition of athletes from youth football to professional is determined.
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Shankar, Prasad R., Sarah K. Fields, Christy L. Collins, Randall W. Dick y R. Dawn Comstock. "Epidemiology of High School and Collegiate Football Injuries in the United States, 2005-2006". American Journal of Sports Medicine 35, n.º 8 (agosto de 2007): 1295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546507299745.

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Background Football, one of the most popular sports among male high school students in the United States, is a leading cause of sports-related injuries, with an injury rate almost twice that of basketball, the second most popular sport. Hypothesis Injury patterns will vary between competition and practice exposures and between levels of play (ie, high school vs. National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA]). Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Football-related injury data were collected over the 2005-2006 school year from 100 nationally representative high schools via High School RIO™ (Reporting Information Online) and from 55 Division I, II, and III colleges via the NCAA Injury Surveillance System. Results Nationally, an estimated 517 726 high school football-related injuries (1881 unweighted injuries) occurred during the 2005-2006 season. The rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was greater during high school competitions (12.04) than during practices (2.56). The rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was also greater during collegiate competitions (40.23) than during practices (5.77). While the overall rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was greater in the NCAA (8.61) than in high school (4.36), high school football players sustained a greater proportion of fractures and concussions. Running plays were the leading cause of injury, with running backs and linebackers being the positions most commonly injured. Conclusion Patterns of football injuries vary, especially by type of exposure and level of play. Future studies should continue to compare differences in injury patterns in high school and collegiate football, with particular emphasis placed on high-risk plays (running plays) and positions (running backs and linebackers).
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Tesis sobre el tema "Football competitions"

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Urbanczyk, Martin. "Webový simulátor fotbalových lig a turnajů". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-403171.

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This thesis is about the creation of a simulator of football leagues and championships. I studied the problematics of football competitions and their systems and also about the base of machine learning. There was also an analysis of similar and existing solutions and I took inspiration for my proposal from them. After that, I made the design of the whole simulator structure and of all of its key parts. Then the simulator was implemented and tested. The application allows simulating top five competitions in UEFA club coefficients rating.
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Anderson, Duncan. "Mental strategies of football quarterbacks for training and competition". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9766.

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Orlick (1992) proposed a "Model of Human Excellence," which was comprised of seven mental skills, including commitment, belief, full focus, positive imagery, mental readiness, distraction control, and constructive evaluation. Twelve individuals who had played the quarterback position at a high caliber of competition participated in a standardized interview to determine if this model accounted for their mental strategies for training and competition. The sample was divided into university (n = 9) and professional (n = 3) sub-groups. Structural, qualitative analyses were conducted on each transcript. Individual differences with respect to the use of mental skills appeared to be related to the level of play, with the best players in both sub-groups having the most comprehensive mental approaches and practices. The most marginal mental skills for the university quarterbacks were positive imagery and constructive evaluation.
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Adams, Adrian. "Masculinities, competition and friendship in an English professional football academy". Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.681046.

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The purpose of this research was to utilise a unique researcher vantage point (as embedded academy coach) to explore the experiences of male youth footballers (14-15 years old) at an English professional football academy. Participant observations and in-depth semi-structured interviews with twelve boys were used to generate data. The analysis focused upon (a) the competitive social organisation of the academy, (b) representations of masculinity (c) emotional proximity and what it means to be ‘friends’ in the academy setting, and (d) attitudes towards homosexuality. My findings highlight the limited ability of boys to develop trust and ‘deep’ friendships in this institutional context. These findings suggest that a hyper-competitive (neoliberal) market-driven rationality penetrates football academies and may play a role in altering the parameters of how ‘friendships’ can be lived and experienced for young people ‘on the inside’ of such institutions. Despite limitations on ‘friendships’ and emotional-proximity inside the academy, there was some evidence of inclusivity (c.f. Anderson, 2009), with regards to attitudes towards homosexuality. However, drawing on the concepts of complicity (Connell, 1987, 1995) and hybridity (c.f. Demetriou, 2001; Bridges, 2014), caution is maintained in describing these youth academy footballers as conclusively inclusive. Implications of these findings, limitations of this study and directions for future research are all discussed.
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Theron, Nicolas Charle. "Medical conditions and illness in elite football players during international competition". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9034.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-128).
Background: Previous clinical research of football players participating in international tournaments has mainly focussed on documentation of injuries and risk factors for injury. However, despite anecdotal evidence that medical symptomatology, illness and medical complaints are common during travel to international competitions, the epidemiology of medical conditions before, during or after elite level football tournaments, has not been well documented. Objective: The aims of the research presented in this dissertation were: 1) to determine the prevalence of medical conditions in elite football players 2) to determine the incidence and nature of medical conditions and illness in the elite football players participating in an international tournament (2009 FIFA Confederations Cup tournament) and 3) to provide data for the medical planning and management of elite football players during future events. Methods: The first component of this dissertation consisted of a comprehensive review of the current literature describing the prevalence and incidence of medical conditions and illness in athletes. The original research component of this dissertation consisted of two parts, and both studies were conducted during the FIFA Confederations Cup tournament, which was held in South Africa in June 2009. All the players in the 8 participating teams (23 players per team – a total of 184 players) were approached by the FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) through their team physicians and invited to participate as research subjects in the studies. Part 1 (descriptive cross-sectional study): Prior to the tournament, all the players completed a previously validated medical history and illness questionnaire. Furthermore, the questionnaire contained sections on player demographics, training history, medication and supplement use, life-style history, family history of atopy, current and past history of medical conditions and detailed sections pertaining to upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), allergies, asthma, exercise associated muscle cramping (EAMC) and history of previous surgery. Part 2 (prospective cohort study): During the 15 days of the tournament each team physician was requested to complete a daily injury, medical illness and treatment log for each player. Finally, data on the environmental conditions at each venue were collected, as recorded by the South African Weather Service. Results: The main findings in part 1 of this study were: 1) exercise associated muscle cramping (EAMC) was the most prevalent medical condition reported, with 64 (46%) of the players reporting a history of EAMC, 2) the prevalence of allergy was 27 (20%) and asthma 6 (4%), 3) the prevalence of dermatological conditions was 16 (12%), 4) the prevalence of gastro-intestinal conditions was 10 (7%) and central nervous system conditions was 6 (4%), 5) URTI one week before the tournament was reported by 7 (5%) of the players, 6) 68 (49%) of the players reported a history of previous surgery and 7) 72 (52%) of the players reported the use of supplements or vitamins and 11 (8%) the use of medication. Knee surgery was the most common anatomical area operated with 33 (24%) of the players reporting previous knee surgery. This was followed by a much lower prevalence of ankle surgery, 8 (6%). In part 2 of the study, a total of 56 injuries and 35 illnesses were recorded during the tournament. The main findings in this study were: 1) an overall injury rate of 64.4 injuries per 1000 match hours or 2.1 injuries per match, 2) an overall rate of 2.7 injuries and 1.7 illnesses per 100 player days, 3) that 0.88 days were lost per injury and 0.46 days were lost per illness, 4) the lower limb was the most commonly injured body part, 5) 11 (20%) of the injuries reported were to the thigh, 6) 15 (44%) of the injuries reported were due to a contusion, 6) 13 (37%) of the illnesses reported were due to ENT conditions, and 7) 7 (20%) were due to respiratory tract symptoms. Summary and conclusion: Illness and injury are common during an international football tournament. The pattern of injury was similar to that previously reported. However, the novel finding of this dissertation was that illness is a significant component to the medical care to a travelling team and needs to be considered by team physicians managing the medical needs of elite football teams.
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Griffiths, Robert P. "Cyber athletes: identification, competition, and affect implications". The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1180009007.

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Messina, Frédéric. "Équilibre concurrentiel et sport professionnel : l'exemple du football européen". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10066.

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L'analyse concurrentielle du marché pertinent du football professionnel européen fait ressortir le saisissant contraste présent entre la force de l'exigence d'une concurrence "libre" et "non faussée" et la relativité de son existence sur le marché. Depuis l'arrêt "Bosman" et la reconnaissance par la Cour de justice de la liberté de circulation des sportifs professionnels, l'économie concurrentielle du marché en cause est inégalitaire et le sort de la compétition économique prévisible. En supprimant les clauses de nationalité, qui limitaient les flux transnationaux de joueurs et l'impact de l'hétérogénéité des systèmes fiscaux sur le processus concurrentiel, les juges de Luxembourg ont structurellement remis en cause les conditions de concurrence du marché. En effet, les clubs au "coin socio-fiscal du travail" élevé ont vu leur liberté concurrentielle être affectée et leur chance de réussir, dans la compétition économique, considérablement se réduire. Leur incapacité fiscale à proposer, à coût égal, des rémunérations attractives et compétitives aux facteurs de concurrence que sont les joueurs, s'est traduite, dans le contexte de la libéralisation du marché, par un "état d'infériorité structurelle". Cette situation immédiatement contraire aux objectifs des Traités a engendré une allocation inefficace des richesses du marché et une qualité disparate de l'offre de spectacle sportif au sein de la Communauté
The competitive analysis of the relevant market of the European professional football highlights the striking contrast between the strength of the requirement of a “free” and “undistorted” competition and the relativity of its existence on the market.Since the “Bosman” decision and the recognition by the European Court of Justice of the freedom of movement for professional sportsmen, the competitive economy of the relevant market is non-egalitarian and the result of economic competition is predictable. By suppressing the nationality clauses which limited the transnational flows of the players and the impact of heterogeneity of tax systems on the competitive process, the judges of Luxembourg structurally altered the competitive conditions into the market. Indeed, football clubs at “the wedge between labour costs and net wages” saw their competitive freedom being affected and their chance to succeed in the economic competition considerably reduced. Their tax incapacity to propose, at equal cost, attractive and competitive payments to the competition factors that are the players, has translated, in the context of the liberalization of the market, by a “structural inferiority state”. This situation at once went against the objectives of the Treaties causing an inefficient allowance of the wealth in the market, as well as an ill-assorted quality of the sport entertainment offer within the Common Market
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Kassim, Mohar. "A qualitative study of the relationships between the knowledge and behaviour of coaches in two football academies in Malaysia". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27664.

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The formation of the Football Academy in Malaysia was seen as the best possible way to develop young footballers, through a decentralized programme with the aim to provide a strong base for many players who are sound and strong and to produce an individual player who can reach world class standard. With the problem of performance of the Malaysia national football team, which has been considerably affected by problems relating to the knowledge of coaching and behaviour of the football coaches in the coaching process, the study of the academy football coaches in Malaysia was conducted to offer some possible ways to address the issues facing the coaching profession in Malaysia. It is significant to study the academy coaches since the football academies are expected to play a prominent role in producing quality players for the states, national and international teams. The study applied a qualitative methodology to explore the unique features and circumstances surrounding the football academy coaches and players in the context of this study and the major sources of data include the interview, observation and documentation analysis. Subsequently, the findings of this study revealed that i) the development of knowledge of coaching has taken place in the academy but constrained by factors involving the coach education programme at the academy level; ii) the weaknesses of the coaches in transferring important knowledge to the players showed a significant impact on the players' performance; iii) the coaches' behaviour that were seen in organizing the players and training them for competition has impacted on the players' performance; iv) the important relationship between coaches' knowledge and behaviour that play a significant role in the development of the players; and v) other factors which have impact on the coaches' behaviour during the coaching process.
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Andersson, Daniel. "The Legality of Transfer Windows in European Football : A study in the light of Article 39 and 81 EC". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7590.

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The transfer system was created in order to control player movement between football clubs and has existed since the late nineteenth century. During the negotiation of today’s transfer rules FIFA, UEFA and the Commission found that a breach of contract during the season could upset the balance of competition and therefore should be restricted. It was considered necessary to strengthen the contractual stability and to apply a special rule to preserve the regularity and proper functioning of competition. This was done by the means of a provision stipulating that a football player only can be registered to play with a national association during one of the two registration periods per year, generally known as the transfer windows.

Sport has never been included in the formal structures of the European Union and the regulation of sport has instead materialized through verdicts from the European Court of Justice. One of the most influential statements emerging from the Court is that sport is subject to Community law in so far it constitutes an economic activity. Consequently, if the activity is economic there is a risk that it infringes EU law. The purpose of this master thesis is to examine the FIFA transfer window system and to determine whether it violates Article 39 and/or Article 81 EC.

The transfer windows, a regulation strengthened by the ECJ in the case of Lehtonen, restrict the ability of players to seek alternative employment and could therefore be regarded as a violation of the free movement of workers. In order to trigger the Treaty provisions guarding the right of freedom of movement the person in question must be a national of a Member State of the European Union and the activity must have a territorial dimension beyond the borders of a single Member State of the European Union. The person in question must also be engaged in some kind of economic activity. It is, however, clear that football players who are members of the European Union and are applying for a job in another Member State, and are performing at a certain level, fulfil these requirements. Footballers should therefore be considered as workers within the meaning of Article 39 EC and the prohibition of discrimination contained in that article which catches non-discriminatory private collective measures, such as the transfer system, invented by regulatory bodies like FIFA and UEFA.

When considering the FIFA “windows system” it is clear that it is liable of restricting the ability of players to seek alternative employment in another Member State and should therefore be regarded as a violation of Article 39 EC. Nevertheless, restricted transfer periods have been found by the ECJ to be objectively justified as having sporting benefits in the Belgian Basketball league. It is, however, likely that the “window system”, as it operates in European football, goes beyond what is necessary to achieve team and player contract stability since it is too restrictive and somewhat redundant. Consequently, the FIFA transfer windows do not comply with the requirements of the principle of proportionality and should therefore, if challenged, be regarded as a violation of Article 39 EC.

The use of transfer windows in European football can also be considered to be an issue for competition law and in particular Article 81 EC. The article prohibits all agreements between undertakings that restrict competition and affect trade between Member States and has the objective to protect consumers, enhance their welfare and to facilitate the creation of a single European market. The ECJ has, however, acknowledged a certain type of sporting rule that, even though it restricts competition, will be granted immunity from Article 81 EC. The FIFA “windows system” should not be regarded as such a rule since it does not fulfil the required conditions.

The transfer windows do little for the competitive balance within the European football. It may be argued that it preserves the appeal and the unpredictability of the finishing stages of a championship. However, they also prevent clubs from developing their economic activity and restrict the free play of the market forces of supply and demand. Furthermore, the “windows system” hinders certain clubs from raising the quality of their sporting performance since clubs in minor leagues with a closed window are losing their best players to clubs in a better league with an open window, without being able to replace them. All of this affects the small and economically weak clubs and strengthens the position of the financially strong clubs. As a result a few strong clubs will, contrary to the best interest of consumers, continue to dominate European football. The FIFA regulation of transfer windows is therefore likely to fall under Article 81(1) EC.

It is unlikely that the pro-competitive benefits of the FIFA transfer windows outweigh its restrictive effects since it is improbable that they would be considered the least restrictive means of creating these benefits. Subsequently, the FIFA “windows system” would not qualify for an exemption under Article 81(3) EC and should, if challenged, be void under Article 81(2) EC.

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Fairley, Sheranne y n/a. "Sport Fan Tourism: Understanding Those Who Travel To Follow Sport Teams". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070716.153940.

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Sport events and attractions which encourage both participants and spectators are seen as significant contributors to the tourism economy (Delpy, 1998; Glyptis, 1991; Standeven & DeKnop, 1999). Further, Gratton and Taylor (2000) note that sport related travel accounts for 7% of total expenditure on sport. To date, the main focus of event sport tourism research has been on the economic impact of large-scale sport events (Burgan & Mules, 1992; Crompton, 1995; Mules & Faulkner, 1996; Walo, Bull, & Breen, 1996). However, Higham (1999) posits that smaller scale events such as regular season games may be of greater benefit to the host community as these events are hosted within existing infrastructure and therefore limit the need for public expenditure. However, fans who travel to regular season competition are a market segment that has been largely ignored by both sport and tourism marketers. Sport marketers have focused on home game attendance, media viewership and product purchases, while tourism marketers have focused on leveraging the destination. Anecdotal evidence suggests that fans who travel organise a substantial proportion of their discretionary time and income around this activity. Recent research by Gibson, Willming and Holdnak (2002, 2003) has begun to understand the behaviours of sport fans who travel to home games. This study seeks to understand the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to attend away games. In particular the study asks: What motivates fans to travel to follow professional sport teams, what experiences fans have and seek during the travel, and what place does travelling to follow a sport team have in the overall consumption behaviour of sport fans. This study examined the motives and experiences of six fan groups travelling interstate to follow their Australian Football League (AFL) team in the 2001 season. As the behaviours and experiences of those who travel to follow sport teams have not previously been explored, exploratory analysis using an iterative process of constant comparison between data colleted from the research setting and the existent literature. Using this method the researcher was able to describe the social world under investigation without preconceived hypotheses. The researcher travelled interstate with each fan group, and collected data via participant observation and interviews with key informants. Data were coded using standard protocols for analysis of qualitative data (Spradley, 1980). The researcher read through the transcripts and field notes and coded all phrases and opinions from the manuscript. Data were analysed through the process of data reduction, selective sampling of the literature, and selected sampling of the data (Stern, 1980). From the initial codes, data reduction identified core variables and emergent themes. Through this grounded theory methodology, a conceptual model was developed which illustrates the motives and experiences of those who travel to follow professional sport teams. Three distinct types of groups were identified, each garnering a distinctive sport tourism experience. The groups identified were: supporter groups, long-term travel groups, and temporary travel groups. While travel to follow the team is the stated rationale for all three groups, the game experience for each is substantially different, four major themes emerged which distinguished the groups and the experiences that they had. These were: (1) group structure, (2) trip characteristics, (3) socialisation, and (4) game experience and reaction to game outcome. Each type of group was found to have a distinct group structure, communication pattern, but differed in terms of the objects to which they identified. Findings suggest that sport fans do not necessarily identify with the team or related object, but can identify with a smaller social group, which has a shared interest in the team. These elements of group structure and point of identification were found to have a reciprocal relationship with various travel elements that were utilised by each group including the mode of transport, temporal elements, choice of destination, and activities at the destination. In particular, the travel elements were chosen so that each group type could best express and experience that which is core to each group. Further analysis suggested that the experience of each of the groups was influenced by the continual development of the group both before and during the travel experience. For the supporter groups and long-term travel groups, rituals, symbols, and folklore played a key role in the experience. These elements of performance were used to continually shape and interpret the travel experience. One would expect that the game would have elevated importance, as it is the activity that legitimates each group. However, the on-field game did not have prime importance. Instead the different points of identification of each group were used as a basis through which the game was experienced. Key implications for sport and tourism marketing suggest that the sport tourism experience is more than an experience of place or an experience of watching the sport. Identification with a small social group is sufficient to generate travel to follow a team. By providing a setting which immerses participants in a particular identity for a prolonged period of time, the act of travelling itself can create a social climate that encourages participants to undertake the trip week after week, and form deep connection to the team. Implications for practice and future research directions are also discussed.
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Cunha, Leandro Alves da [UNIFESP]. "Valências fisiológicas anaeróbias de futebolistas em diferentes níveis competitivos". Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2008. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/10162.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10973.pdf: 395249 bytes, checksum: cdc42e8fccd324f5712392d141fe14b2 (MD5)
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram de determinar e comparar as respostas de variáveis fisiológicas anaeróbias láticas e aláticas em futebolistas de diferentes categorias. Foram voluntários deste estudo 21 jogadores profissionais de futebol de campo que atuaram na segunda divisão do campeonato paulista do ano de 2006, com idade de 22,08 ± 8,28 anos; peso corporal de 76,12 ± 9,8 Kg; estatura de 179,04 ± 7,02 cm e 12,21 ± 3,67 % de gordura corporal; e 16 jogadores da categoria infanto-juvenil (Ginf) com idade de 14,9 ± 0,6 anos; peso corporal de 57,8 ± 6,2 Kg; estatura de 172,1 ± 7,1cm e 13,0 ± 2,5 % de gordura corporal. Os profissionais foram subdivididos em dois grupos como se segue; grupo de atacantes e zagueiros, (Ga-z n = 9), e grupo de laterais e meio campistas, (Gl-mc n = 12). Os atletas foram avaliados antropometricamente, e submetidos a duas avaliações separadas entre si por um período de três dias, composta por testes de saltos verticais (“Ergo Jump”, Lasa Informática), “squat jump” (SJ) e “countermovement jump” (CMJ), e teste de “Wingate” (TW) em cicloergômetro (BIOTEC 2100, CEFISE) para a determinação da potência pico (PP), potência média (PM) e índice de fadiga (IF). A comparação entre os resultados foi realizada pelo “Teste t de Student” e pela “ANOVA”, e as correlações foram determinadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de “Pearson e Spearman”, sendo adotado o nível de significância de p 0,05. Os resultados obtidos no CMJ foram significantemente maiores (p 0,02) que os resultados obtidos no SJ para Ga-z, Gl-mc e Ginf. Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes (p 0,05) entre Ga-z e Gl-mc para o SJ e CMJ. Para o SJ determinaram-se diferenças significantes (p 0,01) entre Gl-mc e Ginf e para o CMJ entre Ga-z e Ginf (p 0,05), e entre Gl-mc e Ginf (p 0,01). No TW tanto a PP como a PM apresentaram diferenças significantes (p 0,05) entre os profissionais (Ga-z, Gl-mc) e Ginf. Foram determinadas correlações significantes (p 0,05): para Ga-z entre CMJ e PP (r = 0,71); para Gl-mc entre SJ e PP (r = 0,74), entre CMJ e PP (r = 0,71), e para Ginf entre SJ e PP (r = 0,54), entre SJ e PM (r = 0,63). Apesar das limitações, concluímos que os dois protocolos utilizados em nosso experimento para a identificação de componentes relacionados à potência anaeróbia, “Wingate Test” e o teste pliométrico “Jump Test” apresentaram correlação entre os resultados indicando serem bons preditores do desempenho anaeróbio. Em nosso estudo o teste de “Wingate” demonstrou sensibilidade para determinar diferenças na PP e PM entre os jogadores profissionais e os infanto-juvenis. Entretanto, não foi possível identificar diferenças entre os jogadores profissionais Ga-z e Gl-mc.
The objectives of this work were to assess and compare the responses of physiological variables in anaerobic lactic and no lactic in footballers of different categories. There were 21 volunteers footballers from this study who acted in the second division of Sao Paulo state championship in 2006, they are 22.08 years old ± 8.28 years; bodyweight of 76.12 ± 9.8 kg; stature of 179.04 ± 7.02 cm and 12.21 ± 3.67% of body fat, and 16 players of the infant-juvenile category (Ginf) who are 14.9 ± 0.6 years; weight body of 57.8 ± 6.2 kg, height of 172.1 ± 7.1 cm and 13.0 ± 2.5% of body fat. The professionals were divided into two groups as follows; a group of attackers and backs (Ga-z = 9) and the group of lateral and middle field, (Gl-mc n = 12). The athletes were evaluated anthropometrically and submitted to two separate evaluations among themselves for a period of three days, composed of vertical jump tests ( "Ergo Jump", Lasa Technology), "squat jump” (SJ) and “countermovement jump"(CMJ ), and test of "Wingate" (TW) in cycle (BIOTEC 2100, CEFISE) for determining the peak power (PP), average power (PM) index and fatigue (IF). The comparison between the results was conducted by the “Test T of Student” and the "ANOVA ", and the correlations were determined by the correlation coefficient," Pearson and Spearman ", and were adopted the significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The results in CMJ were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.02) than the results achieved in SJ for Ga-z, Gl-mc and Ginf. There were no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between Ga-z and G1- mc for SJ and the CMJ. For SJ led it had significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) between G1-mc and Ginf and the CMJ between Ga-z and Ginf (p ≤ 0.05), and between Gl-mc and Ginf (p ≤ 0.01). In TW both the PP and the PM showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among professionals (Ga-z, Gl-mc) and Ginf. There were some significant (p ≤ 0.05) among professionals (Ga-z, Gl-mc) and Ginf. It was determined significant correlations (p ≤ 0.05: to Ga-z between CMJ and PP (r = 0.71); for Gl-mc between SJ and PP (r = 0.74) between CMJ and PP (r = 0.71), and for Ginf between SJ and PP (r = 0.54) between SJ and PM (r = 0.63). Despite the limitations, we concluded that the two protocols used in our experiment for the identification of components related to anaerobic power, "Wingate Test" and the test called "Jump Test" shows correlation between the results indicating that both they are good predictors of anaerobic performance. In our study the test of "Winaget" demonstrated sensitivity to determine the differences between the PP and PM in the professional players and the children and young people. Meanwhile, it was not possible to identify differences between the professional players Ga-z and Gl-mc.
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Libros sobre el tema "Football competitions"

1

Alomes, Stephen. Australian football: The people's game 1958-2058. Sydney: Walla Walla Press, 2012.

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Fairley, Alan. Rangers in Europe: A 35-year history of Rangers in the three European Cup competitions. Edinburgh: Forth Sports Marketing, 1991.

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Super rugby: A history of Super 12 and Super 14 competitions. Wetherill Park, N.S.W: Gary Allen, 2006.

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Bellew, Ronnie. GAA the glory years: Hurling and football 1991-2005. Dublin: Hodder Headline Ireland, 2004.

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Humphries, Tom. A season of Sundays: Images of the 2009 Gaelic games year. Dublin: Sportsfile, 2009.

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Humphries, Tom. A season of Sundays 2004: Images of the 2004 Gaelic Games year. Dublin: Sportsfile, 2004.

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Association, Gaelic Athletic y Sportsfile (Firm), eds. A season of Sundays: Images of the 2012 Gaelic games year. Dublin: Sportsfile, 2012.

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Association, Gaelic Athletic, ed. A season of Sundays: Images of the 2009 Gaelic games year. Dublin: Sportsfile, 2009.

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Maske, Mark. War without death: A year of extreme competition in pro football's NFC East. New York: Penguin Press, 2007.

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War without death: A year of extreme competition in pro football's NFC East. New York: Penguin Press, 2007.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Football competitions"

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Groll, Michael. "UEFA Football Competitions as European Sites of Memory — Cups of Identity?" En European Football and Collective Memory, 64–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137450159_4.

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Schubert, Mathias y Sean Hamil. "Financial Doping and Financial Fair Play in European Club Football Competitions". En The Palgrave Handbook on the Economics of Manipulation in Sport, 135–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77389-6_8.

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Mittag, Jürgen. "Negotiating the Cold War? Perspectives in Memory Research on UEFA, the Early European Football Competitions and the European Nations Cups". En European Football and Collective Memory, 40–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137450159_3.

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Bouayad-Agha, Nadjet, Gerard Casamayor, Leo Wanner, Fernando Díez y Sergio López Hernández. "FootbOWL: Using a Generic Ontology of Football Competition for Planning Match Summaries". En Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 230–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21034-1_16.

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Khajeheian, Datis y Amir Sedighi. "Competition Outside the Field: Economics and Marketing of Football in Iran". En Contributions to Management Science, 409–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71722-7_21.

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Dunn, Carrie. "The Experience of England Fans in Canada and in Domestic Competition". En Football and the Women’s World Cup: Organisation, Media and Fandom, 36–46. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137567338_4.

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PATEL, S. "Leagues and Competitions". En Managing Football, 185–200. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85617-544-9.00011-4.

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"Leagues and competitions: Saurabh Patel and Stefan Szymanski". En Managing Football, 201–16. Routledge, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080949765-18.

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Angel, Barajas y Thadeu Gasparetto. "Leagues, tournaments, and competitions". En Routledge Handbook of Football Business and Management, 258–72. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351262804-21.

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Cronin, Mike. "4. International". En Sport: A Very Short Introduction, 63–80. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199688340.003.0005.

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The first recorded international sporting fixture was a cricket match between the United States and Canada in New York in 1844. ‘International’ shows that once sporting organizations, the media, and even politicians began to realize the value of international competition it spread quickly from sport to sport. Groups of national federations came together to form international federations that governed their particular sport, and arranged and sanctioned international competitions. Such organizations included the International Rugby Board (founded 1886), International Olympic Committee (1894), and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (1904). The history of the IOC, the Olympic Games, and their political and financial aspects are described, including the boycotts of the 1970s and 1980s.
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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Football competitions"

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Li, Weinan y Guopeng Sang. "Principal Component Analysis on Football Competitions via Linear Model in China Football Association Super League Tournament". En 2018 International Conference on Management, Economics, Education and Social Sciences (MEESS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meess-18.2018.12.

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Petin, D. E., E. Sh Petina y A. V. Kashirsky. "Analysis of Sports Injury Rate at Football Competitions Among University Students in Astrakhan City". En Proceedings of the First International Volga Region Conference on Economics, Humanities and Sports (FICEHS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200114.163.

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"Implementation Big Data Analysis on Football Competitions via K-means Based Tactical and Generalized Linear Model". En 2018 International Conference on Education Technology, Economic Management and Social Sciences. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/etemss.2018.1671.

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Shults, Roman, Saule Soltabayeva, Gulnur Seitkazina, Zhupargul Nukarbekova y Oksana Kucherenko. "Geospatial Monitoring and Structural Mechanics Models: a Case Study of Sports Structures". En 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.685.

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The task of geospatial monitoring is one of the most common in the practice of geodetic works. In the twentieth century, the basic principles for carrying out geospatial monitoring, accuracy calculation, observation intervals assignment, and data simulation were developed. However, since that time, both the building and geodetic technologies have been changed considerably. Among modern engineering structures, the building technology of which has undergone significant changes are sport structures. The use of the state-of-the-art sport structures is associated with the presence of specific loads, name a few: the impact of a vast number of spectators (e.g., stadiums, cycle tracks, etc.) or loads directly from the competitions equipment (e.g., bobsleigh tracks, race tracks, etc.). The primary goal of the presented paper is to develop a general approach to the preliminary accuracy calculation of the geospatial monitoring of the sports structures using the methods of structural mechanics. As an example, a football stadium was considered. Based on the simulation, the improved technology of geospatial monitoring for the sports structure was suggested. The in-depth analysis of the creation of geodetic networks for geospatial monitoring was accomplished. At the final step, the results of geospatial monitoring for the football stadium were analyzed, and hands-on recommendations were made.
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Feng, Aimin. "The New Views of Competition System Reform of College Football League in China". En 2017 International Conference on Humanities Science, Management and Education Technology (HSMET 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/hsmet-17.2017.136.

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"Empirical Study on the Improvement of the Level of German Football Competition in the Youth Training System". En 2018 International Conference on Educational Technology, Training and Learning. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/icettl.2018.71118.

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Bretzin, A., D. Wiebe, C. Tomczyk y T. Covassin. "0079 Sport-related concussion in practice, competition, and after collision rule changes in michigan high school football". En Injury and Violence Prevention for a Changing World: From Local to Global: SAVIR 2021 Conference Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2021-savir.56.

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