Literatura académica sobre el tema "Générateur central de patron"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Générateur central de patron"
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Campbell, Joel R. y Hieyeon Keum. "Chinese Patron-Clientelism for the Twenty-First Century: The Rise of Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang". International Studies Review 15, n.º 1 (15 de octubre de 2014): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01501001.
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Patron-clientelism is the central dynamic propelling leadership change in China, and this model of personal association opened a path for China’s current top leaders. Patron-clientelism bolsters the key features of the Chinese political system: Leninist political organization, intra-party divisions, conflictual decision-making processes, and the vital roles played by senior figures. Patron-clientelism is characterized by both vertical and horizontal dimensions, and it is accompanied by endemic personalism, factionalism, corruption, and nepotism. Clientelistic ties have shaped all leadership transitions since the Maoist period, and they were most evident in the falls of leaders Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang in the 1980s. Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang are the latest beneficiaries of the patron-clientelistic system. Xi was propelled by his “princeling” background and his association with the Shanghai faction of former top leader Jiang Zemin. Li is the latest scion of the Communist Youth League faction that produced Xi’s predecessor, Hu Jintao. The recent fall of Bo Xilai illustrates some of the pitfalls of factional and “princeling” leadership.
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Wank, David L. "The Institutional Process of Market Clientelism: Guanxi and Private Business in a South China City". China Quarterly 147 (septiembre de 1996): 820–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100005181x.
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Patron—client ties are pervasive in the post-Mao economy between entrepreneurs operating private firms and cadres staffing the state's administrative, distributive and production organs. The burgeoning literature on private business is converging on a view of them as localized exchanges of commercial wealth for bureaucratic power. These deviations from central policies and standard procedures enable entrepreneurs to manage their dependence on local authorities while giving officials new sources of income that buttress their power within jurisdictions. However, less attention has been paid to the ties themselves. This article shifts the focus from patron–client ties as localized exchange to examine their operation in private business and function in marketization. The starting assumption is that patron–client exchange is also a type of market transaction: although expressed in popularly legitimated sentiments of social trust, goods and services are voluntarily exchanged.
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Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "Dugin, Eurasianism, and Central Asia". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40, n.º 2 (29 de mayo de 2007): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.04.002.
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Eurasianism as a concept emerged among Russian émigrés in the 1920s, with the premise that Russia is a unique ethnic blend, primarily of Slavic and Turkic peoples. Its geopolitical implications for Russia include gravitation toward mostly Turkic Central Asia. Alexander Dugin, one of its best-known proponents, believes that the demise of the Soviet Union was simply a tragic incident. The people of the former USSR should again be united in a grand Eurasian empire, with Russia a benign and generous patron, providing its “younger brothers” clients economic largesse and defense, mostly against the predatory USA. The “orange revolutions” and the rise of Russian nationalism, for whose proponents a restored imperial presence is rather marginal, indicate that Eurasianism—along with the dream of the resurrection of the USSR—is becoming less viable.
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EDEN, JEFF. "A Sufi Saint in Sixteenth-Century East Turkistan: New Evidence Concerning the Life of Khwāja Isḥāq". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 25, n.º 2 (29 de septiembre de 2014): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618631400056x.
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AbstractThe rise of Khwāja Isḥāq, one of the most influential figures in the history of Central Asian Sufism, has often been explained by the patronage of particular royals. This “royal patron” model has, however, been based on a flawed reading of hagiographical sources by which crucial questions of genre are overlooked in the effort of mining these complex narratives for apparent historical facts. New evidence, presented here, allows us to question the “royal patron” model, along with the commonly-accepted chronology of Khwāja Isḥāq's life, and calls for a different approach to Sufi hagiography as a historical source.
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Karenberg, Axel y Ferdinand Peter Moog. "Heilige Als Patrone Gegen Den Schlaganfall1". Early Science and Medicine 8, n.º 3 (2003): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338203x00062.
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AbstractIn Christian Europe of the High Middle Ages, saints played a central role in the everyday life of the ailing. Alongside healing attempts which involved magic and/or scientifically-based medicine, the invocation of specific patron saints for protection against evils or for the curing of ailments was a widespread practise. A large choice of patron saints was "available" for a wide range of diseases, especially those nowadays classified as neurologic or psychiatric. For the falling sickness alone, e.g., there is evidence of some twenty patron saints reputed to have a particular involvement. Surprisingly, there is no evidence of a comparable devotion to patrons for apoplectics. This "negative result" is confirmed by a thorough examination of medieval sources. St. Wolfgang and St. Andreas Avellino are the only two proven stroke patrons. Both, however, were only known within their respective locations. The absence of a specific supportive Christian figure for stroke victims deserves particular analysis: The high fatality rate of apoplexy and the lack of commercial interest on the part of the Christian places of pilgrimage may serve as possible explanations.
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Burnakov, V. A. y A. A. Burnakov. "Remnants of the Snake Cult Among the Khakas (Late 19th to Mid 20th Century)". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, n.º 2 (26 de junio de 2019): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.2.122-130.
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On the basis of folklore and ethnographic data, some of which are introduced in this article, the Khakass mytho-ritual complex relating to the snake is reconstructed. It is demonstrated that these beliefs were central to the traditional Khakass worldview, and the snake was endowed with elaborate symbolic meanings. It was a sacred animal, associated with ideas of life and death. It played a key role in mystical initiation practices, including those related to shamanism, and it was perceived as a patron spirit. Among the Khakass traditional beliefs was the idea that the elect could marry snakes, which turned into beautiful girls. Such a union, short-lived as it was, brought wealth and luck. Also, the snake was associated with elements and landscape features, such as water and mountains, linked to the ideas of sacred center, fertility, and the ancestor cult, which were central in the Khakass worldview. This reptile was often believed to be a mountain spirit, a mystical patron, and donator of magical capacities. Thereby beliefs about snakes were part of Khakass folk medicine and domestic magic.
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Shepherd, John, Larissa Petrillo y Allan Wilson. "Does size matter? In-library study of two Canadian public library branches". Library Management 41, n.º 1 (15 de noviembre de 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-08-2019-0058.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to summarize a library use study of the central and community branches of a Canadian public library. An exit survey documented the in-branch activities of users as a part of a library strategic planning process. Survey results were used in combination with branch statistics, postal code circulation statistics, neighbourhood demographics and other data sources to document the in-library use of the two facilities. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires were administered to library users 15 years of age or older at the exits of the central and community branches. The survey collected data on their activities and services used during their current visit. Additional sources such as branch-level statistics, furniture tally sheets, photographs, Canada Census data and circulation analysis by patron postal code and lending branch were used during the analysis stage. Findings Both branches are heavily used but in different ways. Branch circulation and gate count per square foot of floor space were high relative to other Canadian libraries. Patron visits to the community branch were short in duration, in line with previous public library studies. User visit duration and in-library activities within the main branch somewhat resembled those of the central branch of a larger library system but likely for different reasons. Research limitations/implications The study was exploratory. Data were collected during two coinciding days of library operation, a Thursday and a Saturday, and may not be representative of the underlying population. The study was limited in scope as it was a community service project for undergraduate university students. Practical implications Branch library use surveys, in combination with library statistics and demographics, can provide useful insights concerning in-library patron behaviour when the use of ethnographic techniques is not feasible. Originality/value The study explored differences and similarities in user behaviour in two types of library facilities, a central and a community branch. Few published studies make such a direct comparison. The study explored the perceived benefits received by patrons from public library use and incorporated branch statistics, circulation analysis and Census data.
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Fox, Robert. "Return to relevance". OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives 31, n.º 1 (9 de febrero de 2015): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oclc-10-2014-0035.
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Purpose – In order to continue to respond to patron needs in a relevant way, it is necessary to continuously reevaluate the central message that the library website is intended to convey. It ' s necessary to question assumptions, listen to user needs, and shift our paradigm to make the library web presence as effective as possible. Design/methodology/approach – This is a regular viewpoint column. A basic literature review was done prior to the column being written. Findings – The library Web site remains, in many respects, the “first face” of the library for patrons. To remain relevant, traditional methodologies used in library science may need to be set aside or catered to the needs of the patron. Originality/value – Various methods regarding design philosophy are explored which may be of use to information professionals responsible for the design and content of the library Web sites.
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Hernandez, Cornelio Sanchez, Ma Teresa Castrejon Osorio y Catalina B. Chavez Tapia. "Patron reproductivo de Sturnira lilium parvidens (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en la costa central del Pacifico de Mexico". Southwestern Naturalist 31, n.º 3 (11 de septiembre de 1986): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3671837.
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Arponen, Aki Voitto, Heli Maijanen y Visa Immonen. "From Bones to Sacred Artefact". Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 54, n.º 2 (19 de diciembre de 2018): 149–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33356/temenos.66687.
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The cult of saints and the subsequent interest in relics constituted one of the essential characteristics of medieval Western Christianity. In particular, relics and reliquaries are prime examples of the importance of materiality in devotion. In the present article we analyse one of the medieval skull relics of Turku Cathedral and its material characteristics in detail. Previous examinations undertaken in the 1920s and 1940s produced two theories of its origins and identification. By analysing the bone material and the narrative depiction of martyrdom embroidered on the silk wrapping, State Archaeologist Juhani Rinne connected the relic to St Henry, the patron saint of Finland and the cathedral, while State Archaeologist Carl Axel Nordman identified it as belonging to St Eric, the patron saint of the Kingdom of Sweden. By re-examining the central element of the skull relic, the bones, with osteological analysis and radiocarbon dating, we show both theories to be highly problematic. Our analysis reveals the complex material features of the skull relic and the medieval cult of relics.
Tesis sobre el tema "Générateur central de patron"
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Tazerart, Sabrina. "Le courant sodique persistant dans le réseau locomoteur du rat nouveau-né : sa contribution dans l'émergence des activités pacemakers et du rythme locomoteur". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20653.
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La locomotion se définit par des mouvements répétés et coordonnés des membres droits et gauches et des muscles antagonistes d’une même articulation. L’activité locomotrice des rongeurs est générée par des groupes de neurones localisés dans la partie antérieure de l’élargissement lombaire; ce réseau de cellules est appelé Central Pattern Generator (CPG). Au cours de cette thèse, les études entreprises chez le rat nouveau-né ont eu pour but d’étudier les mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans la genèse du rythme locomoteur. Le courant sodique persistant (INaP) joue un rôle important dans la genèse d’activités rythmiques de plusieurs structures supraspinales et notamment celles impliquées dans la mastication et la respiration. Curieusement, son existence et son implication dans la genèse d’activités rythmiques dans les structures du CPG locomoteur spinal n’ont jamais été abordées. A l’aide d’études électrophysiologiques, la thèse démontre l’existence de INaP et le caractérise pour la première fois au sein du CPG locomoteur. Ce courant est indispensable à la genèse du rythme locomoteur et joue un rôle fondamental dans l’émergence d’activités pacemakers au sein du CPG. Ces activités pacemakers émergent dans un contexte physiologique où des fluctuations dans la composition ionique du milieu extracellulaire interviennent au cours d’une activité locomotrice. L’ensemble de ces données suggère que le « cœur » du générateur de rythme pourrait être composé d’interneurones présentant une activité pacemaker dépendante de INaP dont la modulation pourrait être un élément fondamental à la fois dans le déclenchement et la modulation de l’activité locomotriceIdentification of the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation of the locomotor rhythm is of longstanding interest to physiologists. Hindlimb locomotor movements are generated by lumbar neuronal networks, referred to as central pattern generators (CPG). Although rhythm generation mechanisms within the CNS can vary, the activation of a subthreshold depolarizing conductance is always needed to start the firing of individual neurons. Among various subthreshold membrane conductances, the persistent sodium current (INaP) is involved in rhythmic activity of numerous supraspinal neurons such as those involved in the generation of masticatory and respiratory rhythm. The thesis was aimed at identifying and characterizing INaP in the neonatal rodent locomotor CPG, determining its importance in shaping neuronal firing properties and its role in the operation of the locomotor circuitry. Using electrophysiological studies the thesis has characterized INaP for the first time in the locomotor CPG. This current is essential to the generation of the locomotor rhythm and plays a fundamental role in the emergence of pacemaker activity within the CPG. These pacemaker activities emerge in a physiological context in which fluctuations in the ionic composition of the extracellular environment occur during locomotion. This study provides evidence that INaP generates pacemaker activities in CPG interneurons and new insights into the operation of the locomotor network with a critical implication of INaP in stabilizing the locomotor pattern
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Hurteau, Marie-France. "Effet d’une stimulation cutanée tonique de la région lombaire sur l’activité locomotrice du chat adulte ayant une lésion complète de la moelle épinière". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6749.
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Résumé : Suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière, divers comportements moteurs invalidants, tels des spasmes peuvent apparaître. Les traitements actuels pour la spasticité causent divers effets secondaires, dont une réduction de la capacité locomotrice des patients. La recherche de traitements non invasifs et non pharmacologiques permettant de réduire la spasticité sans affecter la récupération fonctionnelle du patient s’avère donc un enjeu prioritaire. Par ailleurs, une réduction des spasmes rythmiques peut être observée lorsque la peau lombosacrée est pincée. Ce potentiel inhibiteur d’une stimulation cutanée tonique est également perçu chez l’animal comme le lapin et le chat suite à une perte des voies supraspinales. Par contre, bien que ce type de stimulation semble efficace pour réduire la spasticité, son effet sur la capacité locomotrice n’a toujours pas été évalué. L’objectif du projet était de déterminer l’effet d’un pincement de la peau à divers niveaux lombaires sur la locomotion du chat ayant une lésion de la moelle épinière. Six chats implantés chroniquement pour l’électromyographie (EMG) ont subi une lésion complète de la moelle épinière au niveau thoracique et ont été entraînés sur tapis roulant pour récupérer une fonction locomotrice des pattes postérieures. L’effet d’une stimulation de 6 sites cutanés sur la ligne médiane au niveau des vertèbres lombaires L2 à L7 a été évalué lors de marche à 0.4 m/s via des analyses cinématiques et EMG. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que la zone cutanée perturbant le plus l’activité locomotrice se trouve sur la ligne médiane au niveau lombaire L4. À ce niveau, une diminution de l’activité des extenseurs et des fléchisseurs est perçue au niveau de l’EMG. De plus, des modifications du patron locomoteur comme un positionnement plus caudal de la patte lors de son contact et de son décollage sont également visibles, tout comme une perte du support de poids (force de réaction au sol). La coordination spatiale entre les pattes postérieures est également perturbée. Ces résultats suggèrent que bien que la stimulation cutanée puisse être une alternative intéressante pour le traitement non pharmacologique de la spasticité, celle-ci altère la capacité locomotrice. || Abstract : After a spinal cord injury, multiple abnormal motor activities can occur, such as rhythmic
spasms. These activities can be invalidating and are treated with different drugs that cause
various side effects, including a reduction of locomotor ability in patients. Therefore, there is a
need for novel non-invasive and non-pharmacological treatments for spasticity that will not
affect the functional recovery of patients. A reduction of rhythmic spasms can be observed
when the lumbosacral skin is pinched in a spinal cord-injured patient. This inhibition of
rhythmic activity by a tonic cutaneous stimulation is also present in cats and rabbits after the
loss of supraspinal input. Although this stimulation seems effective to reduce spasticity, its
effects on real locomotion have not been evaluated. The goal of this project was to determine
the effect of stimulating the skin at different lumbar levels on hindlimb locomotion of the
spinal cord-transected (spinalized) cat. Six cats chronically implanted for electromyography
(EMG) recording were spinalized at low thoracic levels and trained to recover hindlimb
locomotion on a treadmill. The effect of stimulating the skin over the midline of lumbar
vertebrae was evaluated during locomotion at 0.4 m/s and compared to control trials (without
stimulation) with kinematic, kinetic and EMG analyses. Stimulating the lumbar skin disrupted
hindlimb locomotion, with the largest effects observed at mid-lumbar levels. Cutaneous
stimulation reduced extensor and flexor EMG activity. Moreover, position of the paw at
contact and lift-off was more caudal and there was a loss of body weight support with
cutaneous stimulation. Spatial coordination between the hindlimb was also perturbed by the
cutaneous stimulation. Thus, results suggest that despite the fact that cutaneous stimulation
appears to be an interesting approach to diminish rhythmic spasms in spinal cord-injured
patients, it disrupts spinal-mediated locomotor capacity.
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Bouvier, Julien. "Dissection génétique du générateur central respiratoire chez la souris : neurones rythmogènes et synchronisation bilatérale". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555367.
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La respiration est une activité rythmique motrice bilatéralement synchronisée présente chez le fœtus et vitale à la naissance. Au cours du développement, des interneurones dans le tronc cérébral s'organisent en réseaux qui génèrent et modulent la commande rythmique respiratoire. Ils y forment deux oscillateurs, actifs chez l'embryon et vitaux à la naissance : l'oscillateur parafacial et le complexe preBötzinger. Les mécanismes qui gouvernent l'assemblage et contraignent la fonction de ces réseaux sont étudiés dans le laboratoire avec des outils génétiques, des techniques histologiques, électrophysiologiques et d'imagerie chez la souris. Etudiant le développement du complexe preBötzinger, nous montrons que des progéniteurs neuraux exprimant le gène à homéobox Dbx1 donnent naissance aux interneurones qui constituent le cœur de l'oscillateur. Ces interneurones (i) sont glutamatergiques et nécessaires à la genèse du rythme, (ii) expriment le gène Robo3 requis pour que leurs axones croisent la ligne médiane et conditionnent la synchronisation de l'activité. Cette étude illustre et affine les liens existant entre les schémas de régionalisation du tube neural et l'émergence de modules fonctionnels en permettant de proposer une signature transcriptionnelle des neurones rythmogènes principaux de la respiration.
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Courbis, Carine. "Contribution à la programmation générative. Application dans le générateur SmartTools : technologies XML, programmation par aspects et composants". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00505412.
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Avec l'émergence d'Internet et la prolifération de nouvelles technologies, la conception et le développement d'applications complexes doivent impérativement prendre en compte les standards et les aspects de répartition, déploiement et réutilisation de code. C'est la source d'une nouvelle problématique liée à la programmation. Un changement radical des méthodologies est nécessaire pour aisément prendre en compte ces différentes facettes. Cette thèse jette les bases d'une nouvelle manière de programmer où ces facettes ou intentions sont automatiquement intégrées aux spécifications ou modèles abstraits de l'application lors de phases de génération de code source. Cette nouvelle programmation est dit générative. Cette idée a été appliquée, à différents niveaux, lors de la réalisation d'une application, aussi bien pour la représentation de données ou d'environnements interactifs que pour les traitements sémantiques ou l'architecture. Ainsi le code final obtenu après génération s'appuie sur les technologies XML pour la représentation des données, les technologies objets et beans pour les vues et l'interface utilisateur, la programmation par aspect et le patron de conception visiteur pour les traitements sémantiques et la programmation par composants pour une architecture ouverte et une application répartie et déployable. Les principaux gains d'une telle programmation sont une meilleure qualité du logiciel due à la séparation de la logique métier et des spécificités technologiques, une simplification du code métier à écrire, l'ajout rapide de nouvelles facettes et un portage vers d'autres plates-formes ou technologies facilité.
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Errchidi, Soumya. "Modulation noradrénergénique du générateur de rythme respiratoire chez le rat nouveau-né : étude in vitro et in vivo". Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30068.
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Une preparation systeme nerveux central isole permettant de maintenir en survie in vitro les centres respiratoires du rat nouveau-ne (0-4 jours) a ete utilisee pour etudier l'influence de la noradrenaline sur le generateur bulbaire de rythme respiratoire. Des experiences de lesion, de section et de stimulation ont tout d'abord mis en evidence l'existence d'une structure pontique (sans doute les noyaux adrenergiques a5) qui exerce une action inhibitrice sur le generateur bulbaire de rythme respiratoire. Des experiences pharmacologiques montrent que: 1) les noyaux a5 sont impliques dans cette modulation; 2) la biosynthese de la noradrenaline reste fonctionnelle in vitro; 3) une liberation permanent de noradrenaline par les neurones de a5 module l'activite du generateur bulbaire de rythme respiratoire. Cette modulation qui impliquerait des recepteurs -2 sans doute encore immatures a la naissance, est relayee par une structure bulbaire rostrale ventrolaterale qui correspond a une zone tres importante pour la genese du rythme respiratoire. Des experiences realisees in vivo chez le rat nouveau-ne confirment les resultats in vitro et indiquent que la modulation du generateur de rythme respiratoire par a5 est specifique a la naissance. Il est possible que des troubles de la biosynthese de la noradrenaline pendant les premieres semaines de vie puissent avoir des consequences dramatiques sur le plan respiratoire pouvant etre responsables de cas de mort subite du nourrisson
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Ramirez, Philippe. "Patrons et clients : étude des relations politiques sur le site d'un ancien royaume indo-népalais, Argha (Népal central)". Paris 10, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA100072.
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Argha, une ancienne principauté du bassin de la gandaki annexée au Népal à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, est peuplée en majorité d'indo-népalais, de religion hindoue et divises en une hiérarchie de groupes de statut. Autorité et solidarité reposent essentiellement sur des liens interpersonnels et hiérarchiques, notamment de type clientelaire. Les structures politiques locales s'articulent autour de lignages de haut statut soutenus par des réseaux de clientèle et dont la confrontation prend la forme de luttes factionnelles. On a montré que la nature personnelle de et hiérarchique des relations d'autorité était déjà a l'œuvre au sein des groupes domestiques et agnatiques, dont on a précisé les limites et les mécanismes de développement. Par une approche mettant en perspective matériaux historiques, rituels et confrontations électorales, on a pu reconstituer partiellement la genèse de l'organisation politique actuelle. Jusqu'en 1951, le dispositif administratif national était fonde sur la délégation de l'autorité au long d'une myriade de contrats liant des détenteurs a des exploitants et confondant fonctions fiduciaires administratives et judiciaires. Dans le nouveau régime, les charges ne sont plus conférées par l'état mais émanent de la représentation électorale. Cette évolution a eu un impact décisif sur les mécanismes d'affiliation et, partant, sur les structures politiques locales. Les vieux lignages dominants, dont la légitimité remontait au temps des principautés, perdent rapidement de leur influence, dans le cadre d'une atomisation générale des espaces politiquesArgha is a former principality of the gandaki basin, annexed by Nepal in late xviiith century. The population is mainly indo-Nepalese, being Hindu by religion and divided into a hierarchy of status-groups. Authority and solidarity are based on inter-individual and hierarchical ties, linking, among others, patrons and clients. Local political structures tie up from high-status lineages backed by their clients and taking the form of factions involved in permanent competition. The personal and hierarchical nature of authority prevails right from the domestic and agnatic spheres. The exact limits of the descent units and the process of their development have been scrutinized. An attempt has been made to reconstruct the emergence of today's political organization through simultaneous analyses of historical data, rituals and local elections. Up to 1951, government, particularly at the local level, was based on the delegation of authority along a pyramid of contracts between owners of rights and brokers. Functions pertaining to administration, taxes and justice were not made distinct. Under the new regime, charges are nor granted anymore by the sovereign but allotted through the electoral process. This development had a decisive impact on affiliation mechanisms and, as a consequence, on the political structure of the locality. Old dominant lineages, which legitimacy dated back to the principalities, loose their influence in the context of a global breaking up of former political territories
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Failli, Vieri. "Gènes LIM à homéodomaine et développement du système nerveux central : analyse anatomique et fonctionnelle d'un nouveau gène, Lhx9, et corrélation avec la mutation Dreher (Lmx1a)". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066130.
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Babski, Hélène. "Implication des neurones TJ-positifs dans le comportement locomoteur de la larve de Drosophile". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT021/document.
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Les CPGs (Central Pattern Generators) sont des circuits neuronaux capables de générer de façon autonome des comportements rythmiques essentiels à la vie tels que la respiration ou la locomotion. Chez la larve de Drosophile, le CPG locomoteur est composé de motoneurones (MNs) et d’une grande diversité d’interneurones (INs). Combien d’entre eux sont nécessaires pour former une CPG fonctionnel et comment ils interagissent reste un mystère. Au cours de mon doctorat, j’ai étudié une population neuronale restreinte caractérisée par son expression du facteur de transcription (FT) de la famille des Maf, Traffic Jam (TJ). En utilisant une technique d’intersection génétique et grâce à une lignée TJ-Flp générée au cours de mon doctorat, j’ai démontré pour la première fois que différentes sous-populations de neurones TJ+ ont des fonctions distinctes dans le comportement locomoteur de la larve de Drosophile. Au travers de cette sous-division fonctionnelle, j’ai finalement identifié 3 neurones TJ+ per+ GABAergic par segment qui régulent la vitesse de locomotion des larves. Une caractérisation moléculaire poussée de ces cellules a permis de confirmer qu’elles appartiennent au groupe connu des « midline cells », et plus particulièrement des mnb progeny, dont la fonction était jusqu’à maintenant inconnue. Par ailleurs, le code combinatoire de FTs trouvé chez ces mnb progeny rappelle celui exprimé par les V2b, une population d’interneurones qui régulerait également la vitesse de locomotion chez les vertébrés. Ces similarités entre mnb progeny et V2b laissent à penser que cette population de neurones pourrait être conservée au cours de l’évolution. En outre, des résultats préliminaires suggèrent que les interneurones TJ+ ont également un rôle chez la mouche adulteCPGs (Central Pattern Generators) are neural networks able to autonomously generate essential rhythmic behaviours such as walking or breathing. In Drosophila larvae, the locomotor CPG is made up of motoneurons (MNs) and a huge variety of interneurons (INs). How many are actually necessary to constitute a functional CPG and how they interact is not known. During the course of this PhD, I studied a discrete neuronal population singled out by its expression of the Maf transcription factor (TF) Traffic Jam (TJ). Thanks to an intersectional genetics approach and a TJ-Flp line generated during my PhD, I showed for the first time that TJ+ neurons subpopulations have distinct functions in Drosophila larva locomotion. Functional subdivision of TJ+ population eventually led to the identification of 3 TJ+ per+ GABAergic neurons that regulate the speed of locomotion. Thorough molecular characterization of this population permitted to identify them as mnb progeny neurons, a well studied subgroup of midline cells whose function had never been described before. The TF combinatorial code expressed by these cells is highly reminiscent of the one found in V2b INs, a population in vertebrates thought to regulate the speed of locomotion as well in vertebrates; this opens the possibility of a functional conservation across evolution. Preliminary results furthermore suggest that TJ+ INs would have functional roles in the adult fly
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Frigon, Alain. "Functional organization of cutaneous reflex pathways during locomotion and reorganization following peripheral nerve and/or spinal cord lesions". Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6467.
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Morquette, Philippe. "Rôle des astrocytes dans la décharge rythmique neuronale du noyau sensoriel principal du trijumeau". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18377.
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La communication entre les neurones est fondée sur leur capacité à changer leur patron de décharge pour l’encodage de différents messages. Pour plusieurs fonctions vitales, comme la respiration et la mastication, les neurones doivent pouvoir générer des patrons d’activité répétitifs, et les groupes de neurones responsables de ces décharges rythmiques sont des
générateurs de patron central (GPC). En dépit de recherches soutenues, les mécanismes précis qui sous-tendent la rythmogénèse dans les GPCs ne sont pas bien définis. Le plus souvent, la potentielle contribution des astrocytes demeure grandement inexplorée, même si ces cellules sont aujourd’hui connues pour leur implication dans la modulation synaptique neuronale.
Pour nos travaux, le noyau sensoriel principal du trijumeau (NVsnpr) a été pris comme modèle à cause de son rôle central dans les mouvements rythmiques de la mastication. Dans ce noyau, des travaux antérieurs ont montré que la décharge en bouffées rythmiques est déclenchée dans les neurones lorsque la concentration de calcium extracellulaire ([Ca2+]e) est artificiellement baissée. Nous fondant sur cette observation, notre première hypothèse a postulé que la baisse de la [Ca2+]e pouvait survenir de façon physiologique en lien avec des stimulations sensorielles pertinentes. Deuxièmement, parce que les astrocytes ont été impliqués dans le tamponnage et l’homéostasie d’ions extracellulaires comme le K+, nous avons postulé que ces cellules pouvaient jouer un rôle équivalent dans le contrôle de la [Ca2+]e.
Nos résultats montrent que les astrocytes peuvent réguler la [Ca2+]e et ainsi contrôler la capacité des neurones à changer leur patron de décharge. Premièrement, en stimulant les afférences sensorielles au NVsnpr, nous avons montré que des baisses physiologiques de la [Ca2+]e sont observées en parallèle à l’apparition de bouffées rythmiques neuronales. Deuxièmement, nous avons démontré que les astrocytes répondent aux mêmes stimuli qui induisent l’activité rythmique neuronale, et que leur blocage avec un chélateur de Ca2+ empêche les neurones de générer un patron de décharge en bouffées rythmiques. Cette habilité est rétablie en rajoutant la S100β, une protéine astrocytaire liant le Ca2+, dans le milieu extracellulaire, alors que l’anticorps anti-S100β empêche l’activité rythmique. Ces résultats indiquent que les astrocytes régulent une propriété neuronale fondamentale : la capacité à changer de patron de décharge. Ainsi, les GPCs dépendraient des fonctions intégrées des astrocytes et des neurones. Ces découvertes pourraient avoir des implications transposables à plusieurs autres circuits neuronaux dont la fonction dépend de l’induction d’activité rythmique.Communication between neurons rests on their capacity to change their firing pattern to encode different messages. For several vital functions, such as respiration and mastication, neurons need to generate a repetitive firing pattern, and the groups of neurons responsible for these rhythmic discharges are called central pattern generator (CPG). Despite intense research in this field, the exact mechanisms underlying rhythmogenesis in CPGs are not completely defined. In most instances, the potential contribution of astrocytes is largely unexplored, even though these cells are now well known to be involved in neuronal synaptic modulation. In our work, the trigeminal main sensory nucleus (NVsnpr) was used as a model owing to its central role in the rhythmic movement of mastication. Previous work have shown that rhythmic bursting discharge is triggered in NVsnpr neurons when extracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]e) is artificially decreased. Based on this observation, our first hypothesis postulated that the reduction of [Ca2+]e could also happen physiologically in relation to relevant sensory stimulation. Secondly, because astrocytes have been involved in the buffering and the homeostasis of extracellular ions like potassium, we have postulated that these cells could also play a role in the control of [Ca2+]e. The results presented in this thesis show that astrocytes can regulate [Ca2+]e and thus control the ability of neurons to change their firing pattern. First, we showed that stimulation of sensory afferent fibers to the NVsnpr induced neuronal rhythmic bursting and in parallel reduction of [Ca2+]e . Secondly, we have demonstrated that astrocytes respond to the same sensory stimuli that induce neuronal rhythmic activity, and their blockade with a Ca2+ chelator prevents generation of neuronal rhythmic bursting. This ability is restored by adding S100β, an astrocytic Ca2+-binding protein, to the extracellular space, while the application of an anti- S100β antibody prevents generation of rhythmic activity. These results indicate that astrocytes regulate a fundamental neuronal property: that is the capacity to change their firing pattern. Thus, CPG functions result from integrated neuronal and glial activities. These findings may have broad implications for many other neural networks whose functions depend on the generation of rhythmic activity.
Libros sobre el tema "Générateur central de patron"
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Dina, Sherzer y Sherzer Joel, eds. Adoring the saints: Fiestas in central Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009.
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Leuchter, Mark. Egypt, Land, and the Patron Deity in Emergent Israel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190665098.003.0002.
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Emergent Israel’s position in the central Canaanite and Transjordanian highlands can be traced to an earlier culture of conflict between Egyptian forces and a precursor group identified in the Merneptah stele as “Israel” in the last decade of the thirteenth century BCE. This community eventually gave rise to Iron Age Israel, an agrarian population characterized by the leadership of chieftains who conceived of their patron deity (a form of the Canaanite El) as their own divine kinsman, protecting their settlements against threats from Egypt and pro-Egyptian Canaanite regents. The Song of the Sea (Exod 15:1b–18) bears early witness to the myth of group identity forged through these experiences, where Israel’s deity clears the sacred landscape of the Egyptian foe and then plants his people therein. This reflects the foundations upon which the Levites would come to build their own nascent ideology in subsequent decades.
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Sherzer, Dina, Yolanda Lastra y Joel Sherzer. Adoring the Saints: Fiestas in Central Mexico. University of Texas Press, 2010.
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Ward-Perkins, Bryan. From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Public Building in Northern and Central Italy, AD 300-850 (Oxford Historical Monographs). Oxford University Press, USA, 1985.
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Tamed Village Democracy Elections Governance And Clientelism In A Contemporary Chinese Village. Springer, 2014.
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Hummer, Hans. “More Noble by Sanctity”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797609.003.0008.
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This chapter argues that monasticism is central to understanding the patterns of kinship in early medieval Europe. It examines the passing of an aristocratic consciousness bound to the disintegrating late antique civic order and the formation of a new consciousness flowing from rural centers of power buttressed by estate-laden monasticism during the Merovingian period. The contention is supported with an examination of the rejection of the worldly family in late Roman monasticism and the celebration of the natal family in seventh-century monasticism, as that transformation appears in portrayals of parentage in hagiographical literature. This distinctive conception of kinship was propelled by a dynamic, Augustinian notion of kinship which bound patron families and monasteries to one another, and to the eternal family of God. The chapter ends with an examination of late seventh-century hagiographical works which explicitly embedded a saint’s natal and marital families within the familia Christi.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Générateur central de patron"
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"“Circle of trust”: functions and mechanisms of patron–client relations in the private farm". En Politics, Identity and Education in Central Asia, 83–109. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203385616-12.
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Dyson, Kenneth. "Patron Saints: (3) Theological Foundations of Ordo and Religious Traces". En Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State, 210–38. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854289.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the role of religion and theological debate in conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism. It looks at the ethical and strategic roles of religion: for Walter Eucken, Lutheran faith should act as a guide; for Friedrich Hayek, an agnostic, religion had instrumental value in gathering support. The central reference point of Ordo-liberalism was in Lutheran thought and Reformed Protestantism; their cross-national reach; the ascetic and austere moral seriousness they imparted to debates about civic virtue and the just economic order; and the effect on their attitudes to John Maynard Keynes and Joseph Schumpeter. The chapter shows how this link played a key role in the Freiburg resistance circles to the Third Reich; the work by Franz Böhm, Eucken, and others on the Bonhoeffer Memorandum; and the secularized Calvinism of James Buchanan and Frank Knight. The chapter also explores the complex and difficult relationship to Roman Catholic Scholastic thought, notably the concept of Ordo; to Catholic social thought as it evolved from the late nineteenth century, notably about social solidarity; and to Classical humanism, as represented by Stoicism; and the relatively late development of Lutheran social ethics. The challenge of building bridges to Catholicism has been a persistent concern, notably in the writings of Wilhelm Röpke. The chapter also looks at Catholic theologians who have engaged with Ordo-liberalism; the appeal of ‘thinking in orders’ within Catholicism; and successive relevant papal encyclicals. The chapter closes with reflections on the contemporary relevance of religion and its role in upholding the values of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism.
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Malagaris, George. "Life of a polymath: his autobiography and biography". En Biruni, 28–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190124021.003.0002.
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Born in Khwarazm in 973, Biruni displayed an early interest in the pursuit of knowledge, which remained with him for several decades, during extensive travels and residence in Central Asia, Iran, and India. Biruni’s upbringing and education stimulated his youthful appetite for science and truth. After the political upheaval in his homeland, he spent some years in Iran seeking his livelihood with uncertain patronage before the opportunity arose to return to Khwarazm, where he joined the new government. Upon the overthrow of his patron and the subsequent Ghaznavid invasion, Biruni was drawn into the orbit of Sultan Mahmud’s court. He passed his mature years primarily in Ghazna, which occasioned extensive travels in northwest India. The death of Sultan Mahmud enabled Biruni’s brief return to Central Asia, although he continued to reside in the Ghaznavid capital. The polymath passed away in Ghazna in 1048.
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Viroli, Maurizio. "Republics Protected by God". En As If God Existed, traducido por Alberto Nones. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691142357.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the religious dimension of communes that emerged in northern and central Italy in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The assemblies of citizens that gave birth to the communes gathered in churches. Even when public authorities built their own palaces, public council meetings were always preceded by religious ritual. Furthermore, the communes contributed to consecrating the city through paintings and sculptures of the saints, especially those patron saints who had defended the community from external or internal enemies, and hence had an explicitly civic meaning. The cities were religious, and so were the communes. The communes' religious identity and republicanism went hand in hand, and together engendered a republican religion.
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Meyler, Bernadette. "Between Royal Pardons and Acts of Oblivion". En Theaters of Pardoning, 175–96. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739330.003.0006.
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In the 1650s, tragicomedies continued to be composed in which pardoning played a central role. These often took a royalist perspective and reinvigorated a sovereign pardon along the lines of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure. At the same time, they dwelt on the appropriate treatment of subordinate figures in the state at moments of what we would now call transitional justice. This chapter focuses on the royalist playwright Cosmo Manuche, including his works The Just General and The Banish’d Shepherdess—which remains in manuscript—as well as a political treatise by his patron, James Compton, Earl of Northampton. Manuche’s plays contemplate the fate of those who have been disloyal to a prior regime but were not leaders of the revolution, while Compton’s treatise advocates for an act of indemnity or oblivion.
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England, Samuel. "‘Baghdad is to Cities What the Master is to Mankind’: The Rise of Vizier Culture". En Medieval Empires and the Culture of Competition, 24–66. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474425223.003.0002.
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Examines the phenomenon of vizier-poets in medieval Baghdad and the ‘Abbasid provinces. Argues that Persian viziers used literary, administrative skill to overshadow royals and the caliph. These viziers in the imperial provinces supported Arabic literature with great enthusiasm, but also revised the rules of courtly membership and poets’ ritual jousts. Not content to simply patronize authors, they composed their own works. With poetic statements of self-praise, religious dogma, and satire aimed at insufficiently loyal courtiers, they altered the relationship between patron and poet, each of whom was now able to slander the other in verse. Their exchanges of inflammatory compositions became some of the most closely followed events of Abbasid life, drawing the attention of imperial citizens and stationing the viziers themselves as the central, intimidating arbiters of taste. In effect, the vizierial class began to legislate with literature.
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Apryshchenko, Victor. "Where Does Europe End?" En Memory, Identity, and Nationalism in European Regions, 98–120. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8392-9.ch005.
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Modernization that resulted in contemporary European society has been an attractive goal for Russian officials who proclaimed European values as an important part of Russian identity. But the North Caucasus, which is a specific part of Russia, does not correspond these “European standards.” The patron-client system of governance for the North Caucasus, and the disconnection that it creates between the people who live in the region and Moscow, represents the wider attitude of Russian elites, cultural commentators, and policymakers toward the region. “The Caucasian archaism” has been common discourse for characteristic of the North Caucasus among central and regional elites. This “applied archaic” and military rhetoric has to explain political particularism and ineffectiveness of reforms in the North Caucasus. In fact, dealing with Moscow, post-modern Europe deals with Russian modern society which consists of pre-modern subjects and mechanisms of political communication that complicates both international communication and effective collaboration.
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Sobecki, Sebastian. "Lydgate’s Kneeling Retraction". En Last Words, 127–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790778.003.0004.
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In this chapter I show that John Lydgate’s Testament is not a rejection of his secular career but a literary palinode that attempts to impress a sense of coherence onto a diverse body of work. As the language of conversion, the repetitive liturgical code at the end of the poem is vindicated by the earlier performance of poetic bravado. Lydgate’s textual piety, which I show to be indebted to the devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus, is paradoxically sustained by the displacement of prior secular forms. In a central gesture, the kneeling monk-poet presents his life’s work to God, who acts as his patron. Finally, I demonstrate that manuscript illuminations depicting a kneeling Lydgate confirm the reception of such a pose as pious yet secular. The Testament, then, is not about Lydgate’s ‘self-erasure’ but about reconciling his porous self with the spiritual demands of preparing for his own death.
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Cheng, Edmund W. "Hong Kong’s Hybrid Regime and Its Repertoires". En Take Back Our Future, 167–92. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740916.003.0008.
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This chapter analyzes the roots of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) regime's learning curve in managing popular contention and the mechanisms that have enabled the regime to develop its authoritarian structure and practices. It first defines Hong Kong's hybrid regime in terms of its liberal–autocratic and central–local contradictions and then discusses various state countermobilization strategies used to respond to mass protests. The chapter then examines how the hybrid regime's strategies of disciplinary exclusion, patron-client politics, ideological work, and attrition have mobilized or incentivized proregime and nonstate actors against dissent. On the one hand, the hybrid regime has co-opted formal institutions and has manufactured informal networks through which political crisis has been maneuvered by the regime to monitor the ruling class's factional quarrels and to further develop its authoritarian protocols. On the other hand, the party-state's local apparatuses have extended and refined their united propaganda and mass-line strategies to address the rise of activism in Hong Kong.
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Macmaster, Neil. "The caids and the commune mixte System". En War in the Mountains, 56–78. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860211.003.0004.
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In the dualism of colonial space, the peasantry massed in the interior were governed by a system of indirect rule, that of the communes mixtes (CM), in which a European administrator depended on a team of caids, neo-tribal chiefs, to police and manage the inhabitants of the douars. The caids, assisted by the village headmen (kebirs) were responsible for maintaining civil registers, collecting taxes, policing, and providing a flow of information to the intelligence state. A case study of the CM of the Chelif explores the important role of an aristocratic élite, the powerful Saiah family, to show how the caidat politically dominated rural society through patron-client relations and religious, charismatic power. The central government Native Affairs department managed the CM zones through supporting such clan-like, conservative élites, but by the 1930s the basis of patrimonial power was entering a phase of deepening crisis that undermined the system of indirect rule.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Générateur central de patron"
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Gause, Rich. "Tip of the Iceberg: Part 2, Discovering What's Hidden". En Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317151.
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Remote storage for large collections is becoming common, making those books inaccessible for physical browsing by researchers. The main libraries at Temple University and the University of Central Florida (UCF) each have approximately 1.3 million print items on-site. Both libraries are storing 90% of their collections in automated retrieval systems with 10% remaining available for browsing in open stacks. In Part 1, “Choosing What Shows,” Karen Kohn, Temple’s Collection Analysis Librarian, describes the decisions and processes used for the 10% left physically visible. This second part explores UCF’s efforts to improve discoverability of the items in storage. The visual aspects of a book (height, multi-volume, etc.) that often provide useful clues regarding the content disappear when the patron can only view a list of search results on a computer screen. How can the loss of these visual clues be mitigated? Online browsing guides have been created at UCF to help researchers explore the hierarchical subject structure of call numbers. Other finding tools and displays may also improve awareness of stored materials.