Literatura académica sobre el tema "Handmade Soap"

The utilization of cofee residue is still limited. Usually the remaining cofee pulp is used as fertilizer for plant growth nutrition with hydroponic media, insect repellent, air freshener and deodorizing agent. Apparently, coffee grounds pulp can still be used to treat skin. One of the efforts to increase the added value of espresso coffee residue is to be used as handmade hand-washing soap by the CSR Indonesia Kamojang POMU community. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics of hand washing soap made from the residue of espresso coffee grounds. The method used in this study was a laboratory experiment with descriptive analysis. Observations on liquid soap include chemical properties, physical properties, and organoleptic tests. The results of the analysis showed that the formulation of the residual soap of espresso coffee had pH 7.9 and specific gravity 1.034. Organoleptic test results on the level of preference for the resulting liquid soap product hand washing coffee grounds, each with a score for: color = 2.83 (dislike-netral), viscosity = 2.83 (dislike-netral), aroma = 2, 83 (dislike-netral), impression when using / foaming = 3.25 (netral-like), and impression after use (impression rough) = 3.08 (netral-like). The technology process of making handmade hand washing liquid soap with the addition of the remaining espresso coffee residue then continue to be developed so that it can be applied on an industrial scale.Keywords: Characteristics, Handmade soap, Hand Washing, Residue Coffee, Espresso

Fokus kegiatan pengabdian ini yaitu pelatihan usaha dan tata kelola keuangan untuk memahamkan dan meningkatkan literasi finansial siswa SMK melalui pembuatan sabun rumah tangga. Metode apprenticeship digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan dengan tahapan kegiatan terdiri atas modeling, coaching dan scaffolding diimplementasikan pada 10 siswa SMKN 5 dan 10 siswa SMKS 17 Kota Serang sebagai mitra kegiatan. Rata-rata pemahaman siswa dalam kegiatan apprenticeship mengenai peluang usaha dan tata kelola keuangan untuk memahamkan dan meningkatkan literasi finansial siswa SMK cukup baik yaitu 62,5%. Nilai tersebut memberikan indikasi positif bahwa kegiatan pengabdian ini memberikan dampak yang baik sebagai permulaan untuk membangun motivasi dalam memulai atau membuka usaha. Hasil kegiatan ini menjadi bahan refleksi dan pertimbangan tim pengabdian Universitas Serang Raya dan pihak sekolah untuk bekerjasama menyelenggarakan kegiatan lanjutan dan berkesinambungan.

Background: As a country with a tropical climate, Indonesia has the risk to have many disease problems, such as skin disorder or dermatitis. Dermatitis is an either acute, sub-acute, or chronic inflammatory skin disease. One of therapies is using sulfur compound. Purpose: The objective of this program was to improve public awareness of Tulungagung Regency on the importance of health care, to train people preparing soap containing sulfur, and to help the people to empower the economic community through home industry initiation. Methods: This program was done by motivation generating, counseling, advocacy, and education. The activities were performed through counseling about skin diseases, causes, the prevention and treatment of the disease with sulfur soap, demonstration and providing training to the community about sulfur soap. Results: The training on handmade soap preparation was conducted at the Village Hall of Mojosari, Kauman, Tulungagung, on July 28-29th 2019 and was attended by 20 female participants. The socialization programme was carried out by providing technical guidance, visual exposure of materials, packaging training through small groups. Conclusion: This training program of soap containing sulfur preparation attracted public attention to gain the science, knowledge, and skill increase business motivation, knowledge, and community skills as well as motivation generation to apply a simple technology of soap containing sulfur manufacturing.

Batik is one of the most highly developed Indonesian art forms that had been designated by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Batik wax is considered as the main material to make Batik, especially for handmade Batik in which the pattern and carve applied directly by the artisans. Melted wax (Malam) is made from a mixture of melted damar mata kucing, gondorukem, beeswax, and paraffin. This study aimed to substitute the beeswax which was difficult to find into microwax made from paraffin which is available in huge amount as well as easily searchable. Microwax varied as many as four samples with the equal variable. The samples were then tested used Spectrophotometer to test the colour difference, colour ageing test, rub test (wet, dry, and endurance soap). The results showed that microwax can be used to substitute the function of beeswax with appropriate composition. It is highly expected that the increasing of melted wax quality can increase the quality of Batik itself as well as the preservation of Indonesian Batik as a cultural heritage.

The waste cooking oils (WCOs), when wrongly discarded, bring environmental damages, additionally to structural problems and financial losses if released in the sewage system. However, the correct management of this residue allows its reuse and recycling, representing economic gains, besides social and environmental benefits. There are several alternatives to recycling and reusing WCOs and the biodiesel production presents itself as one of the most important. Nevertheless, it is necessary to guarantee the residue quality in order to utilize its potential, as well as a coordinated management of WCO, promoting the correct processing and disposal of this waste. In this context, this article aims to propose an environmentally appropriate WCO onsite handling and collection in Lavras-MG, by evaluating the WCO management at three establishments in the city. The evaluation had taken into account the quantity of WCO generated, handling, storage and collection methods adopted, and the quality of the residue, by analyzing levels of acid, iodine and peroxide and saponification value. The results revealed the current management of the WCO, the actors involved in the management chain, the way the different frying and storage processes influence the WCO quality for reusing and recycling and possible alternatives to improve the management. The WCO management chain, composed of ACAMAR, G-Óleo, E1 and E2, is widespread and shows potential to transform the WCO into several other products, in addition to biodiesel and handmade soap. At long last to coordinate the correct WCO handling, collection, processing and disposal it is essential to guarantee the participation of the generators, collectors, and the government.

"If people don't trust their information, it's not much better than a Marxist-Leninist society." -- Orville Schell Dean, Graduate School of Journalism, UC Berkeley "Most people aren't very discerning. Maybe they need good financial information, but I don't think people know what good information is when you get into culture, society, and politics." -- Steven Brill,Chairman and Editor-in-chief, Brill's Content Once upon a time, not very long ago, advertisements were easy to recognise. They had simple personalities with goals not much more complicated than selling you a bar of soap or a box of cereal. And they possessed the reassuring familiarity of old friends or relatives you've known all your life. They were Pilgrims who smiled at you from Quaker Oats boxes or little tablets named "Speedy" who joyfully danced into a glass of water with the sole purpose of giving up their short life to help lessen your indigestion from overindulgence. Yes, sometimes they could be a little obnoxious but, hey, it was a predictable annoyance. And once, not very long ago, advertisements also knew their place in the landscape of popular culture, their boundaries were the ad space of magazines or the commercial time of television programs. When the ads got too annoying, you could toss the magazine aside or change the TV channel. The ease and quickness of their dispatch had the abruptness of slamming your front door in the face of an old door-to-door salesman. This all began to change around the 1950s when advertisements acquired a more complex and subtle personality and began straying outside of their familiar media neighborhoods. The social observer Vance Packard wrote a best-selling book in the late 50s called The Hidden Persuaders which identified this change in advertising's personality as coming from hanging around Professor Freud's psychoanalysis and learning his hidden, subliminal methods of trickery. Ice cubes in a glass for a liquor ad were no longer seen as simple props to help sell a brand of whiskey but were now subliminal suggestions of female anatomy. The curved fronts of automobiles were more than aesthetic streamlined design features but rather suggestive of a particular feature of the male anatomy. Forgotten by the new subliminal types of ads was the simple salesmanship preached by founders of the ad industry like David Ogilvy and John Caples. The word "sales" became a dirty word and was replaced with modern psychological buzzwords like subliminal persuasion. The Evolution of Subliminal Techniques The book Hidden Persuaders made quite a stir at the time, bringing about congressional hearings and even the introduction of legislation. Prominent motivation researchers Louis Cheskin and Ernest Dichter utilised the new ad methods and were publicly admonished as traitors to their profession. The life of the new subliminal advertising seemed short indeed. Even Vance Packard predicted its coming demise. "Eventually, say by A.D. 2000," he wrote in the preface to the paperback edition of his book, "all this depth manipulation of the psychological variety will seem amusingly old- fashioned". Yet, 40 years later, any half-awake observer of popular culture knows that things haven't exactly worked out the way Packard predicted. In fact what seems old-fashioned today is the belief that ads are those simpletons they once were before the 50s and that products are sold for features and benefits rather than for images. Even Vance Packard expresses an amazement at the evolution of advertising since the 50s, noting that today ads for watches have nothing to do with watches or that ads for shoes scarcely mention shoes. Packard remarks "it used to be the brand identified the product. In today's advertising the brand is the product". Modern advertising, he notes, has an almost total obsession with images and feelings and an almost total lack of any concrete claims about the product and why anyone should buy it. Packard admits puzzlement. "Commercials seem totally unrelated to selling any product at all". Jeff DeJoseph of the J. Walter Thompson firm underlines Packard's comments. "We are just trying to convey a sensory impression of the brand, and we're out of there". Subliminal advertising techniques have today infiltrated the heart of corporate America. As Ruth Shalit notes in her article "The Return of the Hidden Persuaders" from the 27 September 1999 issue of Salon magazine, "far from being consigned to the maverick fringe, the new psycho- persuaders of corporate America have colonized the marketing departments of mainstream conglomerates. At companies like Kraft, Coca-Cola, Proctor & Gamble and Daimler-Chrysler, the most sought-after consultants hail not from McKinsey & Company, but from brand consultancies with names like Archetype Discoveries, PsychoLogics and Semiotic Solutions". Shalit notes a growing number of CEOs have become convinced they cannot sell their brands until they first explore the "Jungian substrata of four- wheel drive; unlock the discourse codes of female power sweating; or deconstruct the sexual politics of bologna". The result, as Shalit observes, is a "charmingly retro school of brand psychoanalysis, which holds that all advertising is simply a variation on the themes of the Oedipus complex, the death instinct, or toilet training, and that the goal of effective communications should be to compensate the consumer for the fact that he was insufficiently nursed as an infant, has taken corporate America by storm". The Growing Ubiquity of Advertising Yet pervasive as the subliminal techniques of advertising have become, the emerging power of modern advertising ultimately centres around "where" it is rather than "what" it is or "how" it works. The power of modern advertising is within this growing ubiquity or "everywhereness" of advertising rather than the technology and methodology of advertising. The ultimate power of advertising will be arrived at when ads cannot be distinguished from their background environment. When this happens, the environment will become a great continuous ad. In the process, ads have wandered away from their well-known hangouts in magazines and TV shows. Like alien-infected pod-people of early science fiction movies, they have stumbled out of these familiar media playgrounds and suddenly sprouted up everywhere. The ubiquity of advertising is not being driven by corporations searching for new ways to sell products but by media searching for new ways to make money. Traditionally, media made money by selling subscriptions and advertising space. But these two key income sources are quickly drying up in the new world of online media. Journalist Mike France wisely takes notice of this change in an important article "Journalism's Online Credibility Gap" from the 11 October 1999 issue of Business Week. France notes that subscription fees have not worked because "Web surfers are used to getting content for free, and they have been reluctant to shell out any money for it". Advertising sales and their Internet incarnation in banner ads have also been a failure so far, France observes, because companies don't like paying a flat fee for online advertising since it's difficult to track the effectiveness of their marketing dollars. Instead, they only want to pay for actual sales leads, which can be easily monitored on the Web as readers' click from site to site. Faced with the above situation, media companies have gone on the prowl for new ways to make money. This search underpins the emerging ubiquity of advertising: the fact that it is increasingly appearing everywhere. In the process, traditional boundaries between advertising and other societal institutions are being overrun by these media forces on the prowl for new "territory" to exploit. That time when advertisements knew their place in the landscape of popular culture and confined themselves to just magazines or TV commercials is a fading memory. And today, as each of us is bombarded by thousands of ads each day, it is impossible to "slam" the door and keep them out of our house as we could once slam the door in the face of the old door-to-door salesmen. Of course you can find them on the matchbook cover of your favorite bar, on t-shirts sold at some roadside tourist trap or on those logo baseball caps you always pick up at trade shows. But now they have got a little more personal and stare at you over urinals in the men's room. They have even wedged themselves onto the narrow little bars at the check-out counter conveyer belts of supermarkets or onto the handles of gasoline pumps at filling stations. The list goes on and on. (No, this article is not an ad.) Advertising and Entertainment In advertising's march to ubiquity, two major boundaries have been crossed. They are crucial boundaries which greatly enhance advertising's search for the invisibility of ubiquity. Yet they are also largely invisible themselves. These are the boundaries separating advertising from entertainment and those separating advertising from journalism. The incursion of advertising into entertainment is a result of the increasing merger of business and entertainment, a phenomenon pointed out in best-selling business books like Michael Wolf's Entertainment Economy and Joseph Pine's The Experience Economy. Wolf, a consultant for Viacom, Newscorp, and other media heavy-weights, argues business is becoming synonymous with entertainment: "we have come to expect that we will be entertained all the time. Products and brands that deliver on this expectation are succeeding. Products that do not will disappear". And, in The Experience Economy, Pine notes the increasing need for businesses to provide entertaining experiences. "Those businesses that relegate themselves to the diminishing world of goods and services will be rendered irrelevant. To avoid this fate, you must learn to stage a rich, compelling experience". Yet entertainment, whether provided by businesses or the traditional entertainment industry, is increasingly weighted down with the "baggage" of advertising. In a large sense, entertainment is a form of new media that carries ads. Increasingly, this seems to be the overriding purpose of entertainment. Once, not long ago, when ads were simple and confined, entertainment was also simple and its purpose was to entertain rather than to sell. There was money enough in packed movie houses or full theme parks to make a healthy profit. But all this has changed with advertising's ubiquity. Like media corporations searching for new revenue streams, the entertainment industry has responded to flat growth by finding new ways to squeeze money out of entertainment content. Films now feature products in paid for scenes and most forms of entertainment use product tie-ins to other areas such as retail stores or fast-food restaurants. Also popular with the entertainment industry is what might be termed the "versioning" of entertainment products into various sub-species where entertainment content is transformed into other media so it can be sold more than once. A film may not make a profit on just the theatrical release but there is a good chance it doesn't matter because it stands to make a profit in video rentals. Advertising and Journalism The merger of advertising and entertainment goes a long way towards a world of ubiquitous advertising. Yet the merger of advertising and journalism is the real "promised land" in the evolution of ubiquitous advertising. This fundamental shift in the way news media make money provides the final frontier to be conquered by advertising, a final "promised land" for advertising. As Mike France observes in Business Week, this merger "could potentially change the way they cover the news. The more the press gets in the business of hawking products, the harder it will be to criticize those goods -- and the companies making them". Of course, there is that persistent myth, perpetuated by news organisations that they attempt to preserve editorial independence by keeping the institutions they cover and their advertisers at arm's length. But this is proving more and more difficult, particularly for online media. Observers like France have pointed out a number of reasons for this. One is the growth of ads in news media that look more like editorial content than ads. While long-standing ethical rules bar magazines and newspapers from printing advertisements that look like editorial copy, these rules become fuzzy for many online publications. Another reason making it difficult to separate advertising from journalism is the growing merger and consolidation of media corporations. Fewer and fewer corporations control more and more entertainment, news and ultimately advertising. It becomes difficult for a journalist to criticise a product when it has a connection to the large media conglomerate the journalist works for. Traditionally, it has been rare for media corporations to make direct investments in the corporations they cover. However, as Mike France notes, CNBC crossed this line when it acquired a stake in Archipelago in September 1999. CNBC, which runs a business-news Website, acquired a 12.4% stake in Archipelago Holdings, an electronic communications network for trading stock. Long-term plans are likely to include allowing visitors to cnbc.com to link directly to Archipelago. That means CNBC could be in the awkward position of both providing coverage of online trading and profiting from it. France adds that other business news outlets, such as Dow Jones (DJ), Reuters, and Bloomberg, already have indirect ties to their own electronic stock-trading networks. And, in news organisations, a popular method of cutting down on the expense of paying journalists for content is the growing practice of accepting advertiser written content or "sponsored edit" stories. The confusion to readers violates the spirit of a long-standing American Society of Magazine Editors (ASME) rule prohibiting advertisements with "an editorial appearance". But as France notes, this practice is thriving online. This change happens in ever so subtle ways. "A bit of puffery inserted here," notes France, "a negative adjective deleted there -- it doesn't take a lot to turn a review or story about, say, smart phones, into something approaching highbrow ad copy". He offers an example in forbes.com whose Microsoft ads could easily be mistaken for staff-written articles. Media critic James Fallows points out that consumers have been swift to discipline sites that are caught acting unethically and using "sponsored edits". He notes that when it was revealed that amazon.com was taking fees of up to $10,000 for books that it labelled as "destined for greatness", its customers were outraged, and the company quickly agreed to disclose future promotional payments. Unfortunately, though, the lesson episodes like these teach online companies like Amazon centres around more effective ways to be less "revealing" rather than abstention from the practice of "sponsored edits". France reminds us that journalism is built on trust. In the age of the Internet, though, trust is quickly becoming an elusive quality. He writes "as magazines, newspapers, radio stations, and television networks rush to colonize the Internet, the Great Wall between content and commerce is beginning to erode". In the end, he ponders whether there is an irrevocable conflict between e-commerce and ethical journalism. When you can't trust journalists to be ethical, just who can you trust? Transaction Fees & Affiliate Programs - Advertising's Final Promised Land? The engine driving the growing ubiquity of advertising, though, is not the increasing merger of advertising with other industries (like entertainment and journalism) but rather a new business model of online commerce and Internet technology called transaction fees. This emerging and potentially dominant Internet e-commerce technology provides for the ability to track transactions electronically on Websites and to garner transaction fees. Through these fees, many media Websites take a percentage of payment through online product sales. In effect, a media site becomes one pervasive direct mail ad for every product mentioned on its site. This of course puts them in a much closer economic partnership with advertisers than is the case with traditional fixed-rate ads where there is little connection between product sales and the advertising media carrying them. Transaction fees are the new online version of direct marketing, the emerging Internet technology for their application is one of the great economic driving forces of the entire Internet commerce apparatus. The promise of transaction fees is that a number of people, besides product manufacturers and advertisers, might gain a percentage of profit from selling products via hypertext links. Once upon a time, the manufacturer of a product was the one that gained (or lost) from marketing it. Now, however, there is the possibility that journalists, news organisations and entertainment companies might also gain from marketing via transaction fees. The spread of transaction fees outside media into the general population provides an even greater boost to the growing ubiquity of advertising. This is done through the handmaiden of media transaction fees: "affiliate programs" for the general populace. Through the growing magic of Internet technology, it becomes possible for all of us to earn money through affiliate program links to products and transaction fee percentages in the sale of these products. Given this scenario, it is not surprising that advertisers are most likely to increasingly pressure media Websites to support themselves with e-commerce transaction fees. Charles Li, Senior Analyst for New Media at Forrester Research, estimates that by the year 2003, media sites will receive $25 billion in revenue from transaction fees, compared with $17 billion from ads and $5 billion from subscriptions. The possibility is great that all media will become like great direct response advertisements taking a transaction fee percentage for anything sold on their sites. And there is the more dangerous possibility that all of us will become the new "promised land" for a ubiquitous advertising. All of us will have some cut in selling somebody else's product. When this happens and there is a direct economic incentive for all of us to say nice things about products, what is the need and importance of subliminal techniques and methods creating advertising based on images which try to trick us into buying things? A Society Without Critics? It is for these reasons that criticism and straight news are becoming an increasingly endangered species. Everyone has to eat but what happens when one can no longer make meal money by criticising current culture? Cultural critics become a dying breed. There is no money in criticism because it is based around disconnection rather than connection to products. No links to products or Websites are involved here. Critics are becoming lonely icebergs floating in the middle of a cyber-sea of transaction fees, watching everyone else (except themselves) make money on transaction fees. The subliminal focus of the current consultancies is little more than a repackaging of an old theme discovered long ago by Vance Packard. But the growing "everywhereness" and "everyoneness" of modern advertising through transaction fees may mark the beginning of a revolutionary new era. Everyone might become their own "brand", a point well made in Tim Peters's article "A Brand Called You". Media critic James Fallows is somewhat optimistic that there still may remain "niche" markets for truthful information and honest cultural criticism. He suggests that surely people looking for mortgages, voting for a politician, or trying to decide what movie to see will continue to need unbiased information to help them make decisions. But one must ask what happens when a number of people have some "affiliate" relationship with suggesting particular movies, politicians or mortgages? Orville Schell, dean of the Graduate School of Journalism at the University of California at Berkeley, has summarised this growing ubiquity of advertising in a rather simple and elegant manner saying "at a certain point, people won't be able to differentiate between what's trustworthy and what isn't". Over the long run, this loss of credibility could have a corrosive effect on society in general -- especially given the media's importance as a political, cultural, and economic watchdog. Schell warns, "if people don't trust their information, it's not much better than a Marxist-Leninist society". Yet, will we be able to realise this simple fact when we all become types of Marxists and Leninists? Still, there is the great challenge to America to learn how to utilise transaction fees in a democratic manner. In effect, a combination of the technological promise of the new economy with that old promise, and perhaps even myth, of a democratic America. America stands on the verge of a great threshold and challenge in the growing ubiquity of advertising. In a way, as with most great opportunities or threats, this challenge centres on a peculiar paradox. On the one hand, there is the promise of the emerging Internet business model and its centre around the technology of transaction fees. At the same time, there is the threat posed by transaction fees to America's democratic society in the early years of the new millennium. Yes, once upon a time, not very long ago, advertisements were easy to recognise and also knew their place in the landscape of popular culture. Their greatest, yet silent, evolution (especially in the age of the Internet) has really been in their spread into all areas of culture rather than in methods of trickery and deceit. Now, it is more difficult to slam that front door in the face of that old door-to-door salesman. Or toss that magazine and its ad aside, or switch off commercials on television. We have become that door-to-door salesman, that magazine ad, that television commercial. The current cultural landscape takes on some of the characteristics of the theme of that old science fiction movie The Invasion of the Body Snatchers. A current advertising campaign from RJ Reynolds has a humorous take on the current zeitgeist fad of alien abduction with copy reading "if aliens are smart enough to travel through space then why do they keep abducting the dumbest people on earth?" One might add that when Americans allow advertising to travel through all our space, perhaps we all become the dumbest people on earth, abducted by a new alien culture so far away from a simplistic nostalgia of yesterday. (Please press below for your links to a world of fantastic products which can make a new you.) References Brill, Steven. Quoted by Mike France in "Journalism's Online Credibility Gap." Business Week 11 Oct. 1999. France, Mike. "Journalism's Online Credibility Gap." Business Week 11 Oct. 1999. <http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_41/b3650163.htm>. Packard, Vance. The Hidden Persuaders. Out of Print, 1957. Pine, Joseph, and James Gilmore. The Experience Economy. Harvard Business School P, 1999. Shalit, Ruth. "The Return of the Hidden Persuaders." Salon Magazine 27 Sep. 1999. <http://www.salon.com/media/col/shal/1999/09/27/persuaders/index.php>. Schell, Orville. Quoted by Mike France in "Journalism's Online Credibility Gap." Business Week 11 Oct. 1999. Wolf, Michael. Entertainment Economy. Times Books, 1999. Citation reference for this article MLA style: John Fraim. "Friendly Persuasion: The Growing Ubiquity of Advertising, or What Happens When Everyone Becomes an Ad?." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.1 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/ads.php>. Chicago style: John Fraim, "Friendly Persuasion: The Growing Ubiquity of Advertising, or What Happens When Everyone Becomes an Ad?," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 1 (2000), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/ads.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: John Fraim. (2000) Friendly Persuasion: The Growing Ubiquity of Advertising, or What Happens When Everyone Becomes an Ad?. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(1). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/0003/ads.php> ([your date of access]).

El presente trabajo de investigación es un estudio de prefactibilidad para la constitución de una empresa productora de jabones artesanales. Este trabajo consta de dos partes importantes. En primer lugar, se presenta la validación del modelo de negocio, donde se analizó el problema que existe y nuestra propuesta de solución con el uso de jabones artesanales. Además, se estimó el tamaño de mercado de los productos y se elaboraron diferentes Productos Mínimos Viables (MVP) que validaron el producto y su forma de presentación al consumidor final, así como también se pudo recabar la información necesario para comenzar las ventas presenciales y realizar una proyección de ventas. En segundo lugar, se desarrolló el plan de negocios donde se hizo la declaración de la visión y misión de la empresa, así como sus objetivos y estrategias a corto y largo plazo. Asimismo, se evaluó el plan de operaciones, el de recursos humanos, de marketing y de responsabilidad social empresarial junto con el detalle de sus respectivos presupuestos. Gracias a la definición de estas estimaciones se logró elaborar el plan financiero del proyecto de acuerdo con los ingresos y egresos que se realizarían durante los años de operación. Todo ello se evaluó de indicadores financieros como el COK, WACC y TIR, los cuales validaron la viabilidad del proyecto.
This reasarch work is a prefeasibility study for the constitution of a handmade soaps. This work consists of two important parts. In the first place, we presented the validation of the business model, where the existing problem is analyzed and our solution proposal with the use of handmade soaps is presented. Furthermore, the market size of the products was estimated and many different Minimum Viable Products (MVP) were developed in order to validate the product and its presentation to the consumer. Additionally, we collected the information needed to begin face-to-face sales and perform A sales projection. Secondly, the business plan was developed in which the company's vision and mission statement was made, as well as its short and long-term objectives and strategies. Likewise, the operations plan, the human resources, marketing and corporate social responsibility plan were evaluated along with the details of their respective budgets. Thanks to the definition of these estimates, the project's financial plan was prepared according to the income and expenses that would be made during the years of operation. The entire financial structure was evaluated with indicators such as COK, WACC and TIR, which validated the viability of the project.
Trabajo de investigación

Actualmente, el mercado de cuido personal en el Perú, específicamente el mercado de jabones en barra, está valorizado en alrededor de 450 millones de soles, según Euromonitor. Sin embargo, cabe resaltar que carece de una variedad de productos dirigidos al mercado masculino y le permitan al hombre poder escoger la manera de cuidar su piel, así como lo hacen las mujeres. La manera en que el hombre de hoy en día le da importancia al cuidado personal no es el mismo que hace algunas décadas atrás. Hoy se relaciona la imagen personal con factores ligados al éxito, esto provoca que el hombre busque productos que le generen beneficios percibiese por su entorno. Dado este contexto, es preciso señalar que el objetivo de este estudio es brindar al mercado jabones artesanales con fragancias masculinas que cubran esta necesidad y que además resalten la virilidad buscada por los clientes finales. El hombre limeño de 25 a 39 años con estilo de vida ya sea sofisticado, progresistas o formalistas se encuentra en una constante búsqueda de los de productos que lo ayuden a resaltar y destacar su masculinidad, sumado a la salud de la piel y la tendencia del mercado por los productos naturales. La presente propuesta de negocio gira entorno a la comercialización de jabones con base natural de glicerina con aromas masculinas mediante la incursión en barberías y las ventas digitales por medio de redes sociales. Se estima que el tamaño de mercado para Bear Care es de 180,324 habitantes, lo que representa un tamaño de mercado de 35’704,247 soles. Finalmente, se pudo determinar que en el primer año de operación se tendrá una venta de 175 085 soles. Se tendrá valor financiero de 67 930 soles y un valor económico de 32 320. En los próximos cinco años, Bear Care será una marca especializada en el cuidado personal del hombre con productos de origen artesanal.
Nowadays, health care market in Peru, specifically the bar soaps market, is valued around 450 million soles, according to Euromonitor. However, it should be mentioned that there is a lack products in terms of variety aimed at the male market and stop men on taking care of themselves as women do with their skin. The way in which the man of today gives importance to health care is not the same as a few decades ago. Today, personal image is related to factors linked to success, that is why man look for products that generate benefits perceived by their social circle, by that they can reach an status. Given this context, it should be noted that the objective of this study is to provide the market with handmade soaps with masculine fragrances that cover this gap on the market and that also highlight the virility sought by the users. The man from Lima from 25 to 39 years old with a sophisticated, progressive or formalist lifestyle is in constant seek of products that help to highlight his masculinity, added to the health of the skin and the tendency of the market for natural products. The present business proposal revolves around the commercialization of soaps with natural glycerin base with masculine fragrances through the incursion in barbershops and e-commerce through social media. It is estimated that the market size for Bear Care is 180,324 inhabitants, which represents a market size of 35,704,247 soles. Finally, it was determined that in the first year of operation the company will reach sales of 175 085 soles. It will have a financial value of 67 930 soles and an economic value of 32 320. Over the next five years, Bear Care will be a brand specialized in the personal care of men with products of traditional origin.
Trabajo de investigación

En los últimos años se ha llegado a presentar un notable aumento en el número de mujeres que optan por un cuidado constante de su piel, buscando que esta llegue a estar siempre limpia, hidratada y saludable. Sin embargo, esto les llega a resultar difícil, debido a que actualmente existen diferentes factores presentes en la vida diaria, que deterioran constantemente el aspecto de la piel. Un ejemplo de ello es la continua exposición a los químicos presentes en los jabones genéricos, los cuales están siempre presentes en lugares públicos, como centros comerciales, restaurantes, e inclusive áreas de trabajo, debido a su bajo costo en el mercado. Otros factores que se debe considerar, son la contaminación ambiental, y el efecto negativo de la radiación solar. Para contrarrestar esta problemática, hemos desarrollado los Jabones Eco-Amigables Prácticos “Makalu”, hechos a mano a base de diferentes aceites escenciales que otorgan minerales y vitaminas para el óptimo cuidado de la piel. La presentación es en forma de pétalos pequeños que funcionan para un solo uso con el fin de dar practicidad, por ello podrán ser transportados a cualquier lugar y ser utilizados en la higiene personal, sin desperdicios ni químicos. Es importante elaborar un jabón adecuado para cada tipo de piel, por ello, elaboramos jabones hidratantes y nutritivos para piel seca, mixta o grasa y para piel sensible para cubrir las diferentes necesidades de nuestros segmentos. El primero son las mujeres entre 18 y 39 años del NSE A y B que optan por cuidar su piel a base de productos naturales, y el segundo son las tiendas naturistas y boticas que tienen nuestro perfil de clientes. Asimismo, el producto se ha fijado un precio entre 12 a 15 soles segun el tipo de producto de acuerdo a las preferencias del cliente.
In recent years, we have come to present a notable increase in the number of women who opt for continuous and constant care of their skin, looking for us to always be clean, hydrated and healthy. However, this is difficult for them, because there are currently different factors present in daily life, which constantly deteriorates the appearance of the skin. An example of this is the continuous exposure to the chemicals present in generic soaps, which are always present in public places, such as shopping centers, restaurants, and even work areas, due to their low cost in the market. Other factors that should be considered are environmental pollution, and the negative effect of solar radiation. To counteract this problem, we have developed the ¨Makalu¨ practical Eco – Friendly Soaps, handmade based on different essential oils that provide minerals and vitamins for optimal skin care. The presentation is in the form of small petals that work for a single use in order to give practicality, so they can be transported anywhere and be used in personal hygiene, without waste or chemicals. It is important to prepare a suitable soap for each type of skin, therefore, we prepare moisturizing and nourishing soaps for dry, mixed or oily skin and for sensitive skin to cover the different needs of our segments. The first is women between 18 and 39 years of age NSE A and B who choose to take care of their skin based on natural products, and the second are the health food and botanical stores that have our customer profile. Also, the product has set a price between 12 to 15 soles based on the type of product according to customer preferences.
Trabajo de investigación

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas
O género Capsicum annuum L. inclui plantas de frutos picantes e adocicados vulgarmente conhecidos como pimentos ou pimentões. De entre os diferentes cultivares existem frutos com diferentes cores, sendo os mais conhecidos o verde e o vermelho. Porém existem outras variedades mais exóticas, como o amarelo, laranja, roxo e branco. A cor desenvolvida pelos vegetais está diretamente relacionada com a presença de certos metabolitos sintetizados, responsáveis por muitas ações farmacológicas atualmente reconhecidas. As propriedades fitoterápicas, aliadas ao elevado valor mercadológico do pimento impulsionam estudos mais aprofundados e direcionados sobre os aspetos biológicos da planta, necessários para a sua futura aplicação na indústria farmacêutica. O género Capsicum é reconhecido pelos seus elevados teores em vitamina C, vitaminas do complexo B, vitamina A e vitamina E. Carotenoides como o β-caroteno e a β-criptoxantina também são encontrados. Existem inúmeras aplicações deste material vegetal, destacando-se o seu uso como corantes naturais, na forma de extratos concentrados e de extratos e óleos vegetais na cosmética. No entanto, uma planta de uso tradicional e tão rica em fitoquímicos deve ser estudada de forma mais aprofundada permitindo dar a conhecer as suas propriedades nutricionais, composição química, funções terapêuticas e possíveis reações adversas. Face às diferenças de cor encontradas nos pimentos, crê-se que as suas propriedades poderão estar diretamente relacionadas com a diferença de concentração destes fitoquímicos, muitos deles responsáveis pela pigmentação natural do material vegetal e, consequentemente, nas propriedades terapêuticas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o teor das carotenoides dos pimentos de diferentes colorações e, consequentemente, a elaboração de sabonetes artesanais com incorporação dos extratos obtidos dos diferentes pimentos. Foi realizada a quantificação do teor de carotenoides presentes em seis variedades de pimentos (branco, amarelo, laranja, vermelho, verde e roxo), nomeadamente, teores de clorofila a, clorofila b, β-caroteno e licopeno por método colorimétrico. Nos sabonetes artesanais com incorporação dos extratos obtidos dos diferentes pimentos, foi avaliado o teor de carotenoides presentes após o processo de saponificação a frio, determinação do índice de espuma, Ph e textura. The genus Capsicum annuum L. includes hot and sweetened fruit plants commonly known as chilies or peppers. Among the different fruit varieties there are fruits with different colors, however, the green and red fruits are the most common. There are other exotic varieties, such as yellow, orange, purple and white. The color developed by the plants is directly related with the presence of certain metabolites synthesized, responsible for many pharmacological actions currently recognized. The fruits properties, coupled with the high marketing value of pepper, have been the focus of several studies, focused on biological aspects for their application in the pharmaceutical industry. The genus Capsicum is recognized for its high levels of vitamin C, vitamins from the complex B, vitamin A and vitamin E. Carotenoids in particular β-carotene and β-criptoxanthin are also found. There are many uses of plant material, especially its use as natural dyes in the form of concentrated extracts and extracts and vegetable oils in cosmetic. However, a traditional use of plants with high content of s should be studied in more detail in order to evaluate their nutritional properties, chemical composition, therapeutic functions and possible adverse reactions. Due to the color differences in peppers, some biological properties may be directly related to the phytochemical compounds concentration and therefore in their therapeutic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the carotenoid contents of different peppers and the development of handmade soaps with the incorporation of peppers aqueous extracts. The carotenoids contents presented in six varieties of peppers (white, yellow, orange, red, green and purple) was performed, in particular, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, β-carotene and lycopene contents. Also the carotenoids contents presented in handmade soaps were quantified, as well as the foam index, pH and texture of soaps.

Este trabajo consiste en el desarrollo de un plan de negocio de jabones artesanales con propiedades naturales y de gemoterapia teniendo como prioridad satisfacer las necesidades de nuestro público objetivo. Con el objetivo de elaborar un producto de alta calidad, se contó con la colaboración por medio de entrevistas de expertos que nos permitieron implementar diversas mejoras en la adquisición de los insumos correctos y los procedimientos adecuados. En primer lugar, para la elaboración del proyecto se desarrolló una segmentación que nos permitió determinar de manera efectiva nuestro público objetivo. Posteriormente por medio de los diversos experimentos que se desarrollaron se pudo conocer las características que eran apreciadas por los consumidores de nuestro producto, además se estableció el precio de venta por medio del concierge. En segundo lugar, se evaluaron los diversos factores tanto internos como externos que pueden afectar de manera indirecta o directa a nuestra empresa incluyendo la coyuntura relacionada con el COVID-19, elaborando de esta manera estrategias aplicables para el entorno cambiante actual y futuro. Finalmente, se elaboraron presupuestos en las diversas áreas implicadas en los procesos de la empresa como marketing, responsabilidad social empresarial, operaciones, recursos humanos entre otros tanto a corto como largo plazo, permitiéndonos de esta manera evaluar la viabilidad del proyecto.
This assignment consists in the development of a business plan for handmade soaps with natural properties and gem therapy having as a priority to satisfy the needs of our target public. With the objective of elaborating a high-quality product, we had the collaboration through interviews with experts that allowed us to implement several improvements in the acquisition of the correct inputs and the adequate procedures. First, for the elaboration of the project, a segmentation was developed that allowed us to effectively determine our target audience. Later, through the various experiments that were developed, we were able to know the characteristics that were appreciated by the consumers of our product, in addition to establishing the sales price through the concierge. Secondly, we evaluated the various internal and external factors that may indirectly or directly affect our company including the situation related to the COVID-19, thus developing applicable strategies for the current and future changing environment. Finally, budgets were prepared in the various areas involved in the company's processes such as marketing, corporate social responsibility, operations, human resources among others both in the short and long term, thus allowing us to assess the viability of the project.
Trabajo de investigación

La presente investigación da a conocer la rentabilidad del proyecto con jabones solares en base a productos naturales como el arroz y avena de la empresa SunBlock, esto se ha demostrado con estudios realizados en Lima Metropolitana con ciudadanos de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B, que tenga un poder adquisitivo y a la vez que estudien y mantengan un conocimiento. Es así que, la exploración de la validación de nuestro proyecto confirmo que existe gran potencial de demanda dentro de nuestro público objetivo que busca adquirir de un producto de calidad y que cuide de la misma manera su piel. Con el propósito que el proyecto se realice a inicios del año 2022, se ha considerado la composición de factores relevantes en la investigación del proyecto. Además, para lograr tener una mejor planificación del proyecto, se desarrolló la estructura de la empresa, dividida en la siguiente forma, para entender nuestra rentabilidad del proyecto: Plan de Marketing, Plan Financiero, Plan de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, Plan de Recursos Humanos y Plan de Operaciones. Dentro de cada uno de ellos se contemplan las estrategias, actividades y recursos necesarios para que este proyecto sea viable cuando inicie sus operaciones.
The present research reveals the profitability of the project with solar soaps based on natural products such as rice and oats from the SunBlock company, this has been demonstrated with studies carried out in Metropolitan Lima with citizens of socioeconomic levels A and B, which have a purchasing power and at the same time that they study and maintain knowledge. Thus, the exploration of the validation of our project confirmed that there is great demand potential within our target audience that seeks to acquire a quality product and that takes care of their skin in the same way. In order for the project to be carried out in early 2022, the composition of relevant factors has been considered in the project's research. In addition, in order to have a better planning of the project, the structure of the company was developed, divided in the following way, to understand our profitability of the project: Marketing Plan, Financial Plan, Corporate Social Responsibility Plan, Human Resources Plan and Operations Plan. Within each one of them are contemplated the strategies, activities and resources necessary for this project to be viable when it starts its operations.
Trabajo de investigación

Este proyecto de investigación tiene como objetivo principal ofrecer un servicio con variedad de beneficios para el cuidado de la piel a jóvenes con problemas dermatológicos leves que buscan constantemente cuidar su rostro por su tipo de piel. De esta manera, desarrollamos una plataforma web que tenga la función de vender jabones artesanales especializados para cada tipo de piel, sino brindar apoyo y seguimiento continuo mediante diversos beneficios que obtendrán a través de una suscripción mensual. Respecto a la sustentación de este proyecto, iniciamos segmentando como nuestro público objetivo a los jóvenes, ya que son los que más propensos a tener problemas dermatológicos. Siguiendo de las validaciones tanto de expertos como de usuarios con este problema para conocer cómo lo sobrellevan en la actualidad y analizar factores como precio, competencia, tendencias e intención de compra. Asimismo, se elaboraron experimentos para validar la viabilidad de este proyecto y la solución del problema. Posterior a ello, se realizó una planificación de concierges con la finalidad de obtener información real para validar nuestro proyecto. Finalmente, se realizó el presupuesto total en el cual tenemos a los operarios, recursos humanos, marketing y el costo por el desarrollo de la plataforma web.
The main objective of this research project is to offer a service with a variety of benefits for skin care to young people with dermatological problems who constantly seek to take care of their face for their skin type. In this way, we developed a web platform that has the function of selling specialized handmade soaps for each skin type, but also providing continuous support and monitoring through various benefits that will be obtained through a monthly subscription. Regarding the sustainability of this project, we began by segmenting young people as our target audience, since they are the most likely to have dermatological problems. Following the validations of both experts and users with this problem to know how they cope with it today and analyze factors such as price, competition, trends and purchase intention. Likewise, experiments were developed to validate the viability of this project and the solution of the problem. After that, concierge planning was carried out in order to obtain real information to validate our project. Finally, the total budget was made in which we have the operators, human resources, marketing and the cost for the development of the web platform.
Trabajo de investigación

碩士
弘光科技大學
化妝品科技研究所
103
The soap base contained in handmade soap is likely to irritate sensitive skin. Alkali reduction formula affects different greases differently and imposes different levels of influence on various properties of the finished soaps. If alkali is reduced excessively, the cleaning power decreases and soaps are unable to be shaped. This study attempted to assess the properties of handmade soaps made with alkali reduction formula. The author produced handmade soaps with an amount of alkali less than what was normally needed for handmade soaps. Three ingredients were added to the handmade soaps, namely, coconut oil 3, palm oil 3, and olive oil 4. Handmade soaps were produced with 5 alkali reduction rates – 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. In week 0, week 2, week 4, week 6, and week 8, the author tested the handmade soaps produced with 5 alkali reduction rates to find out their hardness values, pH values, weight loss, and detergency. 8 weeks later, the author tested 5 handmade soaps again to find out their foaming power and foam stability. According to the test results, hardness value increased when soap-drying period was longer; the soap without alkali reduction had the highest hardness value; all soaps’ pH values were higher than 10.0 in week 0; pH values started to decrease as time passed by; the pH value of soap without alkali reduction decreased slowest; the pH value of soap with 10% reduction of alkali dropped below 10 after four weeks; the pH value of soap without alkali reduction dropped below 10 after 8 weeks; all soaps started to lose weight from week 0; and all soaps lost less than 10% of weight. Foaming power and form stability were tested using Ross-Miles device. The test results revealed that alkali reduction had nothing to do with foaming power and form stability at all, yet both foaming power and foam stability were higher than 0.8. Finally, handmade soaps’ detergency was examined using surface tension test. The test results indicated that 5 alkali-reduced soaps revealed critical micelle concentrations (CMC) similar to one another. In other words, when alkali reduction rate is less than 20%, the soap’s detergency remains unchanged. In conclusion, different alkali reduction rate affects handmade soap’s hardness value and pH value differently. When pH value is used as a decisive factor to determine the maturation of soap, 10% of alkali reduction rate or higher is sufficient to shorten the maturation process. With a constant percentage of grease contained in the handmade soap, the soap’s foaming power, form stability, and detergency remain unchanged even though alkali is reduced. Most people clean their hands with antibacterial hand cleansers. According to the latest experimental results released by US Food and Drug Administration, the triclosan and paraben contained in hand cleanser, toothpaste, and shampoos are likely to cause animal hormonal imbalance and possibly cancer. People started to worry if their health had been ruined by antibacterial products. The author added antibacterial ingredients, such as clove buds and limonene, into liquid handmade soap. Secondly, the author replaced antibacterial agent by non-toxic essential oil. The essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis indicated that clove bud contained 83.31% of eugenol and lemon essential oil contained 70.3% of limonene. Then, disc diffusion test was executed to identify the inhibitory zone. According to the test results, clove bud contained 3% of essential oil that warrants a satisfactory level of antibacterial performance. In addition, a washing hand test was executed using the liquid handmade soap made of essential oil extracted from clove. The author produced cleansing mousse with coconut oil 4, canola oil 3, and castor oil 3. Twenty persons participated in the test. The participants pressed Petri dish with their fingers; wiped their fingers with cotton swabs and dabbed Petri dish with the cotton swabs. 48 hours later, bacterial colonies were counted. According to the test results, 30.80 bacterial colonies were counted before participants washed their hands. Bacterial colony count dropped to 15.45 after participants washed their hands with the liquid handmade soap containing essential oil. No significant variance was found before and after participants wiped their hands with cotton swabs. In conclusion, the cleansing mousse containing essential oil is unable to serve the antibacterial purpose as expected and its antibacterial performance is not comparable to plain water. According to the responded questionnaires, however, the cleansing mousse’s fragrance is acceptable to the participants and the participants are willing to use the cleansing mousse containing essential oil.

碩士
亞洲大學
休閒與遊憩管理學系
107
In recent years, green commodities have gradually been paid attention. Handmade soaps have sprung up in Taiwan. In the development and production of hand soap, I discovered that the characteristics and advantages of handmade soap are made from natural materials and retain ingredient glycerin. On the contrary, most soaps on the market are glycerin that has been extracted and added with chemical ingredients, synthetic surfactants and synthetic emulsions, therefore, washing texture is dry and polluted water source. In the long run, there will be chronic skin symptoms, such as skin irritation, dermatitis, etc. The use of natural, moisturizing, skin-friendly soap can gradually improve skin texture and allergic symptoms. Therefore, this article explores the differences between the production process of natural handmade soap and commercial soap, making handmade soap be refined and artistic to achieve both practical and aesthetic effects.

碩士
大葉大學
生物科技碩士在職學位學程
104
By Food Safety turmoil and increasingly serious environmental pollution, people pay more attention to life in physical health and preventive health care. Demand for natural and non-toxic cleaning supplies is increasing. Among many natural cleaning products, handmade soap, which is one of biotechnological developing products, is most commonly used to respond to the concept of environmental protection. In Taiwan, after development for more than 10 years, a lot of people realize that it has great potential in the market of handmade soap. Thus, people spend a lot of time, money and efforts in production, research and development, and marketing of handmade soaps. In addition to well-known commercial soap brands, there are also a considerable number of self-own brands for sales of handmade soaps. The internet network also allows the convenience of consumers to receive more product information. Consumers purchasing decision factor for many companies and brands, it is an important issue for their survival. The aim of this study is to understand the purchasing decision factors of consumers for natural cleaning products, especial the handmade soap. To decipher the importance and influences of brand image, product quality factors, product marketing and purchase channels, product design and packaging, and product price, in consumers’ buying motives. This study used a sample questionnaire, distributed 489 questionnaires, then obtained 421 valid questionnaires, and the effective rate was 86%. Results showed that: 1.Good product quality is the first consideration of the consumers’ purchasing decision, but the qualities of current marketed handmade soaps is generally not high satisfaction. The qualities of handmade soaps display a great potential for improvement. Now, the major prices of handmade soap per 100 grams is only 100 ~ 300 NT dollars. 2.Although the product price is an important factor for consumers to buy handmade soaps, if consumers trust a brand of products, the product price will not be the major factor for purchasing. 3.Consumers’ judge of soap product quality is mainly based on the profession of brand, rather than awareness of brand.