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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Heat demands"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 2 de julio de 2021

Última modificación: 17 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Heat demands"

Truong, Nguyen Le, Leif Gustavsson y Ambrose Dodoo. "Heat Supply of Multi-apartment Buildings with Varied Heat Demands". Energy Procedia 61 (2014): 1464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.148.

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Knudsen, Brage Rugstad, Hanne Kauko y Trond Andresen. "An Optimal-Control Scheme for Coordinated Surplus-Heat Exchange in Industry Clusters". Energies 12, n.º 10 (16 de mayo de 2019): 1877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101877.

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Industrial plants organized in clusters may improve their economics and energy efficiency by exchanging and utilizing surplus heat. However, integrating inherently dynamic processes and highly time-varying surplus-heat supplies and demands is challenging. To this end, a structured optimization and control framework may significantly improve inter-plant surplus-heat valorization. We present a Modelica-based systems model and optimal-control scheme for surplus-heat exchange in industrial clusters. An industry-cluster operator is assumed to coordinate and control the surplus-heat exchange infrastructure and responsible for handling the surplus heat and satisfy the sink plants’ heat demands. As a case study, we use an industry cluster consisting of two plants with surplus heat available and two plants with heat demand. The total surplus heat and heat demand are equal, but the availability and demand are highly asynchronous. By optimally utilizing demand predictions and a thermal energy storage (TES) unit, the operator is able to supply more than 98% of the deficit heat as surplus heat from the plants in the industry cluster, while only 77% in a corresponding case without TES. We argue that the proposed framework and case study illustrates a direction for increasing inter-plant surplus-heat utilization in industry clusters with reduced use of peak heating, often associated with high costs or emissions.

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Peakman, Aiden y Bruno Merk. "The Role of Nuclear Power in Meeting Current and Future Industrial Process Heat Demands". Energies 12, n.º 19 (25 de septiembre de 2019): 3664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193664.

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There is growing interest in the use of advanced reactor systems for powering industrial processes which could significantly help to reduce CO 2 emissions in the global energy system. However, there has been limited consideration into the role nuclear power would play in meeting current and future industry heat demand, especially with respect to the advantages and disadvantages nuclear power offers relative to other competing low-carbon technologies, such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). In this study, the current market needs for high temperature heat are considered based on UK industry requirements and work carried out in other studies regarding how industrial demand could change in the future. How these heat demands could be met via different nuclear reactor systems is also presented. Using this information, it was found that the industrial heat demands for temperature in the range of 500 ∘ C to 1000 ∘ C are relatively low. Whilst High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs), Very High Temperature Reactors (VHTRs), Gas-cooled Fast Reactors (GFRs) and Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) have an advantage in terms of capability to achieve higher temperatures (>500 ∘ C), their relative benefit over Liquid Metal-cooled Fast Reactors (LMFRs) and Light Water Reactors (LWRs) is actually smaller than previous studies indicate. This is because, as is shown here, major parts of the heat demand could be served by almost all reactor types. Alternative (non-nuclear) means to meet industrial heat demands and the indirect application of nuclear power, in particular via producing hydrogen, are also considered. As hydrogen is a relatively poor energy carrier, current trends indicate that the use of low-carbon derived hydrogen is likely to be limited to certain applications and there is a focus in this study on the emerging demands for hydrogen.

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Peakman, Aiden y Robert Gregg. "The Fuel Cycle Implications of Nuclear Process Heat". Energies 13, n.º 22 (20 de noviembre de 2020): 6073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226073.

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International and UK fuel cycle scenario analyses performed to date have focused on nuclear plants producing electricity without considering in detail the other potential drivers for nuclear power, such as industrial process heat. Part of the reason behind the restricted applications of nuclear power is because the assumptions behind the future scenario are not fully captured, for example how big are demands from different sectors? Here we present a means to fully capture the potential opportunities for nuclear power using Sankey diagrams and then, using this information, consider for the first time in the UK the fuel cycle implications of decarbonising industrial heat demand in the year 2050 with nuclear power using the ORION fuel cycle code to study attributes related to spent fuel, uranium demand and decay heat from the spent fuel. We show that even in high industrial energy demand scenarios, the sensitivity of spent fuel masses and decay heat to the types of reactor deployed is relatively small compared to the greater fuel cycle demands from large-scale deployment of nuclear plants for electricity production. However, the sensitivity of spent fuel volumes depends heavily on the extent to which High Temperature Reactor and Light Water Reactor systems operating on a once-through cycle are deployed.

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Truong, Nguyen Le, Ambrose Dodoo y Leif Gustavsson. "Renewable-based heat supply of multi-apartment buildings with varied heat demands". Energy 93 (diciembre de 2015): 1053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.09.087.

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Kauko, Hanne, Daniel Rohde y Armin Hafner. "Local Heating Networks with Waste Heat Utilization: Low or Medium Temperature Supply?" Energies 13, n.º 4 (20 de febrero de 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040954.

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District heating enables an economical use of energy sources that would otherwise be wasted to cover the heating demands of buildings in urban areas. For efficient utilization of local waste heat and renewable heat sources, low distribution temperatures are of crucial importance. This study evaluates a local heating network being planned for a new building area in Trondheim, Norway, with waste heat available from a nearby ice skating rink. Two alternative supply temperature levels have been evaluated with dynamic simulations: low temperature (40 °C), with direct utilization of waste heat and decentralized domestic hot water (DHW) production using heat pumps; and medium temperature (70 °C), applying a centralized heat pump to lift the temperature of the waste heat. The local network will be connected to the primary district heating network to cover the remaining heat demand. The simulation results show that with a medium temperature supply, the peak power demand is up to three times higher than with a low temperature supply. This results from the fact that the centralized heat pump lifts the temperature for the entire network, including space and DHW heating demands. With a low temperature supply, heat pumps are applied only for DHW production, which enables a low and even electricity demand. On the other hand, with a low temperature supply, the district heating demand is high in the wintertime, in particular if the waste heat temperature is low. The choice of a suitable supply temperature level for a local heating network is hence strongly dependent on the temperature of the available waste heat, but also on the costs and emissions related to the production of district heating and electricity in the different seasons.

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Niemierka, Elżbieta y Piotr Jadwiszczak. "Cross-building cooling-to-heating energy transfer". E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000056.

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Nowadays office buildings are faced with high and long-term cooling demand with grate heat recovery potential. In low heating demand office buildings not all of recoverable excess heat can be utilised, so it forces to search the consumers beyond the energetic boundary of office building. One of more promising way is supplying residential building by excess heat to meet the space heating and domestic hot water demands. Proposed cross-building cooling-to-heating energy flow allows transferring and utilizing excess heat from office building in residential as a useful heat. This solution creates the flexible and sustainable environment and meets the energy challenges of the future, in line with current energy trends and policy.

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McKinley, Michael J., Davide Martelli, Glenn L. Pennington, David Trevaks y Robin M. McAllen. "Integrating Competing Demands of Osmoregulatory and Thermoregulatory Homeostasis". Physiology 33, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2018): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00037.2017.

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Mammals are characterized by a stable core body temperature. When maintenance of core temperature is challenged by ambient or internal heat loads, mammals increase blood flow to the skin, sweat and/or pant, or salivate. These thermoregulatory responses enable evaporative cooling at moist surfaces to dissipate body heat. If water losses incurred during evaporative cooling are not replaced, body fluid homeostasis is challenged. This article reviews the way mammals balance thermoregulation and osmoregulation.

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Siddiqui, Salman, Mark Barrett y John Macadam. "A High Resolution Spatiotemporal Urban Heat Load Model for GB". Energies 14, n.º 14 (6 de julio de 2021): 4078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144078.

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The decarbonisation of heating in the United Kingdom is likely to entail both the mass adoption of heat pumps and widespread development of district heating infrastructure. Estimation of the spatially disaggregated heat demand is needed for both electrical distribution network with electrified heating and for the development of district heating. The temporal variation of heat demand is important when considering the operation of district heating, thermal energy storage and electrical grid storage. The difference between the national and urban heat demands profiles will vary due to the type and occupancy of buildings leading to temporal variations which have not been widely surveyed. This paper develops a high-resolution spatiotemporal heat load model for Great Britain (GB: England, Scotland a Wales) by identifying the appropriate datasets, archetype segmentation and characterisation for the domestic and nondomestic building stock. This is applied to a thermal model and calibrated on the local scale using gas consumption statistics. The annual GB heat demand was in close agreement with other estimates and the peak demand was 219 GWth. The urban heat demand was found to have a lower peak to trough ratio than the average national demand profile. This will have important implications for the uptake of heating technologies and design of district heating.

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Ha, Sungkyun, Sungho Tae y Rakhyun Kim. "Energy Demand Forecast Models for Commercil Buildings in South Korea". Energies 12, n.º 12 (17 de junio de 2019): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122313.

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With the Paris Agreement entering into full force, South Korea must submit its target greenhouse gas emissions for commercial buildings by 2030 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. To determine this target, the annual energy demands must be forecasted through appropriate models; the development of these models is the focus of our study. We developed a system to calculate energy demand forecasts by searching for suitable methods. We built distinct energy forecast models for petroleum, city gas, electricity, heat, and renewable energies. The results show that the most appropriate variable for the petroleum energy model is energy trend. Moreover, the annual increase rate of petroleum energy demand from 2019 to 2030 was forecasted to be −1.7%. The appropriate variable for city gas energy model was the floor area of commercial buildings, which was forecasted to increase at an annual average growth rate of 0.4% from 2019 to 2030. According to the forecast results of energy demand from 2019 to 2030, the annual average growth rates of electricity, heat, and renewable energy demands were 2.1%, −0.2%, and 1.3%, respectively.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Heat demands"

Farah, Hamad. "Hybrid solar system for heat and electric demands in a simple housing within Sweden and China". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40596.

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The access to ideal heating and power techniques has always been highly thought after.This is mainly due to the development in housing architecture and the cold nature of certain regions which has led to an increase in popularity of the heating market and modernised heating technologies. The current DH systems make use of CHP plants for thegeneration of power and electricity. These CHP plants for the most part, are powered through biomass and during winter periods the demand for heating is highly increased.The biggest issue with relying on biomass solely is the constant need to burn wasteproducts which not only results in increasing the demand for consuming in more waste,but also results in producing remains (by-products) that cannot be broken down further and hence might require the utilization of land-space (landfills) for their disposal. Solar modules on the other hand, have gained increased popularity in the recent age. This is mainly due their extremely high flexible ability in converting solar irradiance intoelectrical and thermal energies. This study will try to provide a comprehensive study intothe utilization of a hybrid solar system that combines a standard PV module with a flat-plate collector through estimating the energy demands for a simple housing within Sweden and China. This will be the main aim of the study, however the possibilities of integrating this hybrid solar system alongside current DH systems will mostly be discussed in the first sections to proof the possibility of executing such a system. The theoretical work carried out will only include simulations of having just separate,standalone PV and flat-plate collector modules. However, designing a hybrid solar and DH system will not be the major focus of this study. The results at the end of the report,concluded that the electrical production for the Swedish case were noticeably higher thanthat of the Chinese case in spite of maintaining the same load values through both cases and higher solar irradiation for the Chinese case. Due to PVsyst simulation constraints,the results show that the investment cost of the Swedish PV (electrical component) module was about 3.6 times greater than that of the Chinese which could possibly mean that the Swedish case has a bigger PV module area than the Chinese case in order to meetel ectricity demand monthly. However, when it came to the thermal energy production, it was possible to assume different collectors cases and hence an area of 7m2 was chosen for the Swedish perspective while an area of 4m2 has been considered for the Chinese case. The thermal useful energy values where then compared with heating demands for both of the cases. Finally, the thesis concluded that there was no requirement for having an integrated DH network within the standalone houses, having small electricity and heat demand and hence, it might be more beneficial to have an integrated DH and solar system within more densely populated housing areas.
Efterfrågan på tillgången till idealisk uppvärmning och effektiva tekniker har alltid varithög. Detta beror främst på utvecklingen inom arkitektur och den kalla naturen i vissaregioner som har lett till en ökad popularitet av värmemarknaden och moderniseradevärmeteknologiert. De nuvarande fjärrvärme-systemen använder kraftvärmeverk förproduktion av kraft och elektricitet. Dessa kraftvärmeanläggningar drivs till stor delgenom biomassa och under vinterperioderna ökar efterfrågan på uppvärmning mycket.Det största problemet med att förlita sig på biomassa enbart är det ständiga behovet avatt bränna avfallsprodukter som inte bara resulterar i att öka efterfrågan på konsumtionav fler avfallsprodukter utan också resulterar i att producera rester (biprodukter) sominte kan brytas ned ytterligare och därmed kan kräva användning av markutrymme fördeponering. solar-moduler å andra sidan har ökat popularitet under de senaste åren.Detta beror främst på deras extremt höga flexibla förmåga att konvertera solbestrålningtill elektrisk och termisk energi. Denna studie kommer att försöka tillhandahålla enomfattande studie av användningen av ett hybridsolsystem som kombinerar en standardPV-modul med en flatplate collector för att simulera en solar-modul samt caselera enfristående version genom att uppskatta energikraven för en enkel bostad i Sverige ochKina. Detta kommer att vara huvudmålet med studien, men möjligheterna att integreradetta hybrida solsystem tillsammans med nuvarande DH-system kommer mestadels attdiskuteras i de första avsnitten för att bevisa möjligheten att utföra ett sådant system. Detteoretiska arbetet som utförs kommer endast att innehålla simuleringar av att bara ha enfristående PV- och flatplate collector module, men att utforma ett hybrid sol- och DHsystemkommer inte att vara huvudfokus för denna studie. Resultaten i slutet avrapporten drog överraskande slutsatsen att den elektriska produktionen för den svenskacaselen var märkbart högre än den för den kinesiska caselen trots att de båda caselernabibehöll samma belastningsvärden och högre solbestrålning för den kinesiska caselen.Detta kan förklaras av skillnaden i modulpriser vid simulering genom PVsyst därinvesteringskostnaden för den svenska PV-modulen (elektrisk komponent) var ungefär3,6 gånger större än den för kinesiska, vilket innebär att PVsyst antar ett störremodulområde för svensk modul och därmed mer energiproduktion. Men när det kom tillvärmeenergiproduktionen, var det möjligt att anta olika samlarfall och följaktligen valdesett område på 7m2 för det svenska perspektivet medan ett område på 4m2 har beaktatsför den kinesiska och värmevärden för användbar energi där jämfördes sedan med dekrav som krävs för uppvärmning i båda fallen. Slutligen drog avhandlingen slutsatsen attdet inte fanns något krav på att ha ett integrerat DH-nätverk i de fristående husen ochdärför kan det vara mer fördelaktigt att ha ett integrerat DH och solsystem i tätarebebyggda bostadsområden.

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Elakanti, Ranjith Reddy y Rajaneesh Kumar Singh. "Sustainability and Diffusion of SolarThermal Technology : A case study on brewery and mining industries". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448042.

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Energy is the core component for all industries. Most of the energy demand is met by fossil fuels, which is one of the main reasons for the high level of carbon emissions from industries. To decrease emissions or even become carbon neutral by 2050, many companies have made sustainability goals to implement renewablesin their production processes. Industries consume 74% of the energy in the form of heat, of which 30% of energy is consumed in low-temperature applications. Substituting fossil fuels in low-temperature applications with renewable energy sources such as solar-thermal technology (STT) can significantly reduce emissions. This study explores how can focus on sustainability by companies facilitate the diffusion of STT in low-temperature applications in brewery and mining industries. The study comprises a comprehensive literature review on sustainable development, drivers, and barriers of STT. The theoretical framework of the studyis based on diffusion of innovation by Rogers (2003). Empirical data is collected using semi-structured interviews to gain insights from multi-national companies about their focus on sustainability, transition towards renewable energy sources in meeting heat demand and aspects considered by companies. The study results show that companies focusing on sustainability goals are incorporating new renewable energy technologies such as STT in their processes. Companies are also making heat purchase agreements and are collaborating with neighbouring companies to incorporate STT. This form of integration of new solutions can increase the adoption rate of STT. Further, it is found that brewery companies have a better scope of implementing STT compared to mining companies.

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Brundin, Carl. "Alternative energy concepts for Swedish wastewater treatment plants to meet demands of a sustainable society". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146831.

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This report travels through multiple disciplines to seek innovative and sustainable energy solutions for wastewater treatment plants. The first subject is a report about increased global temperatures and an over-exploitation of natural resources that threatens ecosystems worldwide. The situation is urgent where the current trend is a 2°C increase of global temperatures already in 2040. Furthermore, the energy-land nexus becomes increasingly apparent where the world is going from a dependence on easily accessible fossil resources to renewables limited by land allocation. A direction of the required transition is suggested where all actors of the society must contribute to quickly construct a new carbon-neutral resource and energy system. Wastewater treatment is as required today as it is in the future, but it may move towards a more emphasized role where resource management and energy recovery will be increasingly important. This report is a master’s thesis in energy engineering with an ambition to provide some clues, with a focus on energy, to how wastewater treatment plants can be successfully integrated within the future society. A background check is conducted in the cross section between science, society, politics and wastewater treatment. Above this, a layer of technological insights is applied, from where accessible energy pathways can be identified and evaluated. A not so distant step for wastewater treatment plants would be to absorb surplus renewable electricity and store it in chemical storage mediums, since biogas is already commonly produced and many times also refined to vehicle fuel. Such extra steps could be excellent ways of improving the integration of wastewater treatment plants into the society. New and innovative electric grid-connected energy storage technologies are required when large synchronous electric generators are being replaced by ‘smaller’ wind turbines and solar cells which are intermittent (variable) by nature. A transition of the society requires energy storages, balancing of electric grids, waste-resource utilization, energy efficiency measures etcetera… This interdisciplinary approach aims to identify relevant energy technologies for wastewater treatment plants that could represent decisive steps towards sustainability.

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Janírek, Martin Stanislav. "Analýza tepelné ztráty větráním pro různě definovaná množství větracího vzduchu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228313.

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The thesis analyses heat loss caused by ventilation for various volumes of ventilated air. Number of model cases were analyzed (class room, fit center, auditorium in the cinema and an apartment). Every scenario was analyzed with the heat recuperation and without it. Annual energetic balance and influence of heat recuperation was evaluated for every model case thereafter. Simulations of ventilation energy consumption were carried out in the TRNSYS 16 program.

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Mavrogianni, A. "Modelling domestic space heating demand and heat wave vulnerability within the London urban heat island". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1352829/.

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The combined effect of climate change and the urban heat island phenomenon is likely to reduce the space heating needs and cold-related mortality risk of urban populations in mid latitude countries during winter; however, it is also expected to increase overheating and heat-related deaths during summer. Identifying the determinant factors for energy demand and thermal comfort across a city is hence a key requirement for energy efficient retrofit and public health strategies. The aim of this thesis was to assess the relative impact of urban warming, built form and fabric characteristics on domestic energy use and overheating risk across a major city, using London as a case study. Two housing stock models were developed: a heat demand model based on steady-state energy use calculation techniques and a multiple linear regression overheating risk meta-model of an existing dynamic thermal simulation program. Input data was derived from existing Geographic Information System databases, national housing surveys and local urban air temperature models. The heat demand model successfully reproduced the ranking of urban areas based on their actual gas consumption (R² = 0.817) in a case study area containing 8.6% of London's dwelling stock. The heat island was found to decrease the average annual domestic heating load by 14% in these urban areas compared to a rural reference site. It was shown that the overheating meta-model can replicate the output of the thermal simulation program (R² = 0.763). It was indicated that highly exposed dwelling types, such as top floor flats and bungalows, as well as internally insulated buildings are likely to present an indoor overheating problem during periods of hot weather. However, the agreement between modelled overheating levels and monitored data collected in 101 London homes in summer 2009 was relatively weak, thus highlighting the modifying role of occupant controlled ventilation for indoor thermal conditions.

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Åberg, Magnus. "District Heating Sensitivity to Heat Demand Reductions and Electricity Market Dynamics". Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176407.

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Sweden and the rest of the EU member states have to reduce primary energy use andemissions of CO2, and increase the use of renewable energy sources according to the EUclimate change package “20-20-20”. To do this, the energy systems need to use less fossilfuel and to utilise energy resources more efficiently. Reduction of energy use in buildings isan important part of this transformation. In Sweden, district heating is the most commontechnique to supply heat for space heating and domestic hot water to multi-family residentialbuildings in urban areas. Efficiency improvements in buildings connected to district heatingsystems should not be counterproductive from a systems perspective, e.g. causing lessefficient total use of resources and increased global CO2 emissions. A reduced electricityproduction in combined heat and power plants, which may be a result of reduced districtheating demand, is sometimes seen as problematic with regards to emissions of CO2, sincethis electricity is normally considered to replace electricity produced in less efficient fossilfuelledcondensing power plants.This licentiate thesis summarises the first part of a PhD project that studies thepossibilities for Swedish district heating systems to adapt to a reduced demand for heating inbuildings, as well as to changes in energy markets. In this thesis the impact of buildingenergy-efficiency improvements and electricity market dynamics on the operation of districtheating systems and CO2 emissions is investigated.The energy system cost-optimisation software MODEST has been used to study theimpact of heat demand changes on the heat and electricity production in the Swedish districtheating systems in Linköping and Uppsala. MODEST optimisations were also used toinvestigate the impact of electricity price fluctuations on the operation of the Uppsaladistrict heating system, and the interaction between the national power system and allSwedish district heating systems collectively.The results show that energy efficiency improvements in buildings that reduce heatdemand by up to 40 % do not increase global CO2 emissions due to production of districtheating. This is because heat-only production is reduced to a larger extent than combinedheat and power production. The results also show that low electricity prices during winterand a large introduction of intermittent wind and solar power generation in the Swedishpower system can be expected to induce use of electricity for district heat production and tohamper co-generation of electricity in combined heat and power plants.

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Azevedo, Juliana Antunes. "Urban heat and energy demand : application of an urban meteorological network". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6961/.

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The urban heat island (UHI) effect is an inadvertent modification of climate which leads to increased temperatures in urban areas. This in turn increases localised demand for air conditioning and refrigeration which can be a significant drain on energy resources. At a time of increasing economic, political and environmental concerns with respect to energy policy, security, efficiency and climate change, there is a need to focus efforts to understand energy usage in cities for current and future climates. Using data from an Urban Meteorological Network (UMN) along with a critiqued degree days methodology, this thesis analyses the UHI and estimate current and future cooling demand in Birmingham-UK. From the results it was possible to identify that currently the main factor in energy consumption is income, however when isolating income influence through normalization process it is possible to identify the impact of the UHI. A significant finding was that the distribution of the surface UHI appears to be clearly linked to landuse, whereas for canopy UHI, advective processes appear to play an important role. Analysing Tair data available from the UMN the cooling demand for summer 2013 and future climate scenarios were calculated and demonstrated the importance of high resolution air temperature measurements in estimating electricity demand within urban areas.

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Oehme, Sabina. "Demand flexibility potential from heat pumps in multi-family residential buildings". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355135.

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The Swedish energy power system is in the middle of a paradigm shift where the increased share of intermittent energy sources place higher demand on the ability to regulate and balance the generation and consumption of electricity. Demand flexibility, which means that consumers can adjust their energy consumption, is a promising solution to manage the imbalance in the power system. Electric heat pumps in residential buildings are recognized to have potential to serve as a flexible load. In this thesis, an aggregated multi-family residential building model is developed to generate heat load profiles for a larger number of buildings which facilitate an assessment of the heat pump flexibility. The flexibility assessment is performed for a local distribution grid area with 174 buildings and an electricity price region in Sweden with 10 146 buildings with heat pumps. The flexibility assessment analyses the heat pump load deviation between a base load case and a case where the heat pumps receive an off-signal. The assessment takes into consideration seven flexibility parameters and is conducted for ambient temperatures between -20°C and 15°C. The thermal inertia of multi-family residential buildings facilitates a load shift with a duration of 4.4 to 9.8 hours depending on the ambient temperature. The maximal average power reduction for one hour of 10 MW in a distribution grid and 169 MW in an electricity price region illustrates the potential of using heat pumps as a demand flexibility solution in the electricity grid.

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Rajasekeran, Sangeetha. "Enabling Grid Integration of Combined Heat and Power Plants". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99730.

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In a world where calls for climate action grow louder by the day, the role of renewable energy and energy efficient generation sources has become extremely important. One such energy efficient resource that can increase the penetration of renewable energy into the grid is the Combined Heat and Power technology. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants produce useful thermal and electrical power output from a single input fuel source and are widely used in the industrial and commercial sectors for reliable on-site power production. However, several unfavorable policies combined with inconsistent regulations have discouraged investments in this technology and reduced participation of such facilities in grid operations. The potential benefits that could be offered by this technology are numerous - improving grid resiliency during emergencies, deferring transmission system updates and reducing toxic emissions, to name a few. With increased share of renewable energy sources in the generation mix, there is a pressing need for reliable base generation that can meet the grid requirements without contributing negatively to the environment. Since CHP units are good candidates to help achieve this two-fold requirement, it is important to understand the present barriers to their deployment and grid involvement. In this thesis work, we explore some of these challenges and propose suitable grid integration technology as well as market participation approaches for better involvement of distributed CHP units in the industrial and commercial sectors.
Master of Science
Combined Heat and Power is a generation technology which uses a single fuel source to produce two useful outputs - electric power and thermal energy - by capturing and reusing the exhaust steam by-product. These generating units have much higher efficiencies than conventional power plants, lower fuel emissions and have been a popular choice among several industries and commercial buildings with a need for uninterrupted heat and power. With increasing calls for climate action and large scale deployment of renewable based energy generation sources, there is a higher need for reliable base-line generation which can handle the fluctuations and uncertainty of such renewables. This need can be met by CHP units owing to their geographic distribution and their high operating duration. CHPs also provide a myriad of other benefits for the grid operators and environmental benefits, compared to the conventional generators. However, unfavorable and inconsistent regulatory procedures have discouraged these facility owners from actively engaging in providing grid services. Therefore, it is imperative to look into some of the existing policies and understand where the changes and incentives need to be made. In this work, we look into methods that can ease CHP integration from a technological and an economic point of view, with the aim of encouraging grid operators and CHP owners to be more active participants.

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Murray, Anthony Gregory. "Three Essays Examining Household Energy Demand and Behavior". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28193.

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This dissertation consists of three essays examining household energy decisions and behavior. The first essay examines the adoption of energy efficient Energy Star home appliances by U.S. households. Program effectiveness requires that consumers be aware of the labeling scheme and also change their purchase decisions based on label information. The first essay examines the factors associated with consumer awareness of the Energy Star label of recently purchased major appliances and the factors associated with the choice of Energy Star labeled appliances. The findings suggest that eliminating identified gaps in Energy Star appliance adoption would result in house electricity cost savings of \$164 million per year and associated carbon emission reductions of about 1.1 million metric tons per year. The second essay evaluates household energy security and the effectiveness of the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), the single largest energy assistance program available to poor households within the United States. Energy security is conceptually akin to the well-known concept of food security. Rasch models and household responses to energy security questions in the 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey are used to generate an energy insecurity index that is consistent with those found in the food insecurity literature. Participating in LIHEAP is found to significantly reduce household energy insecurity score in the index. Further, simulations show that the elimination of the energy assistance safety net currently available to households increases the number of energy insecure households by over 16 percent. The third essay develops a five equation demand system to estimate household own-price, cross-price and income elasticities between electricity, natural gas, food at home, food away from home, and non-durable commodity groups. Household cross-price elasticities between energy and food commodities are of particular importance. Energy price shocks reduce food expenditures for low-income households, as indicated by negative cross-price elasticity estimates for food and energy commodities. Additionally, low-income households reduce energy expenditures more than other households, further indicating ``heat or eat'' behavior. Results from all three essays provide policy makers with helpful information to shape future federal energy programs.
Ph. D.

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Key, Technology Inc. Forced convection steam blanching reduces energy consumption and waste production. Walla Walla, WA: Key Technology, Inc., 1999.

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Steiner, Rudolf. The Descent of the Spirit: Gaining a Relationship to the Dead Throughthe Language of the Heart ; plus Supersensible Knowledge:Anthroposophy as a Demand of the Age. Hastings(Sussex): Society of Metaphysicians, 1986.

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McIntosh, Doreen. Managing the curriculum at a time of rapid change: The problems faced by an acting head of the English department ata comprehensive school in attempting to fulfil National Curriculum demands. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1992.

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Office, General Accounting. VA health care: Veterans' demand for outpatient care : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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1969-, Mösle Peter y Schwarz Michael 1961-, eds. Green building: Guidebook for sustainable architecture. Heidelberg: Springer, 2010.

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1969-, Mösle Peter y Schwarz Michael 1961-, eds. Green building: Konzepte für nachhaltige Architektur. München: Callwey, 2007.

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R. C. van de Graaff. An in-flight investigation of workload assessment techniques for civil aircraft operations: NLR TR 87119. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, 1987.

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New Jersey. Legislature. Joint Committee on the Public Schools. Committee meeting of Joint Committee on the Public Schools: Education Commissioner Lucille Davy will discuss the issues of long-term substitutes, the recruitment and retention of teachers, and what the department is doing to assist school districts in rectifying these problems; the commission[er] will also discuss the issue of school superintendent contracts in context with the new department regulations; the committee will also hear a presentation regarding the implementation of the 2007 articulation and college credit transfer legislation : [June 10, 2008, Trenton, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: New Jersey Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 2008.

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International Conference on Gears 2017. VDI Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181022948.

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Talking about the design of modern high-performance power train applications, one of the essential components to focus on are the gears. Gears convert torque and speed in a very wide power range, at low cost and with minimal losses and noise emission. However, the demands regarding cost, power density, NVH-behavior and efficiency are steadily increasing. Demands, which can only be met using modern gearing technologies that allow combining individual materials, heat treatment and manufacturing processes. Particularly in the industrial sector, the requirements for the reliability and service life of the gear units have increased. Therefore, more and more accurate calculation methods are required for the load bearing capacity, life expectancy and failure probability as well as better test methods. This aspect is also becoming more important with regard to Industry 4.0 and Predictive Maintenance. In addition, the potentials of innovative production methods like powder metal sintering, plas...

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Karon, Barry L. y Naveen L. Pereira. Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0046.

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Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by the inability of the heart to maintain adequate cardiac output to meet the metabolic demands of the body while still maintaining normal or near-normal ventricular filling pressures. Heart failure may be present at rest, but often it is present only during exertion as a result of the dynamic nature of cardiac demands. For correct treatment of heart failure, the mechanism, underlying cause, and any reversible precipitating factors must be identified. Typical manifestations of heart failure are dyspnea and fatigue that limit activity tolerance and fluid retention leading to pulmonary or peripheral edema. The most recent proposed categorization divided the cardiomyopathies into primary and secondary cardiomyopathies, and the primary disorders are further subdivided as genetic, acquired, or mixed. Although this proposal takes into account our progressive understanding of this heterogeneous group of disorders, the previous phenotypic classification of dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive diseases still provides utility in day-to-day understanding and management of these disorders.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Heat demands"

Leciej-Pirczewska, D. "Development of the method of heat demands determination in residential buildings". En Advances in Environmental Engineering Research in Poland, 255–66. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003171669-25.

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Holzapfel, Karl. "Heat Pumps — Basic Principles". En Demand-Side Management and Electricity End-Use Efficiency, 399–406. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1403-2_23.

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Holzapfel, Karl. "Application of Heat Pumps". En Demand-Side Management and Electricity End-Use Efficiency, 407–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1403-2_24.

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Peacock, Malcolm, Aikaterini Fragaki y Bogdan J. Matuszewski. "Review of Heat Demand Time Series Generation for Energy System Modelling". En Springer Proceedings in Energy, 53–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_7.

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AbstractNational heat demand time series are important inputs into national energy system models. Although time series for primary fuel such as gas might be available, heat demand is not and measuring heat demand is only possible for individual buildings. Four different methods are used in this work to generate daily heat demand time series for Great Britain for 2016–2018 from temperature and windspeed and are validated against heat demand derived from national grid gas demand. All seem to model heat demand well.

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Muñoz Hidalgo, Marcelo Esteban. "A National Heat Demand Model for Germany". En Agent Based Modelling of Urban Systems, 172–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51957-9_10.

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Holzapfel, Karl. "Research and Development in the Area of Heat Pump Technology". En Demand-Side Management and Electricity End-Use Efficiency, 415–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1403-2_25.

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DeVore, Adam D. y Joseph G. Rogers. "Clinical Demands and Challenges for Future Mechanical Circulatory Support Technologies". En Mechanical Support for Heart Failure, 693–700. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47809-4_44.

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Chicherin, Stanislav, Lyazzat Junussova, Timur Junussov y Chingiz Junussov. "Optimizing Industrial Facility’s Demand for Combined Heat-and-Power (CHP)". En Sustainable Development of Water and Environment, 287–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45263-6_26.

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Chramcov, B. y P. Vařacha. "Usage of the Evolutionary Designed Neural Network for Heat Demand Forecast". En Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 103–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33227-2_13.

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Havtun, Hans y Caroline Törnqvist. "Reducing Ventilation Energy Demand by Using Air-to-Earth Heat Exchangers". En Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, 717–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36645-1_65.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Heat demands"

Perez-Blanco, H. y Paul Albright. "Heat Recovery System Control Strategy to Meet Multiple Transient Demands". En ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0210.

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As increasing power generation needs are met with gas turbines, it is clear that exhaust heat recovery presents a considerable opportunity to reduce operational costs and enhance thermal efficiency. Typically, a system may provide power, process heat and cooling. However, each utility may have a daily demand curve with peaks that do not necessarily coincide in time. Hence, it is necessary to devise strategies that ensure meeting the needs of each user continually while maintaining high thermal efficiencies. To study these situations, a dynamic model of a system comprising a gas turbine, a heat recovery steam generator, and absorption machine was developed. The transient response of the system was studied to determine the effects of sudden changes in demand. Two control strategies utilizing proportional integral controls were considered. The first strategy relied on operating the turbine to meet the power required by the consumer. When power demands were low and steam and cooling demands high, a secondary control strategy operated the turbine to meet the steam demands, thus maximizing the thermal efficiency of the systemThe first strategy relied on operating the turbine to meet the power required by the consumer. When power demands were low and steam and cooling demands high, a secondary control strategy operated the turbine to meet the steam demands, thus maximizing the thermal efficiency of the system. System control and stability were tested, including simulation of a power distribution network simulating resistive, capacitance and inductive loads.

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Farooq, Sobia y Fredericka Brown. "Evaluation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Demands in University Classrooms". En ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88326.

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The impetus of this study was to evaluate the current HVAC related energy demands of select classroom at The University of Texas at Tyler at present thermal set points and compare the current energy demands with energy demands based on operating the system at the preferred temperature range of occupants. To determine the preferred temperature range of the students at The University of Texas at Tyler, a subjective assessment was performed by questionnaire survey in a selected classroom along with objective measurements of thermal comfort parameters (air velocity, operative temperature and relative humidity). The questionnaire survey included questions about thermal sensation, perception, acceptability, and relevant demographic and clothing data. Using the Fanger’s thermal comfort model, the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Percentage People Dissatisfied (PPD) was calculated from the objective measurements. Regression analysis performed on the survey data provided the range of neutral, preferred and acceptable temperatures in the classroom. The key contributions of this study were: 1) successful implementation of the on field methodology to access thermal comfort in the hot and humid climate of Tyler, Texas, 2) evaluation of the thermal comfort level of the students and faculty at The University of Texas at Tyler, 3) data acquisition of neutral and preferred temperature ranges which can be used as a reference for HVAC design engineers, and 4) comparison of the relationship between thermal comfort level and energy consumption.

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Okamoto, S. "A Case Study of Energy Saving by Cogeneration System in Hospital". En 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22107.

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This paper describes a study that starts with an analysis of typical energy demand profiles in a hospital setting followed by a case study of a cogeneration system (CGS) under an energy service company (ESCO) project. The CGS idea is of an autonomous system for the combined generation of electrical, heating, and cooling energy in a hospital. The driving units are two high-efficiency gas engines that produce the electrical and heat energy. A gas engine meets the requirement for high electrical and heating energy demands; a natural gas-fuelled reciprocating engine is used to generate 735 kW of power. In our case, the electrical energy will be used only in the hospital. A deficit in electricity can be covered by purchasing power from the public network. Generated steam drives three steam-fired absorption chillers and is delivered to individual heat consumers. This system can provide simultaneous heating and cooling. No technical obstacles were identified for implementing the CGS. The average ratio between electric and thermal loads in the hospital is suitable for CGS system operation. An analysis performed for a non-optimized CGS system predicted a large potential for energy savings.

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Sunden, Bengt. "Computational Heat Transfer in Heat Exchanger Analysis and Design (Invited)". En ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84746.

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Rapid development of computer capacity and advances in numerical solution methods for the governing equations of fluid flow and heat transfer have enabled CFD (computational fluid dynamics) methods to gradually become useful tools in research and development, engineering design and analysis of heat transfer equipment. However, turbulence modelling still presents a problem as accurate and reliable predictions of flow separation, reattachment, impingement and recirculating flow fields are requested. For heat exchangers both laminar and turbulent flow fields are of significance and in addition the geometries are complex, of small dimensions sometimes and turbulators or enhanced surfaces are applied. Still the demands on computers are strong as analysis of full scale equipment requires a huge amount of grid points and the computation times are long. The present paper concerns current CFD methods for thermal problems in analysis and design of heat exchangers. Application examples are presented and associated problems and limitations are discussed.

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Hua, Guanghui, Chen Li, Yong Zhang, Dan Li, Chuang Liu y Cheng Wang. "Robust Dispatch of Integrated Electric-Heat Systems Considering Weather-Parameter-Driven Residential Thermal Demands". En 2020 IEEE 4th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei250167.2020.9347244.

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Vedanth, S. "Study and Design of Heat Recovery Steam Generators". En 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26017.

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In the modern scenario of energy systems, we see that the efficiency of the modern day power plants attain a maximum possible limit of 40%–50% in most cases. This is a result of the wastage’s that are prevalent in the systems in the form of heat loss, friction losses due to flow in pipes and flow in other units. The modern day power plants employ the Heat Recovery Steam Generators ( HRSG) which help in converting the waste heat coming out of the turbine into useful work, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the plant. The application of Gas turbine generator (GT) based co-Generation power plants as a part of the industrial plants is on the rise. These plants are required to meet the industrial plants power and steam demand with variations associated with it. This paper deals with the study of a versatile industrial HRSG with specifications in order to support the design. The study and design is based on the design and production unit “Babcock Borsig power systems”, Chennai, India. The paper focuses on the Heat recovery Steam Generator design inclusive of selecting the parameters like pressure of steam, velocity of fluids at different stages with respect to the conditions, material selection etc. The design of HRSG involves primary inputs such as the Engineering Flow diagrams, Arrangement of Equipment’s at proper elevation and Engineering data (Specifications). The considerations of line sizing with respect to pressure drop, Net positive Suction Head, Pipe line erosion, Water Hammer and noise are taken into account. A well-specified and designed HRSG can substantially help the Industrial Co-Generation plant to meet the demand variation and imbalances without sacrificing the reliability of operation. The study is an important contribution to the exponentially rising population and hence the energy demands in the world.

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Fedorov, Andrei. "Cooling of High Power Generation Systems: Matching Demands with Supplies across the Length and Time Scales". En 8th International Conference on Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (FFHMT'21). Avestia Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/ffhmt21.003.

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Haghighi, Ehsan B., Thanh L. Phan, Vijit Wuttijumnong, Koichi Mashiko, Yuji Saito y Masataka Mochizuki. "Improved Air Cooling Heat Pipe Based Thermal Solutions for Heat Sinks in Optical Plug Modules". En ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48671.

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Ever-increasing both data speed and traffic volume in the network telecommunications; as a result, producing more heat loss, challenges the conventional cooling methods. An optical plug module is a transceiver in data communication applications. By increasing the cooling demands, new thermal management solutions are necessary for optical plug modules. This article experimentally studies the heat pipe based cooling solutions for the optical plug modules. Heat pipes can passively transfer part of the produced heat from the hardly accessible places of the modules and expose it to the present active air cooling. Three different heat pipe based arrangements for a four-port optical plug assembly at both free and forced convection were investigated. Based on the results heat pipes helped to reduce heat sinks and total thermal resistance of this assembly on average by 27% and 16%, respectively under airflow rate of 10 ft3/min.

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McGlen, Ryan J., Jon Lee y Cosimo Buffone. "Design of a Test Facility and Micro-Channel Heat Exchanger Prototype for High Power Electronic Components". En ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2005-75068.

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Increased processing speed, miniaturisation and higher packing densities of electronic processing chips has lead to the development of high power, high heat flux electronics cards used by the telecom and server industries to process digital signals. The drive towards higher system performance has put a large demand on forced air convection cooling techniques and is heading towards the thermal limit of the technology. Thermal management is becoming the limiting factor in the development of higher power electronic devices. To meet future heat transfer demands, innovative methods of thermally managing electronic devices are required. This paper looks at the creation of a test facility and single phase, prototype microchannel heat exchanger design to cool high power silicon and optical chips.

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Fryer, Peter J. y S. Bakalis. "Heat Transfer to Foods: Safety and Structure". En 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23420.

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Heat transfer in foods is a commonplace operation in the home and restaurant, but is also the basis for a very large industry. Foods are complex non-Newtonian soft solids or structured liquids whose thermal behaviour is difficult to model; but engineering understanding is needed to develop processes that are safe and products that are attractive to the consumer. The increasing incidence of obesity in the developed world, and of food shortage elsewhere, demands that the industry adopts processes that give nutritious products in environmentally acceptable ways. This paper reviews the heat transfer problems that are found in food processing, with particular reference to the modelling of heating operations to ensure safety, problems that are found in the fouling and cleaning and process plant, and how heating and cooling are used to generate structure. Research challenges for the future are outlined.

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Informes sobre el tema "Heat demands"

Pag, F., M. Jesper, U. Jordan, W. Gruber-Glatzl y J. Fluch. Reference applications for renewable heat. IEA SHC Task 64, enero de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task64-2021-0002.

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There is a high degree of freedom and flexibility in the way to integrate renewable process heat in industrial processes. Nearly in every industrial or commercial application various heat sinks can be found, which are suitable to be supplied by renewable heat, e.g. from solar thermal, heat pumps, biomass or others. But in contrast to conventional fossil fuel powered heating systems, most renewable heating technologies are more sensitive to the requirements defined by the specific demand of the industrial company. Fossil fuel-based systems benefit from their indifference to process temperatures in terms of energy efficiency, their flexibility with respect to part-load as well as on-off operation, and the fuel as a (unlimited) chemical storage. In contrast, the required temperature and the temporal course of the heat demand over the year determine whether a certain regenerative heat generator is technically feasible at all or at least significantly influence parameters like efficiency or coverage rate.

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Widder, Sarah H., Graham B. Parker, Joseph M. Petersen y Michael C. Baechler. Demand Response Performance of GE Hybrid Heat Pump Water Heater. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), julio de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1093514.

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Reiter, Patrick, Hannes Poier, Christian Holter, Sabine Putz, Werner Doll, Maria Moser, Bernhard Gerardts y Anna Provasnek. Business Models of Solar Thermal and Hybrid Technologies. IEA SHC Task 55, febrero de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0002.

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District Heating required annually 600 TWh in the European Union and represents more than 10% of the EUs heat demand. Fossil fuels are the major source for heat production. Approximately 5000 district heating grids in the EU are operated by burning fossil fuels valued at € 18 billion (600 TWh) and emitting more than 150 million tons of CO2 emissions every year.

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Cummings, J. y C. Withers. Energy Savings and Peak Demand Reduction of a SEER 21 Heat Pump vs. a SEER 13 Heat Pump with Attic and Indoor Duct Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219413.

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Andersson, Göran. Thematic synthesis “Energy Networks” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), diciembre de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2019.2.en.

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Switzerland’s energy grids are reliable and stable – but they are facing new challenges. These include the fact that the new renewable energy sources, namely photovoltaic systems and wind farms, only produce electricity on an irregular basis. Greater flexibility is therefore required in the energy grid: with new storage solutions for electricity and heat on the supply side and automated load management on the demand side. The potential synergies between the various energy sources must also be exploited.

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Shonder, J. A. y P. J. Hughes. Electrical energy and demand savings from a geothermal heat pump energy savings performance contract at Ft. Polk, LA. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junio de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/658213.

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Aghaie, Hamid. Solar District Heating Perspective in Austria. IEA SHC Task 55, noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2020-0013.

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Austrian district heating (DH) has experienced a fast increasing trend for the last 30 years (with the exception of the period 2010-2014), resulting in a triplication of delivered heat; in the year 2018, with about 2400 networks and 20 TWh supply, DH covered 6.4% of the final energy consumption (1122.5 PJ). Worth to underline is also that this growth of Austrian district heating has been about twice faster than the one of the energy demand in the same period. Currently, district heating provides about 26% of the Austrian households with the energy requested for space heating and domestic hot water preparation.

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Withers, C., J. Cummings y B. Nigusse. Final Report: Cooling Seasonal Energy and Peak Demand Impacts of Improved Duct Insulation on Fixed-Capacity (SEER 13) and Variable-Capacity (SEER 22) Heat Pumps. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1324529.

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C. Withers, J. Cummings y B. Nigusse. Final Report: Cooling Seasonal Energy and Peak Demand Impacts of Improved Duct Insulation on Fixed-Capacity (SEER 13) and Variable-Capacity (SEER 22) Heat Pumps. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1325407.

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