Bibliografías temáticas / Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Selection

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Selection"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 8 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Selection"

MEYER, DIOGO y GLENYS THOMSON. "How selection shapes variation of the human major histocompatibility complex: a review". Annals of Human Genetics 65, n.º 1 (enero de 2001): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510001.x.

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Olsaker, I. y K. H. Røed. "The major histocompatibility complex of reindeer". Rangifer 10, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1990): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.10.3.881.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a system of closely linked genes showing an extremely high degree of polymorphism. These genes are major elements in the government of specific immune reactions. Consequently they may represent a genetic marker system well suited to investigate variability in selective pressure from disease agents on different populations. On this background we have started investigation of the MHC complex in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L). The MHC complex consist of polymorphic regions as well as regions conserved during evolution which should allow the use of cross-species reagents. We have shown that human MHC gene probes hybridize with genomic DNA from reindeer, and thus can be used as a tool in reindeer MHC research. By RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis using these probes we have also been able to show polymorphism in MHC related genes from reindeer.

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Kim, Timothy J., Karen M. Parker y Philip W. Hedrick. "Major Histocompatibility Complex Differentiation in Sacramento River Chinook Salmon". Genetics 151, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1999): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/151.3.1115.

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Abstract The chinook salmon of the Sacramento River, California, have been reduced to a fraction of their former abundance because of human impact and use of the river system. Here we examine the genetic variation at a major histocompatibility complex class II exon in the four Sacramento chinook salmon runs. Examination of the alleles found in these and other chinook salmon revealed nucleotide patterns consistent with selection for amino acid replacement at the putative antigen-binding sites. We found a significant amount of variation in each of the runs, including the federally endangered winter run. All of the samples were in Hardy-Weinberg proportions. A significant amount of genetic differentiation between runs was revealed by several measures of differentiation. Winter run was the most genetically divergent, while the spring, late-fall, and fall runs were less differentiated.

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O'hUigin, Colm, Yoko Satta, Anja Hausmann, Roger L. Dawkins y Jan Klein. "The Implications of Intergenic Polymorphism for Major Histocompatibility Complex Evolution". Genetics 156, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2000): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.2.867.

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Abstract A systematic survey of six intergenic regions flanking the human HLA-B locus in eight haplotypes reveals the regions to be up to 20 times more polymorphic than the reported average degree of human neutral polymorphism. Furthermore, the extent of polymorphism is directly related to the proximity to the HLA-B locus. Apparently linkage to HLA-B locus alleles, which are under balancing selection, maintains the neutral polymorphism of adjacent regions. For these linked polymorphisms to persist, recombination in the 200-kb interval from HLA-B to TNF must occur at a low frequency. The high degree of polymorphism found distal to HLA-B suggests that recombination is uncommon on both sides of the HLA-B locus. The least-squares estimate is 0.15% per megabase with an estimated range from 0.02 to 0.54%. These findings place strong restrictions on possible recombinational mechanisms for the generation of diversity at the HLA-B.

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Meyer, Diogo, Richard M. Single, Steven J. Mack, Henry A. Erlich y Glenys Thomson. "Signatures of Demographic History and Natural Selection in the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Loci". Genetics 173, n.º 4 (15 de mayo de 2006): 2121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.052837.

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Havlíček, Jan, Jamie Winternitz y S. Craig Roberts. "Major histocompatibility complex-associated odour preferences and human mate choice: near and far horizons". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n.º 1800 (20 de abril de 2020): 20190260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0260.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a core part of the adaptive immune system. As in other vertebrate taxa, it may also affect human chemical communication via odour-based mate preferences, with greater attraction towards MHC-dissimilar partners. However, despite some well-known findings, the available evidence is equivocal and made complicated by varied approaches to quantifying human mate choice. To address this, we here conduct comprehensive meta-analyses focusing on studies assessing: (i) genomic mate selection, (ii) relationship satisfaction, (iii) odour preference, and (iv) all studies combined. Analysis of genomic studies reveals no association between MHC-dissimilarity and mate choice in actual couples; however, MHC effects appear to be independent of the genomic background. The effect of MHC-dissimilarity on relationship satisfaction was not significant, and we found evidence for publication bias in studies on this area. There was also no significant association between MHC-dissimilarity and odour preferences. Finally, combining effect sizes from all genomic, relationship satisfaction, odour preference and previous mate choice studies into an overall estimate showed no overall significant effect of MHC-similarity on human mate selection. Based on these findings, we make a set of recommendations for future studies, focusing both on aspects that should be implemented immediately and those that lurk on the far horizon. We need larger samples with greater geographical and cultural diversity that control for genome-wide similarity. We also need more focus on mechanisms of MHC-associated odour preferences and on MHC-associated pregnancy loss. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.

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Milinski, Manfred, Ilona Croy, Thomas Hummel y Thomas Boehm. "Major histocompatibility complex peptide ligands as olfactory cues in human body odour assessment". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, n.º 1755 (22 de marzo de 2013): 20122889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2889.

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In many animal species, social communication and mate choice are influenced by cues encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The mechanism by which the MHC influences sexual selection is a matter of intense debate. In mice, peptide ligands of MHC molecules activate subsets of vomeronasal and olfactory sensory neurons and influence social memory formation; in sticklebacks, such peptides predictably modify the outcome of mate choice. Here, we examine whether this evolutionarily conserved mechanism of interindividual communication extends to humans. In psychometric tests, volunteers recognized the supplementation of their body odour by MHC peptides and preferred ‘self’ to ‘non-self’ ligands when asked to decide whether the modified odour smelled ‘like themselves’ or ‘like their favourite perfume’. Functional magnetic resonance imaging indicated that ‘self’-peptides specifically activated a region in the right middle frontal cortex. Our results suggest that despite the absence of a vomeronasal organ, humans have the ability to detect and evaluate MHC peptides in body odour. This may provide a basis for the sensory evaluation of potential partners during human mate choice.

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Winternitz, J. C., S. G. Minchey, L. Z. Garamszegi, S. Huang, P. R. Stephens y S. Altizer. "Sexual selection explains more functional variation in the mammalian major histocompatibility complex than parasitism". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, n.º 1769 (22 de octubre de 2013): 20131605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1605.

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Understanding drivers of genetic diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is vitally important for predicting how vertebrate immune defence might respond to future selection pressures and for preserving immunogenetic diversity in declining populations. Parasite-mediated selection is believed to be the major selective force generating MHC polymorphism, and while MHC-based mating preferences also exist for multiple species including humans, the general importance of mate choice is debated. To investigate the contributions of parasitism and sexual selection in explaining among-species variation in MHC diversity, we applied comparative methods and meta-analysis across 112 mammal species, including carnivores, bats, primates, rodents and ungulates. We tested whether MHC diversity increased with parasite richness and relative testes size (as an indicator of the potential for mate choice), while controlling for phylogenetic autocorrelation, neutral mutation rate and confounding ecological variables. We found that MHC nucleotide diversity increased with parasite richness for bats and ungulates but decreased with parasite richness for carnivores. By contrast, nucleotide diversity increased with relative testes size for all taxa. This study provides support for both parasite-mediated and sexual selection in shaping functional MHC polymorphism across mammals, and importantly, suggests that sexual selection could have a more general role than previously thought.

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Longjam, Langamba Angom y Dipmala Das. "Major histocompatibility complex and its importance towards controlling infection". Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v8i2.16189.

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It is well documented that infectious pathogen burden and infected cell mass determine the clinical severity of infectious diseases, however, the ability of the host to recognize and process antigens to produce antibodies or the cellular immune response during infection could be under genetic control. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) or Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system is the most intensively studied of all genetic systems because of its influence to many important traits, including resistance to infectious diseases, autoimmunity and immunological self or nonself compatibility. This is understandable in the light of the evolutionary pressure so that we are equipped to face the multitude of infectious challenges. Infectious diseases are a major selective pressure;and genes involved in the immune response are the most numerous and diverse in the human genome; reflecting the evolutionary advantages of a diverse immunological response to a wide range of infectious pathogens.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(2) 2017 1-13

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Woods, A., H. Y. Chen, M. E. Trumbauer, A. Sirotina, R. Cummings y D. M. Zaller. "Human major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T cell responses in transgenic mice." Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1994): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.1.173.

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Transgenic mice expressing human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules would provide a valuable model system for studying human immunology. However, attempts to obtain human class II-restricted T cell responses in such transgenic mice have had only limited success, possibly due to an inability of mouse CD4 to interact efficiently with human MHC class II molecules. To circumvent this problem, we constructed recombinant MHC class II genes in which the peptide-binding domain was derived from human DR sequences whereas the CD4-binding domain was derived from mouse I-E sequences. Purified chimeric human/mouse MHC class II molecules were capable of specifically binding DR-restricted peptides. Human B cell transformants that expressed these chimeric MHC class II molecules could present peptide antigens to human T cell clones. Expression of these chimeric class II molecules in transgenic mice led to the intrathymic deletion of T cells expressing superantigen-reactive V beta gene segments, indicating that the chimeric class II molecules could influence the selection of the mouse T cell repertoire. These transgenic mice were fully capable of mounting human DR-restricted immune responses after challenge with peptide or whole protein antigens. Thus, the chimeric class II molecules can serve as functional antigen presentation molecules in vivo. In addition, transgenic mice expressing chimeric class II molecules could be used to generate antigen-specific mouse T cell hybridomas that were capable of interacting with human antigen-presenting cells.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Selection"

Bubb, Kerry Leigh. "The role of balancing selection in maintenance of natural genetic variation /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10258.

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Lie, Hanne Cathrine. "The role of genetic diversity in human sexual selection : is the MHC special?" University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0053.

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[Truncated abstract] The assumption that facial attractiveness signals mate quality is central to current evolutionary theories of human sexual selection. Evidence for direct links between attractiveness and mate quality is, however, scarce, and the exact nature of mate quality remains the subject of debate. Mate quality may include genetic diversity, because genome-wide diversity has been linked to individual fitness, and diversity within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) has been associated with immunocompetence and health in many species. This thesis investigates whether individual genetic diversity plays a role in human sexual selection. The main aim is to examine whether MHC diversity, compared to genetic diversity in general, is especially important for mate preferences, health and mating success. The four studies herein are based on data collected from a large sample of heterosexual, Caucasian males and females. Participants were photographed, provided a DNA sample, and completed questionnaires regarding sexual history and health. Genetic diversity was calculated as both mean heterozygosity (H) and standardised mean-d2 (d2), separately for 12 MHC microsatellite loci and 11 nonMHC loci. The photographs were rated for various attractive features by opposite-sex raters. The first study investigated whether MHC diversity influences preferences for facial appearance in a potential mate, and if so, are they specific to the MHC and are they mediated by specific facial characteristics? I found that MHC-H, but not nonMHCH, positively predicted male facial attractiveness, and that this relationship was mediated by facial averageness. For females, nonMHC-d2 predicted facial symmetry, and potentially attractiveness. These findings indicate that faces contain visual cues to mate quality in both males and females, providing support for evolutionary theories that our preferences are adaptations for identifying mates of high quality. ... Measuring them both allowed me to tease apart their effects on mate preferences, and on health and mating success. Indeed, the MHC appears to be especially important in sexual selection as MHC diversity predicted female mate preferences after controlling for nonMHC diversity, and MHC dissimilarity predicted male mate preferences after controlling for nonMHC dissimilarity. Moreover, although MHC diversity did not appear to influence males preference for females, it did predict female mating success, suggesting that males also attend to MHC-related cues, although perhaps non-facial cues, when seeking mates. Additionally, nonMHC diversity predicted both male preferences for female faces and health, suggesting that such preferences are adaptive. Importantly, by providing direct links between facial attractiveness and biological markers of individual quality, genetic diversity, these results support the commonly held assumption that facial attractiveness signals mate quality.

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Kendall, Elaine. "Molecular characterisation of the human major histocompatibility complex". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333402.

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Takousis, Petrus. "DNA replication in the human major histocompatibility complex". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445119/.

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DNA replication is a vital component of the eukaryotic cell cycle. During the course of S-phase, numerous origins of replication become activated along each chromosome. Several adjacent origins fire synchronously to replicate large sections of a chromosome at specific times. Early studies identified a relationship between cytogenetic bands and replication timing: GC-rich R-bands replicate early while AT-rich and gene poor G-bands replicate late, apparently regardless of differentiation and developmental status. Subsequent studies revealed that other factors such as transcriptional status also influence the replication programme. The aim of this thesis is to examine the organisation of DNA replication in the human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on chromosome 6, and understand how it relates to gene expression and inherent genomic properties. A previous investigation from the Human Cytogenetics Laboratory using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) suggested that replication timing of the MHC is organised into distinct zones, with the MHC class II region, an AT-rich isochore, replicating later than neighbouring regions. Using a biochemical approach, the entire MHC was found to replicate within the first half of S-phase in cell lines derived from different tissues. Subsequent analysis of a B-lymphoblastoid cell line using a high resolution tiling path array for the MHC confirmed that a large proportion of the MHC class II replicates later than its neighbours. The data suggested the existence within the MHC of replication origins that fire at distinct times in S-phase. An investigation of replication initiation in the MHC revealed the presence of several potential initiation sites, which were further analysed by quantitative PCR. The gene-rich MHC class III was found to have a relatively large number of replication initiation sites. Overall, these results suggest that either specific origins of replication or zones of initiation can fulfill the replication requirements of a region.

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Dunham, Ian. "Molecular mapping of the human major histocompatibility complex". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:61559181-d77f-479e-8bfe-2e324d8806bd.

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2. The long range DNA organisation of the class II and class III regions in eight HLA homozygous cell lines has been analysed using PFGE. Comparison of the size of the BssHII restriction fragment observed for these cell lines and five individuals possessing one to three C4 genes, shows that the organisation of the C4 genes on each chromosome can be deduced from a single PFGE experiment. Outside of the C4 and 21-OHase loci the class III region shows a highly invariant structure, with no detectable differences in the amount of DNA present. Moreover the class III region is rich in CpG-islands, one of which has been characterised, and contains at least thirteen new genes. However, in the class II region, two differences between common haplotypes have been found. The DRw52-related haplotypes have the same DNA organisation. DR2 haplotypes possess 20-30 kb more DNA in the DRB region. DRw53 haplotypes have 100-130 kb more DNA than DRw52-related haplotypes in the region containing the DRB and DQA genes.

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Ottaviani, D. "The genomic anchors of the human major histocompatibility complex". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/16303/.

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Eukaryotic chromatin is organised into a hierarchy of topologically constrained loop structures. Matrix Attachment Regions (MARs) are genomic sequences that mediate the anchoring of chromatin to the insoluble proteinaceous fraction of the nucleus known as the nuclear matrix. Since only a few MARs have been characterised so far, their role in genomic structure and function is not well understood. The aim of this thesis is to use the human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) as model region to provide novel insights into the relationship between chromatin folding mediated by MARs and gene expression. This large locus contains critical genes for immunity and is associated with more diseases than any other genomic region. Classical MHC genes are expressed in a cell type specific pattern, and can be induced by cytokines such as IFN-γ. MARs were identified across the entire MHC in uninduced fibroblasts, IFN-γ induced fibroblasts and B lymphoblastoid cells. Expression array analysis showed that these cell types exhibit different MHC expression profiles. MARs were first isolated treating nuclei with hypertonic buffers followed by nuclease digestion and then mapped by hybridizing them onto a novel tiling path array for the MHC. The suitability of this array platform to study DNA-protein interactions was verified using hybridisations of CIITA-enriched DNA and DNA enriched in H3-K9/K14 acetylation. The findings reveal that MARs are unevenly distributed across the MHC, and that they can be classified into three classes: constitutive, cell type specific and transcriptiondependent. These sequences are mainly positioned in intergenic regions and in close proximity to the MHC class boundaries, subdividing the locus into physical domains. By comparing the position of MARs in uninduced fibroblasts, IFN-γ induced fibroblasts and B lymphoblastoid cells, transcriptional activation of the MHC was found to be associated with a reconfiguration of chromatin architecture resulting from the formation of additional genomic anchors. These results suggest that the dynamic tethering of chromatin is linked to transcriptional regulation.

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Plant, Katharine. "Allele specific gene expression in the major histocompatibility complex". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f565a41c-4699-4416-b1be-150b6a87dd0f.

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The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic region of the genome located on chromosome 6p21 in which genetic diversity has been associated with susceptibility to many autoimmune, infectious and other common diseases. Despite strong associations between disease and variation in the MHC that have been identified initially from serological testing and more recently by genome-wide association studies, functional insights into how specific variants may be altering disease susceptibility remain poorly understood in most cases. It is predicted that gene expression will play a significant role in the modulation of disease susceptibility and so further understanding of allele specific gene expression in the MHC will be necessary to help define the function of disease associated variants in this region. This thesis aimed to define allele specific gene expression in the MHC by characterising specific candidate genes together locus-wide approaches in order to try and resolve functional variants. Gene expression was analysed in both lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Data is presented validating a novel haplotype-specific MHC microarray and fine mapping putative local, likely cis-acting, regulatory variants. This was done by expression quantitative trait mapping for two cohorts of healthy volunteers. A transcription factor ZFP57, encoded in the MHC, was found to show significant differential allelic expression relating to specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and possession of HLA-type. This provided new insights into reported disease associations, notably HIV-1 infection and cancer. The function of ZFP57 was further investigated in terms of genome-wide DNA binding sites by ChIP-seq together with its binding co-factor KAP1. Allele-specific gene expression was also demonstrated for several classical HLA genes including the HLA-C and HLA-DQ genes, fine mapping specific putative regulatory variants. This provided new insights into disease association, notably variants of HLA-DQB1 and susceptibility to leprosy. The applicability and sensitivity of the technique of RNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) for allele-specific quantification of gene expression was investigated for different allelic ratios of RNA from LCLs homozygous for sequence across the MHC. Significant challenges were identified in successful application of this technique to MHC genes while high levels of accuracy were observed dependent on read depth in non-MHC genes. This thesis provides new insights into the extent and nature of allele-specific gene expression in the MHC, experimental approaches that can be used and insights gained into disease susceptibility for this important genomic region.

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Sherborne, Amy Louise. "Balancing selection at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) : sequence diversity and inbreeding avoidance". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501605.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a much studied region of the mammalian genome because of its uniquely high level of polymorphism. Both natural and sexual selection have been implicated in the maintenance of MHC diversity. The elevated heterozygosity observed at the MHC could reflect overdominant heterozygote advantage against pathogenic infection. Equally, MHC disassortative mating would lead to an excess of heterozygotes.

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au, ddunn@cbbc murdoch edu y David Suliman Dunn. "Studies on polymorphic alu insertions and genomic diversity within the major histocompatibility complex". Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061121.94752.

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After the initiation of the human genome sequencing project and the introduction of the field of bioinformatics, interest in human genetic diversity studies has been increased. Sequence diversity has helped define differences between genes and genomic regions that were previously unknown or difficult to determine. In this thesis I have undertaken to study sequence diversity in the human genome in three areas; 1) investigated diversity in the MHC as represented by the MICA alleles with respect to the known HLA alleles, 2) investigated the structure and diversity in the intergenic region from an MHC related (paralogous) genomic region and related the structural and diversity findings to the knowledge available on the MHC and the wider genome, and 3) described the identification of three and characterization of five new MHC class I polymorphic markers (Alu) and their polymorphic characteristics in worldwide populations and their associations with skin cancer. 1. Phylogenetic analysis of MICA alpha-domain (extracellular) sequences demonstrated relationships with HLA-B cross-reactive serogroups. The HLA-B and MICA loci are in linkage disequilibrium. The data indicated that MICA and HLA-B have evolved in concert from their common ancestors and that the transmembrane polymorphisms have arisen independently and more recently. 2. Sequence analysis of the CD1 genomic region confirmed the presence of five CD1 genes and revealed that there are four unrelated intergenic regions (IGRs). The IGRs are composed mostly of retroelements including five full-length L1 PA sequences and various pseudogenes. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses support the view that the human CD1 gene copies were duplicated prior to the evolution of primates and the bulk of the HLA class I genes found in humans. 3. Five polymorphic Alu insertions (POALINs) were identified (two from previous studies) and located within the 1.8 megabase of the MHC class I genomic region. All five POALINs are polymorphic, and are positively associated with the HLA-A and HLA-B alleles. The AluyHJ insertion was found most frequently associated with HLA-A1 or A24, AluyHG with HLA-A2, AluyHF with HLA-A2, A-10 or -A26 and AluyTF showed a marginal association with HLA-A29. The AluyMICB insertion was strongly associated with HLA-B17 (HLA-B57, HLA-B58) and HLA-B13. The presence of three Alu insertions (AluyHJ, AluyHG and AluyHF) was found in only one HLA class I haplotype (HLA-A1, -B57, -Cw6) in the 10th IHW cell lines. A novel positive association between the presence of AluyMICB and the MICAdel/MICBnull/HLA-B48 haplotype was determined. The AluyMICB insertion was also associated with at least three different MICB alleles (*0102, *0107N and *0105) and three different HLA-B alleles (B13, B48 and B57). Based on the analysis of associations between different polymorphic markers within the beta block, the MICB*0102 allele was inferred to be the ancestral form of the MICB*0105 and MICB*0107N alleles. The AluyMICB polymorphism can be used to further investigate haplotype relationship and consequently their lineage origins. Some of the MHC POALINs are haplospecific and associate strongly with certain groups of HLA class I alleles and MHC ancestral haplotypes. The AluyTF frequency was significantly associated with skin cancer (p<0.005). MICA gene diversity is derived from two different evolving paths, therefore one or the other alone cannot reliably mark an ancestral haplotype. The CD1 duplicons originated well before the HLA class I duplicons. The MHC POALINs provide new lineage and linkage markers for the fine mapping study of different haplotypes and variations in linkage groups across 1.8 Mb of the MHC class I region. The POALINs may also prove useful in investigating the origins and history of human populations and in determining the role of human genetic diversity in disease risk.

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Dunn, David Suliman. "Studies on polymorphic alu insertions and genomic diversity within the major histocompatibility complex". Dunn, David Suliman (2005) Studies on polymorphic alu insertions and genomic diversity within the major histocompatibility complex. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/28/.

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After the initiation of the human genome sequencing project and the introduction of the field of 'bioinformatics', interest in human genetic diversity studies has been increased. Sequence diversity has helped define differences between genes and genomic regions that were previously unknown or difficult to determine. In this thesis I have undertaken to study sequence diversity in the human genome in three areas; 1) investigated diversity in the MHC as represented by the MICA alleles with respect to the known HLA alleles, 2) investigated the structure and diversity in the intergenic region from an MHC related (paralogous) genomic region and related the structural and diversity findings to the knowledge available on the MHC and the wider genome, and 3) described the identification of three and characterization of five new MHC class I polymorphic markers (Alu) and their polymorphic characteristics in worldwide populations and their associations with skin cancer. 1. Phylogenetic analysis of MICA alpha-domain (extracellular) sequences demonstrated relationships with HLA-B cross-reactive serogroups. The HLA-B and MICA loci are in linkage disequilibrium. The data indicated that MICA and HLA-B have evolved in concert from their common ancestors and that the transmembrane polymorphisms have arisen independently and more recently. 2. Sequence analysis of the CD1 genomic region confirmed the presence of five CD1 genes and revealed that there are four unrelated intergenic regions (IGRs). The IGRs are composed mostly of retroelements including five full-length L1 PA sequences and various pseudogenes. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses support the view that the human CD1 gene copies were duplicated prior to the evolution of primates and the bulk of the HLA class I genes found in humans. 3. Five polymorphic Alu insertions (POALINs) were identified (two from previous studies) and located within the 1.8 megabase of the MHC class I genomic region. All five POALINs are polymorphic, and are positively associated with the HLA-A and HLA-B alleles. The AluyHJ insertion was found most frequently associated with HLA-A1 or A24, AluyHG with HLA-A2, AluyHF with HLA-A2, A-10 or -A26 and AluyTF showed a marginal association with HLA-A29. The AluyMICB insertion was strongly associated with HLA-B17 (HLA-B57, HLA-B58) and HLA-B13. The presence of three Alu insertions (AluyHJ, AluyHG and AluyHF) was found in only one HLA class I haplotype (HLA-A1, -B57, -Cw6) in the 10th IHW cell lines. A novel positive association between the presence of AluyMICB and the 'MICAdel/MICBnull/HLA-B48' haplotype was determined. The AluyMICB insertion was also associated with at least three different MICB alleles (*0102, *0107N and *0105) and three different HLA-B alleles (B13, B48 and B57). Based on the analysis of associations between different polymorphic markers within the beta block, the MICB*0102 allele was inferred to be the ancestral form of the MICB*0105 and MICB*0107N alleles. The AluyMICB polymorphism can be used to further investigate haplotype relationship and consequently their lineage origins. Some of the MHC POALINs are haplospecific and associate strongly with certain groups of HLA class I alleles and MHC ancestral haplotypes. The AluyTF frequency was significantly associated with skin cancer (p<0.005). MICA gene diversity is derived from two different evolving paths, therefore one or the other alone cannot reliably mark an ancestral haplotype. The CD1 duplicons originated well before the HLA class I duplicons. The MHC POALINs provide new lineage and linkage markers for the fine mapping study of different haplotypes and variations in linkage groups across 1.8 Mb of the MHC class I region. The POALINs may also prove useful in investigating the origins and history of human populations and in determining the role of human genetic diversity in disease risk.

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Libros sobre el tema "Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Selection"

Steinhoff, Gustav. Cell adhesion molecules in human organ transplants. Austin: R.G. Landes, 1993.

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Michael, Browning y McMichael Andrew J, eds. HLA and MHC: Genes, molecules and function. Oxford: BIOS Scientific, 1996.

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Muthukumar, Thangamani, Darshana Dadhania, Choli Hartono y Manikkam Suthanthiran. Immunology, sensitization, and histocompatibility. Editado por Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0279.

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Allograft rejection of the histo-incompatible allograft involves a highly orchestrated action of multiple cell types and mediators, with lymphocytes responsible for the identification of the foreignness of the allograft. The immune response directed against the donor is primarily, but not exclusively, directed at the donor’s major histocompatibility complex region class I and class II proteins. This chapter describes the immunobiology of the T cell and the role of human leucocyte antigens in clinical transplantation, thus identifying the targets for manipulation of the immune response by immune suppressants and through strategies designed to create a state of tolerance of the allograft.

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Instone, Stephen. Pindar: Selected Odes. Liverpool University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9780856686689.001.0001.

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Pindar's Odes, blending beauty of poetic form and profundity of thought, are one of the wonders of Ancient Greece. Composed in the first instance to commemorate athletics victories, they fan out like a peacock's tail to illuminate with brilliant subtlety and imagination the human condition in general, and how our moments of heroic achievement are inevitably tempered by our mortal frailties. This edition aims to make for the first time a selection of these wonderful, but complex, poems accessible and enjoyable not only to scholars and advanced students but especially to sixth-form students and non-Classicists (including anyone interested in Pindar's influence on English poetry). While particular attention is paid to elucidating Pindar's cryptic chains of thoughts and to explaining the significance of the myths in the odes, much greater help than usual in this series is given with translating the Greek. The selection, which contains Pindar's most famous poem (Olympian 1) and two particularly charming mythical stories (in Pythian 9 and Nemean 3), illustrates Pindar's range and variety by including odes commemorating victors at each of the four major games. The book presents Greek text with translation, commentary and notes.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Selection"

Meyer, Diogo y Rainer Blasczyk. "The effect of mutation, recombination and selection on HLA non-coding sequences". En Major Histocompatibility Complex, 398–411. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65868-9_30.

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Kanaya, Shigehiko, Tatsuo Fukagawa, Asako Ando, Hidetoshi Inoko, Yoshihiro Kudo y Toshimichi Ikemura. "Distribution of polypurine/polypyrimidine tract sequences in the human MHC region and their possible functions". En Major Histocompatibility Complex, 131–45. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65868-9_9.

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Gaudieri, Silvana, Roger L. Dawkins, Kaori Habara, Jerzy K. Kulski y Takashi Gojobori. "Nucleotide diversity within the human major histocompatibility complex: function of hitchhiking effect, duplications, indels and recombination". En Major Histocompatibility Complex, 186–200. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65868-9_13.

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Kotsch, Katja y Rainer Blasczyk. "Intron 1 sequence analysis of the MHC-DRB1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 genes in five non-human primate species". En Major Histocompatibility Complex, 377–85. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65868-9_28.

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Schenkel-Brunner, Helmut. "Antigens of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (HLA Antigens)". En Human Blood Groups, 595–605. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6294-1_31.

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Auffray, Charles y Jack L. Strominger. "Molecular Genetics of the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex". En Advances in Human Genetics 15, 197–247. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8356-1_4.

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Schenkel-Brunner, Helmut. "The Antigens of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (HLA Antigens)". En Human Blood Groups, 415–25. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3686-7_25.

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Gojobori, Takashi y Tadashi Imanishi. "Genetic Variability of Major Histocompatibility Complex in Human Populations". En Human Population Genetics, 67–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2970-5_5.

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Takahata, Naoyuki. "Trans-Species Polymorphism of HLA Molecules, Founder Principle, and Human Evolution". En Molecular Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex, 29–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84622-9_3.

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Wade, J. y M. Carrington. "Microsatellite Testing of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Human". En Immunogenetics: Advances and Education, 159–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5486-4_19.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Selection"

Kamali, Kaivan, Lijun Jiang, John Yen y K. W. Wang. "Using Q-Learning and Genetic Algorithms to Improve the Efficiency of Weight Adjustments for Optimal Control and Design Problems". En ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85303.

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In traditional optimal control and design problems, the control gains and design parameters are usually derived to minimize a cost function reflecting the system performance and control effort. One major challenge of such approaches is the selection of weighting matrices in the cost function, which are usually determined via trial and error and human intuition. While various techniques have been proposed to automate the weight selection process, they either can not address complex design problems or suffer from slow convergence rate and high computational costs. We propose a layered approach based on Q-learning, a reinforcement learning technique, on top of genetic algorithms (GA) to determine the best weightings for optimal control and design problems. The layered approach allows for reuse of knowledge. Knowledge obtained via Q-learning in a design problem can be used to speed up the convergence rate of a similar design problem. Moreover, the layered approach allows for solving optimizations that cannot be solved by GA alone. To test the proposed method, we perform numerical experiments on a sample active-passive hybrid vibration control problem, namely adaptive structures with active-passive hybrid piezoelectric networks (APPN). These numerical experiments show that the proposed Q-learning scheme is a promising approach for.

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Bang, Hyunseung y Daniel Selva. "iFEED: Interactive Feature Extraction for Engineering Design". En ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60077.

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One of the major challenges faced by the decision maker in the design of complex engineering systems is information overload. When the size and dimensionality of the data exceeds a certain level, a designer may become overwhelmed and no longer be able to perceive and analyze the underlying dynamics of the design problem at hand, which can result in premature or poor design selection. There exist various knowledge discovery and visual analytic tools designed to relieve the information overload, such as BrickViz, Cloud Visualization, ATSV, and LIVE, to name a few. However, most of them do not explicitly support the discovery of key knowledge about the mapping between the design space and the objective space, such as the set of high-level design features that drive most of the trade-offs between objectives. In this paper, we introduce a new interactive method, called iFEED, that supports the designer in the process of high-level knowledge discovery in a large, multiobjective design space. The primary goal of the method is to iteratively mine the design space dataset for driving features, i.e., combinations of design variables that appear to consistently drive designs towards specific target regions in the design space set by the user. This is implemented using a data mining algorithm that mines interesting patterns in the form of association rules. The extracted patterns are then used to build a surrogate classification model based on a decision tree that predicts whether a design is likely to be located in the target region of the tradespace or not. Higher level features will generate more compact classification trees while improving classification accuracy. If the mined features are not satisfactory, the user can go back to the first step and extract higher level features. Such iterative process helps the user to gain insights and build a mental model of how design variables are mapped into objective values. A controlled experiment with human subjects is designed to test the effectiveness of the proposed method. A preliminary result from the pilot experiment is presented.

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