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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Land use Land use Landscape changes Landscape changes"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 12 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Land use Land use Landscape changes Landscape changes"

Zhao, Qingjian, Zuomin Wen, Shulin Chen, Sheng Ding y Minxin Zhang. "Quantifying Land Use/Land Cover and Landscape Pattern Changes and Impacts on Ecosystem Services". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 1 (23 de diciembre de 2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010126.

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Based on satellite remote sensing image, GIS and Fragstats, this study modeled and calculated the dynamic changes of land use, land cover and landscape patterns in Guizhou Province, China, and calculated the changes of ecosystem service values (ESVs). The impacts of the evolution of landscape patterns on the ESVs were analyzed, and reasonable policy recommendations were made. The findings are as follows: (1) In the past two decades, the area of cropland and grassland has decreased; the area of water bodies, urban and rural, industrial and mining, and residential areas has increased; the area of forestland has increased first and then decreased. (2) The two major types of landscapes, cropland and grassland, are clearly being replaced by two land types, forest land and water bodies. (3) Overall, the degree of landscape aggregation and adjacency has decreased, and the landscape heterogeneity has increased. (4) The total amount of ESV in 2000, 2008, 2013 and 2017 was 2574 × 108 Yuan RMB, 2605 × 108 Yuan RMB, 2618 × 108 Yuan RMB and 2612 × 108 Yuan RMB, respectively. The changes of landscape patterns had important impacts on the ESVs. In order to solve the problems caused by the increasingly prominent changes in the landscape patterns and improve the ESVs, it is necessary to rationally plan and allocate land resources, optimize the industrial structures, and develop effective regulatory policies.

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Lawrence, Ted J., Richard C. Stedman, Stephen J. Morreale y Sarah R. Taylor. "Rethinking Landscape Conservation: Linking Globalized Agriculture to Changes to Indigenous Community-Managed Landscapes". Tropical Conservation Science 12 (enero de 2019): 194008291988950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919889503.

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Community-managed landscapes have valuable conservation potential. In particular, indigenous community management has slowed deforestation. However, globalized agriculture is an underlying driver of changes to indigenous community-managed landscapes. Our objective is to explain a hypothesized global-to-local causal pathway that stems from processes of globalized agriculture and changes to indigenous community-managed landscapes. The global-to-local pathway involves a nested hierarchy of political–economic processes, specifically land and natural resource privatization, commodification, and acquisition. At the local landscape level, we focus on changes to land tenure, livelihoods, land use, and land cover. Changes to land tenure involve a shift away from community and toward individual ownership and management. Concurrently, livelihoods shift away from subsistence and toward market-oriented activities. Subsequently, land use shifts away from small-scale extensive and toward large-scale intensive crop cultivation, away from diverse crop cultivation and toward monocropping, and away from crop toward livestock farming. Ultimately, land cover shifts away from diverse agro-forested and toward homogeneous deforested lands. We illustrate our approach using ejidos, a type of community-managed lands, in Yucatán, México as an exploratory example. We use descriptive statistics to initially assess the shift in ejido land tenure, from community to individually parcelized systems, and the shift in a principal subsistence livelihood and land use activity, from maize cultivation to cattle rearing. We highlight that individually parceled areas within ejidos are more deforested than community-managed areas. In all, we urge landscape conservation scientists to more fully consider not just local actions but also impacts stemming from globalized agriculture and to advance the breadth and depth of more extensive studies and analyses.

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Antwi, Effah Kwabena, John Boakye-Danquah, Stephen Boahen Asabere, Gerald A. B. Yiran, Seyram Kofi Loh, Kwabena Gyekye Awere, Felix K. Abagale, Kwabena Owusu Asubonteng, Emmanuel Morgan Attua y Alex Barimah Owusu. "Land Use and Landscape Structural Changes in the Ecoregions of Ghana". Journal of Disaster Research 9, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2014): 452–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0452.

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In recent years, land use (LU) and landscape structure in ecoregions around the world have been faced with enormous pressures, from rapid population growth to urban sprawl. A preliminary account of changes in land cover (LC) and landscape structure in the ecoregions of Ghana is missing from the academic and research literature. The study therefore provides a preliminary assessment of the changing LU and landscape structure in the ecoregions of Ghana, identifying the causes and assessing their impact on land-based resources, and on urban and agricultural development. LU/LC maps produced from 30 m resolution Landsat TM5 in 1990 and ETM+ in 2000 were classified into dominant land cover types (LCTs) and used to survey the changing landscape of Ghana. LC-changemap preparation was done with change detection extension “Veränderung” (v3) in an ArcGIS 10.1 environment. At the class level, Patch Analyst version 5.1 was used to calculate land use (LU) statistics and to provide landscape metrics for LU maps extracted from the satellite imagery. The results showed that commonly observed LCCs in the ecoregions of Ghana include conversion of natural forest land to various forms of cultivated lands, settlements, and open land, particularly in closed and open forest and savannah woodland. The dominant LU types in the ecoregions of Ghana are arable lands, which increased by 6168.98 km2. Forest and plantation LCTs decreased in area and were replaced by agricultural land, forest garden, and open land. Afforestation rarely occurred except in the rainforests. The mean patch size (MPS), ameasure of fragmentation, was generally reduced consistently from 1990 to 2000 in all the ecoregions. Similar results that indicated increased fragmentation were an increased number of patches (NumP) and the Shannon diversity index (SDI). Habitat shape complexity inferred from mean shape index (MSI) decreased in all ecoregions except for rainforest and wet evergreen. The SDI and Shannon evenness index (SEI) showed that habitat diversity was highest in the coastal savannah and the deciduous forest ecoregions. The main drivers of changes in the LUs and landscape structure are demand for land and land-based natural resources to support competing livelihoods and developmental activities in the different ecoregions.

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Ribeiro, Daniela, Nika Razpotnik Visković y Andraž Čarni. "Landscape dynamics at borderlands: analysing land use changes from Southern Slovenia". Open Geosciences 12, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 1725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0212.

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Abstract This study presents the results of an in-depth study on landscape changes over the last two centuries in the region of Bela krajina, south-eastern Slovenia. Since this region is situated along the Slovenian–Croatian border, immigration and emigration are permanent fixtures in the region. Due to historical reasons, population structure and land use changes occurred. With regard to these processes, two case studies were selected: settlements of Adlešiči and Bojanci. Adlešiči is a village mainly inhabited by farmers of catholic religion. Bojanci was colonized by Orthodox Uskoki, i.e. refugees from Ottoman Empire who become Habsburg soldiers who lived a military life and had different attitude towards land cultivation. Landscapes in these two settlements have its own distinctive patterns contrasting to each other in the land use, showing historically distinctive cultural landscapes. The study aimed to interpret the development of cultural landscapes in these settlements by analysing the land use changes and identifying the factors that influenced it. Even though these sites have different management regimes, they are both affected by difficult karst terrain and isolation. The results confirmed the land abandonment and overgrowth of agricultural land in both case studies, however, at different rates.

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Kušan, Vladimir, Stjepan Husnjak, Tena Birov y Ivona Žiža. "Historical maps and landscape analysis". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15 de julio de 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-200-2019.

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Abstract. Landscape is a result of natural assets and human work for a long period of time. During that time natural assets are changed by human activities. The most of our surrounding are cultural landscapes as a result of human presence. The main way to study the landscapes is spatial analysis within landscape analysis. Description and investigation of nowadays status of landscapes is not difficult. Understanding the way of landscape development is very difficult because of the lack of data, especially spatial data.Usage of historical maps is the appropriate method of understanding landscape development through past times. For that procedure historical maps should be georeferenced. In this work the examples of georeferencing historical maps from First and Second Military Mapping Survey of Austrian Empire are presented. The usage of georeferenced historical maps was used for the preparation of land use maps for different periods and land use changes analyses. Those changes were used in landscape analyses for the investigation of development of built up areas and hydrological features in the city of Zagreb as well as investigation of authenticity of the areas of the Park of Nature Lonjsko Polje.The aim of the project was to prove that the landscape in the area of Lonjsko polje has not changed significantly over the last 250 years. For the area of Lonjsko polje Nature Park, an analysis of landscape authenticity was carried out. As there were no methods for evaluating landscape authenticity, we decided to analyze the changes in land use by size and spatial distribution for the last 250 years. For this purpose, we used Austro-Hungarian military maps from 1765. The maps, covering the Nature Park were scanned and georeferenced. Digitalisation of 6 main land use classes (settlements, arable land, forests, seminatural areas, mostly grasslands, marshes and waters) was performed and the land use map in a scale 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;25.000 was produced.The land use map for 2005, with accuracy of the map in a scale 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;25.000, was made using CORINE methodology. Orthorectified satellite images (Aster) were vectorised on screen into the same 6 land use classes as the old map. To evaluate the changes between these two maps the union operation was made, and land use flow analysis was performed. The largest surface of the changes occurred in 9 types of changes, with the largest changes being made to the category of grass vegetation that is changed into forests, agricultural land or the swamp. The second largest change was experienced in forests that were changed into agricultural land, grass vegetation or water. The third category that has undergone major changes is the category of swamps that were changed into forests, grass vegetation or agricultural land. Other types of changes took part in the total area with less than 1% and are not significant any more than the difference in the changes that may have arisen due to cartographic inaccuracies created by georeferencing of the old map.The land use structure as a landscape element was analyzed on the macro level within squares of 10&thinsp;km&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;10&thinsp;km and at a micro level within squares of 2&thinsp;km&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;2&thinsp;km. Changes in the structure of the land use practice exists but are not significant either on macro level or at the micro level. Thus, changes on macro level are the result of human activities (changes in agricultural areas) and at the micro level changes are more a result of natural processes (succession / regression of vegetation).Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that changes in land use patterns over the last 250 years exist and are the result of human activities to a small extent or natural processes for the most part. When considering the significance of the changes, it should always have in mind that historical military maps could not be fully integrated into the valid cartographic system. Cartographic inaccuracies created by georeferencing the old map generate changes of small size that should not be considered.

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Malandra, Francesco, Alessandro Vitali, Carlo Urbinati y Matteo Garbarino. "70 Years of Land Use/Land Cover Changes in the Apennines (Italy): A Meta-Analysis". Forests 9, n.º 9 (8 de septiembre de 2018): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090551.

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Land use science usually adopts a case study approach to investigate landscape change processes, so we considered a meta-analysis an appropriate tool for summarizing general patterns and heterogeneous findings across multiple case studies over a large geographic area. Mountain landscapes in the Apennines (Italy) have undergone significant variations in the last century due to regional and national socio-economic changes. In this work, we reviewed 51 manuscripts from different databases and examined 57 case studies. We explored heterogeneous data sets, adopting a stepwise approach to select the case studies: Step 1, a general overview of the main studies; Step 2, an analysis of the features of the study sites and of land-use/cover transitions; Step 3, a landscape pattern analysis. We standardized the processing methods to obtain a new set of homogeneous data suitable for comparative analysis. After some pre-processing of the selected paper due to the broad heterogeneity of the data, we calculated common landscape metrics ex novo. We obtained digital images used to perform automatic segmentation with eCognition Developer 64 software. Our review indicated that most case studies were in Central and Southern Italy, 83% were examined at local scale, 77% carried out change detection, but only 38% included both change detection and landscape spatial pattern analysis. The results revealed a clear trend of forest expansion (+78%) and the reduction of croplands (−49%) and grasslands (−19%). We did not find significant changes in the landscape spatial patterns.

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Manjarrez-Dominguez, Carlos, Alfredo Pinedo-Alvarez, Carmelo Pinedo-Alvarez, Federico Villarreal-Guerrero y Leonor Cortes-Palacios. "Vegetation Landscape Analysis Due to Land Use Changes on Arid Lands". Polish Journal of Ecology 63, n.º 2 (junio de 2015): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15052249pje2015.63.2.001.

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Sluis, Theo Van Der, Thanasis Kizos y Bas Pedroli. "Landscape Change in Mediterranean Farmlands: Impacts of Land Abandonment on Cultivation Terraces in Portofino (Italy) and Lesvos (Greece)". Journal of Landscape Ecology 7, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2014): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2014-0008.

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Abstract The Mediterranean landscape has been rapidly changing over the past decades. Many regions saw a population decline, which resulted in changing land use, abandonment of marginal lands and colonisation by shrubs and tree species. Typical features like farming terraces, olive yards, and upland grasslands have been decreasing over the past 50 years. This results in a declining biodiversity and loss of traditional Mediterranean landscapes. In this paper we assess the landscape changes that took place in two areas, in Portofino, on the Italian Riviera, and Lesvos, a Greek island near the Turkish coast. We compared land use maps and aerial photographs over the past decades to quantify the land use changes in these two areas. Additional information was acquired from farmers’ interviews and literature. We found that changes are related to societal changes in the appraisal of agricultural land uses, and to the urban expansion, tourism and recreation. These diffuse processes are a result of policy measures and autonomous societal transformations. This is confirmed by the results of two interview surveys: between 1999 and 2012 agricultural land use in Portofino regional Park and buffer zone further marginalised, and the associated landscape changes are perceived as a substantial loss of character and identity. This problem is emblematic for large parts of the Mediterranean. Comparing different landscapes reveal similar processes of landscape change, which can be related to similar driving forces. Based on such comparisons, we learn about possible trajectories of change, and ask for a comprehensive approach to land use management.

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Jung, Martin, Jörn P. W. Scharlemann y Pedram Rowhani. "Landscape-wide changes in land use and land cover correlate with, but rarely explain local biodiversity change". Landscape Ecology 35, n.º 10 (19 de septiembre de 2020): 2255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01109-2.

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Abstract Context There is an ongoing debate whether local biodiversity is declining and what might drive this change. Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) are suspected to impact local biodiversity. However, there is little evidence for LULC changes beyond the local scale to affect biodiversity across multiple functional groups of species, thus limiting our understanding of the causes of biodiversity change. Objectives Here we investigate whether landscape-wide changes in LULC, defined as either trends in or abrupt changes in magnitude of photosynthetic activity, are driving bird diversity change. Methods Linking 34 year (1984–2017) time series at 2745 breeding bird survey (BBS) routes across the conterminous United States of America with remotely-sensed Landsat imagery, we assessed for each year what proportion of the landscape surrounding each BBS route changed in photosynthetic activity and tested whether such concomitant or preceding landscape-wide changes explained changes in bird diversity, quantified as relative abundance (geometric mean) and assemblage composition (Bray–Curtis index). Results We found that changes in relative abundance was negatively, and assemblage composition positively, correlated with changes in photosynthetic activity within the wider landscape. Furthermore, landscape-wide changes in LULC in preceding years explained on average more variation in bird diversity change than concomitant change. Overall, landscape-wide changes in LULC failed to explain most of the variation in bird diversity change for most BBS routes regardless whether differentiated by functional groups or ecoregions. Conclusions Our analyses highlight the influence of preceding and concomitant landscape-wide changes in LULC on biodiversity.

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Singh, Babita. "Land Use Land Cover Analysis using Geospatial Techniques". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n.º 8 (31 de agosto de 2021): 2561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37339.

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Abstract: Remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) techniques can be used for the changing pattern of landscape. The study was conducted in Dehradun, Haridwar and Pauri Garhwal Districts of Uttarakhand State, India. In order to understand dynamics of landscape and to examine changes in the land use/cover due to anthropogenic activities, two satellite images (Landsat 5 and Landsat 8) for 1998 and 2020 were used. Google Earth Engine was used to perform supervised classification. Spectral indices (NDVI, MNDWI, SAVI, NDBI) were calculated in order to identify land cover classes. Both 1998 and 2020 satellite images were classified broadly into six classes namely agriculture, built-up, dense forest, open forest, scrub and waterbody. Using high resolution google earth satellite images and visual interpretation, overall accuracy assessment was performed. For land cover/use change analysis, these images were imported to GIS platform. Landscape configuration was observed by calculating various landscape metrices Images. It was observed that scrub land area had increased from 11 % to 14 % but a decrease in agriculture by 4.65 %. The increased value of NP, PD, PLAND, LPI and decrease in AI landscape indices shows that land fragmentation had increased since 1998. The most fragmented classes were scrub (PD - 3.32 to 5.18) and open forest (PD - 3.57 to 5.07). Decrease in AI for open forest, agriculture, built-up indicated that more fragmented patches of these classes were present. The result confirmed increase in the fragmentation of landscape from 1998 onwards. Keywords: GIS, LULC, landscape metrics, Remote Sensing

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Tesis sobre el tema "Land use Land use Landscape changes Landscape changes"

Zhou, Yushuang. "Development of integrated prognostic models of land use/land cover change case studies in Brazil and China /". access full-text online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 2002. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3053828.

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Hunt, Kevin A. Cowell Charles Mark. "Land cover changes (1815 to 2007) in the central Missouri River Hills". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6547.

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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on November 17, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. C. Mark Cowell. Includes bibliographical references.

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Ek, Edgar. "Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Belize, 1993-2003: A Digital Change Detection Approach". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1102520727.

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Nygaard, Kimiko Jean-Lena. "From the Old to New West changes in landownership and land use in the Crazy Mountains, Montana from 1900 to 2000 /". Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/nygaard/NygaardK1208.pdf.

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Jaramillo, Fernando. "Changes in the Freshwater System : Distinguishing Climate and Landscape Drivers". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-113101.

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Freshwater is a vital resource that circulates between the atmosphere, the land and the sea. Understanding and quantifying changes to the partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration, runoff and water storage change in the landscape are required for assessing changes to freshwater availability. However, the partitioning processes and their changes are complex due to multiple change drivers and effects. This thesis investigates and aims to identify and separate the effects of atmospheric climate change and various landscape drivers on long-term freshwater change. This is done based on hydroclimatic, land-use and water-use data from the beginning of the twentieth century up to present times and across different regions and scales, from catchment to global. The analyzed landscape drivers include historic developments of irrigated and non-irrigated agriculture and flow regulation. The thesis uses and develops further a data-motivated approach to interpret available hydroclimatic and landscape data for identification of water change drivers and effects, expanding the approach application from local to continental and global scales. Based on this approach development, the thesis identifies hydroclimatic change signals of landscape drivers against the background of multiple coexisting drivers influencing worldwide freshwater change, within and among hydrological basins. Globally, landscape drivers are needed to explain more than 70% of the historic hydroclimatic changes, of which a considerable proportion may be directly human-driven. These landscape- and human-driven water changes need to be considered and accounted for also in modeling and projection of changes to the freshwater system on land.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.

VR, project 2009-3221

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Sun, Bo. "Spatio-temporal modelling of landuse and land cover change in arid zone, northwest China". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1163.

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Twongyirwe, Ronald. "Forests under threat? : changes in land use and forest cover in rural western Uganda". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252713.

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Deforestation and land use change are widespread in western Uganda. However, the spatial patterns and time-series of change and the reasons why it is occurring remain to be fully investigated. In this work a combination of satellite imagery and social surveys is used to quantify forest gains and loss over the last three decades in the region close to Lake Albert, whilst also providing an account of possible drivers of change. This area proves to be interesting as it covers regions with both formally protected areas (gazetted regions) and un-protected forest, the latter being largely under private ownership. Remote sensing data from the Landsat satellites were gathered for forest change detection, and were processed using standard remote sensing techniques, then quantified using GIS and regression methods. Fieldwork allowed these data to be ground truthed while gathering (quantitative) household surveys and (qualitative) key informant interviews. Quantitative surveys were analysed using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, and were compared qualitatively with the satellite analysis and stakeholder interviews. The results show that forest cover declined significantly outside gazetted areas at the expense of varying local?scale processes, although the protection of the gazetted forests was remarkably successful. In forest corridors outside gazetted regions, losses exceeded 90% (p<0.05). Survey data suggest that rural poor households were more likely to be situated in forested regions, and were more dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods. However, the drivers of change were spatially variable, with expansion of sugarcane farming being a likely driver in the northern areas, but small?scale agricultural expansion a significant factor in the more southern parts of the study region. While there is wide agreement within the data that the patterns of forest cover and land use changes are anthropogenically driven, more specific drivers are swamped by intricacies of the bio-physical and socio-economic preconditions that are inseparable in both space and time, although agricultural expansion and population growth were evident and pervasive. The analyses provide insights into complex anthropogenic processes at various spatial scales, and policy recommendations provided are widely applicable for developing countries struggling to conserve nature whilst boosting economic growth.

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Phyu, Phyu Lwin. "Land-use changes caused by livelihood transitions and their impact on tropical lower montane forest in Shan State, Myanmar". Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/231019.

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Padgett-Vasquez, Steve. "Tracking landscape changes in the Upper Cahaba River watershed and its tributaries (1974-2007) using Landsat and ASTER multipsectral image". Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2010. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2010m/padgett-vasquez.pdf.

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Cavalcante, Santos Cyntia. "Terrestrial herbivorous mammals in a mosaic of Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and land-use changes". Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0057.

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Les « hotspots » de la biodiversité du Cerrado et des forêts atlantiques ont souffert des changements rapides d’utilisation du sol au cours des cinq dernières décennies, résultant en une fragmentation de l’habitat, l’invasion d’espèces exotiques et la perte de biodiversité. Les mammifères herbivores sont une communauté clé pour étudier les impacts des changements d’utilisation des sols, car ils sont directement influencés par la structure du paysage. Premièrement, nous avons examiné des articles publiés entre 2002 et 2018 sur les mammifères terrestres dans des contextes de changement d’utilisation du sol dans le Cerrado brésilien. Nous avons constaté que les réactions négatives des mammifères aux changements d'utilisation du sol étaient associées à l'agriculture, à l'élevage, aux routes et aux zones urbaines. De plus, nous identifions de grandes lacunes de connaissances. Deuxièmement, nous avons collecté des données sur la communauté de mammifères herbivores à travers les gradients de changements d'utilisation du sol sur le plateau de Bodoquena au Brésil entre février 2016 et décembre 2017. Nous analysions comment et à quelle échelle trois métriques du paysage (pourcentage de couverture forestière, densité de parcelles et densité de lisières) affectent l'occurrence de quatre espèces herbivores (Dasyprocta azarae, Pecari tajacu, Mazama gouazoubira et Tapirus terrestris). Nous avons trouvé des différences dans les échelles auxquelles les espèces ont répondu à différentes mesures du paysage. Enfin, nous avons modélisé l'occupation de 23 mammifères herbivores dans le paysage du plateau de Bodoquena. Le modèle d'occupation en fonction du couvert forestier a montré des réactions idiosyncratiques par espèce aux changements d'utilisation du sol. Par conséquent, nous recommandons des stratégies différentes et complémentaires, notamment la restauration de l'habitat, pour la protection et gestion des mammifères herbivores au plateau de Bodoquena
The Cerrado and Atlantic forest biodiversity hotspots have been experiencing rapid land-use changes in the last five decades resulting in habitat fragmentation, invasion of exotic species and biodiversity loss. Herbivore mammals are a key community to investigate the impacts of land-use changes on biodiversity, because they are directly influenced by the landscape structure. In a first step, we reviewed articles published between 2002 and 2018 about terrestrial mammals in contexts of land-use change in the Brazilian Cerrado. We found that negative responses of mammals to land-use changes were mainly associated with agriculture, livestock, roads and urban areas. Moreover, we identified big knowledge gaps, for example in the coverage of research areas or species. Secondly, we collected data on the community of herbivore mammals across gradients of land-use changes in the Bodoquena Plateau in Brazil between February 2016 and December 2017. We analyzed how and on which scale three landscape metrics (percentage of forest cover, patch density and edge density) affect the occurrence of four herbivore species (Dasyprocta azarae, Pecari tajacu, Mazama gouazoubira and Tapirus terrestris). We found differences in the scales at which the species responded to different landscape metrics. Finally, we modeled the occupancy of 23 herbivore mammals in the landscape of the Bodoquena Plateau. The pattern of occupancy as a function of forest cover percentage showed idiosyncratic responses per species to land-use changes. Therefore, we recommend different and complementary strategies including habitat restoration for conservation and management of herbivore mammals in the Bodoquena Plateau

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Libros sobre el tema "Land use Land use Landscape changes Landscape changes"

Mander, Ü. Landscape perspectives of land use changes. Editado por Jongman R. H. Southampton: WIT Press, 2000.

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Johnston, Ian G. Changes in the island landscape. Dartmouth, N.S: Brigus Books, 2000.

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Palang, Hannes. Landscape changes in Estonia: The past and the future. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 1998.

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Dynamic world: Land-cover and land-use change. London: Arnold, 2002.

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Gray, Andrew N. Changes in land use and housing on resource lands in Washington state, 1976-2006. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2013.

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Aurada, Klaus D. y Raimund Rödel. Widerspiegelung von Natur-, Technik- und Kulturgeschichte im Landschaftsbild des mitteldeutschen Raumes: Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen einer Exkursion. Greifswald: Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, 2005.

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Land-use changes in China: Historical reconstruction over the past 300 years and future projection. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2015.

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Campaign to Protect Rural England., ed. Lie of the land. London: Campaign to Protect Rural England, 2003.

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Land use, climate change and biodiversity modeling: Perspectives and applications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2011.

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Penz, Hugo. Alpine Kulturlandschaft im Wandel: Hugo Penz zum 65. Geburtstag. Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Geographische Gesellschaft, 2007.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Land use Land use Landscape changes Landscape changes"

Bičík, Ivan, Jan Kabrda y Jiří Najman. "Land-Use Changes Along the Iron Curtain in Czechia". En Landscape Modelling, 71–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3052-8_6.

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Bičík, Ivan, Jiří Anděl y Martin Balej. "Landscape Function Transformations with Relation to Land-Use Changes". En Landscape Modelling, 87–103. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3052-8_7.

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Papanastasis, Vasilios P., Ioannis Ispikoudis, Margarita Arianoutsou, Petros Kakouros y Angelos Kazaklis. "Land-use Changes and Landscape Dynamics in Western Crete". En Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 81–93. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470093714.ch8.

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Cárdenas, Aura, Harald Schernthanner, Ana Moliner y Chiquinquirá Hontoria. "Analysis of Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes in a Livestock Landscape Dominated by Silvopastoral Systems". En Innovations in Landscape Research, 255–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67448-9_10.

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Schaldach, Rüdiger, Jan Göpel y Jan Schüngel. "An Integrated Modelling Approach for Land Use Changes on Different Scales". En Innovations in Landscape Research, 509–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37421-1_26.

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Klauer, Bernd, Burghard Meyer, Helga Horsch, Frank Messner y Ralf Grabaum. "Decision support for land use changes — A combination of methods for policy advising and planning". En Landscape Balance and Landscape Assessment, 281–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04532-9_10.

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Gebelein, Jennifer. "History of Remote Sensing and GIS as It Relates to Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes Over Time". En Landscape Series, 55–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2406-8_5.

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Tatoni, Thierry, Frédéric Médail, Philippe Roche y Marcel Barbero. "The Impact of Changes in Land Use on Ecological Patterns in Provence (Mediterranean France)". En Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 105–20. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470093714.ch10.

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Sharma, Kiran. "Urbanization Induced Land Use-Land Cover Changes in the Manipur Valley and Surrounding Hills: A Landscape Metrics Approach". En Environmental Change in the Himalayan Region, 137–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03362-0_7.

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Globevnik, Lidija, Mitja Kaligarič y Andrej Sovinc. "Forest Cover Progression, Land-use and Socio-Economic Changes on the Edge of the Mediterranean". En Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 249–56. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470093714.ch21.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Land use Land use Landscape changes Landscape changes"

Nuninger, Laure, Philip Verhagen, Frédérique Bertoncello y Angelo Castrorao Barba. "Estimating “Land Use Heritage” to Model Changes in Archaeological Settlement Patterns". En Landscape Archaeology Conference. VU E-Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.60.

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Vinogradovs, Ivo, Oļģerts Nikodemus, Guntis Tabors, Imants Krūze y Didzis Elferts. "ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS OF LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN MOSAIC TYPE LANDSCAPE: A CASE STUDY OF VIDZEME, LATVIA". En Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2016.31.

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Landscape change has been extensively documented throughout rural Europe over the past decades. The dominating tendencies are intensification of agriculture and land marginalization. In territories of former USSR radical land use changes have shattered rural landscape structure throughout the 20th century, which in many cases have led to land marginalization in form of abandonment of agricultural lands and subsequent uncontrolled afforestation. This process is especially evident in mosaic type landscapes – landscapes of small intertwining structure of patches of agricultural land and forests. The paper presents the results of the study based on application of multinomial logistic regression and cross-analysis using binary logistic regression in R of important physical factors of landscape structure such as land quality, soil texture, slope, as well as land use patch size. Additionally certain human induced factors such as distance to closest paved road, cadastral plot size and availability of Single Area Payments are added for more accurate assessment of the driving forces of landscape change and possible vectors for supplementary studies. Data was gathered in intensive field surveys combined with analysis of high quality remotely sensed data. Results show strong interrelationship of several analyzed factors and thus calls for attention to further development of methodology.

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Wang, Zhihui y Qiu Yin. "Land use and landscape pattern changes in Nanjing during 1988–2007". En IGARSS 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6049221.

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Aunap, R., E. Uuemaa, J. Roosaare y Ü. Mander. "Spatial correlograms and landscape metrics as indicators of land use changes". En GEO-ENVIRONMENT 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/geo060311.

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Zvaigzne, Anete, Andra Blumberga y Saulius Vasarevičius. "APPLICATION OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL ON AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE". En Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2016.33.

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Agricultural land comprises an important share of the total terrestrial land. Therefore it plays a crucial role in the health of the so-called foundation of all types of ecosystem services – biodiversity. This research aims at providing a tool for evaluating the state of biodiversity in an agricultural landscape by using different agri-environmental indicators. A system dynamics model is built that encloses agricultural land use parameters, agricultural land use intensity, landscape fragmentation patterns, crop diversity and other aspects that have an important effect on biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. This research is an attempt to use information available for public to assess the degree to which agricultural landscape may benefit from landscape greening activities, changes in crop management activities etc. At the end of this research landscape biodiversity of an intensive farming region in Latvia (Bauska district) will be evaluated.

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Boltiziar, Martin. "LAND-USE CHANGES OF THE SLOVAK CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OVER THE PAST 250 YEARS (ON EXAMPLE LANDSCAPE TYPES)". En 4th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/52/s20.047.

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Vojtek, Matej. "LAND USE CHANGES AND LANDSCAPE STABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF RADISA CATCHMENT (WESTERN SLOVAKIA)". En 4th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/52/s20.046.

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PRUS, Barbara, Stanisław BACIOR y Małgorzata DUDZIŃSKA. "ASSESSMENT OF HISTORICAL BIO-INDEX CHANGES IN RURAL AREAS IN SOUTHERN POLAND – CASE STUDY". En RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.012.

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Intensity of land use could be considered as an indicator of rate of anthropogenic impact on landscape (CAI) and the coefficient of ecological stability (CES). These two bio-indexes are based on the land use categories. The CAI coefficient is the ratio of the sum of percentile areas of land characterized by considerable human impact in relation to the sum of percentile areas of lands with low or none anthropogenic pressure. The CES index describes the structure of land use in one unit according to land use categories weighted by given coefficients. The calculation of the complex integral index enables to know the potential of the environment, i.e. a natural resource reserve with a structure that allows self-regulation of ecosystems and expresses the environment's resistance to bearing anthropogenic loads. The aim of the study is to analyze the historical land use changes (in the period of 1845-2016) in rural areas of Southern Poland using bio-indexes such as the anthropogenic impact on landscape (CAI) and the coefficient of ecological stability (CES). The analysis led to the conclusion about the strong dynamics of changes during this period which is largely due to the growth of the percentile areas of lands with considerable human impact especially after the historical transformation in 1989 in Poland. At the same time, the attention should be paid to the land use changes as an effect of growing suburbanization. The results of the study can be used by public authorities, citizens and governing bodies to form a system of measures to calculate environmental potential and modelling changes which ensure the environmental protection and sustainable development of rural areas.

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Yan, Yan, Huang Jiejun, Zhan Yunjun y Yanyan Wu. "Study on Land Use and Landscape Type Changes in Xiantao Based on RS and GIS". En 2008 International Workshop on Education Technology and Training & 2008 International Workshop on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ettandgrs.2008.22.

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Yanyan, Lu, Li Xinju, Guo Suli y Wang Mei. "Changes of Land Use and Landscape Pattern in Feicheng Coal Mining Area Based on Remote Sensing". En 2011 Fourth International Symposium on Knowledge Acquisition and Modeling (KAM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/kam.2011.106.

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Informes sobre el tema "Land use Land use Landscape changes Landscape changes"

Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong y Do Trong Hoan. Commune-level institutional arrangements and monitoring framework for integrated tree-based landscape management. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21024.pdf.

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Governance is a difficult task in the context of achieving landscape multifunctionality owing to the multiplicity of stakeholders, institutions, scale and ecosystem services: the ‘many-multiple’ (Cockburn et al 2018). Governing and managing the physical landscape and the actors in the landscape requires intensive knowledge and good planning systems. Land-use planning is a powerful instrument in landscape governance because it directly guides how actors will intervene in the physical landscape (land use) to gain commonly desired value. It is essential for sustaining rural landscapes and improving the livelihoods of rural communities (Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al 2012, Rydin 1998), ensuring landscape multifunctionality (Nelson et al 2009, Reyers et al 2012) and enhancing efficiency in carbon sequestration, in particular (Bourgoin et al 2013, Cathcart et al 2007). It is also considered critical to the successful implementation of land-based climate mitigation, such as under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), because the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is included in the mitigation contributions of nearly 90 percent of countries in Sub-Saharan and Southern Asia countries and in the Latin American and Caribbean regions (FAO 2016). Viet Nam has been implementing its NDC, which includes forestry and land-based mitigation options under the LULUCF sector. The contribution of the sector to committed national emission reduction is significant and cost-effective compared with other sectors. In addition to achieving emission reduction targets, implementation of forestry and land-based mitigation options has the highest benefits for social-economic development and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (MONRE 2020). Challenges, however, lie in the way national priorities and targets are translated into sub-national delivery plans and the way sub-national actors are brought together in orchestration (Hsu et al 2019) in a context where the legal framework for climate-change mitigation is elaborated at national rather than sub-national levels and coordination between government bodies and among stakeholders is generally ineffective (UNDP 2018). In many developing countries, conventional ‘top–down’, centralized land-use planning approaches have been widely practised, with very little success, a result of a lack of flexibility in adapting local peculiarities (Amler et al 1999, Ducourtieux et al 2005, Kauzeni et al 1993). In forest–agriculture mosaic landscapes, the fundamental question is how land-use planning can best conserve forest and agricultural land, both as sources of economic income and environmental services (O’Farrell and Anderson 2010). This paper provides guidance on monitoring integrated tree-based landscape management at commune level, based on the current legal framework related to natural resource management (land and forest) and the requirements of national green-growth development and assessment of land uses in two communes in Dien Bien and Son La provinces. The concept of integrated tree based landscape management in Viet Nam is still new and should be further developed for wider application across levels.

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Anderson, Jennifer. Lives, Livelihoods, and Landscapes: A Study of Land Use and Social Change in Northeastern Nepal. Portland State University Library, enero de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2235.

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Hunter, Fraser y Martin Carruthers. Scotland: The Roman Presence. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, junio de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.104.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Scotland in the Roman world: Research into Roman Scotland requires an appreciation of the wider frontier and Empire-wide perspectives, and Scottish projects must be integrated into these wider, international debates. The rich data set and chronological control that Scotland has to offer can be used to inform broader understandings of the impact of Rome.  Changing worlds: Roman Scotland’s rich data set should be employed to contribute to wider theoretical perspectives on topics such as identity and ethnicity, and how these changed over time. What was the experience of daily life for the various peoples in Roman Scotland and how did interactions between incomers and local communities develop and change over the period in question, and, indeed, at and after its end?  Frontier Life: Questions still remain regarding the disposition and chronology of forts and forces, as well as the logistics of sustaining and supplying an army of conquest and occupation. Sites must be viewed as part of a wider, interlocking set of landscapes, and the study of movement over land and by sea incorporated within this. The Antonine Wall provides a continuing focus of research which would benefit from more comparison with frontier structures and regimes in other areas.  Multiple landscapes: Roman sites need to be seen in a broader landscape context, ‘looking beyond the fort’ and explored as nested and interlocking landscapes. This will allow exploration of frontier life and the changing worlds of the Roman period. To do justice to this resource requires two elements: o Development-control archaeology should look as standard at the hinterland of forts (up to c.1 km from the ‘core’), as sensitive areas and worthy of evaluation; examples such as Inveresk show the density of activity around such nodes. The interiors of camps should be extensively excavated as standard. o Integrated approaches to military landscapes are required, bringing in where appropriate topographical and aerial survey, LIDAR, geophysics, the use of stray and metal-detected finds, as well as fieldwalking and ultimately, excavation.  The Legacy of Rome: How did the longer term influence of the Romans, and their legacy, influence the formation, nature and organisation of the Pictish and other emergent kingdoms?

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Douglas, Thomas A., Christopher A. Hiemstra, Miriam C. Jones y Jeffrey R. Arnold. Sources and Sinks of Carbon in Boreal Ecosystems of Interior Alaska : A Review. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, julio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41163.

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Boreal ecosystems store large quantities of carbon but are increasingly vulnerable to carbon loss due to disturbance and climate warming. The boreal region in Alaska and Canada, largely underlain by discontinuous permafrost, presents a challenging landscape for itemizing carbon sources and sinks in soil and vegetation. The roles of fire, forest succession, and the presence/absence of permafrost on carbon cycle, vegetation, and hydrologic processes have been the focus of multidisciplinary research in boreal ecosystems for the past 20 years. However, projections of a warming future climate, an increase in fire severity and extent, and the potential degradation of permafrost could lead to major landscape and carbon cycle changes over the next 20 to 50 years. To assist land managers in interior Alaska in adapting and managing for potential changes in the carbon cycle, this paper was developed incorporating an overview of the climate, ecosystem processes, vegetation, and soil regimes. The objective is to provide a synthesis of the most current carbon storage estimates and measurements to guide policy and land management decisions on how to best manage carbon sources and sinks. We provide recommendations to address the challenges facing land managers in efforts to manage carbon cycle processes. The results of this study can be used for carbon cycle management in other locations within the boreal biome which encompasses a broad distribution from 45° to 83° north.

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Hunter, Fraser y Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, septiembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world

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Ziegler, Nancy, Nicholas Webb, Adrian Chappell y Sandra LeGrand. Scale invariance of albedo-based wind friction velocity. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), mayo de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40499.

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Obtaining reliable estimates of aerodynamic roughness is necessary to interpret and accurately predict aeolian sediment transport dynamics. However, inherent uncertainties in field measurements and models of surface aerodynamic properties continue to undermine aeolian research, monitoring, and dust modeling. A new relation between aerodynamic shelter and land surface shadow has been established at the wind tunnel scale, enabling the potential for estimates of wind erosion and dust emission to be obtained across scales from albedo data. Here, we compare estimates of wind friction velocity (u*) derived from traditional methods (wind speed profiles) with those derived from the albedo model at two separate scales using bare soil patch (via net radiometers) and landscape (via MODIS 500 m) datasets. Results show that profile-derived estimates of u* are highly variable in anisotropic surface roughness due to changes in wind direction and fetch. Wind speed profiles poorly estimate soil surface (bed) wind friction velocities necessary for aeolian sediment transport research and modeling. Albedo-based estimates of u* at both scales have small variability because the estimate is integrated over a defined, fixed area and resolves the partition of wind momentum be-tween roughness elements and the soil surface. We demonstrate that the wind tunnel-based calibration of albedo for predicting wind friction velocities at the soil surface (us*) is applicable across scales. The albedo-based approach enables consistent and reliable drag partition correction across scales for model and field estimates of us* necessary for wind erosion and dust emission modeling.

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Saville, Alan y Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, junio de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.

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