Bibliografías temáticas / Laser altimeters

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Laser altimeters"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 5 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Laser altimeters"

1

Brunt, Kelly M., Robert L. Hawley, Eric R. Lutz, Michael Studinger, John G. Sonntag, Michelle A. Hofton, Lauren C. Andrews y Thomas A. Neumann. "Assessment of NASA airborne laser altimetry data using ground-based GPS data near Summit Station, Greenland". Cryosphere 11, n.º 2 (8 de marzo de 2017): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-681-2017.

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Abstract. A series of NASA airborne lidars have been used in support of satellite laser altimetry missions. These airborne laser altimeters have been deployed for satellite instrument development, for spaceborne data validation, and to bridge the data gap between satellite missions. We used data from ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys of an 11 km long track near Summit Station, Greenland, to assess the surface–elevation bias and measurement precision of three airborne laser altimeters including the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM), the Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor (LVIS), and the Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL). Ground-based GPS data from the monthly ground-based traverses, which commenced in 2006, allowed for the assessment of nine airborne lidar surveys associated with ATM and LVIS between 2007 and 2016. Surface–elevation biases for these altimeters – over the flat, ice-sheet interior – are less than 0.12 m, while assessments of measurement precision are 0.09 m or better. Ground-based GPS positions determined both with and without differential post-processing techniques provided internally consistent solutions. Results from the analyses of ground-based and airborne data provide validation strategy guidance for the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) elevation and elevation-change data products.
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Toffoli, A., A. V. Babanin, M. A. Donelan, B. K. Haus y D. Jeong. "Estimating Sea Spray Volume with a Laser Altimeter". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2011): 1177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jtecho827.1.

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Abstract Down-looking laser altimeters are commonly used to measure the sea surface elevation. However, because the laser radiation is attenuated by spray droplets suspended along the transmission path, it is presumed that altimeters may also provide an indirect measure of the sea spray volume. Here, this conjecture is discussed by means of laboratory experiments, which have been conducted in a wind-wave flume. A large number of wind conditions were considered between equivalent 10-m wind speeds of 20 and 60 m s−1 in order to generate different spray volumes above the water surface. The facility was equipped with a laser and side-looking camera system to estimate the spray volume as well as a nearby down-looking laser altimeter. Results confirm that there is a robust degradation of the laser intensity for increasing wind speed and hence the amount of spray droplets above the water surface. A simple regression model to extract spray volume from the average intensity of the laser radiation is presented, demonstrating the promise of laser altimeters for making in situ spray observations. Additional observations will be required to calibrate the altimeters for applications in the open ocean marine environment.
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Farrell, Sinéad L., Kelly M. Brunt, Julia M. Ruth, John M. Kuhn, Laurence N. Connor y Kaitlin M. Walsh. "Sea-ice freeboard retrieval using digital photon-counting laser altimetry". Annals of Glaciology 56, n.º 69 (2015): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015aog69a686.

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AbstractAirborne and spaceborne altimeters provide measurements of sea-ice elevation, from which sea-ice freeboard and thickness may be derived. Observations of the Arctic ice pack by satellite altimeters indicate a significant decline in ice thickness, and volume, over the last decade. NASA’s Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is a next-generation laser altimeter designed to continue key sea-ice observations through the end of this decade. An airborne simulator for ICESat-2, the Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL), has been deployed to gather pre-launch data for mission development. We present an analysis of MABEL data gathered over sea ice in the Greenland Sea and assess the capabilities of photon-counting techniques for sea-ice freeboard retrieval. We compare freeboard estimates in the marginal ice zone derived from MABEL photon-counting data with coincident data collected by a conventional airborne laser altimeter. We find that freeboard estimates agree to within 0.03 m in the areas where sea-ice floes were interspersed with wide leads, and to within 0.07 m elsewhere. MABEL data may also be used to infer sea-ice thickness, and when compared with coincident but independent ice thickness estimates, MABEL ice thicknesses agreed to within 0.65 m or better.
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Xie, J., R. Liu, F. Mo, H. Tang, H. Jiao, Y. Mei y C. Yang. "POINTING BIAS CALIBRATION OF GAOFEN-7 LASER ALTIMETER BASED ON SINGLE LASER FOOTPRINT IMAGE". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-2-2020 (3 de agosto de 2020): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-2-2020-113-2020.

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Abstract. The GaoFen-7 (GF-7) satellite is successfully launched on November 3, 2019, and its laser altimeter system is officially and firstly employed as the main payload for earth observations in China, which includes two sets of laser altimeters and laser footprint cameras. The Laser Footprint Image (LFI) is used to capture laser spots on the ground. In order to make up for the shortcomings of high cost field work for the traditional laser altimeter ground detector-based calibration method, this paper proposes a novel laser altimeter calibration method based on LFI. Firstly, the spaceborne laser calibration model and the Laser Footprint Camera (LFC) geolocation model are established. Secondly, the image coordinates of laser spot centroid are extracted from LFI, and the ground location of is obtained by ray intersecting with the reference Digital Surface Model (DSM). Finally, the centroid of laser spot is considered as Ground Control Point (GCP), and the pointing bias of GF-7 laser altimeter is calibrated by the Least Squares Estimation (LSE). The ALOS Global Digital Surface Model “ALOS World 3D-30m” (AW3D30) is used to evaluate the elevation accuracy of GF-7 laser altimeter before and after the calibration. The results indicate that elevation accuracy of the GF-7 laser altimeter is improved significantly after calibration. The proposed method can be effectively applied for high-frequency geometric calibration of GF-7 laser altimeter.
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Sun, J., S. P. Burns, D. Vandemark, M. A. Donelan, L. Mahrt, Timothy L. Crawford, T. H. C. Herbers, G. H. Crescenti y J. R. French. "Measurement of Directional Wave Spectra Using Aircraft Laser Altimeters". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 22, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2005): 869–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech1729.1.

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Abstract A remote sensing method to measure directional oceanic surface waves by three laser altimeters on the NOAA LongEZ aircraft is investigated. To examine feasibility and sensitivity of the wavelet analysis method to various waves, aircraft motions, and aircraft flight directions relative to wave propagation directions, idealized surface waves are simulated from various idealized aircraft flights. In addition, the wavelet analysis method is also applied to two cases from field measurements, and the results are compared with traditional wave spectra from buoys. Since the wavelet analysis method relies on the “wave slopes” measured through phase differences between the time series of the laser distances between the aircraft and sea surface at spatially separated locations, the resolved directional wavenumber and wave propagation direction are not affected by aircraft motions if the resolved frequencies of the aircraft motion and the wave are not the same. However, the encounter wave frequency, which is directly resolved using the laser measurement from the moving aircraft, is affected by the Doppler shift due to aircraft motion relative to wave propagations. The wavelet analysis method could fail if the aircraft flies in the direction such that the aircraft speed along the wave propagation direction is the same as the wave phase speed (i.e., the aircraft flies along wave crests or troughs) or if two waves with different wavelengths and phase speed have the same encountered wavelength from the aircraft. In addition, the data noise due to laser measurement uncertainty or natural isotropic surface elevation perturbations can also affect the relative phase difference between the laser distance measurements, which in turn affects the accuracy of the resolved wavenumber and wave propagation direction. The smallest waves measured by the lasers depend on laser sampling rate and horizontal distances between the lasers (for the LongEZ this is 2 m). The resolved wave direction and wavenumber at the peak wave from the two field experiments compared well with on-site buoy observations. Overall, the study demonstrates that three spatially separated laser altimeters on moving platforms can be utilized to resolve two-dimensional wave spectra.
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Gardner, C. S. "Ranging performance of satellite laser altimeters". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30, n.º 5 (1992): 1061–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.175341.

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Zhang, Yi Fei y Hui Yang. "Design of a Signal Processing System for Digital Laser Altimeter". Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (julio de 2013): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.592.

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Laser altimeters are used to measure the elevation and detect the topography of terrain, which have been widely applied in military and civilian field. In the course of measurement, errors will inevitably generate as a result of ground settlement, surface relief and tilt, etc. In order to reduce measurement errors, the technology of laser waveform digitalization was researched. Firstly, the principle of error generation was introduced. Secondly, the basic scheme of signal processing system for digital laser altimeter was present. System components and signal processing procedure were researched. Next, the technology of extracting echo waveform parameters was discussed. Finally the method of using digital waveform parameters to correct measurement errors was provided. The principle of target classification and identification based on echo waveform parameters was introduced also.
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Kornienko, Yu V., I. A. Dulova y N. V. Bondarenko. "INVOLVEMENT OF ALTIMETRY INFORMATION INTO THE IMPROVED PHOTOCLINOMETRY METHOD FOR RELIEF RETRIEVAL FROM A SLOPE FIELD". Radio physics and radio astronomy 26, n.º 2 (23 de junio de 2021): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rpra26.02.173.

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Purpose: The paper discusses the possibility for increasing the planet’s surface relief retrieving accuracy with the improved photoclinometry method through the reference of the desired relief to the altimetry data. The general approach to solving the problem is proposed. The use of altimeters having both wide and narrow beam patterns are discussed, but the narrow beam pattern altimeter data is studied more in detail. The spatial resolution of the retrieved relief calculated with the improved photoclinometry method conforms to the one of the source images. Altimetry allows absolute reference to the surface heights and improves the accuracy of the relief determination. Design/metodology/approach: The work is based on the improved photoclinometry method for the planet’s surface relief retrieving from images. This method is mathematically rigorous and uses the Bayesian statistical approach, that allows calculation of the most probable relief according to available observations. Findings: An approach to determining the optimal statistical estimate of the surface heights from images in the frames of the improved photoclinometry method is proposed and an expression for the optimal filter which converts source images along with the wide beam pattern altimetry data into the most probable relief of the planet surface area is presented. The reference technique for the narrow beam pattern altimeter data is formulated. The efficiency of the method has been verified with the computer simulation. The relief of the surface area in Mare Imbrium on the Moon was retrieved using three images and laser altimeter data taken by the “Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter” spacecraft. Conclusions: Accounting for the narrow beam pattern altimeter data increases the accuracy of the relief determination. Using the narrow beam pattern altimeter data turns out to be more preferable over the involving wide beam pattern altimeter data. Computer simulation has shown that accounting for the narrow beam pattern altimeter data significantly increases the accuracy of the calculated heights as against using images exclusively and helps to speed up the calculation procedure. Key words: planet surface relief; photometry; altimetry; optimal filtering; statistical estimation of random value
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Levinsen, J. F., I. M. Howat y C. C. Tscherning. "Improving maps of ice-sheet surface elevation change using combined laser altimeter and stereoscopic elevation model data". Journal of Glaciology 59, n.º 215 (2013): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j114.

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AbstractWe combine the complementary characteristics of laser altimeter data and stereoscopic digital elevation models (DEMs) to construct high-resolution (∼100 m) maps of surface elevations and elevation changes over rapidly changing outlet glaciers in Greenland. Measurements from spaceborne and airborne laser altimeters have relatively low errors but are spatially limited to the ground tracks, while DEMs have larger errors but provide spatially continuous surfaces. The principle of our method is to fit the DEM surface to the altimeter point clouds in time and space to minimize the DEM errors and use that surface to extrapolate elevations away from altimeter flight lines. This reduces the DEM registration errors and fills the gap between the altimeter paths. We use data from ICESat and ATM as well as SPOT 5 DEMs from 2007 and 2008 and apply them to the outlet glaciers Jakobshavn Isbræ (JI) and Kangerdlugssuaq (KL). We find that the main trunks of JI and KL lowered at rates of 30–35 and 7–20 m a−1,respectively. The rates decreased inland. The corresponding errors were 0.3–5.2 m a−1for JI and 0.3–5.1 m a−1for KL, with errors increasing proportionally with distance from the altimeter paths.
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Quartly, Graham D., Eero Rinne, Marcello Passaro, Ole B. Andersen, Salvatore Dinardo, Sara Fleury, Amandine Guillot et al. "Retrieving Sea Level and Freeboard in the Arctic: A Review of Current Radar Altimetry Methodologies and Future Perspectives". Remote Sensing 11, n.º 7 (11 de abril de 2019): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11070881.

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Spaceborne radar altimeters record echo waveforms over all Earth surfaces, but their interpretation and quantitative exploitation over the Arctic Ocean is particularly challenging. Radar returns may be from all ocean, all sea ice, or a mixture of the two, so the first task is the determination of which surface and then an interpretation of the signal to give range. Subsequently, corrections have to be applied for various surface and atmospheric effects before making a comparison with a reference level. This paper discusses the drivers for improved altimetry in the Arctic and then reviews the various approaches that have been used to achieve the initial classification and subsequent retracking over these diverse surfaces, showing examples from both LRM (low resolution mode) and SAR (synthetic aperture radar) altimeters. The review then discusses the issues concerning corrections, including the choices between using other remote-sensing measurements and using those from models or climatology. The paper finishes with some perspectives on future developments, incorporating secondary frequency, interferometric SAR and opportunities for fusion with measurements from laser altimetry or from the SMOS salinity sensor, and provides a full list of relevant abbreviations.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Laser altimeters"

1

Filin, Sagi. "Calibration of Airborne and Spaceborne Laser Altimeters Using Natural Surfaces". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1381146808.

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Farrell, S. L. "Satellite laser altimetry over sea ice". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445477/.

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The Arctic region plays an important role in the global climate system through various feedbacks, involving surface albedo, oceanic deep-water formation, and sea surface salinity, which can amplify climate variability and change. We investigate the exploitation of data collected by the first Earth-orbiting laser altimeter carried onboard ICESat over the sea-ice covered regions of the Arctic Ocean. We extract parameters associated with the study of the polar climate system including the time-varying component of sea surface topography and sea ice freeboard. We assess an existing method for the retrieval of Arctic sea surface height from ICESat data. We present an alternative method for sea surface height retrieval, based on surface reflectivity and analysis of parameters associated with the shape of the received echo. This method aims to discriminate echoes originating over leads or thin ice. We provide the first maps of Arctic sea surface height as derived from ICESat. We examine the accuracy of our results through comparisons with independent sea surface height estimates derived from ENVISAT radar altimetry. We demonstrate the use of sea surface height data for oceanographic and geodetic applications in the Arctic Ocean. We derive an ICESat mean sea surface which, when combined with the recently developed Arctic hybrid geoid model, can be used to analyse mean dynamic ocean topography. In addition we investigate the use of ICESat sea surface height measurements to map marine gravity anomalies up to the limit of coverage at 86 N. By combining ICESat surface elevation measurements with sea surface height estimates, we derive sea ice freeboard throughout the Arctic up to 86 N. We compare our results to coincident estimates of sea ice freeboard from ENVISAT. Finally, we explore the feasibility of combining satellite laser and radar altimetric measurements of sea ice freeboard to measure the depth of snow loading on sea ice.
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Giles, Katharine Anne. "Radar and laser altimeter measurements over Arctic sea ice". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445518/.

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To validate sea ice models, basin wide sea ice thickness measurements with an accuracy of 0.5 m are required to analyse trends in sea ice thickness, it is necessary to detect changes in sea ice thickness of 4 cm per year on a basin wide scale. The estimated error on satellite radar altimeter estimates of sea ice thickness is 0.45 m and the estimated error on satellite laser altimetry estimates of sea ice thickness is 0.78 m. The Laser Radar Altimetry (LaRA) field campaign took place in the Arctic during 2002. It was the first experiment to collect coincident radar and laser altimetry over sea ice. This thesis analyses the data from LaRA to explore the potential of combining radar and laser altimetry to reduce the uncertainties in measurements of sea ice thickness. Two new methods to analyse the LaRA data are described. The first is the University College London (UCL) Delay/Doppler radar altimeter (D2P) re-tracking algorithm and the second is the UCL D2P power simulator. Each method is calibrated and the associated error is estimated. The UCL D2P power simulator reproduces the D2P returns closely, and is used to estimate the elevation difference between the reflecting surface of the radar and the laser with an accuracy of 0.07 m. The laser is shown to consistently reflect from a higher surface than the radar. The offset between the laser and the radar is consistent with observed snow depths and compares well to snow depth distributions from in-situ data. We find that reducing the error in snow depth to 7 cm reduces the radar error in sea ice thickness from 0.45 m to 0.37 m and the laser error in sea ice thickness from 0.78 m to 0.55 m.
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Quinn, Katherine J. (Katherine Jane) 1971. "Atmospheric delay modeling for satellite laser altimetry". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8061.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references.
NASA's Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) is a laser altimetry mission with the primary purpose of measuring the mass balance of the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. It will provide 5 years of topography measurements of the ice, as well as land and ocean topography. In order to accurate topography measurements the laser altimeter ranges must be corrected for certain biases. Atmospheric delay is one such bias. As the laser pulse travels through the atmosphere it will be refracted, introducing a delay into the travel time. This delay must be estimated to correct the ranges and the delay estimations need to be validated. Of particular concern are errors in the delay estimates that have the same characteristics as the expected mass balance variations. The main focus of this dissertation is to formulate algorithms for calculating the ICE-Sat atmospheric delay and estimate the expected delay values and errors. Our atmospheric delay algorithm uses numerical weather model data to estimate delay values. We have validated these algorithms using Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) in the polar regions and GPS data over the globe. The GPS data validation was also augmented by in-situ meteorology measurements at some the stations. The GPS validation process additionally allowed us to investigate the estimation of precipitable water vapor using GPS data. The validation studies have shown that our atmospheric delay algorithm errors are well within the ICESat error budget of 20 mm. The overall global delay errors are estimated to be approximately 5.4 mm and the polar delay errors are 12.2 mm. There are no discernible biases in the error and the seasonal variations in error magnitudes are well characterized.
by Katherine J. Quinn.
Ph.D.
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Rosette, Jacqueline. "Biophysical parameter retrieval from satellite laser altimetry". Thesis, Swansea University, 2009. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42348.

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Quantifying and monitoring vegetation distribution and change are fundamental to carbon accounting and requirements of national forest inventories. This research explores the potential of the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), launched in 2003 by NASA as the first global Earth surface satellite LiDAR mission. The project study site is the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, UK, a highly mixed, temperate forest with varied topography. Methods are developed to distinguish the regions within waveforms returned from vegetation and ground. When compared with field measurements, estimation of canopy height gives a correlation of R2=0.92; RMSE=2.81m. Waveform indices are determined and evaluated with respect to their potential to estimate biophysical parameters. Heights of cumulative energy percentiles within the waveform prove to be significant estimators. When compared to calculations from independent yield models, results show correlations with stand- level top height (R2=0.76; RMSE 3.9m) and stemwood volume (mixed composition stands dominated by broadleaves: R2=0.47, RMSE=75.6m3/ha; conifers: R2=0.66, RMSE=82.5m3/ha). Uncertainty analysis is undertaken of both waveform and yield model estimates. Canopy cover is estimated for the area beneath GLAS waveforms, corrected for differences in reflectance for ground and canopy surfaces. These are assessed against airborne LiDAR estimates, validated using hemispherical photography. The method produces results with R2=0.63; RMSE=11% for stands with greatest coverage by broadleaves and R2=0.41; RMSE 16% for conifer-dominated stands. Small footprint airborne LiDAR (AL) is widely accepted to offer valuable data regarding forest parameters. An evaluation of AL and GLAS results demonstrate that the broad GLAS footprint dimensions allow similar estimation of stand-level parameters (e.g. AL/yield model Top Height: R2=0.73, RMSE=4.5m). Direct comparison of GLAS with AL shows ground surface identification with mean difference of 0.32m and that elevation profiles correspond well (98th percentiles R2=0.76, RMSE=3.4m). Finally, prospects for use of LiDAR in carbon accounting, assimilation within models and for forestry applications are discussed.
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Magruder, Lori Adrian. "Pointing angle and timing verification of the geoscience laser altimeter using a ground-based detection system". Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3037523.

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Rothwell, Derek A. "Precise orbit determination and analysis from satellite altimetry and laser ranging". Thesis, Aston University, 1989. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10662/.

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For optimum utilization of satellite-borne instrumentation, it is necessary to know precisely the orbital position of the spacecraft. The aim of this thesis is therefore two-fold - firstly to derive precise orbits with particular emphasis placed on the altimetric satellite SEASAT and secondly, to utilize the precise orbits, to improve upon atmospheric density determinations for satellite drag modelling purposes. Part one of the thesis, on precise orbit determinations, is particularly concerned with the tracking data - satellite laser ranging, altimetry and crossover height differences - and how this data can be used to analyse errors in the orbit, the geoid and sea-surface topography. The outcome of this analysis is the determination of a low degree and order model for sea surface topography. Part two, on the other hand, mainly concentrates on using the laser data to analyse and improve upon current atmospheric density models. In particular, the modelling of density changes associated with geomagnetic disturbances comes under scrutiny in this section. By introducing persistence modelling of a geomagnetic event and solving for certain geomagnetic parameters, a new density model is derived which performs significantly better than the state-of-the-art models over periods of severe geomagnetic storms at SEASAT heights. This is independently verified by application of the derived model to STARLETTE orbit determinations.
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Koch, Christian. "Extraction of Mercury's tidal signal and libration amplitude from synthetic laser altimeter data sets". [Göttingen] Copernicus Publ, 2009. http://d-nb.info/999293885/04.

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Cobby, David Mark. "The use of airborne scanning laser altimetry for improved river flood prediction". Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394019.

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Airborne scanning laser altimetry (LiDAR) is an important new data source for many environmental applications, mapping topographic and surface object height to high vertical (±15-20cm) and horizontal (±30-100cm) accuracy over large areas, both time and cost effectively. These data offer improvements in 2D hydraulic flood models by providing floodplain bathymetry and vegetation height for the parameterisation of friction. Current parameterisations use one (temporally constant) value of friction for the floodplain, and one for the channel, with these values determined through a calibration procedure which limits the physical basis of the model and, hence, its applicability to different catchments and flood events. Primarily for this reason, a LiDAR data processing system is developed that segments a rural scene into water and three vegetation height classes. The vegetation and topographic heights in each class are calculated, and are accurate to ±14cm and ±17cm (respectively) for the class 'crops and grasses'. The vegetation heights are subsequently converted. using existing empirical equations, into friction coefficients that vary with the local flow depth and velocity. This friction parameterisation is implemented in the TELEMAC-2D model and a Hood that occurred on the river Severn in 1998 is simulated. When compared with a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image of the event, the model accurately predicts the inundation extent. The LiDAR vegetation segmentation is also used to drive a new mesh generator which decomposes the mesh around automatically identified vegetation features so t.hat. regions of abruptly changing boundary friction (and, as it. transpires, topographic gradient) are represented more explicitly in t.he model. Further model simulations demonstrate (i) an improvement in inundation extent prediction using the spatiotemporally variable friction parameterisation on the decomposed mesh, and (ii) variations in predicted velocities which may be observable using remote sensing. Indeed. velocity patterns are identified as important in model validation as the SAR data exhibit inadequacies.
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Chen, Gang 1965. "GPS kinematic positioning for the airborne laser altimetry at Long Valley, California". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9680.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, February 1999.
Includes bibliographical references.
The object of this thesis is to develop a reliable algorithm and software for em-level kinematic GPS (Global Positioning System) data analysis. To assess the accuracy of the software, we use it to determine the trajectory of the aircraft during the surveys at Long Valley, California, in 1993 and 1995. This thesis covers the algorithm development, the modeling, and the software design. We implement a robust Kalman filter to perform the kinematic data processing for GPS measurements. In the kinematic data processing with the Kalman filter, the estimates of the aircraft's position, the GPS receiver clock, and atmospheric corrections are modeled with appropriate stochastic processes. To achieve em-level accuracy for an aircraft trajectory, the GPS phase observables must be used and the integer-cycles of phase ambiguity must be resolved. In this thesis, we investigate the ambiguity problem in different situations and develop different ambiguity strategies depending on the situation. Firstly, we develop a position-independent (position-free) ambiguity search method for the initial ambiguity search for GPS kinematic surveying. Our ambiguity search method focuses on providing the flexibility and uniqueness to determine the correct ambiguities in most experimental conditions including long baselines (up to 100 km), high noise level in low elevation observations, and "bad" observations during the search. Secondly, we develop a method to utilize position-free wide lane and extra wide lane observables to detect cycle slips that occur when the signal from a GPS satellite is interrupted during the flight, for example, when the satellite is blocked by the aircraft's wing during a turn. Our ambiguity algorithms use dual frequency GPS observables so that the effects of the ionospheric delay can be accounted for. Several tests performed indicate that our ambiguity strategy works well for a separation between the moving and fixed GPS receivers of up to 100 lan. We developed a killematic software developed to automatically detect various errors during the data processing, including detecting and correcting of cycle slips, detecting and removal of bad data, and performing ambiguity searches. The user interface to the software is command driven with default values for most processing. This interface provides flexibility and should make the software usable with little training. To evaluate our software, we processed GPS data taken in the 1993 and 1995 Long Valley airborne laser altimetry surveys. We performed four types of tests: (a) Static tests which the evaluate the root-mean-square (RMS) scatter of the aircraft position while it is stationary on the run-way; (b) runway tests which compare the height estimates of the aircraft at approximately the same position along the runway during taxiing, takeoffs and landings; (c) lake tests in which we compare profiles of Lake Crowley"s surface and crossings on the lake surface; and (d) Benton crossing tests in which we compare surface height estimates at location within 2 m of each other at a grassy region of Benton Crossing. The latter two tests use of combination of the laser altimeter and GPS trajectory data. The processing of the laser data with our GPS trajectory was performed by our colleagues at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. The static tests show that during the times the aircraft was stationary at the beginning and ends of flights, the R..MS scatter of relative height difference between the aircraft and the reference GPS station at Bishop airport, approximately 500 meters from the aircraft, varied between 4 and 2 mm for both campaigns. The One Way tests show that the average height differences between trajectories repeat to within 4 em for six tracks on the taxiway, during the takeoffs and landings. The lake surface tests show height variations within 3 em for the lake surface after removing the cubic polynomial to approximately fit for the geoid-ellipsoidal height differences and flow within the lake for each of the five flight sections over the lake. The Lake Crowley crossover analysis shows a mean difference of 0.2 em and RMS scatter of 4.5 cm for relative height from laser footprint pairs within 2 m distance. The Benton Crossing crossover results show a mean value of 0.2 cm and RMS scatters of 15.5 cm in a similar cross analysis after outliers are deleted. Based on our analyses, we conclude that laser altimetry over the flat surface (i.e. Lake Crowley) can denning surface heights with -3 cm precision. The contribution from the error in GPS trajectory appears to be 1-2 cm.
by Gang Chen.
Ph.D.
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Libros sobre el tema "Laser altimeters"

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Crittenden, Eugene Casson. Sea test development of laser altimeter. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.

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Crittenden, Eugene Casson. Laser altimeter for use over the ocean. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.

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Limpach, Philippe. Sea surface topography and marine geoid by airborne laser altimetry and shipborne ultrasound altimetry. Zürich: Schweizerische Geodätische Kommission, 2010.

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Rothwell, Derek Anthony. Precise orbit determination and analysis from satellite altimetry and laser ranging. Birmingham: AstonUniversity. Department of Computer Science, 1989.

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Göbell, Sibylle. Determination of sea ice surface elevation with laser and radar altimetry and comparison with ice thickness data sets in the Arctic and Antarctic =: Bestimmung der Oberflächenhöhe von Meereis mit Laser- und Radaraltimetrie und Vergleich mit Eisdickendatensätzen in der Arktis und Antarktis. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2007.

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Ranging performance of satellite laser altimeters. Urbana, Ill: Electro-Optic Systems Laboratory, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois, 1992.

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Xiaoli, Sun y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Receiver design, performance analysis, and evaluation for space-borne laser altimeters and space-to-space laser ranging systems for the period of April 15 to October 15, 1993: Interim progress report on NASA grant NAG5-2232. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Electrical & Computing Engineering, 1993.

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Sun, Xiaoli, Field Christopher T y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Interim progress report on NASA grant NAG5-2232: "receiver design, performance analysis, and evaluation for space-borne laser altimeters and space-to-space laser ranging systems," for the period of April 15, 1995 to October 15, 1995. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Electrical & Computer Engineering, 1995.

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T, Swift Calvin y United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Comparison of retracking algorithms using airborne radar and laser altimeter measurements of the Greenland ice sheet. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Comparison of retracking algorithms using airborne radar and laser altimeter measurements of the Greenland ice sheet. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Wang, Jianyu, Rong Shu, Weibiao Chen, Jianjun Jia, Bingyong Wang, Genghua Huang, Yihua Hu y Xia Hou. "Laser Altimeter onboard Chinese Chang'E 1 Orbiter". En Optical Payloads for Space Missions, 539–51. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118945179.ch24.

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Cole, T. D., M. T. Boies, A. S. El-Dinary, A. Cheng, M. T. Zuber y D. E. Smith. "The Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Laser Altimeter". En The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Mission, 217–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5200-6_5.

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Araki, Hiroshi, Masatsugu Ooe, Tsuneya Tsubokawa, Seiitsu Tsuruta, Hideo Hanada, Kousuke Heki, Nobuyuki Kawano et al. "Laser Altimetry in the Selene Project". En International Association of Geodesy Symposia, 502–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03482-8_67.

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Harding, David. "Pulsed Laser Altimeter Ranging Techniques and Implications for Terrain Mapping". En Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning, 201–20. Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315154381-5.

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Mizuno, T., T. Kase, T. Shiina, M. Mita, N. Namiki, H. Senshu, R. Yamada et al. "Development of the Laser Altimeter (LIDAR) for Hayabusa2". En Hayabusa2, 33–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1538-4_4.

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Shekhar, Shashi y Hui Xiong. "Laser Altimetry (in Case of Airborne Platforms)". En Encyclopedia of GIS, 609. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_684.

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Stilla, U. y K. Jurkiewicz. "Reconstruction of Building Models from Maps and Laser Altimeter Data". En Integrated Spatial Databases, 34–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-46621-5_3.

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Yang, H. y Y. F. Zhang. "Design of performance parameters for a missile-borne laser altimeter". En Frontier Research and Innovation in Optoelectronics Technology and Industry, 227–33. London, UK : CRC Press/Balkema, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429447082-33.

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Smith, David E., Maria T. Zuber, Glenn B. Jackson, John F. Cavanaugh, Gregory A. Neumann, Haris Riris, Xiaoli Sun et al. "The Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter Investigation on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission". En Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission, 209–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6391-8_10.

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WEBSTER, TIM L. y DONALD L. FORBES. "AIRBORNE LASER ALTIMETRY FOR PREDICTIVE MODELING OF COASTAL STORM-SURGE FLOODING". En Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, 157–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3968-9_7.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Laser altimeters"

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Geske, Jon, Michael MacDougal, Ron Stahl, Jeffrey Wagener y Donald R. Snyder. "Miniature laser rangefinders and laser altimeters". En 2008 IEEE Avionics, Fiber-Optics and Photonics Technology Conference (AVFOP). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/avfop.2008.4653172.

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Sun, Xiaoli, James B. Abshire, Michael A. Krainak y William B. Hasselbrack. "Photon counting pseudorandom noise code laser altimeters". En Optics East 2007, editado por Wolfgang Becker. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.735453.

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Couto, Bruno, Hernâni Abreu, Paulo Gordo y António Amorim. "Development and validation of a microchip pulsed laser for ESA space altimeters". En SPIE Remote Sensing, editado por Upendra N. Singh y Doina N. Nicolae. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2241989.

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Cole, Timothy D. "Spaceborne laser altimetry". En Critical Review Collection. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.278755.

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Afzal, R. S., J. L. Dallas, A. W. Yu, W. A. Marnakos, A. Lukemire, B. Schroder y A. Melak. "The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System laser transmitter". En Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO 2000). Technical Digest. Postconference Edition. TOPS Vol.39. IEEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo.2000.906713.

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Yang, Fu, Yan He y Weibiao Chen. "Experiment on coherent laser altimeter". En The Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO/PACIFIC RIM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2009.5292078.

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Smith, David E., Maria T. Zuber y James B. Abshire. "Mars Observer laser altimeter investigation". En Optical Engineering and Photonics in Aerospace Sensing, editado por Bill P. Clark, Andy Douglas, Bryan L. Foley, Brian Huberty y LeLand D. Whitmill. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.157137.

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Daly, M., O. Barnouin, C. Johnson, C. Dickinson, T. Haltigin y D. Lauretta. "The OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter". En CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2017.am2a.4.

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Yu, Anthony W., George B. Shaw, Anne Marie Novo-Gradac, Steven X. Li, Luis Ramos-Izquierdo, Jeffrey Guzek, Alberto Rosanova et al. "The Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) laser transmitter". En IGARSS 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6049943.

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Yu, Anthony W., Anne Marie Novo-Gradac, George B. Shaw, Glenn Unger, Luis A. Ramos-Izquierdo y Alan Lukemire. "The lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA) laser transmitter". En Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering, editado por W. Andrew Clarkson, Norman Hodgson y Ramesh K. Shori. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.779825.

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Informes sobre el tema "Laser altimeters"

1

Chang, Charles, Dharmesh Jani, Alfred Yen y K. C. Yang. High Speed Circuits and Packaging Technology for Advanced Laser Altimeter Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, diciembre de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada323087.

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Chang, Charles, Dharmesh Jani, K. C. Wang, Gerry Sullivan y Edward Gertner. High Speed Circuits and Packaging Technology for Advanced Laser Altimeter Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, septiembre de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada324731.

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