Bibliografías temáticas / Lignocellulosic biomass

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Lignocellulosic biomass"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 11 de septiembre de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Lignocellulosic biomass"

1

Wang, Cai, Zhang, Xu y Yu. "Laboratory Investigation of Lignocellulosic Biomass as Performance Improver for Bituminous Materials". Polymers 11, n.º 8 (29 de julio de 2019): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081253.

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Lignocellulosic biomass has gained increasing attention as a performance modifier for bituminous material due to the vast amount available, its low cost and its potential to improve the durability of pavement. However, a comprehensive study concerning both the binder and mixture performance of modified bituminous material with lignocellulose is still limited. This research aims to evaluate the feasibility of applying lignocellulose as bitumen modifier by rheological, chemical and mechanical tests. To this end, two lignocellulosic biomass modified bituminous binders and corresponding mixtures were prepared and tested. The chemical characterization revealed the interaction between lignocellulosic biomass and bitumen fractions. Rheological test results have shown that lignocellulosic modifiers improve the overall performance of bituminous binder at high, intermediate and low temperatures. The findings obtained by mixture mechanical tests were identical to the binder test results, proving the positive effect of lignocellulosic biomass on overall paving performance of bituminous materials. Although lignocellulosic modifier slightly deteriorates the bitumen workability, the modified bitumen still meets the viscosity requirements mentioned in Superpave specification. This paper suggests that lignocellulosic biomass is a promising modifier for bituminous materials with both engineering and economic merits. Future study will focus on field validation and life cycle assessment of bituminous pavement with lignocellulosic biomass.
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Deivy Andhika Permata, Anwar Kasim, Alfi Asben y Yusniwati. "Delignification of Lignocellulosic Biomass". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.2.0618.

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Delignification is the process of breaking lignocellulose into lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The presence of lignin in lignocellulosic materials results in the limited utilization of cellulose. This article discusses lignin and the delignification process. There are various delignification methods from the literature study, namely physical, chemical, semi-chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic.
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3

Saini, Anita, Neeraj K. Aggarwal, Anuja Sharma y Anita Yadav. "Actinomycetes: A Source of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes". Enzyme Research 2015 (17 de diciembre de 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/279381.

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Lignocellulose is the most abundant biomass on earth. Agricultural, forest, and agroindustrial activities generate tons of lignocellulosic wastes annually, which present readily procurable, economically affordable, and renewable feedstock for various lignocelluloses based applications. Lignocelluloses are the focus of present decade researchers globally, in an attempt to develop technologies based on natural biomass for reducing dependence on expensive and exhaustible substrates. Lignocellulolytic enzymes, that is, cellulases, hemicellulases, and lignolytic enzymes, play very important role in the processing of lignocelluloses which is prerequisite for their utilization in various processes. These enzymes are obtained from microorganisms distributed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic domains including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are an attractive microbial group for production of lignocellulose degrading enzymes. Various studies have evaluated the lignocellulose degrading ability of actinomycetes, which can be potentially implemented in the production of different value added products. This paper is an overview of the diversity of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and lignolytic actinomycetes along with brief discussion of their hydrolytic enzyme systems involved in biomass modification.
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Chaves, Julie E., Gerald N. Presley y Joshua K. Michener. "Modular Engineering of Biomass Degradation Pathways". Processes 7, n.º 4 (23 de abril de 2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7040230.

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Production of fuels and chemicals from renewable lignocellulosic feedstocks is a promising alternative to petroleum-derived compounds. Due to the complexity of lignocellulosic feedstocks, microbial conversion of all potential substrates will require substantial metabolic engineering. Non-model microbes offer desirable physiological traits, but also increase the difficulty of heterologous pathway engineering and optimization. The development of modular design principles that allow metabolic pathways to be used in a variety of novel microbes with minimal strain-specific optimization will enable the rapid construction of microbes for commercial production of biofuels and bioproducts. In this review, we discuss variability of lignocellulosic feedstocks, pathways for catabolism of lignocellulose-derived compounds, challenges to heterologous engineering of catabolic pathways, and opportunities to apply modular pathway design. Implementation of these approaches will simplify the process of modifying non-model microbes to convert diverse lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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5

Hasanov, Isa, Merlin Raud y Timo Kikas. "The Role of Ionic Liquids in the Lignin Separation from Lignocellulosic Biomass". Energies 13, n.º 18 (17 de septiembre de 2020): 4864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184864.

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Lignin is a natural polymer, one that has an abundant and renewable resource in biomass. Due to a tendency towards the use of biochemicals, the efficient utilization of lignin has gained wide attention. The delignification of lignocellulosic biomass makes its fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) susceptible to easier transformation to many different commodities like energy, chemicals, and materials that could be produced using the biorefinery concept. This review gives an overview of the field of lignin separation from lignocellulosic biomass and changes that occur in the biomass during this process, as well as taking a detailed look at the influence of parameters that lead the process of dissolution. According to recent studies, a number of ionic liquids (ILs) have shown a level of potential for industrial scale production in terms of the pretreatment of biomass. ILs are perspective green solvents for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. These properties in ILs enable one to disrupt the complex structure of lignocellulose. In addition, the physicochemical properties of aprotic and protic ionic liquids (PILs) are summarized, with those properties making them suitable solvents for lignocellulose pretreatment which, especially, target lignin. The aim of the paper is to focus on the separation of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass, by keeping all components susceptible for biorefinery processes. The discussion includes interaction mechanisms between lignocellulosic biomass subcomponents and ILs to increase the lignin yield. According to our research, certain PILs have potential for the cost reduction of LC biomass pretreatment on the feasible separation of lignin.
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Vintila, Teodor, Vasile Daniel Gherman, Nicolae Popa, Dumitru Popescu, Carmen Buzatu y Marilena Motoc. "Influence of Enzymatic Cocktails on Conversion of Agricultural Lignocellulose to Fermentable Sugars". Revista de Chimie 68, n.º 2 (15 de marzo de 2017): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.2.5456.

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Agricultural lignocellulosic biomass is regarded as an important source of biofuels, especially bioethanol and biohydrogen. The following aspects have been studied: the effect of type of substrate used in production of cellulolytic enzymes, the activity of several enzymatic cocktails used to hydrolyse three types of agricultural biomass and the influence of provenience of enzymatic cocktails on sugars yields in the hydrolysis process. Fungi investigated in this study (T. longibrachiatum DSM 769) release higher titter of enzymes when raw, unpretreated agriculture residual biomass is used as substrate and inducer for biosynthesis of cellulolytic enzymes. Cellulolytic enzymes produced in culture media containing a certain type of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass as substrate, can be used in hydrolysis of other types of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass with similar sugar yields. Cellulases produced in culture media containing purified crystalline cellulose as substrate does not contain all necessary types of enzymes to hydrolyze lignocellulosic complex from agricultural biomass to produce high yields of sugars. On-site production of cellulases can be an effective approach biorefinery of lignocellulose to produce biofuels or other biochemicals by fermentation.
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Taggar, Monica Sachdeva. "Insect cellulolytic enzymes: Novel sources for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.656.

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Alternative and renewable fuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer the potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate global climate change. Cellulose is one of the major structural components in all lignocellulosic wastes and enzymatic depolymerization of cellulose by cellulases is an essential step in bio-ethanol production. Wood-degrading insects are potential source of biochemical catalysts for converting wood lignocellulose into biofuels. Cellulose digestion has been demonstrated in more than 20 insect families representing ten distinct insect orders. Termite guts been have considered as the “world’s smallest bioreactors” since they digest a significant proportion of cellulose (74-99%) and hemicellulose (65-87%) components of lignocelluloses they ingest. The lower termites harbor protistan symbionts in hindgut whereas higher termites lack these in the hind gut. Studies on cellulose digestion in termites and other insects with reference to ligno-cellulose degrading enzymes have been well focused in this review. The studies on insect cellulolytic systems can lead to the discovery of a variety of novel biocatalysts and genes that encode them, as well as associated unique mechanisms for efficient biomass conversion into biofuels.
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Chen, Kun, Long Jun Xu y Jun Yi. "Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol: A Review of Production Process". Advanced Materials Research 280 (julio de 2011): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.246.

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Lignocellulose biomass is a kind of rich reserve in china, and it is a renewable bio-resource. Researches on the bioconversion of lignocellulose (lignocellulosic biomass) to ethanol have been hot spot in recent years. The key technologies of producing fuel alcohol by aspects of lignocellulosic raw materials, pretreatment technology, fermentation process, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of strains as well as the removal of fermentation inhibitors have been reviewed. It is pointed out that the improvement of fermentation strains, exploitation of double function saccharomyces cerevisiae (glucose and xylose fermenting) to ethanol, will be the direction and focus in future researches.
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Luo, Xingxing, Baiquan Zeng, Yanan Zhong y Jienan Chen. "Production and detoxification of inhibitors during the destruction of lignocellulose spatial structure". BioResources 17, n.º 1 (9 de diciembre de 2021): 1939–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.luo.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource that is widely abundant and can be used to produce biofuels such as methanol and ethanol. Because biofuels have the potential to alleviate shortages of energy in today’s world, they have attracted much research attention. The pretreatment of lignocellulose is an important step in the conversion of biomass products. The pretreatment can destroy the crosslinking effect of lignin and hemicellulose on cellulose, remove lignin, degrade hemicellulose, and change the crystal structure of cellulose. The reaction area between the enzyme and the substrate is enlarged, and the yield of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation products is significantly increased. Conventional pretreatment methods help convert lignocellulosic material to sugars, but the treatments also produce some inhibitors, which are mainly organic acids, aldehydes, phenols, and other substances. They may affect the subsequent saccharification and growth of fermentation microorganisms, thereby reducing the bioconversion of the lignocellulose. It is therefore necessary to take effective means of detoxification. This paper reviews lignocellulose pretreatment methods, with an emphasis on inhibitors and their management. A summary is provided of detoxification methods, and the future use of lignocellulosic biomass for fuels prospects.
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Zhang, Yu, Jinshui Yang, Lijin Luo, Entao Wang, Ruonan Wang, Liang Liu, Jiawen Liu y Hongli Yuan. "Low-Cost Cellulase-Hemicellulase Mixture Secreted by Trichoderma harzianum EM0925 with Complete Saccharification Efficacy of Lignocellulose". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 2 (7 de enero de 2020): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020371.

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Fermentable sugars are important intermediate products in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and other value-added bio-products. The main bottlenecks limiting the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass are the high cost and the low saccharification efficiency of degradation enzymes. Herein, we report the secretome of Trichoderma harzianum EM0925 under induction of lignocellulose. Numerously and quantitatively balanced cellulases and hemicellulases, especially high levels of glycosidases, could be secreted by T. harzianum EM0925. Compared with the commercial enzyme preparations, the T. harzianum EM0925 enzyme cocktail presented significantly higher lignocellulolytic enzyme activities and hydrolysis efficiency against lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, 100% yields of glucose and xylose were obtained simultaneously from ultrafine grinding and alkali pretreated corn stover. These findings demonstrate a natural cellulases and hemicellulases mixture for complete conversion of biomass polysaccharide, suggesting T. harzianum EM0925 enzymes have great potential for industrial applications.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Lignocellulosic biomass"

1

Girisuta, Buana. "Levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass". [S.l. : Groningen : s.n. ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2007. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/304751316.

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Brandt, Agnieszka. "Ionic liquid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9166.

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This thesis is concerned with the thermal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids for the purpose of comminution via dissolution, for fractionating the biological composite and for obtaining aqueous solutions of carbohydrate monomers from the pulp via enzymatic hydrolysis. A major focus was the relationship between the choice of the anion and the effectiveness of the treatment. The synthesis of a range of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with strongly hydrogen-bond basic anions was accomplished. Selected, process-relevant physicochemical properties were measured, such as the Kamlet-Taft solvent polarity, hygroscopicity and thermal stability. It was shown that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate is not stable at 120°C, while other ionic liquids e.g. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate exhibit very good long-term thermal stability. It was shown that hydrogen-bond basic 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids attract more than stoichiometric quantities of water when exposed to air, suggesting that ionic liquid pretreatment under anhydrous conditions is difficult to achieve. Dissolution of air-dried wood chips in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids was attempted. It was shown that the large particle size and the moisture contained in the biomass hamper complete dissolution. The hydrogen-bond basicity of the ionic liquid, described by the Kamlet-Taft parameter ß, was correlated with the ability to expand as well as partially and anisotropically dissolve wood chips. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium methyl sulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate was explored and high saccharification yields were reported. It was found that successful application of methyl sulfate and hydrogen sulfate ionic liquids requires addition of water and that comparatively high water contents are tolerated. Fractionation of lignocellulose into an insoluble cellulose fraction, a solubilised hemicellulose fraction and a lignin containing precipitate was achieved. The influence of water content, pretreatment time and biomass type on the enzymatic saccharification yield and the extent of hemicellulose solubilisation, hydrolysis and dehydration were examined.
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Samad, Abdul. "SOPHOROLIPID PRODUCTION FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS FEEDSTOCKs". OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1799.

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The present study investigated the feasibility of production of sophorolipids (SLs) using yeast Candida bombicola grown on hydrolysates derived lignocellulosic feedstock either with or without supplementing oil as extra carbon source. Several researchers have reported using pure sugars and various oil sources for producing SLs which makes them expensive for scale-up and commercial production. In order to make the production process truly sustainable and renewable, we used feedstocks such as sweet sorghum bagasse, corn fiber and corn stover. Without oil supplementation, the cell densities at the end of day-8 was recorded as 9.2, 9.8 and 10.8 g/L for hydrolysate derived from sorghum bagasse, corn fiber, and corn fiber with the addition of yeast extract (YE) during fermentation, respectively. At the end of fermentation, the SL concentration was 3.6 g/L for bagasse and 1.0 g/L for corn fiber hydrolysate. Among the three major sugars utilized by C. bombicola in the bagasse cultures, glucose was consumed at a rate of 9.1 g/L-day; xylose at 1.8 g/L-day; and arabinose at 0.98 g/L-day. With the addition of soybean oil at 100 g/L, cultures with bagasse hydrolysates, corn fiber hydrolysates and standard medium had a cell content of 7.7 g/L; 7.9 g/L; and 8.9 g/L, respectively after 10 days. The yield of SLs from bagasse hydrolysate was 84.6 g/L and corn fiber hydrolysate was15.6 g/L. In the same order, the residual oil in cultures with these two hydrolysates was 52.3 g/L and 41.0 g/L. For this set of experiment; in the cultures with bagasse hydrolysate; utilization rates for glucose, xylose and arabinose was recorded as 9.5, 1.04 and 0.08 g/L-day respectively. Surprisingly, C. bombicola consumed all monomeric sugars and non-sugar compounds in the hydrolysates and cultures with bagasse hydrolysates had higher yield of SLs than those from a standard medium which contained pure glucose at the same concentration. Based on the SL concentrations and considering all sugars consumed, the yield of SLs was 0.55 g/g carbon (sugars plus oil) for cultures with bagasse hydrolysates. Further, SL production was investigated using sweet sorghum bagasse and corn stover hydrolysates derived from different pretreatment conditions. For the former and latter sugar sources, yellow grease or soybean oil was supplemented at different doses to enhance sophorolipid yield. 14-day batch fermentation on bagasse hydrolysates with 10, 40 and 60 g/L of yellow grease had cell densities of 5.7 g/L, 6.4 g/L and 7.8 g/L, respectively. The study also revealed that the yield of SLs on bagasse hydrolysate decreased from 0.67 to 0.61 and to 0.44 g/g carbon when yellow grease was dosed at 10, 40 and 60 g/L. With aforementioned increasing yellow grease concentration, the residual oil left after 14 days was recorded as 3.2 g/L, 8.5 g/L and 19.9 g/L. For similar experimental conditions, the cell densities observed for corn stover hydrolysate combined with soybean oil at 10, 20 and 40 g/L concentration were 6.1 g/L, 5.9 g/L, and 5.4 g/L respectively. Also, in the same order of oil dose supplemented, the residual oil recovered after 14-day was 8.5 g/L, 8.9 g/L, and 26.9 g/L. Corn stover hydrolysate mixed with the 10, 20 and 40 g/L soybean oil, the SL yield was 0.19, 0.11 and 0.09 g/g carbon. Overall, both hydrolysates supported cell growth and sophorolipid production. The results from this research show that hydrolysates derived from the different lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks can be utilized by C. bombicola to achieve substantial yields of SLs. Based upon the results revealed by several batch-stage experiments, it can be stated that there is great potential for scaling up and industrial scale production of these high value products in future.
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Borén, Eleonora. "Off-gassing from thermally treated lignocellulosic biomass". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-141921.

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Off-gassing of hazardous compounds is, together with self-heating and dust explosions, the main safety hazards within large-scale biomass storage and handling. Formation of CO, CO2, and VOCs with concurrent O2 depletion can occur to hazardous levels in enclosed stored forest products. Several incidents of CO poisoning and suffocation of oxygen depletion have resulted in fatalities and injuries during cargo vessel discharge of forest products and in conjunction with wood pellet storage rooms and silos. Technologies for torrefaction and steam explosion for thermal treatment of biomass are under development and approaching commercialization, but their off-gassing behavior is essentially unknown. The overall objective of this thesis was to provide answers to one main question: “What is the off-gassing behaviour of thermally treated lignocellulosic biomass during storage?”. This was achieved by experimental studies and detailed analysis of off-gassing compounds sampled under realistic conditions, with special emphasis on the VOCs. Presented results show that off-gassing behavior is influenced by numerous factors, in the following ways. CO, CO2 and CH4 off-gassing levels from torrefied and stream-exploded biomass and pellets, and accompanying O2 depletion, are comparable to or lower than corresponding from untreated biomass. The treatments also cause major compositional shifts in VOCs; emissions of terpenes and native aldehydes decline, but levels of volatile cell wall degradation products (notably furans and aromatics) increase. The severity of the thermal treatment is also important; increases in torrefaction severity increase CO off-gassing from torrefied pine to levels comparable to emissions from conventional pellets, and increase O2 depletion for both torrefied chips and pellets. Both treatment temperature and duration also influence degradation rates and VOC composition. The product cooling technique is influential too; water spraying in addition to heat exchange increased CO2 and VOCs off-gassing from torrefied pine chips, as well as O2 depletion. Moreover, the composition of emitted gases co-varied with pellets’ moisture content; pellets of more severely treated material retained less moisture, regardless of their pre-conditioning moisture content. However, no co-variance was found between off-gassing and pelletization settings, the resulting pellet quality, or storage time of torrefied chips before pelletization. Pelletization of steam-exploded bark increased subsequent VOC off-gassing, and induced compositional shifts relative to emissions from unpelletized steam-exploded material. In addition, CO, CO2 and CH4 off-gassing, and O2 depletion, were positively correlated with the storage temperature of torrefied softwood. Similarly, CO and CH4 emissions from steam-exploded softwood increased with increases in storage temperature, and VOC off-gassing from both torrefied and steam-exploded softwood was more affected by storage temperature than by treatment severity. Levels of CO, CO2 and CH4 increased, while levels of O2 and most VOCs decreased, during storage of both torrefied and steam-exploded softwood.CO, CO2 and O2 levels were more affected by storage time than by treatment severity. Levels of VOCs were not significantly decreased or altered by nitrogen purging of storage spaces of steam-exploded or torrefied softwood, or controlled headspace gas exchange (intermittent ventilation) during storage of steam-exploded bark. In conclusion, rates of off-gassing of CO and CO2 from thermally treated biomass, and associated O2 depletion, are comparable to or lower than corresponding rates for untreated biomass. Thermal treatment induces shifts in both concentrations and profiles of VOCs. It is believed that the knowledge and insights gained provide refined foundations for future research and safe implementation of thermally treated fuels as energy carriers in renewable energy process chains.
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Corredor, Deisy Y. "Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass". Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/693.

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Håseth, Jenny Kristin. "Decrystallization of Lignocellulosic Biomass using Ionic Liquids". Thesis, Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskaplige Universitet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21106.

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This thesis is written in fulfilment of the requirements for a Master in Science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Chemical Engineering. The work investigates the effectiveness of pretreatment of norway spruce and sugarcane bagasse with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][OAc]). The effect of pretreatment temperature and reaction time was evaluated. Enzymatic hydrolysis yield was used as the main evaluation parameter. Norway spruce was pretreated at 80, 100, and 120 °C for 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours. The sugarcane bagasse raw material was pretreated at the same temperatures for 1 and 3 hours. UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine the amount of lignin removed during the pretreatment. The regenerated solids from the pretreatment was hydrolysed enzymaticly and the digestibility was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The pretreatment caused an increase in the enzymatic digestibility for both spruce and bagasse. This effect is believed to arise from a decrease in the crystallinity of the cellulose and an increase in the accessible surface area caused by the increased porosity of the pretreated material.The digestibility results for spruce shows that, at shorter pretreatment times, higher temperatures are favourable. However, at longer reaction times, too high temperatures can give a reduction in the digestibility. The optimal reaction condition for spruce was in this work found to be 100 °C for 12 hours, giving a digestibility close to 90 wt% of the added glucan. For sugarcane bagasse the optimum was not found, and experiments using harsher conditions was proposed. When comparing the results for pretreatment of spruce with that of bagasse it appear that spruce needs harsher conditions to achieve the same glucan yield as bagasse. The results of the analysis of the enzymatic digestibility of hemicelluloses (mannan for spruce and zylan for bagasse) concurs very well with the results for glucan presented above.Regarding the removal of lignin from the biomass, it was found that the degree of delignification in these pretreatment experiments was so low it could be neglected. The low degree of lignin removal was also evident in the darkening of the regenerated biomass from pretreatments using relatively harsh reaction conditions. This darkening was put down to the lignin undergoing condensation reactions. Suggestions for further work on this area include a thorough investigation into the thermal stability of different ionic liquids at prolonged reaction times and high temperatures, as well as an investigation of the delignification effect of different ionic liquids. As mentioned earlier, pretreatment experiments with bagasse using harsher conditions can also be useful.
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Frazão, Cláudio José Remédios. "Challenges of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13657.

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Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Industrial e Ambiental
The present work aimed to tackle two of the major challenges in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks: (i) high tolerance of microorganisms to lignocellulosic inhibitors, and (ii) microbial contamination avoidance. Lignocellulosic inhibitors are an important fraction of spent sulphite liquor (SSL), a by-product of the pulp and paper industries. Hardwood SSL (HSSL) is rich in pentose sugars, mainly xylose, which can be converted to ethanol by the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis. In this work, a population of S. stipitis previously adapted to 60 % (v/v) of HSSL was used, and its stability on the absence of inhibitors during ten sequential transfers was investigated at single-clone level. During the screening trials, all the isolated clones showed higher xylose and acetate uptake rates and lower ethanol productivities than the parental strain. The clone exhibiting higher xylose uptake rate (0.558 g L-1 h-1) was named isolate C4. The effect of short-term adaptation on isolate C4 fermentation performance was evaluated by pre-cultivating the clone in the presence or absence of 60 % (v/v) of HSSL. The uptake rates of glucose and xylose were similar under both conditions, but a higher acetate consumption rate (0.101 g L-1 h-1) and maximum ethanol concentration (4.51 g L-1) were achieved without pre-adaptation step, suggesting the robustness of isolate C4. The industrial bioethanol production is mostly carried out under non-sterile conditions, which favours microbial contamination. In this work, the mechanism that triggers Lactobacillus pentosus contamination in SSL plants was investigated. A simulated synthetic hydrolysate mimicking the average composition of sugars and inhibitors of softwood SSL (SSSL) was used and the impact of different factors in bacterial and Saccharomyces cerevisiae viability was analysed. The presence of yeast extract led to an increase in lactate production (9-fold higher) and L. pentosus viability when only bacteria was inoculated. Using different inoculation ratios of yeast/bacteria, the ethanol production rates were not affected after 48 h, and L. pentosus failed to overtake S. cerevisiae. The presence of inhibitors delayed yeast growth, but the bacteria did not outcompete S. cerevisiae. When the pH was optimal to L. pentosus in co-culture experiments, the bacterial cell viability decreased slower. The results indicate that L. pentosus was unable to overtake S. cerevisiae. The presence of yeast extract and favourable pH to bacteria are important factors that can play a role in the mechanism that triggers the bacterial contamination in ethanol plants.
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo abordar dois dos maiores desafios na produção de bioetanol a partir de biomassa lenhocelulósica: (i) elevada tolerância de microrganismos a inibidores, e (ii) prevenção de contaminação microbiana. Os inibidores lenhocelulósicos são uma fração relevante do licor de cozimento ao sulfito ácido (SSL), um subproduto das indústrias do papel e pastas. O SSL de folhosas (HSSL) é rico em pentoses, principalmente xilose, que podem ser fermentadas em etanol pela levedura Scheffersomyces stipitis. Neste estudo, utilizou-se uma população de S. stipitis previamente adaptada a 60 % (v/v) HSSL, e avaliou-se a sua estabilidade na ausência de inibidores durante dez transferências sequenciais. Comparando com a estirpe original, todos os clones isolados exibiram taxas de consumo de xilose e ácido acético superiores e produtividades em etanol inferiores. O clone que demonstrou a maior taxa de consumo de xilose (0,558 g L-1 h-1) foi designado isolado C4, e o efeito de adaptação de curta duração no seu desempenho fermentativo foi investigado através do seu pré-cultivo na presença ou ausência de 60 % (v/v) HSSL. Nas duas condições, as taxas de consumo de glucose e xilose foram idênticas, contudo, atingiu-se maior taxa de consumo de ácido acético (0,101 g L-1 h-1) e maior concentração máxima de etanol (4,51 g L-1) foram atingidas na ausência do processo de adaptação de curta duração. Tais resultados demonstram a robustez do isolado C4. A maioria dos processos de produção industrial de bioetanol é realizada na ausência de esterilidade, favorencendo a contaminação por microrganismos. Neste estudo, investigou-se o mecanismo responsável pela contaminação com Lactobacillus pentosus na indústria de SSL. Para tal, utilizou-se um hidrolisado sintético mimetizando a composição média de açúcares e inibidores de SSL de resinosas (SSSL) e averiguou-se o impacto de vários fatores na viabilidade de L. pentosus e S. cerevisiae. A presença de extrato de levedura foi responsável pelo aumento da produção de ácido lático (9 vezes) e da viabilidade bacteriana quando L. pentosus foi cultivado na ausência de levedura. Diferentes proporções de inóculo de levedura/bactéria não afetaram a produção de etanol após 48 h de fermentação, e L. pentosus foi incapaz de ser a estirpe dominante durante os ensaios de co-cultura. A presença de inibidores retardou o crescimento da levedura, mas a bactéria foi de novo incapaz de se a espécie dominante. Ajustando o valor de pH para o ótimo de L. pentosus nos ensaios de co-cultura, a viabilidade celular da bactéria diminuiu mais lentamente. Os resultados demonstram que L. pentosus não foi a espécie dominante nos ensaios de co-cultura. A presença de extrato de levedura e de valores de pH favoráveis a L. pentosus podem desempenhar um papel importante no mecanismo responsável pela contaminação bacteriana nas indústrias de produção de bioetanol.
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Gan, Jing. "Hydrothermal conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-oils". Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13768.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Wenqiao Yuan
Donghai Wang
Corncobs were used as the feedstock to investigate the effect of operating conditions and crude glycerol (solvent) on bio-oil production. The highest bio-oil yield of 33.8% on the basis of biomass dry weight was obtained at 305°C, 20 min retention time, 10% biomass content, 0.5% catalyst loading. At selected conditions, bio-oil yield based on the total weight of corn cobs and crude glycerol increased to 36.3% as the crude glycerol/corn cobs ratio increased to 5. Furthermore, the optimization of operating conditions was conducted via response surface methodology. A maximum bio-oil yield of 41.3% was obtained at 280°C, 12min, 21% biomass content, and 1.56% catalyst loading. A highest bio-oil carbon content of 74.8% was produced at 340°C with 9% biomass content. A maximum carbon recovery of 25.2% was observed at 280°C, 12min, 21% biomass content, and 1.03% catalyst loading. The effect of biomass ecotype and planting location on bio-oil production were studied on big bluestems. Significant differences were found in the yield and elemental composition of bio-oils produced from big bluestem of different ecotypes and/or planting locations. Generally, the IL ecotype and the Carbondale, IL and Manhattan, KS planting locations gave higher bio-oil yield, which can be attributed to the higher total cellulose and hemicellulose content and/or the higher carbon but lower oxygen contents in these feedstocks. Bio-oil from the IL ecotype also had the highest carbon and lowest oxygen contents, which were not affected by the planting location. In order to better understand the mechanisms of hydrothermal conversion, the interaction effects between cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in hydrothermal conversion were studied. Positive interaction between cellulose and lignin, but negative interaction between cellulose and hemicellulose were observed. No significant interaction was found between hemicelluose and lignin. Hydrothermal conversion of corncobs, big bluestems, switchgrass, cherry, pecan, pine, hazelnut shell, and their model biomass also were conducted. Bio-oil yield increased as real biomass cellulose and hemicellulose content increased, but an opposite trend was observed for low lignin content model biomass.
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Lopes, André Miguel da Costa. "Pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9521.

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Mestrado em Biotecnologia
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o pré-tratamento de biomassa lignocelulósica, como a palha de trigo, usando líquidos iónicos (LIs) de modo a obter a separação dos principais componentes, nomeadamente, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. O processo de pré-tratamento foi otimizado com base em duas metodologias descritas na literatura utilizando o líquido iónico acetato de 1-etil-3-metilimidazólio ([emim][CH3COO]). A metodologia otimizada permitiu separar as frações ricas em hidratos de carbono das frações de lignina, ambas com elevada pureza, e com uma recuperação de LIs até um máximo de 97% da sua massa inicial. Desta forma, o LI pode ser reusado confirmando a flexibilidade do processo desenvolvido. A versatilidade do método foi testada com a investigação de três líquidos iónicos diferentes, nomeadamente hidrogenossulfato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio ([bmim][HSO4]), tiocianato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio ([bmim][SCN]) e dicianamida de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio ([bmim][N(CN)2]). No processo de dissolução de palha de trigo observou-se uma dissolução completa a nível macroscópico apenas para os líquidos iónicos [emim][CH3COO] e [bmim][HSO4]. O [emim][CH3COO] apresentou maior eficiência no processo de dissolução e regeneração da biomassa. Contrariamente, o [bmim][SCN] demonstrou ser o menos eficiente em todo o processo de pré-tratamento. Um comportamento diferente foi observado para o [bmim][HSO4], cujo pré-tratamento apresentou similaridades a uma hidrólise ácida. Os pré-tratamentos com [bmim][HSO4] e [bmim][N(CN)2] permitiram a obtenção de frações ricas em celulose com um conteúdo em hidratos de carbono de 87 a 90%. Para as frações ricas em celulose provenientes do pré-tratamento com [emim][CH3COO] foram efetuados ensaios de hidrólise enzimática para verificar a potencial aplicação destas frações, bem como, avaliar a eficiência das metodologias de pré-tratamento estudadas. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram elevado índice de digestibilidade da celulose e confirmou o elevado teor de glucose presente na fração celulósica obtida pela metodologia otimizada. A técnica de Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformadas de Fourier (FT-IR) permitiu efetuar análises qualitativas e quantitativas de todas as amostras obtidas nos pré-tratamentos realizados. Para avaliar a pureza dos LIs após os pré-tratamentos utilizou-se a técnica espectroscópica de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). Os resultados provenientes dos ensaios de hidrólise enzimática foram obtidos através da técnica cromatográfica de HPLC.
This work is devoted to the pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids (ILs) to separate cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin fractions. Particularly, research was focused on studying the influence of various ILs on the pre-treatment of wheat straw. The pre-treatment procedure was optimised basing on two methodologies presented in the literature. In the optimised method 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][CH3COO]) IL was used. The developed method is beneficial as allows a separation of highly-purified carbohydrate and lignin-rich samples and permits to recover ILs with a yield of 97wt%. Therefore, the IL could be reused confirming a great flexibility of the developed method. Furthermore, versatility of the method was confirmed by examination of different ILs such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate ([bmim][HSO4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([bmim][SCN]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([bmim][N(CN)2]). Only [emim][CH3COO] and [bmim][HSO4] ILs were found to be capable to achieve a macroscopic complete dissolution of wheat straw. Considering dissolution and regeneration process, [emim][CH3COO] was the most efficient among investigated ILs. On the contrary, [bmim][SCN] demonstrated the lowest efficiency either in dissolution and regeneration or fractionation processes. The [bmim][HSO4] showed different behaviour from other ILs exhibiting similarities to acid hydrolysis pre-treatment. Pre-treatments with [bmim][HSO4] and [bmim][N(CN)2] allowed to recover cellulose rich-samples with a carbohydrate content between 87 to 90wt%. In order to verify the potential further applicability of obtained carbohydrate-rich fractions as well as to evaluate the pre-treatment efficiency, the cellulose-rich fraction obtained from treatment with [emim][CH3COO] was applied for the enzymatic hydrolysis. Achieved results showed a high digestibility of cellulose-rich samples and confirmed a high glucose yield for the optimised methodology. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the pre-treatment with ILs were made using the Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The NMR analysis was used to evaluate the purity of ILs after pre-treatments. Results of enzymatic hydrolysis analysis were controlled by the HPLC.
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Busby, David Preston. "The cost of producing lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol". Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07052007-124350.

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Libros sobre el tema "Lignocellulosic biomass"

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Boot, Michael, ed. Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527685318.

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Kubicek, Christian P. Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118414514.

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Kubicek, C. P. Fungi and lignocellulosic biomass. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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Fungi and lignocellulosic biomass. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

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Sharma, Vinay. Lignocellulosic Biomass Production and Industrial Applications. Editado por Arindam Kuila. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119323686.

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Bajpai, Pratima. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0687-6.

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Bajpai, Pratima. Single Cell Protein Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5873-8.

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Bioalcohol production: Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.

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Bioalcohol production: Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.

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Bajpai, Pratima. Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4013-1.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Lignocellulosic biomass"

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Rödl, Anne. "Lignocellulosic Biomass". En Biokerosene, 189–220. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53065-8_9.

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Ghislain, Thierry, Xavier Duret, Papa Niokhor Diouf y Jean-Michel Lavoie. "Lignocellulosic Biomass". En Handbook on Characterization of Biomass, Biowaste and Related By-products, 499–535. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35020-8_3.

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Yu, Fei y Jonathan Y. Chen. "Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing". En Food and Industrial Bioproducts and Bioprocessing, 293–311. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119946083.ch12.

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Takara, Devin, Prachand Shrestha y Samir Kumar Khanal. "Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment". En Bioenergy and Biofuel from Biowastes and Biomass, 172–200. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784410899.ch09.

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McCormick, Robert L., Robert M. Baldwin, Stephen Arbogast, Don Bellman, Dave Paynter y Jim Wykowski. "Biomass Pyrolysis Oils". En Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass, 189–207. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527685318.ch8.

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Wyman, Charles E., Charles M. Cai y Rajeev Kumar. "Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass". En Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass), 997–1022. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7_521.

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Shafiei, Marzieh, Rajeev Kumar y Keikhosro Karimi. "Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass". En Lignocellulose-Based Bioproducts, 85–154. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14033-9_3.

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Wu, Xiaorong, James McLaren, Ron Madl y Donghai Wang. "Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass". En Sustainable Biotechnology, 19–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3295-9_2.

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Kim, Tae Hyun. "Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass". En Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers, 91–110. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118642047.ch6.

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Bajpai, Pratima. "Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass". En SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, 7–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0687-6_2.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Lignocellulosic biomass"

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"Comparison of crystallinity index computational methods based on lignocellulose X-ray diffractogram". En Sustainable Processes and Clean Energy Transition. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902516-16.

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Abstract. Crystallinity index (CrI) obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is often utilized as a characterization parameter of lignocellulosic biomass. There exist a few methodologies to calculate CrI but the respective merit as lignocellulose characterization parameter is not very clear. Here four commonly employed CrI computational methods were applied to raw and torrefied biomasses (palm kernel shell and sugarcane bagasse), cellulose- and lignin-added raw biomasses and artificial mixtures of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in order to compare the effect of the composition of lignocellulosic biomass toward CrI calculated from X-ray diffractogram. Calculated CrI systematically showed larger value than the weight percentage of cellulose contained in the samples. Among the four computational methods compared, Segal (single peak height ratio) method and Ruland-Vonk (two-peak area ratio) method appeared to give reasonable CrI numbers although they are still overestimating the cellulose weight ratio. The Ruland-Vonk method consistently gave the lowest CrI values among the methods examined.
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Zewei Miao. "Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstock Supply Logistic Analysis". En 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.37203.

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Nikolić, Valentina, Slađana Žilić, Danka Milovanović, Beka Sarić y Marko Vasić. "NOVEL TRENDS IN APPLICATION AND PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC AGRICULTURAL WASTE". En 1st International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt28.271n.

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Lignocellulosic biomass represents the most abundant renewable material in the world, whereas agricultural residues, including those from maize cultivation, comprise a significant fraction of the total plant waste that can be repurposed for various applications. Lignocellulosic feedstocks are non-edible and consist mainly of: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, along with extractive compounds. Pretreatment is required to separate the lignocellulosic biomass into its constituents for efficient utilization. Even after extensive research and development of numerous techniques, pretreatment remains one of the most expensive phases in converting lignocellulosic biomass into biobased products.
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Bai, Xuefeng y Wei Wu. "Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass from Northeast China". En 2010 IEEE Green Technologies Conference (IEEE-Green-2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/green.2010.5453776.

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Weitao Zhang, Minliang Yang y Kurt A. Rosentrater. "Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol". En 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131594712.

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Kingsley L. Iroba, Lope G. Tabil, Meda Venkatesh y Baik Oon-Doo. "Thermal properties of lignocellulosic biomass barley straw". En 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131594972.

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Mei, Danhua, Shiyun Liu, Sen Wang y Zhi Fang. "Plasma-Enabled Fast Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Impact of Biomass Feedstocks". En 2020 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops37625.2020.9717951.

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Patrick T Murphy, Kenneth J Moore y D Raj Raman. "Carbohydrate Availability Assay for Determining Lignocellulosic Biomass Quality". En 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23442.

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Sousa, Laura, Fábio Lisboa y Geraldo Tiago Filho. "Energetic characterization of lignocellulosic biomass: macauba (Acrocomia aculeata)". En 26th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. ABCM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.cobem2021.cob2021-1111.

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Burra, Kiran Raj Goud y Ashwani K. Gupta. "Versatile Model Selection for Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic-Biomass Components". En AIAA Propulsion and Energy 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-4158.

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Informes sobre el tema "Lignocellulosic biomass"

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McMillan, J. D. Processes for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass: A review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7171656.

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McMillan, J. D. Processes for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass: A review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10104508.

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Guffey, F. D. y R. C. Wingerson. FRACTIONATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS FOR FUEL-GRADE ETHANOL PRODUCTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octubre de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807155.

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Binder, Thomas, Michael Erpelding, Josef Schmid, Andrew Chin, Rhea Sammons y Erin Rockafellow. Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol and Butyl Acrylate. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1253922.

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Jarnigan, Alisha. Enhancing Cellulase Commercial Performance for the Lignocellulosic Biomass Industry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), junio de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1255837.

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Kumar, Manoj. Development of a commercial enzymes system for lignocellulosic biomass saccharification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1068167.

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Huber, George W. y Jiayue He. Catalytic Processes for Production of α,ω-diols from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octubre de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1480118.

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Dutta, A., M. Talmadge, J. Hensley, M. Worley, D. Dudgeon, D. Barton, P. Groenendijk et al. Process Design and Economics for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219435.

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Phillips, S., A. Aden, J. Jechura, D. Dayton y T. Eggeman. Thermochemical Ethanol via Indirect Gasification and Mixed Alcohol Synthesis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902168.

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Phillips, S., A. Aden, J. Jechura, D. Dayton y T. Eggeman. Thermochemical ethanol via indirect gasification and mixed alcohol synthesis of lignocellulosic biomass. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1216397.

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