Bibliografías temáticas / Mines and mineral resources – Ecuador

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Mines and mineral resources – Ecuador"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 10 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Mines and mineral resources – Ecuador"

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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró y Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, n.º 3 (28 de noviembre de 2020): A250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a250820.

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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró y Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, n.º 3 (28 de noviembre de 2020): P250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3p250820.

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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Wilson, Marc L. "New Mexico: Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Mineral Museum: SOCORRO". Rocks & Minerals 67, n.º 5 (octubre de 1992): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1992.9926501.

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Wang, Wei Zhi y Chun Guang Yang. "Comprehensive Utilization and Resources of Gold Mining Tailings". Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (junio de 2011): 1438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.1438.

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The gold mine discharges tailings massively every day,which results in gold and useful metal draining,simultaneously brings the enormous harm to the environment The approach to comprehensive utilization of tailings of gold mines, including recycle of usable mineral and direct use of ore tailings,is analyzed in the paper, laying a foundation for continuous development of gold mines，comprehensive utilization of resource，and protection of environment.
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Meng, Xian Fu. "Discussion on Geological and Geochemical Methods for Prospecting at Surrounding of Crisis Mines". Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (diciembre de 2012): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.246.

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As the supply situation of the mineral resources is gradually worse, the subject of resources crisis mines is becoming a hot topic at domestic related research fields. Prospecting potentiality of crisis mines is an enormous. But how to find new deposits in deep and surrounding of crisis mines by using the data of geology, deposits exploration and adopting resonable prediction manner is a very urgent problem which confronts with mining industry. Author analyze the regional metallogenic geological setting, predicate and evaluate surrounding favorable region by similarity analogy principle and research data of geochemistry which obtain from mining. This may provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis to other crises mines deep and surrounding resources exploration.
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Zhou, Xue Lian. "Development and Utilization of Circular Economy and Urban Mining - Chengdu City Based Renewable Resource Industry Survey". Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (junio de 2015): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.644.

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Along with the process of economic growth and urbanization, China has entered a peak period of electronic appliances and automotive industry products obsolescence. On one hand, municipal waste disposal is increasing and causing environmental pollution and damage; on the other hand, native mineral resources’ exhaustion has increased year by year along with exploitation difficulty and mineral resources import growth. Meanwhile, urban industrial scrap, aka "urban mines", does contain abundant of renewable resources, such as copper, iron, and aluminum. Therefore, based on the theory of circular economy, the exploitation of these "urban mines" is the key strategic industry of China’s "12th five-year plan". This paper is based on the survey of Chengdu city regeneration resources industry situation. We analyzed the current status of regeneration resources recycling industry in Chengdu city, finding problems such as the number of existing garbage collection stations inadequate for renewable resources, and processing technology out of date. Generally speaking, the renewable resources industry in Chengdu is under developed.
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Sermet, Edyta y Marek Nieć. "Not Mining Sterilization of Explored Mineral Resources. The Example of Native Sulfur Deposits in Poland Case History". Resources 10, n.º 4 (31 de marzo de 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources10040030.

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The sterilization of mineral resources makes considerable amounts inaccessible for future use and may be a barrier to the free supply of commodities. During the exploitation of mineral deposits, some parts of their resources become sterilized as inaccessible because of natural hazards or unfavorable economic conditions. Not mining land use and the social opposition against mining is the purpose of sterilization of considerable demonstrated mineral resources of deposits not yet engaged in exploitation. The native sulfur deposits in Poland are a good example of such “not mining” sterilization, which makes a considerable part of known resources inaccessible. On the northern border of the Carpathian Foredeep within the Miocene gypsum formation, the systematic exploration had demonstrated about 1 billion tons of sulfur resources located in the deposits of varied dimensions. The sulfur opencast mining and underground melting (the modified Frasch method) flourished from 1958 up to 1993. The increasing sulfur supply, recoverable from hydrocarbons, caused the closing down of sulfur mines, leaving a place with considerable untouched resources. About 67% of sulfur resources left by closed mines and of other explored but not exploited deposits are sterilized by the advancement of settlements, industrial plants, road construction, and by social opposition against mining.
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Bud, Ioan, Dorel Gusat y Simona Duma. "THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ANDESITE EXPLOITATION IN PROTECTED AREAS". Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, n.º 2 (2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.2.03.

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Romania has the potential for mineral resources but lacks a coherent exploitation and valorisation strategy and at the same time a legislation that supports the strategy. The fundamental principle of the Mines Act is to stimulate the valorisation of mineral resources, public ownership of the state, and to ensure fair competition. The paper analyzes the impact of non-observance of these principles through the development of illegal exploitation, even worse in protected areas.
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Carrión, Andrea. "Economic nationalism and the public dominion of mineral resources in Ecuador, 1929–1941". Extractive Industries and Society 2, n.º 1 (enero de 2015): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.11.004.

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Tran, Hieu Quang, Nam Xuan Bui, Hoang Nguyen, Tuan Anh Nguyen y Long Quoc Nguyen. "Applicable posssibility of advanced technologies and equipment in surface mines of Vietnam". Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, n.º 5 (10 de octubre de 2020): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.ktlt2020.02.

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Vietnam has abundant and diversified mineral resources with more than 5, 000 mines of 60 discovered and exploited minerals. Besides of surface coal mines mainly located in Quang Ninh, the types of minerals being exploited by surface mining method consist of metal ores (iron, titanium, manganese, gold, zinc, copper, antimony) and non - metallic ores, and construction materials (stone, sand, gravel, etc.). In the paper, authors researched and proposed the advanced technologies and equipment based on Industry 4.0, that can apply effectively for surface mines in Vietnam in order to ensure safety and enhance surface mining effect.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Mines and mineral resources – Ecuador"

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ROBERTS, MARK CULMER. "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE INTENSITY OF USE METHOD OF MINERAL CONSUMPTION FORECASTING (MINERAL, ECONOMICS)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187962.

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The intensity of use of a mineral is traditionally defined as the consumption (production plus net imports) of the mineral divided by gross national product. It has been proposed that this ratio of raw material input to gross economic output is a predictable function of per capita income and that the relationship is based on economic theory. Though the theory has never been clearly defined, the intensity of use method has been used to make long term forecasts. This dissertation formulates a theoretical model of the consumption of minerals and the resulting intensity of use which is used to test the validity of the traditional intensity of use measure and its forecasting ability. Previous justifications of the intensity of use hypothesis state that changes in technical efficiency, substitution rates among inputs, and demands are explained by per capita income, which, as it grows, produces a regular intensity of use pattern. The model developed in this research shows that the life of the goods in use, foreign trade of raw and final goods, prices, consumer preferences, technical innovations, as well as the above factors fully explain economic use, which is not simply a function of per capita income. The complete model is used to restate the traditional theory of intensity of use and to examine the sensitivity of traditional measures to changes in the explanatory variables which are commonly omitted. The full model demonstrates the parameters that must be examined when making a long term forecast. Regular intensity of use patterns are observed for many minerals in many nations. Setting aside the theoretical questions, the intensity of use method is often used to make long term projections based on these trends in intensity of use as well as the trends in population and gross national product. This dissertation examines the forecasting ability of the traditional intensity of use method and finds that it is not necessarily an improvement over naive consumption time trend forecasts. Furthermore, it is unstable for very long term projections.
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Cai, Wenlong. "ZERO-ONE PROGRAMMING ANALYSIS OF MINE PRODUCTION SCHEDULING PROBLEMS". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275401.

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Webber, R. C. W. "Determining the physical and economic impact of environmental design criteria for ultra-deep mines". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07242006-105847/.

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King, Nelson Eng. "A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MINE EVALUATIONS". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275287.

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Gottschalk, Ethan Jermome. "Resource Debate in Southwest Alaska: The Bristol Bay Fishery and the Pebble Mine". The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01222010-112628/.

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Bristol Bay, in Southwest Alaska, is the largest sockeye salmon fishery in the world. After an almost total collapse of salmon numbers in the mid 1970s, the salmon have returned and average in the tens of millions every year. The salmon play a vital economic, cultural, and subsistence role in the lives of the people who call Bristol Bay home. At present there is a plan to develop a low-grade, but substantial, mineral deposit that consists primarily of copper, gold, and molybdenum. The estimated value of the minerals present is more than $500 billion. This plan is known as the Pebble Project, and could involve an open-pit mine, a large area of block caving, as well as the creation of huge tailings ponds north of Lake Iliamna. The proposed site of the mine straddles a drainage divide that affects two major watersheds that feed the Bristol Bay fishery. A resource debate is at hand which places the development of the mineral deposit at odds with the health of the fishery.
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Fountaine, ELise V. "Computer aided underground mine design and drafting package". Ohio : Ohio University, 1988. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182785891.

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Lavoie, Sébastien. "Géologie de la mine East-Sullivan, Abitibi-Est, Val-d'or, Québec /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2003. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Scheppele, Ryan Hall. "Wingbeat modulation detection of honey bees using a continuous wave laser system". Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/scheppele/ScheppeleR0806.pdf.

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Li, Zhongxue. "Determining the size and life of underground coal mines". Diss., This resource online, 1987. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022008-063243/.

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Pan, Guocheng. "Concepts and methods of multivariate information synthesis for mineral resources estimation". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184946.

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This study introduces a new methodology referred to as geoinformation synthesis for multivariate evaluation of mineral resources and integration of diverse geoscience data. The most critical component is the development of the notion of intrinsic samples and the methods for their delineation. Intrinsic samples replace grid cells which are conventionally employed as the basic information reference. Grid cell sampling has imposed several serious limitations on the geoscience and genetic information that can be objectively related to mineral endowment. Methods based upon intrinsic samples moderate to a certain extent these problems and bring the critical genetic information into the geoscience information system which forms the basis for the quantitative evaluation of mineral resources. The second major component in this new methodology is the integration of factors describing exploration effects with other geodata and mineral endowment estimation; this combination effectively reduces the possibilities of biases in the estimates of mineral endowment and recoverable resources due to the incomplete knowledge on the control area and imperfect analogy with the study areas. The third component is the use in the qualitative models of synthesized geoinformation, which is considerably enhanced, instead of using directly the original measurements (geodata). Several multivariate techniques are proposed and employed for synthesis of diverse information and estimation of mineral endowment, including a priori weighted multivariate criterion, optimum discretization, coherency analysis, multidimensional scaling method (p(ijk), filtering analysis, and geochemical transportation models. These methods were developed, tested, and demonstrated on an actual case study of the epithermal gold-silver deposits in the Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California using various data sets available for this region: geochemical, structural, gravity and magnetic, lithology, and alteration. Finally, the estimation of endowment in terms of epithermal gold-silver mineral occurrences is given for some selected intrinsic samples or information zones identified in the Walker Lake region.
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Libros sobre el tema "Mines and mineral resources – Ecuador"

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Cárdenas, Maximina Navarro. Investigación histórica de la minería en el Ecuador. 2a ed. [Quito?]: Dirección de Industrias del Ejército, 1990.

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Cárdenas, Maximina Navarro. Investigación histórica de la minería en el Ecuador. 2a ed. [Quito?]: Dirección de Industrias del Ejército, 1990.

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editor, Lara Ponce Rommel y FLACSO (Organization) Sede Ecuador, eds. El Dorado o la caja de Pandora: Matices para pensar la minería en Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: FLACSO Ecuador, 2010.

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Ramírez, María Clemencia. Frontera fluida entre Andes, piedemonte y selva: El caso del Valle de Sibundoy, siglos XVI-XVIII. [Bogotá]: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica, 1996.

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Small, H. Beaumont. Mineral resources. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1986.

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Isherwood, Christopher. El cóndor y las vacas. Colombia: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura, 1994.

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Röthlisberger, Ernst. El Dorado. [Bogotá]: República de Colombia, Nación-Presidencia de la República, Comisión Preparatoria para el V Centenario del Descubrimiento de América, Instituto Colombia de Cultura, Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia, 1993.

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Cheney, Glenn Alan. Mineral resources. New York: F. Watts, 1985.

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Buydos, John F. Mines, mining, and mineral resources. Washington, D.C: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1994.

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Sharma, Chandra K. Mineral resources of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Sangeeta Sharma, 1995.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Mines and mineral resources – Ecuador"

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Qi, Fanyu, Xiaolei Li, Yuntao Shang, Jie Meng, Xuezheng Gao, Zhaoyu Kong, Haixin Li y Haifei Yan. "Significance of the Building of National Mineral Deposit Database of China (2020)". En Atlas of Mineral Deposits Distribution in China (2020), 5–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0972-5_3.

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AbstractData are fundamental strategic resources of a country and are considered as “diamond mines” in the twenty-first century. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, has pointed out that big data is the next stage of informatization development and has significant and profound impacts on the economic development, social progress, and people's lives worldwide.
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Traoré, Pierre A. y Olle Ostensson. "2. Strategies for Development of Small/Medium Scale Mines in Africa; An Integrated Participatory Framework for the Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Context of Sustainable Development — The Case of Namaqualand, South Africa". En Mining on a Small and Medium Scale, 17–34. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445489.002.

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Singer, Donald y W. David Menzie. "Mineral Resources and Society". En Quantitative Mineral Resource Assessments. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195399592.003.0005.

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Modern society cannot live without electric and electronic products, concrete, glass, fertilizers, ceramics, motor vehicles, airplanes, refrigerators, stoves, and medical equipment, all of which are made with products of mining. In the 1950s and again in the 1970s there was serious concern about whether we would run out of mineral resources. This recurring theme is driven largely by the increasing amounts of mineral material produced from mines and used by society over time. One of the most striking aspects of the increasing quantities of mineral materials produced has been that prices of many minerals have been declining for more than 100 years. Historically, prices of nonfuel mineral materials have declined relative to consumer goods and wages (Barnett and Morse, 1963). The declining prices have had a positive influence on general economies of mineral users by reducing prices of the factors of production of finished goods. Because mineral commodities are the building blocks of so many industries and products, the declining prices reverberate throughout the economy. Declining mineral commodity prices have largely been due to the successes of mining engineers in repeatedly lowering mining and processing costs and of geologists in lowering discovery costs of mineral deposits. Demonstrating the variability of commodity prices, between 2003 and 2008 prices have dramatically increased, and in 2008 they declined again. Understanding how it is possible to have both increasing production and decreasing and more recently increasing and then decreasing prices of minerals is important to assessors and to decision-makers. Decision-makers, whether concerned about regional development, exploration, or land management, are faced with the dilemma of obtaining new information, or allowing or encouraging others to obtain it, and the possible benefits and costs of development if mineral deposits of value are discovered. The intent in this chapter is to provide decision-makers and assessors a modern perspective on the geologic controls of mineral supply and demand and on the importance to supply of different kinds of mineral deposits and occurrences.
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Singer, Donald y W. David Menzie. "Economic Analysis". En Quantitative Mineral Resource Assessments. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195399592.003.0008.

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Estimated undiscovered mineral resources are based on grade-and-tonnage models made up of deposits of varying economic viability (chapter 6). Many deposits used in grade-and-tonnage models have not been developed because they cannot yet be mined economically. Although technological advances act over time to lower mining costs and environmental impacts, thereby allowing formerly uneconomic deposits to become operating mines, some deposits in these models might “never” be mined for one or more of a variety of reasons, including relatively low tonnages and grades, deep burial, or occurrence in or near environmentally sensitive areas. Few nonacademic problems related to mineral resources are resolved by knowing the amount of metal that exists in some piece of land. Mineral policy issues and problems typically revolve around the effects of minerals that might be economically extracted. This is true if the problem concerns exploring or developing minerals, values of alternative uses of the land, or environmental consequences of minerals development. In resource assessments of undiscovered mineral deposits and in the early stages of exploration, including planning, a need for prefeasibility cost models exists. In exploration, these models separate economic from uneconomic deposits to help focus on targets that can benefit the exploration enterprise. In resource assessment, these cost models can be used to eliminate deposits that would probably be uneconomic even if discovered and allow estimation of the social value of the resources. Data used in grade-and-tonnage models do not necessarily represent economic deposits. Many of the deposits used in the models were found not to be economic and were not mined, whereas other deposits were mined long ago under economic conditions that no longer exist. In this chapter we briefly explore some alternative measures of value used in assessments and then develop the basis for simplified economic filters to separate the clearly economic from the clearly uneconomic deposits. The equations used are not difficult, but they require care in their application because many of the apparently small cost factors can have large effects on the final economic discrimination.
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Gordon, Robert B. y Patrick M. Malone. "Fuel and Materials". En The Texture of Industry. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195058857.003.0014.

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As American entrepreneurs enlarged their undertakings and began to shift them from waterpowered shops in the countryside to factories in the cities, they created a demand for new sources of energy and larger quantities of raw materials. The coal and, later, oil that they used to power their factories were brought to manufacturing centers on canals and railways and by coastal or river shipping. They used the wood and water resources of North America more heavily than ever, but they also created new kinds of workplaces. Their workplaces in the coal and oil fields, on canals and railways, in mills that made iron with mineral coal, and in the nonferrous-metal mines and mills were outside any previous experience of American artisans. Often, these workplaces were not adequately described or recorded before they were replaced. Material evidence helps us fill this gap in the historical record. In mining anthracite, both miners and mine operators faced a complex underground environment where there were few reliable clues to guide their work (Chapter 4). Geologists could help little, and, as anthracite was not much used elsewhere in the world, mining expertise could not be easily borrowed; instead, mining methods were developed through experience and error on the part of individual miners. The technological and social practices that endured in anthracite mining were largely established in the years between 1827 and 1834 by inexperienced adventurers whose aim was to obtain coal quickly and with the least trouble. Many of these practices were later adopted in underground bituminous mines. We can reconstruct a picture of the work of anthracite miners from study of the remaining mines, artifacts, and accounts of mine operation. Each breast in a mine was worked by a miner, who was paid on piece rate. He directed and paid one or two helpers, for whom he provided the necessary tools and supplies. They reached the breast where they worked by walking through the haulage ways and gangways that were the common ground in the mine.
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Roberts, Patrick. "The Tropical ‘Anthropocene’ A Modern Battleground or a Long-Term Framework?" En Tropical Forests in Prehistory, History, and Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818496.003.0012.

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Although referencing temperate, rather than tropical, rainforest destruction in the United States of America the above passage highlights the shift in landscape valuation driven by modern demographic and economic pressures. Firstly, as a greater proportion of the world’s population shifts to the tropics over the course of the twenty-first century, more and more local smallholders will rely on tropical forests as a source of freshwater, agricultural land, and urban land, as well as timber, medicine, and food (Ghazoul and Sheil, 2010; The State of the Tropics Project, 2016). Furthermore, rather than solely being contexts for local subsistence and use, tropical forests are now also national and international ‘mines’ that provision high value wood, minerals, fuels, and land for multi-national businesses and markets. Notions that tropical forests should be removed, rather than managed or maintained, in order to increase local productivity and land value, have led to them becoming the most threatened terrestrial environments on the face of the Earth after the polar ice-caps. Certainly, the increasingly dramatic impacts these pressures are having upon them form part of broader discussions of a new, human-driven era of earth systems domination known as the ‘Anthropocene’ (Malhi et al., 2014). Disproportionate biodiversity, the regulatory role these habitats play in local and regional soil structure and chemistry, and their position within local, regional, and even global climate systems mean that human alterations to tropical forests, that have been argued to have changed in nature and scale since the European industrial revolution of the eighteenth century and the ‘Great Acceleration’ of the 1960s, have massive implications for the planet as a whole (Malhi et al., 2014; Malhi, 2017). As a result, tropical forests are a focal political, economic, and cultural battlefield between local populations reliant upon living within them, and business and governmental interests seeking to extract from them. This chapter explores the tensions that exist in the human occupation and use of global tropical forest regions today, including the advance of urbanism and industrialization, exploitation of mineral, floral, and faunal resources by local groups and multi-national corporations, and their key position in discussions of anthropogenically induced climate change.
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Mitchell, Peter. "New Worlds for the Donkey". En The Donkey in Human History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749233.003.0013.

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One of the signature historical phenomena of the past 500 years has been the global expansion of European societies and their trans-Atlantic offshoots. The mercantile networks, commercial systems, and empires of conquest and colonization that formed the political and economic framework of that expansion involved the discovery and extraction of new mineral and agricultural resources, the establishment of new infrastructures of transport and communication, and the forcible relocation of millions of people. Another key component was the Columbian Exchange, the multiple transfers of people, animals, plants, and microbes that began even before Columbus, gathered pace after 1492, and were further fuelled as European settlement advanced into Africa, Australasia, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Donkeys evolved in the Old World and were confined there until the Columbian Exchange was underway. This chapter explores the introduction of the donkey and the mule to the Americas and, more briefly, to southern Africa and Australia. In keeping with my emphasis on seeking archaeological evidence with which to illuminate the donkey’s story, I omit other aspects of its expansion, such as the trade in animals to French plantations on the Indian Ocean islands of Réunion and Mauritius or, on a much greater scale, India to meet the demands of the British Raj. These examples nevertheless reinforce the argument that mules and donkeys were instrumental in creating and maintaining the structures of economic and political power that Europeans and Euro- Americans wielded in many parts of the globe. From Brazil to the United States, Mexico to Bolivia, Australia to South Africa, they helped directly in processing precious metals and were pivotal in moving gold and silver from mines to centres of consumption. At the same time, they aided the colonization of vast new interiors devoid of navigable rivers, maintained communications over terrain too rugged for wheeled vehicles to pose serious competition, and powered new forms of farming. Their contributions to agriculture and transport were well received by many of the societies that Europeans conquered and their mestizo descendants. However, they also provided opportunities for other Native communities to maintain a degree of independence and identity at and beyond the margins of the European-dominated world.
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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Mines and mineral resources – Ecuador"

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Anwar, Jamal, Sana Sabir, Sumit Kumar Ahirwar, Nisha Rani y K. V. Krishnamurthy. "Study on Spectral Signature of Kaolinite {Al2Si2O5(OH)4} from Bageshpura Clay Mines, Hassan District of Karnataka". En Future Challenges in Earth Sciences for Energy and Mineral Resources. Geological Society of India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/cgsi/2016/95910.

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Portella, Ricardo B., Luiza F. Andrade, Tomazo Garzia Neto y Nelson Coelho. "Single-Pour/Single Pass Loading: An Innovative Concept for a New Generation of Ore Carriers". En ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49589.

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Bulk Carriers have been developed since 1950 to carry large quantities of non-packed commodities such as grains, coal and iron ore. Nowadays, there are some 5,000 bulk carriers around the world and this number points to some concerns that affect owners of these types of ship and ports. One of these problems is the big waiting time at the ports that reaches 12% of the global fleet around the world at any given moment. At Brazilian iron ore ports the time waiting average was of 6–8 days during 2006–2008. A concrete example is the VALE operation that responds from mineral resources exploration to mineral resources delivery, passing through mines, railroads, seaport terminals and shipping business, forming a logistic chain that can not be interrupted by the expected growth in trade and consequent port congestion. In view of this, PROJEMAR and VALE faced the challenge of designing ore carriers in such a way that it would not interfere with the logistics chain by delaying other ships at the loading or discharge terminal. As the cargo operation is taken as the initial point of the design conception, the expected final product is a ship able to safely take loading rates as high as 16,000 tons of ore per hour, with each hold loaded in one pour and the ship fully loaded in one pass, resulting in fewer pours into the holds of the ore carrier, faster loading operations and, consequently, a significant economy for the ship owner and for the port. The amount of extra steel needed over conventional designs: less than one percent. The fundamental idea of this new concept, which PROJEMAR calls “single-pour, single-pass” design, is a method of ballast control that is synchronized with the cargo loading, scientifically deballasting the ship during loading in a way that balances the forces induced by the incoming cargo. Potential hull loading stress problems can occur due to the manner in which ore cargoes are loaded and due to the amount of cargo which is loaded in an individual hold. To avoid the creation of any unacceptable stresses in the ship’s structure, loading studies considering the planning of cargo loading and discharging operations, maximum allowable and minimum required mass of cargo for each hold and for adjacent holds as a function of the draught at mid-hold position in form of hold mass curves, calculations of still water shear forces and still water bending moments for each port loading condition and structural analysis are required to be developed on the early design stages. This ship loading concept is creating a new generation of ore carriers in such a way that the main class societies are nowadays developing new specific class notation dedicated to these ships. The purpose of this paper is to present the “single-pour, single pass” concept development and how it has been applied to the design of the new 400,000 DWT ore carriers that are being built for VALE in Chinese and Korean shipyards, and to the 80,100 DWT Bauxite Carrier that are being built for LOG-IN in Brazil. The “single-pour, single pass” concept was also partially considered on the design of 12 VLCCs that are being converted to VLOCs for VALE in China with PROJEMAR’s design.
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Informes sobre el tema "Mines and mineral resources – Ecuador"

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Szumigala, D. J. y R. C. Swainbank. Map of selected mines, coalfields, and significant mineral resources of Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/742.

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Summerfield, Daisy. Australian Resource Reviews: Manganese Ore 2020. Geoscience Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/9781922446541.

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Britt, Allison y Anthony Senior. Australian Resource Reviews: Antimony 2020. Geoscience Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/9781922446534.

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