Literatura académica sobre el tema "Open Window"

The poems in this collection are elegiac; celebrations of losses and failures, tributes to the daily doldrums that are at the center of human experience. They threaten to expose the uncertainty that exists and refuses to exist in our everyday lives. They explore the otherness associated with the individual and often turn to the universal formulas of music and physics to make order of the world around them. Often times the Speaker finds that the seeming chaos manifests within her already orderly life, the daily routines of work and family. Poetic magic, so to speak, weds this ordered chaos to the laws of nature and its routines, especially birds, which makes a recurrent appearance throughout the manuscript.

Les gestacions de bessons tenen un impacte negatiu sobre l’economia de les explotacions lleteres per l’elevat risc d’avortament i els efectes negatius del part de bessons sobre l’eficiència reproductiva postpart de les vaques. La reducció embrionària ofereix l’oportunitat de transformar una gestació múltiple en una simple i es presenta con una eina per a disminuir la creixent taxa de bessons i els seus efectes negatius. El principal objectiu d’aquesta tesi ha estat desenvolupar i avaluar els beneficis i riscs potencials de la reducció embrionària en vaques d’alta producció. També es van estudiar els factors de maneig que poden afectar la incidència de gestacions de bessons i els efectes del part de bessons sobre la vida productiva de la vaca. Els quatre estudis que s’inclouen en aquesta tesi han estat publicats o estan sotmesos a revisió per a la seva publicació en revistes científiques. En el primer estudi es van analitzar l’efecte dels factors de maneig i especialment els diferents protocols de sincronització de cel emprats sobre la incidència de gestacions de bessons. La taxa de gestació de bessons sobre un total de 2015 gestacions va ser del 17.9% i la incidència es va veure significativament afectada per factors individuals (lactació i bessons en el part anterior), factors ambientals (fotoperíode y estació) i pel protocol de sincronització aplicat abans de la inseminació. El segon estudi recull els historials reproductius complets de 4861 vaques lleteres d’alta producció amb un total de 12587 parts amb l’objectiu de determinar els efectes del part de bessons sobre l’eficiència reproductiva postpart i la vida productiva de les vaques. La taxa de parts de bessons durant el 11 anys d’estudi va ser del 5.6% y el 9.8% de las vaques van tenir bessons al menys en una ocasió al llarg de la seva vida. Les vaques amb part de bessons van presentar una menor taxa de concepció i un major risc d’eliminació en la lactació següent, major risc d’avortament i menor la vida productiva que les vaques amb un únic vedell al part. En el tercer estudi es va avaluar l’efecte de la reducció embrionària per la ruptura manual de l’amnios d’un dels embrions en gestacions de bessons unilaterals i bilaterals sobre el manteniment de la gestació. El risc de pèrdua de la gestació va ser similar en el grup de vaques amb gestacions de bessons unilaterals tractades i control. Tanmateix, la reducció embrionària va incrementar el risc de pèrdua en les vaques amb gestacions de bessons bilaterals. A l’últim estudi es van comparar les taxes de manteniment de la gestació en gestacions múltiples reduïdes mitjançant la ruptura manual de l’amnios o mitjançant aspiració transvaginal del fluid fetal guiada per ecografia. El risc de pèrdua de la gestació va ser similar per ambdós mètodes de reducció.<br>Las gestaciones gemelares tienen un impacto negativo sobre la economía de las explotaciones de vacuno lechero por su elevado riesgo de aborto y el efecto del parto gemelar sobre la eficiencia reproductiva postparto de la vaca. La reducción embrionaria brinda la oportunidad de transformar una gestación múltiple en una simple y se presenta como una herramienta para disminuir la creciente tasa de partos gestaciones y sus efectos negativos. El principal objetivo de esta tesis fue desarrollar y evaluar los beneficios y riesgos potenciales de la reducción embrionaria en vacas de alta producción. Se estudiaron además los factores que afectan a la incidencia de gestaciones gemelares y los efectos de los partos de gemelos sobre la vida productiva de la vaca. Los cuatro estudios experimentales y epidemiológicos incluidos en esta tesis han sido publicados o están sometidos a revisión para su publicación en revistas científicas. En el primer estudio se analizaron los factores de manejo y especialmente de los diferentes protocolos de sincronización de celo empleados sobre la incidencia de gestaciones gemelares. La tasa de gestaciones gemelares sobre un total de 2015 gestaciones fue del 17.9% y la incidencia se vio significativamente afectada por factores individuales (número de lactación y gemelos en el parto previo), factores ambientales (fotoperiodo y estación) y por el protocolo de sincronización aplicado antes de la inseminación. En el secundo estudio se recogieron los historiales reproductivos completos de 4861 vacas lecheras de alta producción con un total de 12587 partos con el objetivo de determinar los efectos del parto gemelar sobre la eficiencia reproductiva postparto y la vida productiva de las vacas. La tasa de partos gemelares durante los 11 años de estudio fue del 5.6% y el 9.8% de las vacas parieron gemelos al menos en una ocasión a lo largo de sus vidas. Las vacas con partos gemelares presentaron, además de una menor tasa de concepción y un mayor riesgo de ser eliminadas durante la siguiente lactación, un mayor riesgo de aborto y una menor vida productiva que las vacas con un único ternero al parto. El tercer estudio evaluó el efecto de la reducción embrionaria mediante la ruptura manual del amnios de uno de los embriones en gestaciones gemelares unilaterales y bilaterales sobre el mantenimiento de la gestación. El riesgo de pérdida de la gestación fue similar para el grupo de vacas con gestación unilateral tratadas y control mientras que la reducción embrionaria incrementó el riesgo de pierda de la gestación en las vacas con gestaciones bilaterales. En el último estudio se compararon las tasas de mantenimiento de la gestación tras reducir gestaciones múltiples mediante la ruptura manual del amnios o mediante aspiración transvaginal del fluido fetal guiado por ecografía. El riesgo de pérdida de la gestación fue similar para ambos métodos de reducción.<br>Twin pregnancy is an increasing and current topic of the high-producing dairy herds due to the economic losses caused by their great risk of pregnancy failure and the detrimental effects of twinning on the postpartum reproductive efficiency. Transforming a multiple pregnancy into a singleton pregnancy by inducing embryo reduction may circumvent those problems. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to develop and evaluate the potential risks and benefits of embryo reduction in dairy cattle as a therapeutic strategy addressed to prevent cows from delivering twins and to reduce the twinning rate in high-producing dairy herds. In order to offer a holistic perspective on the problem of twins and to determine its magnitude, we also studied the factors that affect the incidence of twin pregnancies and the effects of twinning on the productive lifespan of the cows. Research included in this thesis was divided in four studies published or submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. The first study addressed potential management risk factors affecting the incidence of twin pregnancies in high-producing dairy cows. Special attention was paid to the estrus synchronization protocol used before the AI resulting in pregnancy. Twin pregnancy was recorded in the 17.9% of the 2015 pregnancy diagnoses, and the incidence was affected by cow factors (lactation number and previous twining), environmental factors (photoperiod and season) and management related to synchronization protocols. The second study analyzed data from complete reproductive records for 4861 high milk-producing dairy cows including 12587 calving events to determine the effects of twinning on the subsequent reproductive performance and productive lifespan of the cows. The twinning rate was 5.6%, and 9.8% of the cows delivered twins at least once during their life. Cows delivering twins, besides being less likely to conceive and more likely to be culled in the subsequent lactation, also carry a higher risk of abortion on the subsequent lactation and show a reduced mean productive lifespan. In the third study we evaluated the effect on pregnancy maintenance of embryo reduction by manual amnion rupture in unilateral and bilateral twin pregnant cows. Embryo reduction by manual amnion rupture did not carry an additional risk of pregnancy loss for unilateral twin pregnancies, whereas the treatment increased the risk of pregnancy failure in bilateral twin pregnancies. The last study compared the effect on pregnancy maintenance of two embryo reduction techniques, Manual Rupture (MR) and Transvaginal Ultrasound Guided Aspiration (TUGA) of allanto-amniotic fluid in dairy cows with multiple pregnancies. No effect was detected on pregnancy maintenance of the technique used.

Bakgrund: Immunsystemet är en av flera fysiologiska aspekter som försämras vid ökad ålder. Aktuell forskning tyder på att fysisk aktivitet stimulerar ett akut svar från immunsystemet i form av mobilisering av vita blodkroppar (WBC) i blodbanan. I efterförloppet av den fysiska aktiviteten sker en immunosuppression som fortlöper olika länge (3-72 h) beroende på aktivitetens intensitet och duration. Detta fenomen benämns ”open window” och det är idag omstritt huruvida det gör individen mer infektionskänslig efter träning. Syfte: Syftet med den aktuella studien var att finna en träningsvolym som tillåter seniorer utföra måttlig aerob fysisk aktivitet utan att riskera en period av immunosuppression. Ur ett folkhälsoperspektiv skulle detta kunna öka livskvalitén hos seniorer utifrån rådanade rekommendationer kring fysisk aktivet utan att riskera infektioner. Metod: 29 testpersoner (12 män, 17 kvinnor; medelålder (SD) 70,7 ± 3,8 år) utförde cykelergometertester i intensitetszon 1 under antingen 5, 10 eller 20 minuter. Under provtillfället togs 4 blodprover (Baseline, direkt efter test, efter 15 minuters vila och efter 30 minuters vila) där WBC och dess undergrupper analyserades med hjälp av ett bildanalyssystem (HemoCue WBC Diff System). Resultat: Resultaten indikerar att all måttlig fysisk aktivitet på cykelergometer akut förhöjer koncentrationen WBC i blodbanan med 23, 32 och 30 % i respektive grupp (5, 10, 20 min). Efter 15 minuters vila minskade antalet WBC endast signifikant hos de testpersoner som cyklade i 5 minuter med totalt 15 %. Efter 30 minuters vila fanns det inte längre någon skillnad i WBC mellan baselinevärdena och de sist uppmätta värdena vilket tyder på att ingen grupp befann sig i ”open window”. Konklusion: Resultaten tyder på att friska seniorer kan utföra fysisk träning som motsvarar de rådande allmänna rekommendationerna för aerob fysisk aktivitet utan att riskera immunosuppression och ”open window”.

Daylight harvesting is an essential strategy that is often used to enhance both the design and performance of an architectural project. Windows, as crucial architectural elements, not only admit natural light into spaces but also provide the occupants with visual connections. However, the excessive usage of windows brings an uncontrolled amount of solar energy to the spaces and negatively affect the building's energy performance. When utilizing passive design strategies such as daylight harvesting, several parameters, including the electrical lighting system, can impact the outcome. The current study investigates the role of lighting systems on daylight harvesting's effectiveness and their impact on window dimension and total energy consumption. In this study, the optimum window-to-wall ratio of an open office in the presence of two different light sources (LED and fluorescent) is explored through a computer simulation method. A combination of tools including AGi32, ElumTools, OpenStudio, EnergyPlus, Radiance, and MATLAB helps to conduct the simulation and deliver optimal results. In the results and conclusion chapter, the study provides guidelines to specify optimal window percentages considering two lighting systems in each cardinal direction. Importantly, the guideline focuses only on energy performance and not on the spatial quality of the design.<br>Master of Architecture<br>Harnessing daylight with the use of windows helps to offset parts of the electric lighting needs, and decrease the total building energy consumption. This is accomplished by using glazed materials to admit daylight and lighting control systems, which can respond to the dynamic light level. However, improper implementation of a passive daylighting strategy may cause increased energy consumption. Sunlight is accompanied by solar heat radiation which can increase the HVAC load of a space and compromise the energy savings achieved by daylighting. Therefore, a balance between solar heat and light gain is required to fully take advantage of solar energy without reverse impacts. Concerning the mentioned balance, recent advancements in lighting technology question the effectiveness of natural light in reducing whole-building energy consumption. Due to the high energy efficiency of LED luminaires, lighting power consumption is rather low, even when the lighting system operates at full capacity. Therefore, it is unclear whether the solar energy coming through glazed materials works to the advantage or disadvantage of total building energy consumption. This study hypothesized that the total energy consumption of an open office with LED luminaires would be less in absence of solar energy compared to a scenario which utilizes the solar energy. A simulation-based methodology, using a combination of photometric computation and building energy simulation tools, was utilized to examine the hypothesis and explore the impacts of lighting systems on the optimum window-to-wall ratio. The results provide a helpful guideline which highlights the impact of lighting systems on window dimensions and their mutual effect on whole-building energy consumption. Although the optimum window-to-wall ratios suggested by this study only concern energy consumption, integration of them with occupants' preferences can propose an acceptable window-to-wall ratio that satisfies both design quality and performance of a building.

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) are two leading semiconductor materials used in the fabrication of thin film solar cells of relatively high power conversion efficiency and low manufacturing cost. In this work, CdS/CdTe solar cells with a varying set of processing parameters and device designs were fabricated and characterized for comparative evaluation. Studies were undertaken to elucidate the effects of (i) each step in fabrication and (ii) parameters like thickness, sheet resistance, light absorptivity solution concentration, inert gas pressure etc. Best results were obtained when the thickness of CdS planar film for the window layer was in the range of 150 nm to 200 nm. Also, CdS nanowires were fabricated for use as the window layer in CdS-CdTe solar cells. Their materials characteristics were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Spectral absorption measurements on the planar CdS films and nanowire CdS layers were performed and results compared. It was established that the nanowire CdS design was superior because its absorption of sunlight was far less than that of planar CdS film, which would lead to enhanced performance in the CdS-CdTe solar cell through higher short circuit current density and higher open circuit voltage. Diode behavior of CdS-CdTe devices on planar CdS and nanowire CdS was analyzed and compared. KEYWORDS: Thin Film Solar Cell, Nanowire, UV Absorption, Open-circuit Voltage, Close Space Sublimation

Due to the pressure of recent legislative changes (eg: the EU Landfill Directive and the imposition of a Landfill Tax), composting as a waste disposal technique is now being viewed as the preferred alternative to the landfilling of organic waste. However, while composting has been practised in one form or another for 2500 years, the underlying principles behind the microbial ecology of composting, is poorly understood. In order to obtain an insight into the ecology and hence, the critical nature of the composting process, a number of low cost open-windrows containing urban botanical wastes were established. These windrows were subjected to microbial and physico-chemical analysis over the initial period of exothermically active composting (25 days). This study demonstrated that, whilst average temperatures within open windrows can reach in excess of 65 °C, the sustainability and range of these temperatures depended upon the windrow bulk density. Windrows with bulk densities of 600kgm*3 had a larger insulation factor and thus, were able to sustain high temperatures for longer periods. However, these windrows were more susceptible to the development of areas of low temperature (cold spots) at depths below 20cm. Windrows with bulk densities of 400kgm'3 had smaller insulation factors and therefore, lost heat at a faster rate than windrows with higher bulk densities. This loss of heat was observed to be the case with the windrow surface layers, but they exhibited fewer cool spots at lower levels. This study found that the average microbial population of windrow material was 2.29x1013 CFU kg*1 and that each microbial cell could generate between 6.33 and 8.56xl0*13 Mjkg*1. This resulted in the generation of between 1.13 and 1.70 Mjkg*1 °C*1 of heat energy. Contrary to the published literature, this study observed that temperatures above 65 °C did not result in the significant loss of ammonia from the windrow. However, high levels of ammonia did suppress the formation of nitrate within the windrows. Experiments investigating microbial population kinetics within the windrows indicated that observed changes were proportional to temperature up to 60 °C, when a reduction in population numbers was observed between 60 °C and 65 °C. However, between 60 °C and 70 °C population levels increased once again. It was also noted that at the start of the composting process, 13 different microbial species or genera could be identified. However, after 17 days of exothermic composting, this had been reduced to 2 genera, including a novel large bacterial species belonging to the genus Bacillus. This study also showed that samples of windrows exposed to temperatures above 55 °C for 48 hours did not eliminate mesophilic or psycrotrophic microbial populations as previously assumed by other workers, but only suppressed their metabolism during the high temperature period.