Bibliografías temáticas / Pharmaceutical chemistry. South Africa

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Pharmaceutical chemistry. South Africa"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Pharmaceutical chemistry. South Africa"

Veale, Clinton G. L. y Ronel Müller. "Recent Highlights in Anti‐infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa". ChemMedChem 15, n.º 10 (9 de abril de 2020): 809–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202000086.

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Manganyi, Madira Coutlyne, Cornelius Carlos Bezuidenhout, Thierry Regnier y Collins Njie Ateba. "A Chewable Cure “Kanna”: Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Sceletium tortuosum". Molecules 26, n.º 9 (28 de abril de 2021): 2557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092557.

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Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E.Br. (Mesembryanthemaceae), commonly known as kanna or kougoed, is an effective indigenous medicinal plant in South Africa, specifically to the native San and Khoikhoi tribes. Today, the plant has gained strong global attraction and reputation due to its capabilities to promote a sense of well-being by relieving stress with calming effects. Historically, the plant was used by native San hunter-gatherers and Khoi people to quench their thirst, fight fatigue and for healing, social, and spiritual purposes. Various studies have revealed that extracts of the plant have numerous biological properties and isolated alkaloids of Sceletium tortuosum are currently being used as dietary supplements for medicinal purposes and food. Furthermore, current research has focused on the commercialization of the plant because of its treatment in clinical anxiety and depression, psychological and psychiatric disorders, improving mood, promoting relaxation and happiness. In addition, several studies have focused on the isolation and characterization of various beneficial bioactive compounds including alkaloids from the Sceletium tortuosum plant. Sceletium was reviewed more than a decade ago and new evidence has been published since 2008, substantiating an update on this South African botanical asset. Thus, this review provides an extensive overview of the biological and pharmaceutical properties of Sceletium tortuosum as well as the bioactive compounds with an emphasis on antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and other significant biological effects. There is a need to critically evaluate the bioactivities and responsible bioactive compounds, which might assist in reinforcing and confirming the significant role of kanna in the promotion of healthy well-being in these stressful times.

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Atkinson, Simon. "Veolia helps pharmaceutical manufacturer in South Africa meet strict standards of purity for process water". Membrane Technology 2020, n.º 2 (febrero de 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(20)30030-6.

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Hulley, M., BE van Wyk y AL Schutte-Vlok. "Traditional medicine of the Little Karoo, Western Cape Province, South Africa". Planta Medica 81, S 01 (14 de diciembre de 2016): S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596477.

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Etsassala, Ninon, Tesfaye Waryo, Olugbenga Popoola, Adewale Adeloye, Emmanuel Iwuoha y Ahmed Hussein. "Electrochemical Screening and Evaluation of Lamiaceae Plant Species from South Africa with Potential Tyrosinase Activity". Sensors 19, n.º 5 (28 de febrero de 2019): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051035.

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South Africa is a country with a wide variety of plants that may contain excellent anti-tyrosinase inhibitors. With wide applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products, tyrosinase inhibitors have received very special attention in the recent past as a way of preventing the overproduction of melanin in epidermal layers which often over time brings detrimental effects on human skin. In this present study, a fast screening method using a cyclic voltammetry technique was applied in the evaluation of methanolic extracts of twenty-five species of plants from the Lamiaceae family for anti-tyrosinase activity. Among these plants, those that showed a fast current inhibition rate at a minimum concentration when compared to a kojic acid standard were classified as having the greatest anti-tyrosinase activity. These include Salvia chamelaeagnea, S. dolomitica, Plectranthus ecklonii, P. namaensis, and P. zuluensis. The results presented herein focused in particular on providng firsthand information for further extensive research and exploration of natural product materials with anti-tyrosinase activity from South African flora for use in cosmetics, skin care and medicinal treatments.

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Balogun, Fatai y Anofi Ashafa. "A Review of Plants Used in South African Traditional Medicine for the Management and Treatment of Hypertension". Planta Medica 85, n.º 04 (26 de noviembre de 2018): 312–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0801-8771.

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AbstractSouth Africa contains 9% of the worldʼs higher plants, and despite its rich biodiversity, it has one of the highest prevalence of hypertension in Africa. This review provides information on medicinal plants embraced in South Africa for hypertension management, with the aim of reporting pharmacological information on the indigenous use of these plants as antihypertensives. This review not only focuses on the activity of antihypertensive medicinal plants but also reports some of its phytochemical constituents and other ethnopharmacological and therapeutic properties. Information obtained from scientific and or unpublished databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, SciFinder, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and various books revealed 117 documented antihypertensive plant species from 50 families. Interestingly, Asteraceae topped the list with 16 species, followed by Fabaceae with 8 species; however, only 25% of all plant species have demonstrated antihypertensive effects originating from both in vitro and in vivo studies, lending credence to their folkloric use. Only 11 plant species reportedly possess antihypertensive properties in animal models, with very few species subjected to analytical processes to reveal the identity of their bioactive antihypertensive compounds. In this review, we hope to encourage researchers and global research institutions (universities, agricultural research councils, and medical research councils), particularly those showing an interest in natural products, for the need for concerted efforts to undertake more studies aimed at revealing the untapped potential of these plants. These studies are very important for the development of new pharmaceuticals of natural origin useful for the management of hypertension.

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ANELICH, L. E. y L. KORSTEN. "Survey of micro-organisms associated with spoilage of cosmetic creams manufactured in South Africa". International Journal of Cosmetic Science 18, n.º 1 (febrero de 1996): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1996.tb00133.x.

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Horn, Suranie, Bianca Vogt, Rialet Pieters, Hindrik Bouwman y Carlos Bezuidenhout. "Impact of Potential COVID‐19 Treatment on South African Water Sources Already Threatened by Pharmaceutical Pollution". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 39, n.º 7 (8 de junio de 2020): 1305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.4734.

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Serrano, Rachel, Víctor González-Menéndez, Germán Martínez, Clara Toro, Jesús Martín, Olga Genilloud y José R. Tormo. "Metabolomic Analysis of The Chemical Diversity of South Africa Leaf Litter Fungal Species Using an Epigenetic Culture-Based Approach". Molecules 26, n.º 14 (14 de julio de 2021): 4262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144262.

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Microbial natural products are an invaluable resource for the biotechnological industry. Genome mining studies have highlighted the huge biosynthetic potential of fungi, which is underexploited by standard fermentation conditions. Epigenetic effectors and/or cultivation-based approaches have successfully been applied to activate cryptic biosynthetic pathways in order to produce the chemical diversity suggested in available fungal genomes. The addition of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid to fermentation processes was evaluated to assess its effect on the metabolomic diversity of a taxonomically diverse fungal population. Here, metabolomic methodologies were implemented to identify changes in secondary metabolite profiles to determine the best fermentation conditions. The results confirmed previously described effects of the epigenetic modifier on the metabolism of a population of 232 wide diverse South Africa fungal strains cultured in different fermentation media where the induction of differential metabolites was observed. Furthermore, one solid-state fermentation (BRFT medium), two classic successful liquid fermentation media (LSFM and YES) and two new liquid media formulations (MCKX and SMK-II) were compared to identify the most productive conditions for the different populations of taxonomic subgroups.

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Rae, Ian D. "Vitamin A and Australian Fish Liver Oils". Historical Records of Australian Science 25, n.º 1 (2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14005.

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Research by an organic chemist at the University of Melbourne and support from Australia's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research provided the basis for a wartime industry when Australia was unable to maintain access to traditional supplies of cod liver oil from Britain and Norway in the 1940s. Two major pharmaceutical companies gathered oil from the livers of sharks in southern Australia that was rich in vitamin A, and so met domestic and military needs for this nutritional supplement. Other companies joined in and by the end of the war Australia had a flourishing industry that derived synergy from the marketing of shark flesh for human consumption. South Africa was a leader among countries that expanded fish-oil production in the late 1940s, as a result of which Australian producers suffered from import competition. A Tariff Board hearing found that the Australian industry was unable to meet local needs and so did not recommend increased tariffs. The industry struggled for years until the perceived nutritional benefits of other components of the fish oils helped to revive markets.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Pharmaceutical chemistry. South Africa"

Knott, Michael George. "Isolation, structural characterisation and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of natural products from selected South African marine red algae". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015460.

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The medicinal chemistry of selected marine algae indigenous to South Africa was investigated. Following the isolation and characterisation of a number of new and known compounds, the associated in vitro cytotoxic profiles of these new compounds was investigated. Plocamium maxillosum yielded two new cyclic polyhalogenated monoterpenes which were characterised as 2E-chloromethine-4E-chlorovinyl-4-methyl-5-cyclohexen-1-one (2.1) and 2Z-chloromethine-4E-chlorovinyl-4-methyl-5-cyclohexen-1-one (2.2) on the basis of one and two dimensional NMR spectroscopic data and MS analysis. These compounds were also found to have good cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell lines. Although these compounds are based on a regular monoterpene skeleton, they represent an uncommon feature not often seen in cyclic halogenated monoterpenes from marine algae. Plocamium robertiae yielded one new cyclic polyhalogenated monoterpene identified as 4,5- dibromo-5-chloromethyl-1-chlorovinyl-2-chloro-methylcyclohexane (2.6) and one known compound called 2,4-dichloro-1-chlorovinyl-1-methylcyclohexane-5-ene or Plocamene D (2.9). Portieria hornemannii was collected from Port Edward in Natal and yielded three new compounds, namely; 3Z-1,6-dibromo-3-(bromomethylidene)-2,7-dichloro-7-methyloctane (3.1), 1E,3Z-1,6-dibromo-3-(bromomethylidene)-7-chloro-7-methyloct-1-ene (3.2), 1Z,3Z- 1,6-dibromo-3-(bromomethylidene)-7-chloro-7-methyloct-1-ene (3.3), and one known compound, namely; 3S,6R-6-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)-3,7-dichloro-7-methyloct-1-ene (3.4). Compounds 3.1 and 3.2 showed no cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells. Another Portieria hornemannii sample was collected from Noordhoek in the Eastern Cape, it yielded one known compound referred to as 3Z-6-bromo-3-(bromomethylidene)-2,7- dichloro-7-methyloct-1-ene (3.5), as well as one new compound called portieric acid A (3.6) or 5-bromo-2-(bromomethylidene)-6-chloro-6-methylheptanoic acid. Portieric acid A showed slight cytotoxic activity and also represents a new class of compound within the genus Portieria. The isolation of secondary metabolites from the South African red alga, Laurencia glomerata, yielded two known compounds; 7-hydroxylaurene (4.9) and cis-neolaurencenyne (4.12), as well as one chamigrane related compound (4.11). Laurencia flexuosa yielded one known compound called 3Z-bromofucin (4.13). Using 1H NMR, GC and molecular systematics, a novel method for identifying different species of Laurencia was also investigated.

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Kabatende, Joseph. "Pharmacological evaluation of some central nervous system effects of Cotyledon Orbiculata". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The use of traditional medicine through the use of medicinal plants in Africa and especially in South Africa has long been considered an important characteristic of people's daily lives and socio-cultural heritage. Cotyledon Orbiculata is among the medicinal plants that are used by South African traditional practitioners for the treatment of epilepsy and painful conditions such as corns, warts, toothache, earache, boils and various other ailments. However, the claim of therapeutic successes of medicinal plants by traditional medicine practitioners are hardly subjected to scientific scrutiny. This study therefore, investigated the anti-epileptic property of Cotyledon Orbiculata by studying the effects of the methanol extract of the plant against chemically induced seizures by pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin, bicuculline and N-methyl-DL-aspartic acid in mice. The study also investigated the analgestic effects of Cotyledon Orbiculata by studying the effect of the plant extract on pain induced by acetic acid and hot plate thermal stimulation.

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Muhizi, Theoneste. "The extraction, purification and evaluation of compounds from the leaves of Leonotis Leonorus for anticonvulsant activity". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1609.

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Magister Scientiae - MSc
The aim of this study is to isolate and evaluate the anticonvulsant components from the leaves of Leonotis leonorus (L) R.aR. and to see if there is any change in activity with the origin of the plant material and I or the season in which plant material is collected. Therefore, in this study, two sites were chosen for collection of plant material and the collection was made in summer and in winter. Chemical, physical and pharmacological methods were used to isolate, identify and to evaluate compounds isolated from the leaves of Leonotis leonorus for anticonvulsant activity.
South Africa

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Dagnolo, Bianca. "The development of an orodispersible sildenafil citrate tablet intended for paediatric use". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003229.

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Sildenafil citrate (SC) is a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor that is used to treat pulmonary hypertension (PH) in paediatric patients. The purpose of these studies was to develop a formulation and manufacture an orodispersible tablet (ODT) that can be easily administered to neonates and children with PH. The advantages of ODT dosage forms include ease of administration, rapid dissolution of the API, SC. Furthermore the dosage form can be taken without water which is beneficial to patients without immediate access to potable fluids. A simple, rapid, accurate, precise and selective reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and was successfully used for the analysis of SC as raw material and in SC containing pharmaceutical dosage forms. Preformulation studies were performed on SC, alone and in combination with potential excipients that could be used to make tablets. Investigations into potential interactions between SC and the excipients were performed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). DSC results revealed that SC was compatible with all potential excipients except mannitol and magnesium stearate. However these interactions were not observed with IR and therefore it was concluded that the interactions were induced by the high temperatures that DSC operates at. Particle size and shape was also established by use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and flow properties were monitored by calculating Carr’s Index (CI) and the Hausner Ratio (HR). Direct compression was used as the method of manufacture for SC tablets as this approach is simple and the most economic production approach. The powder blends were assessed for bulk and tapped density and the CI and HR were used to determine the flowability of the blends. The quality attributes of the resultant tablets that were monitored included uniformity of weight, friability, crushing strength, tensile strength, disintegration, wetting and in vitro dispersion times. Design of Experiments is an efficient statistical approach that has become a popular tool used in the pharmaceutical industry to optimize formulation compositions, as it allows for the investigation of several input factors at the same time whilst not using the tedious and traditional “ modification of one variable at a time” approach. A Central composite experimental design was chosen as the most appropriate means to optimize the formulation as it produces more accurate results as opposed to other experimental designs approaches as input factors are investigated at five different levels. Through the use of mathematical modelling, optimum concentrations of disintegrant(s) and an appropriate blending time were established. Analysis of the data from the experimental design and mathematical modelling studies reveal that no changes in disintegrant concentration or blending time altered the disintegration time of the formulation to any significant extent. This result is most likely due to the fact that the critical disintegrant concentration has been reached and increasing the disintegrant concentration further has no effect on disintegration time. It was also established that a change in the concentration of CMS and CRP altered the wetting time of the tablet significantly. Finally it was noted that there was a linear relationship between blending time and the uniformity of content of the tablets produced in these studies. The optimized product was a white tablet with a diameter of 7.31 mm with a thickness of 2.80mm.The dosage form had no visible cracks or evidence of picking or sticking. The tablet exhibits suitable friability and tensile strength while exhibiting a disintegration time of only 8s. Therefore an orodispersible tablet containing SC intended for paediatric use has been successfully developed, manufactured and optimized through the use of preformulation studies, appropriate quality control monitoring and mathematical modelling. These formulations require further optimization in respect of addition of flavours and or additional sweetening agents.

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Gater, Thomas. "Pharmaceutical Security in South Africa: Law and Medical Geopolitics". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5273_1274376650.

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The study focuses on the political and economic geographies of pharmaceutical delivery. In 1997 the South African government passed the Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act, sparking outrage from both the local and international pharmaceutical industry, and resulting in court action in 2001. The industry believed that South Africa was in breach of its obligations under international intellectual property law. Those fighting for pharmaceutical security hoped the court case would be a &lsquo
landmark&rsquo
in the global campaign for equitable access to medicines. This investigation seeks to analyse the domestic and international legacy of the court action. The inquiry takes its significance from the high prevalence rates of treatable diseases and the need for pharmaceutical security in South Africa and its neighbouring African countries. The absence of a sustainable international medicines delivery system is a global political, economic and moral failure. A solution is required that balances the positive productive forces of the market with a philosophy of justice and equity.

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Rivombo, Samson. "An investigation into the high turnover rate of pharmacists in the South African pharmaceutical industry". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019786.

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The main objective of this study was to investigate factors contributing to employee turnover in the South African pharmaceutical industry and to suggest strategies to minimize it. Employee turnover is a persistent problem facing both public and private organizations in South Africa. In addition to the costs incurred when an employee resigns, losing employees results in a loss of knowledge, skills and experience. Numerous studies have been undertaken globally on this topic. However, this problem continues to adversely affect organizations in several ways. Schwab (1991) suggests that this is because there are no clear resolutions yet to this challenge. Based on literature review conducted, there is no study undertaken in South Africa attempting to address this problem. The purpose of this study was to identify factors contributing to high turnover rate of pharmacists in South Africa (the pharmaceutical industry in particular) and to recommend strategies to address this problem. A quantitative research approach was followed when addressing this problem. Literature review was conducted on employee turnover and a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was used as a measuring instrument. Following a non-probability, convenience sampling method, two pharmaceutical companies in Gauteng and one in the Eastern Cape were surveyed. The results were analysed by a statistician using Epi-info and stata software as tools for statistical analysis. The following factors were found to be key factors contributing to employee turnover in the pharmaceutical industry: (i) lack of career advancement opportunities, (ii) uncompetitive salary packages, (iii) perceived inequity reflecting leadership challenges, (iv) insufficient recognition for good performance, (v) stress, and (vi) insufficient retention strategies. An effective retention strategy should address all factors that may contribute to employee turnover. A retention strategy that combines competitive salary packages, opportunities for learning and career advancement, recognition, equity and support structures (to deal with stress), should be used in the pharmaceutical industry. This will assist in creating a motivating climate, which is a pre-requisite for job satisfaction and, in turn, employee retention.

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Hill, Peter William. "The South African community pharmacist and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus a pharmaceutical care intervention". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003238.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of pandemic magnitude, increasingly contributing to the disease burden of countries in the developing world, largely because of the effects of unhealthy lifestyles fuelled by unbridled urbanisation. In certain settings, patients with diabetes are more likely to have a healthcare encounter with a pharmacist than with any other healthcare provider. The overall aim of the study was to investigate the potential of South African community pharmacists to positively influence patient adherence and metabolic control in Type 2 diabetes. The designated primary endpoint was glycated haemoglobin, with the intermediate health outcomes of blood lipids, serum creatinine, blood pressure and body mass index serving as secondary endpoints. Community pharmacists and their associated Type 2 diabetes patients were recruited from areas throughout South Africa using the communication media of various nonstatutory pharmacy organisations. Although 156 pharmacists initially indicated interest in participating in the study, only 28 pharmacists and 153 patients were enrolled prior to baseline data collection. Of these, 16 pharmacists and 57 patients participated in the study for the full twelve months. Baseline clinical and psychosocial data were collected, after which pharmacists and their patients were randomised, nine pharmacists and 34 patients to the intervention group and 8 pharmacists and 27 patients to the control group. The sample size calculation revealed that each group required the participation of a minimum of 35 patients. Control pharmacists were requested to offer standard pharmaceutical care, while the intervention pharmacists were provided with a scope of practice diabetes care plan to guide the diabetes care they were to provide. Data were again collected 12-months postbaseline. At baseline, proportionally more intervention patients (82.4%) than control patients (59.3%) were using only oral anti-diabetes agents (i.e. not in combination with insulin), while insulin usage, either alone or in combination with oral agents was conversely greater in the control group (40.7%) than in the intervention group (17.6%) (Chi-squared test, p=0.013). Approximately half of the patients (53.8% control and 47.1% intervention) reported having their HbA1c levels measured in terms of accepted guidelines. There was no significant difference in HbA1c between the groups at the end of the study (Independent t-test, p=0.514). In the control group, the mean HbA1c increased from 7.3±1.2% to 7.6±1.5%, while for the intervention patients the variable remained almost constant (8.2±2.0% at baseline and 8.2±1.8% at post-baseline). Similarly, there were no significant differences between the groups with regard to any of the designated secondary clinical endpoints. Adherence to medication and self-management recommendations was similarly good for both groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups for any of the other psychosocial variables measured. In conclusion, intervention pharmacists were not able to significantly influence glycaemic control or therapeutic adherence compared to the control pharmacists.

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Bromley, Candice Leigh. "Studies in South African marine molluscan chemistry". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005021.

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This thesis investigates the variability occurring in the secondary metabolites produced by three South African marine molluscs. Chapter Two discusses the isolation and spectroscopic structure elucidation of the metabolites isolated from two Siphonaria species. The re-investigation of Siphonaria capensis yielded siphonarienfuranone (2.2) as the only common polypropionate isolated from both the 1998 and 2009 collections of S. capensis from the same areas suggesting possible seasonal or genetic variation in polypropionate production. The sterol cholest-7-en-3,5,7- triol (2.33) was also isolated form the 2009 collection of S. capensis and this is the first time this compound has been isolated from a Siphonaria species. The second species, Siphonaria oculus is closely related to S. capensis and the investigation into the former’s secondary metaboliteproduction revealed 2.2 as a major metabolite suggesting an inter-species overlap in polypropionate production. Three new polypropionate metabolites, 2.35, 2.36 and 2.37 were also isolated from S. oculus. An unsuccessful attempt was made to establish the absolute configuration of 2.37 using the modified Mosher’s method and the limited amount of 2.37 available prevented any further attempts at resolving the absolute configuration of this compound. The 1H NMR analysis of the defensive mucus collected directly from S. oculus revealed the presence of the acyclic polypropionate 2.37 as a minor metabolite. The absence of characteristic signals for the furanone containing compounds 2.2, 2.35 and 2.36, might suggest that these compounds cyclise from a hypothetical acyclic precursor (2.38) during standard work up of bulk acetone extracts of Siphonaria species. Chapter Three discusses the re-isolation and spectroscopic structure elucidation of the metabolites isolated from the nudibranch, Leminda millecra. Three known natural products, millecrone A (3.1), 8-hydroxycalamenene (3.6) and cubebenone (3.8) were re-isolated from our 2010 collection of L. millecra, as well as the new minor metabolite 8-acetoxycalamenene (3.16). The cytotoxic prenylated toluquinones and toluhydroquinones (3.9-3.15) initially isolated from the 1998 collection of L. millecra were not found in the 2010 collection supporting the hypothesis that these compounds may be of fungal origin. L. millecra clearly shows variability in the compounds sequestered by this species with millecrone A (3.1) being the only common metabolite in the three investigations of L. millecra to date. An unsuccessful attempt was made to establish the absolute configuration of 3.1, 3.6 and 3.8 through initial LAH reduction of the ketone moiety contained in 3.1 and 3.8 and esterification of the resultant diastereomeric alcohol mixtures and the phenol functionality in 3.6 with (1S)-camphanic chloride. Crystallisation of the (S)- camphanate esters of 3.6 and 3.8 for X-ray analysis were unsuccessful, while the unexpected conjugate addition of a hydride in 3.1 resulted in complex diastereomeric mixtures which could not be separated by HPLC.

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Rothner, Donne. "Improving customer service through effective supply chain management in a pharmaceutical company". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1490.

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All organisations compete on the basis of service. In today‘s highly competitive world, organisations need to compete to retain their customers and to offer good customer service that will give them a competitive advantage. In the South African pharmaceutical market, the introduction of the Single Exit Price (SEP) and generic substitution have led to the price of equivalent medicines no longer being the differentiating factor in a customer deciding which manufacturer‘s product to purchase. The availability of generic medicines at the pharmacy or hospital has become the differentiating factor. Two types of customers exist in any organisation, namely, external customers and internal customers. Much has been written about the external customer, but less about the internal customer. Many managers do not perceive internal customer service as a priority. Any organisation attempting to deliver quality service to their external customers must begin by serving the needs of their internal customers. Internal service quality is characterised by the attitudes that people have towards one another and in the way that employees serve one another inside the organisation. By improving customer service, the organisation can improve its profitability, sustainability and customer retention. The aim of this study was to determine whether the levels of internal customer service between the three sections of Aspen Pharmacare are optimal. Determining the current performance levels between the staff of the sections will assist in highlighting the areas that require attention. The three sections of Aspen Pharmacare that are internal customers of one another and have been used in the study are: - production; - demand planning; and - distribution. The results of the study show that all three sections rate three service quality dimensions (communication, tangibles and reliability) as important. The results were used to develop an internal customer service model for Aspen Pharmacare.

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Caldwell, Colby G. "Chemical investigations of South American plants: Applications to drug discovery, biodiversity conservation and economic development". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279829.

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This dissertation describes chemical investigations involving 11 Argentinean plant species and a sample of Chilean propolis. In total, 18 known and four novel compounds were isolated and identified. The compounds were tested in various antimicrobial assays. Three novel triterpenes, 3,4- seco-olean-12-en-3,28-dioic acid (4), 3alpha,-hydroxyolean-11-en-28,13 beta-olide (5), and 3alpha-hydroxyolean-11:13(18)-dien-28-oic acid ( 6) were isolated from the aerial parts of the Argentinean shrub, Junellia tridens (Lag.) Mold. (Verbenaceae). Another five compounds, oleanolic acid (1), oleanonic acid (2) and epioleanolic acid (3), all biosynthetically related to the three new oleananes, as well as epibetulinic acid (7) and sitosterol (8), were also isolated. LC-MS data are provided on the occurrence of these triterpenes in six other species of Junellia. We report the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of compounds 1--8 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and conclude that they are responsible for the antitubercular activity originally observed in the crude plant extract. Four other plants showing preliminary antitubercular activity were also investigated. The EtOAc extracts of Acantholippia seriphioides and Adesmia ameghinoi contained oleanolic acid (1) as their main constituent. The organic soluble portions of Chiliotrichium diffusum and Lathyrus magellanicus contained large amounts of ursolic acid (12) and sitosterol (8), respectively. Bioassay of the predominant compounds in these plants indicated that triterpenes were responsible for the antitubercular activity observed in the crude extracts. Fractionation of propolis (a product of honey beehives) from Colliguay in Central Chile led to the isolation, identification and bioassay of a novel gamma-lactone (14), five flavonoids (15--19), two diarylheptanoids (20--21), and a prenylated coumarin (22). All structures were elucidated primarily by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. Based on the traditional use of propolis as an antimicrobial agent, the bioactivity of the purified compounds was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Candida albicans . Microscopic analysis of pollen present in the propolis provided clues to its botanical origins.

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Libros sobre el tema "Pharmaceutical chemistry. South Africa"

Prahalathan, S. Snap market survey for pharmaceutical products in South Africa. Mumbai: Export-Import Bank of India, 2002.

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Klug, Heinz. Patents and pandemics: Can South Africa survive legal harmonization? [Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2001.

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Institute, National Productivity. Productivity study of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in South Africa. Pretoria: National Productivity Institute, 1989.

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Gurib-Fakim, Ameenah. Chemistry for Sustainable Development in Africa. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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Mike, Davies-Coleman, Masimirembwa Collen y SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Drug Discovery in Africa: Impacts of Genomics, Natural Products, Traditional Medicines, Insights into Medicinal Chemistry, and Technology Platforms in Pursuit of New Drugs. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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Yi, Kwŏn-hyŏng. MENA chiyŏk ŭi pogŏn ŭiryo sanŏp tonghyang mit kungnae sanŏp kwaŭi yŏn'gye pangan: The Health care industry in the MENA regions and its policy implications for Korean companies. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Taeoe Kyŏngje Chŏngch'aek Yŏn'guwŏn, 2013.

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P, Butler L. R., Schuler V. C. O y International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry., eds. Analytical chemistry in the exploration, mining, and processing of materials: Invited lectures presented at the Second International Symposium on Analytical Chemistry in the Exploration, Mining, and Processing of Materials, held in Pretoria, South Africa, 15-19 April 1985. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1986.

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International, Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (11th 2003 Durban South Africa). Cement's contribution to development in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, 11-16th May, 2003, Durban, South Africa. New Delhi, India: Tech Books International, 2004.

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Drug Discovery In Africa. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH &, 2012.

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Chemistry For Sustainable Development In Africa. Springer, 2012.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Pharmaceutical chemistry. South Africa"

Sundaram, Jae. "South Africa". En Pharmaceutical Patent Protection and World Trade Law, 169–96. New York: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge research in intellectual property: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315267692-10.

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Gray, Andy y Fatima Suleman. "Pharmaceutical Pricing in South Africa". En Pharmaceutical Prices in the 21st Century, 251–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12169-7_14.

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Suleman, Fatima y Andy Gray. "Pharmaceutical Policy in South Africa". En Pharmaceutical Policy in Countries with Developing Healthcare Systems, 285–302. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51673-8_14.

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Mutanda, T., D. Ramesh, A. Anandraj y F. Bux. "Sustainable Biodiesel Production Using Wastewater Streams and Microalgae in South Africa". En Chemistry for Sustainable Development in Africa, 49–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29642-0_4.

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Koopman, Oscar. "Do Teachers also See What Chemists See When They Teach Chemistry?" En Science Education and Curriculum in South Africa, 97–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40766-1_5.

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Rungqu, Pamela, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji y Adebola O. Oyedeji. "Chemical Composition of Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey from Eastern Cape, South Africa". En Chemistry for a Clean and Healthy Planet, 111–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20283-5_7.

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Maphuhla, Nontobeko Gloria, Adebola O. Oyedeji, Francis Bayo Lewu, Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji y Muinat Nike Lewu. "Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metals Accumulation in the Plant, Soil and Water from Municipal Landfill in Alice, South Africa". En Chemistry for a Clean and Healthy Planet, 247–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20283-5_15.

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Stalder, Marcel y Abraham Rozendaal. "Trace and rare earth element chemistry of garnet and apatite as discriminant for Broken Hill-Type mineralization, Namaqua Province, South Africa". En Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, 699–702. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_178.

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van Oudtshoorn-Eckard, Joy y Johann Schlebusch. "South Africa". En International Pharmaceutical Registration. Informa Healthcare, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420026061.ch25.

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Allanson, Brian y Deo Winter. "Chemistry". En Estuaries of South Africa, 53–90. Cambridge University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511525490.004.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Pharmaceutical chemistry. South Africa"

"Prosumer-behaviour of Chemistry Researchers: An Academic Librarian’s Perspective". En Nov. 19-20 2018 Cape Town (South Africa). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares4.eap1118404.

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"An Effective Pillared South African Bentonite Clay: Synthesis and Application as Green Chemistry Catalyst for Wastewater Treatment". En Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117080.

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"Management of Cooling Water Chemistry of Wet Cooled Power Plants in South Africa". En Nov. 18-19, 2019 Johannesburg (South Africa). Eminent Association of Pioneers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares8.eap1119282.

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MOKGATLHA, SARAH M. y FRAZER K. KADAMA. "CONSTRAINTS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAIN TO CLINICS IN THE MAFIKENG AREA, SOUTH AFRICA". En SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp170391.

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Vilaplana Prieto, Cristina. "Teaching experience: Inequalities in prices of drugs to fight against COVID-19". En Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.12549.

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As the Sars-CoV2 pandemic continues to grow, researchers around the world are urgently seeking new treatments to prevent infection, cure those infected, or lessen the severity of the disease. Although there are several recently approved vaccines, clinical trials are underway to "re-use" drugs normally indicated for other diseases. This teaching experience studies the market for 8 pharmaceutical products used to fight the pandemic (remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, sofosbuvir, pyrfenidone and tocilizumab) in 13 countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, France, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States). Through the analysis of prices and costs, we reflect on the difficulty of access to treatment according to the country.The objective is to deepen knowledge of the pharmaceutical market: (i) to demonstrate in a tangible way the differences between production costs and final prices of medicines, (ii) to perceive the difficulty of access to certain treatments depending on the country, (iii) to reflect on what initiatives should be implemented in an international emergency context such as the one we are experiencing.

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Degereji, Mohammed U. "Numerical Assessment of the Slagging Potential of Nigerian Coal for Possible Co-Firing". En ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49781.

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Co-firing coal and biomass offers a sustainable renewable energy option. However, slagging and fouling have been identified as some of the major operational challenges associated with co-firing. The chemistry of individual fuels can be used to determine the slagging potential of the blend. Previously, we have developed a numerical slagging index (NSI) based on the ash content in coal and the chemical properties of the coal ash. The NSI has been tested on a wide range of coals, and very good prediction results were obtained. In this paper, the slagging potential of Nigerian coal and other coals from Australia, Colombia and South Africa have been numerically evaluated. The predicted results using the NSI indicate that the Nigerian coal has relatively low slagging propensity when compared with other coals tested in this paper. One of the Australian coals seems to have lower slagging potential, and this may be attributed to the extraordinary low ash content for the coal, as reported. It has been observed that the silica-rich coal ash composition can be used to select suitable coals that could be co-fired with the alkali-rich biomass, with low operational risk. However, detail information on the chemical properties of blend and the particle-particle interaction can improve the performance of the assessment tool.

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Moses, Clifford A. y Petrus N. J. Roets. "Properties, Characteristics, and Combustion Performance of Sasol Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel". En ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50545.

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In 1999, as the only inland petroleum refinery in South Africa was reaching capacity, Sasol gained approval of a semi-synthetic jet fuel (SSJF) for civil aviation to augment production and meet the growing demand for jet fuel at the airport in Johannesburg. Prior to this, all jet fuel had to be refined from petroleum sources. SSJF consists of up to 50% of an iso-paraffinic kerosene produced from coal using Fischer-Tropsch processes. The production of SSJF remains vulnerable to the production capacity of conventional jet fuel, however. To ensure supply, Sasol has proposed producing a fully synthetic jet fuel (FSJF) using synthetic kerosene streams that contain aromatics and satisfy all the property requirements of international specifications for jet fuel. Being fully synthetic, it was necessary to demonstrate that the fuel is “fit-for-purpose” as jet fuel, i.e., behaves like conventional jet fuel in all aspects of storage and handling as well as air worthiness and flight safety. Four sample blends were developed covering the practical range of production. Extensive tests on chemistry and physical properties and characteristics demonstrated that Sasol FSJF will be typical of conventional jet fuel. As a final demonstration, the engine manufacturers requested a series of engine and combustor tests to evaluate combustion characteristics, emissions, engine durability, and performance. The performance of the synthetic test fuel was typical of conventional jet fuel. This paper identifies the tests and presents the results demonstrating that Sasol fully synthetic jet fuel is fit-for-purpose as jet fuel for civilian aviation. Sasol FSJF is the first fully synthetic jet fuel approved for unrestricted use.

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Hill, Donald G. y E. R. Crain. "RAPID CROSS-PLOT DISCRIMINATION OF COMMERCIAL POTASH MINERALIZATION – CASE HISTORIES". En 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0109.

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Potash minerals are a source of potassium, which is used for the manufacture of gunpowder and fertilizer. Commercial potash mineralization is often discovered when petroleum wells are drilled through evaporite sequences and the Gamma Ray log “goes off scale”. This is because potassium is one of the naturally occurring radioactive elements, emitting gamma rays from the 40K isotope, in its decay to 40Ar. However, not all potash minerals may be commercial sources of potassium via underground mechanical or solution mining techniques and Potassium is not the only radioactive element. For example, the mineralogy of the McNutt “Potash” member of the Salado Formation in SE New Mexico, is extremely complex, consisting of multiple thin (i.e., less than 10 ft thick) beds of six low-grade (radioactive) potash minerals, only two of which are commercial. There are also four non-radioactive evaporite minerals, one of which interferes with potash milling chemistry, and numerous claystones and Marker Beds (shales), with GR count rates comparable to the low-grade potash. Because of this complexity, traditional wireline and Logging While Drilling Potash Assay techniques, such as Gamma Ray log-to-core assay transforms, may not be sufficient to identify potentially commercial potash mineralization, for underground mining. Crain and Anderson (1966) and Hill (2019) developed linear programming, and multi-mineral analyses, respectively, to estimate Potash mineralogy and grades. However, both of these approaches require complete sets of multiple log measurements. In SE New Mexico, petroleum wells are drilled through the McNutt “Potash” member of the Salado Formation, with air, cased and drilled out to TD in the underlying sediments, with water based mud. Complete log suites are then run from TD to the casing shoe, with only the GR and neutron logs recorded through the cased evaporite sequence for stratigraphic and structural correlation. As a result, numerous oil and gas wells, in SE New Mexico, have cased hole gamma ray and neutron logs, through the Salado Evaporite. Logs, from these wells could provide a rapid Potash screening database, if used properly. A simple screening cross-plot technique, the Potash Identification (PID) plot, utilizing only Gamma Ray and Neutron Porosity, is proposed and successfully demonstrated, as a potential screening tool. This technique can be used with both open and cased-hole petroleum well logs, as well as core hole wire-line logs, and provides discrimination of commercial potash mineralization from non-commercial (potash and non-potash) radioactive mineralization. Case histories of the use of PID cross plots in the evaporite basins of Michigan, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, and SE New Mexico are described. The technique may also be useful in screening potential potash deposits in China, Europe, North Africa, and South America.

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