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1
Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong. "Language contact in the Philippines." Language Ecology 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 185–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/le.1.2.04gon.
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Abstract This article narrates the sociohistory of the Philippines through the lens of a Sinitic minority group – the Chinese Filipinos. It provides a systematic account of the history, language policies, and educational policies in six major eras, beginning from the precolonial period until the Fifth Republic (960 – present). Concurrently, it presents a diachronic narrative on the different linguistic varieties utilized by the ethnic minority, such as English, Hokkien, Tagalog, and Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH). Following an exposition on how these varieties were introduced to the ecology is a discussion focused on contact that highlights potential theories as to how Philippine contact varieties like PHH emerged. How this account contributes to the overall language ecology forms the conclusion. Overall, this article delineates the socio-historical sources that intrinsically play a significant role in the (re)description of Philippine contact varieties. In its breadth, this article goes beyond providing second-hand information, and presents ideas that can be crucial for understanding how Philippine contact languages work.
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Osborne, Dana. "The making of “deep language” in the Philippines." Language, Culture and Society 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 58–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lcs.20008.osb.
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Abstract This analysis interrogates one of the most highly recognizable, but little understood metalinguistic descriptors of language in the contemporary Philippine linguistic scene: the concept of “deep language.” Here, “deep language” is explored as a complex, polysemous term generally used to describe homegrown conceptualizations of “pure” forms of Philippine-type languages and speakers. The contemporary understanding of “deep language” in the Philippines is theorized to have been informed by a complex combination of folk and academic discourses that have percolated throughout shared ideologies and conceptualizations of language since national independence at mid-20th century. The metric of “depth” in the analysis of language is shown to function centrally as a conceptual metaphor that enables everyday speakers to theorize person-types and the passage of time in a folk chronotope reckoned through the sign of language.
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Rodríguez, Rebeca Fernández. "Lexicography in the Philippines (1600–1800)." Historiographia Linguistica 41, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.1.01rod.
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Summary Spanish missionary lexicography in America and the Philippines is extensive and deserving of detailed research. In the Philippines, from 1600 up to 1898, more than fifty vocabularies were published in thirteen different languages. Alongside these are numerous vocabularies preserved only as manuscripts and others that are known to be lost. Following some recent publications on Philippine lexicography, in particular bibliographic surveys and studies of specific vocabularies (García-Medall 2004, 2009; Sueiro Justel 2003; Fernández Rodríguez 2009, 2012), as well as Smith-Stark’s (2009) work on Mexican lexicography, this paper presents a contrastive analysis of the lexicographic styles of seven Philippine vocabularies of five different languages: Tagalog, Visayan, Pampango, Bicol and Ilokano. Through examination of the lexicographic characteristics of the most important vocabularies written in the first two centuries of Spanish presence in the Philippines (1600–1800), the present writer tries to establish the lexicographical models used by the missionaries: whether they followed the existing models (mainly Nebrija, Molina and Calepino) or if they created a novel Philippine model. The authors of these vocabularies were missionaries of different Orders: Augustinian, Dominican, Franciscan, and Jesuits. All these vocabularies are bilingual and bidirectional, with the sole exception of the unidirectional Ilokano vocabulary.
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Lesho, Marivic. "Philippine English (Metro Manila acrolect)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 3 (December 18, 2017): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100317000548.
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English is an official language in the Philippines, along with Filipino, a standardized register originally based on Tagalog (Gonzalez 1998). The Philippines were a Spanish colony for over three centuries, but when the Americans took control in 1898, they immediately implemented English instruction in schools (Gonzalez 2004). It became much more widespread among Filipinos than Spanish ever was, and by the late 1960s, Philippine English was recognized as a distinct, nativized variety (Llamzon 1969). It is widely spoken throughout the country as a second language, alongside Filipino and approximately 180 other languages (Lewis, Simmons & Fennig 2016). It is also spoken in the home by a small number of Filipinos, especially among the upper class in Metro Manila (Gonzalez 1983, 1989) and other urban areas. There is a large body of literature on Philippine English. However, relatively few studies have focused on its sound system. The most detailed phonological descriptions of this variety have been by Tayao (2004, 2008), although there have also been previous sketches (Llamzon 1969, 1997; Gonzalez 1984). There has been very little phonetic research on Philippine English, apart from some work describing the vowel system (Pillai, Manueli & Dumanig 2010, Cruz 2015).
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SyGaco, Sonia B. "The Shift of the First Language During Migration." Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ajir2214.
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Nine teenage Filipino-Germans were challenged to learn two languages when they moved to Dumaguete City, Philippines. These German native speakers were born in Germany and migrated to the Philippines with their German fathers and Filipino mothers. In this new environment, they have been exposed to communicating in Cebuano, the dominant language, and develop their listening, speaking, reading, and writing English skills in school. The Can-do Scale test of Keijzer (2007) demonstrates their ability to learn a second language, with all responders willing to read, speak, and write in Cebuano and English. Short-term Filipino-Germans (who stayed in the Philippines for less than five years) prefer to listen to German on the radio or television, while long-term respondents (those who lived in the Philippines for more than five years) with dwindling German vocabulary favor listening to Cebuano and English. The study concludes that German respondents have gradually acquired Cebuano and English through time. The long-term migrants have forgotten their first language, as seen in their reading, speaking and writing skills. In contrast, the short-term migrants are still proficient in their first language despite the competition of the other two languages.
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Esteron, Jerico Juan. "ENGLISH IN THE CHURCHSCAPE: EXPLORING A RELIGIOUS LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE IN THE PHILIPPINES." Discourse and Interaction 14, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 82–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2021-2-82.
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As one of the official languages of the Philippines, English predominantly figures in thedomains of education, government, and the judiciary. This reality has always put English at the top of the linguistic ladder, relegating local languages to lower ranks. This scenario appears to be evident also in the domain of the church. In this paper, I investigate signs posted within the compound of a major Catholic church located in the Philippines in terms of types and language use. Informed by linguistic landscape concepts pioneered by Landry and Bourhis (1997), Spolsky and Cooper (1991), and Ben-Rafael (2009), I analyzed over a hundred signs in the religious linguistic landscape, which I call ‘churchscape’. Findings show that English dominates in the churchscape as a language of communication and language of tourism while local languages such as Filipino and Pangasinan assume a secondary role in the churchscape. This study affords us an interesting view and alternative understanding of multilingualism as a phenomenon through the churchscape in question.
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Dreisbach, Jeconiah Louis, and Feorillo Petronilo A. Demeterio III. "Language use and preference in the multilingual context of Davao City, Philippines." Studies in English Language and Education 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i1.18454.
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This paper is a pioneering study on the language use and preference of the Davaoeños from generations X (born in the years 1965 to 1979) and Z (born in the years 1995 to 2015) towards the Cebuano, Filipino, and English languages. Being a linguistically diverse area, Davao is home to the emerging contact language Davao Filipino which is currently spoken by the various ethnolinguistic groups currently inhabiting the city. This study utilized mixed methods research, particularly a survey questionnaire and focus group discussions, to explore the perspectives of the respondents on the said languages. Two generations were investigated in this study, particularly those belonging to Generations X and Z. Data presented show that both generations consider themselves fluent in the languages of interest in this study. They primarily use Cebuano for everyday communication and both generations primarily use English in formal communication. However, a language shift was seen from the common use of Cebuano by the older generation to the use of Filipino by the younger generation. This shift was also reflected in the language preferences of the respondents on everyday communication. Lastly, both generations would like to maintain Filipino as the Philippine national language as it is the language that they usually use when talking to Filipinos from other provinces who also speak different Philippine languages.
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SANTOS, ANNIE, VANESSA FERNANDEZ, and RAMIL ILUSTRE. "English Language Proficiency in the Philippines: An Overview." International Journal of English Language Studies 4, no. 3 (July 13, 2022): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2022.4.3.7.
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The Philippines is considered one of the largest English-speaking nations in the world. In fact, English is one of the official languages in the Philippines. But throughout the years, a gradual deterioration in English language proficiency can be observed among Filipinos based on the EF English Proficiency Index, Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), and the average score of Filipino IELTS takers. This paper aims to discuss the different factors behind the descending Filipino English proficiency, such as learners’ motivation, parental involvement, learning environment, teaching strategies, comprehensive input, learners’ socio-economic status, and learners' age. Several articles have been reviewed and examined for the authors to come up with the following conclusions: 1) Continuous practice and usage of the English language could help us further cement our economy; 2) there is still a huge room for improvement in terms of grammar which could also help alleviate learners’ anxiousness, and 3) we still need to strike a balance in polishing the English language education and nurturing our local and cultural languages. This review will help the teachers in planning and implementing English classes to improve students' English proficiency, the educational institutions that aim to uplift the quality of English language teaching, and curriculum developers in constructing innovative English proficiency learning materials.
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Requinala, Kharl Vincent C., Jessa Folloso, Robertt Ross Almazan, and Mark Philip Paderan. "CONTRASTING GENDER BIAS LANGUAGES IN PHILIPPINES AND U.S ONLINE NEWS ARTICLES: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY." Journal of English Education and Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56874/jeel.v3i1.816.
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This study aimed to explore the most prevalent gender-biased languages and to identify what type of rhetorical devices were used frequently in the Philippines and U.S Online News Articles and to highlight the similarities and differences of rhetoric taken from ten online news websites. The corpus is made up of 20 articles per news outlet which are GMA News, Manila Bulletin, Manila Times, Rappler, and Philippine Daily Inquirer from the Philippines. Politico, LA Times, The Guardian, USA Today, and CBN News from US. All news was contrastively analyzed based on Robert Kaplan’s Theory of Contrastive Rhetoric using AntConc software. The findings revealed that there are rhetorical devices found in these articles to filter the used labels for males and females that invoke stereotyping. Results also revealed that both countries are similar in terms of using positive and nice words subtly on describing women. However, a vast contradiction is also depicted due to the fact that news writers utilize words that negatively connote and has a sharp definition that is associated with women. Thus, the study concludes that there should be widespread information and practice about the usage of Gender Fair Language in various professions most especially in Media and Journalism.
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Del Corro, A. "Bible Translation and Endangered Languages: A Philippines Perspective." Bible Translator 52, no. 2 (April 2001): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026009430105200201.
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Rahmi, Rahmi. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE POLICY IN INDONESIA." Englisia Journal 3, no. 1 (September 21, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ej.v3i1.622.
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Indonesia has successfully implemented language policy by choosing Malay language as its national language which enables to unite ethnics from a variety of vernaculars’ background. However, Indonesia is not considered successful enough in preserving indigenous languages and promoting English as a crucial international language. In comparison with Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines faced some challenges when applying a language of majority as national language. Yet, both countries have more focuses to develop English in domestic level for global purposes. There are some sociolinguistic challenges for Indonesian policy makers in terms of local, national and international languages.
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Jiménez Lobo, Félix Manuel. "Why is Spanish not used as an interlanguage in the Phillipines?" Język. Komunikacja. Informacja, no. 12 (March 28, 2019): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/jki.2017.12.6.
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This article examines the reasons for the disappearance of Spanish as an interlanguage in the Philippines (both as an official language and as a means of communication between speakers of different languages) after the change of colonial power at the end of the 19th century. First, the author explains the geographic, ethno-linguistic and historical context of the country, summarizes the evolution of Spanish in the Philippines from the beginning of the Spanish colonial period until the present day with special attention being given to the appearance of the creole Chavacano, and presents the traditional explanations for the disappearance of the language. Later he compares the evolution of Spanish in the Philippines with other former Spanish colonies. He concludes that Spanish disappeared through a combination of unique historical circumstances which did not occur in other territories of the former Spanish Empire.
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McArthur, Tom. "Learning world languages." English Today 20, no. 4 (September 24, 2004): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078404004018.
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For most of us languages aren't all that easy to use, or learn – whether we have been born into one or several languages, or have to learn one or more ‘alien’ languages, with alien writing systems. This may just be part of the general hurly-burly of life, and is certainly the usual way of things in, say, India, Nigeria and the Philippines, or it may happen in the comparative calm of classroom and library (nowadays widely regarded as the ‘proper’ way to learn languages, even if it is not always the most effective). The first of these is, as it were, the ‘marketplace’ tradition (learning as you go), the second the ‘monastery’ tradition (classrooms, timetables, exams, and accreditation).
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Esteron, Jerico Juan. "LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION OF TRILINGUAL LEARNERS IN A RURAL SCHOOL IN THE PHILIPPINES." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 23, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v23i1.2400.
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Since its implementation in 2012, the Philippines mother tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) program has already generated issues that point to the seemingly inadequate preparation of the education bureau when it comes to teacher training and instructional materials production. However, one concern that is seldom mentioned in the literature is the learners attitude toward the languages they learn in the process. This is crucial because this attitude could reveal their learning motivations and formation of linguistic and sociocultural identity. Informed by the notion of language attitudes and construction of identity, this study explores the perception of trilingual children on their mother tongue and second languagesIlocano, Filipino, and English, vis--vis their identity construction. Results show that most of the learners hold a positive attitude toward the three languages. However, the identified negative attitudes of some learners as regards these languages may cause pedagogical concerns linking to language teaching and the discourse of culture, nationalism, and globalization.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230107
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Aberion, Leo H., and Luzviminda S. Roda. "Aldames Language: Its Landscapes and Topographies." English Linguistics Research 7, no. 2 (June 14, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n2p20.
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The Philippines is composed of almost 200 languages and dialects, more or less, and eight (8) of these are considered major languages, namely: Bikolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Tagalog, and Waray. However, there are still varied languages which are not yet recognized, and one of these is Aldames, a variety of the Cebuano language. The purpose of this study was to determine the origin, the characteristics, and the unique features of the Aldames language. This study used the qualitative approach in which the data were gathered through actual interviews and conversations from the speech community. Recorded interviews and conversations were then transcribed and categorized into themes. It was found out that the “Aldames” language is a modified version of the English alphabet because the language has corresponding letters in English. However, changes occur in most consonants (b/v-m, c/k-n, d-p, f.p-d, g/ng-r, k/c-n, l-ll/ly, m-b, n-k/c, p-d, q/kyu-nyu, r-g/ng, s-t, y/eks-ent, z/s-t) while all vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and few consonants (h, w, and y) are retained except for “j” which has no Aldames equivalent. Also, it emerged because the elders would not want their secrets to be revealed by the young and would only be understood by a few. Hence, today, the residents who are not exposed to the language in the area are confused in learning the language because before one can speak well, he/she should be familiar with the appropriate consonants-substitutes. It is recommended that the language must be recognized and be included in the list of languages in the Philippines. Moreover, the said language has to be spoken every day, so it will be preserved.
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Vovin, Alexander. "Austronesians in the Northern Waters?" International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 3, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 272–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25898833-00320006.
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Abstract The following lines are inspired by John Kupchik’s seminal article ‘Austronesian Lights the Way’ that appears in this volume of JEAL. It demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt for the first time that there are reliable Austronesian loanwords in Japonic that reveal quite ancient and profound contacts, because without these profound contacts the borrowing of the names of the most basic celestial bodies, such as the sun and the moon, would not be possible. In my opinion, his article opened a new and an exciting direction in the Japonic historical linguistics. There are, however, two important differences between Kupchik’s article and the present one. First, while Kupchik mostly concentrated on the Amis language from Taiwan, and to a less extent on the languages of Philippines and other Western Malayo- Polynesian, my major focus is on the Philippines languages as potential donors, and much less on other Austronesian languages of the region. Second, while Kupchik looked mostly on mysterious words in the Omoro Sōshi, a collection of Old Okinawan and Amami sacred and folk poems (1531–1623 AD), this article focuses more on Old Japanese in particular and Japonic in general.
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Brook, Itzhak. "“The Laryngectomee Guide” Philippine Edition." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 35, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v35i2.1527.
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Dear Editor,
 I am happy to announce that “The Laryngectomee Guide” Philippine Edition is available now in paperback and eBook. The eBook is FREE. The translation from English to Tagalog was supervised by Professor Alfredo Pontejos Jr. from the University of the Philippines, Philippine General Hospital, Manila.
 The Guide provides practical information that can assist laryngectomees with medical, dental and psychological issues. It contains information about side effects of radiation and chemotherapy; methods of speaking; airway, stoma, and voice prosthesis care; eating and swallowing; medical, dental and psychological concerns; respiration; anesthesia; and travelling. The American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery made the English edition available for free download on their website: http://www.entnet.org/content/laryngectomee-guide
 The e-book of the Philippine version of the Guide is available free at: http://bit.ly/2ILzesc
 Paperback copies of the Guide are available at: http://bit.ly/39IDwvC
 The guide is also available in 20 additional languages - English, Russian, Turkish, Greek, Italian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Bosnian, Arabic, Spanish (4 styles), Portuguese, French, Persian (Farsi), Korean, Japanese, Indonesian and traditional and simplified Chinese: https://dribrook.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-laryngectomee-guide-is-available-in.html
 I hope that the Guide would be helpful to laryngectomees and their medical providers in the Philippines.
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Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong, and Mie Hiramoto. "Two Englishes diverged in the Philippines?" Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 125–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00057.gon.
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Abstract Although World Englishes (WE) scholarship is concerned with the study of English varieties in different social contexts, there is a tendency to treat postcolonial ones as homogenous regional phenomena (e.g., Philippine English). Few researchers have discussed variation and social differentiation in detail with empirical evidence. Thus, in order to understand how layers of different varieties of WE operate within a specific group of speakers, this study takes an empirical intergroup approach from a substratist framework. This study explores distinctive features of a metropolitan Manila variety of Chinese English used in the Philippines, Manila Chinese English (MCE), an English contact variety used by Manila Chinese Filipinos. After comparing the frequencies of selected features observed in a 52,000-word MCE database with frequencies in Manila English and American English corpora, this study found that a distinct variety – MCE – most likely emerged in the 1960s due to the extensive contact between general Manila English and local tongues of Chinese Filipinos such as (Hybrid) Hokkien and Tagalog, which function as MCE’s substrate languages. This study takes into account MCE’s structure, sources, and genesis, and discusses MCE in relation to Philippine English as positioned in Schneider’s dynamic model, to demonstrate how intergroup variations coexist but take divergent paths within a WE variety.
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Kirom, Makhi Ulil. "اللغة الهجين واللغة المولدة". LUGAWIYYAT 3, № 2 (21 листопада 2021): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/lg.v3i2.14022.
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Language is speech, as Ibn Jinni defined it. This definition goes to the growth of the spoken language in society. It is well known that the spoken language is more developed and used than the written language. This research aims to explain the conditions of the spoken language and its changes. First of all, we divide this spoken language into two parts, pidgin language and creole language. While a pidgin language arises from efforts to communicate between speakers of different languages, a creole language is born from the natural language that develops from the simplifying and mixing of different languages into a new one. This phenomenon is found in many languages, including Arabic. The pidgin language in Arabic is spoken by workers from outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Philippines and other countries. They try to converse among themselves in Arabic according to their ability and understanding, this is where the pidgin language originates. And there are many languages was established among peoples for a long time, and the frequent circulation of it among them made it natural to them, so this language became a creole language.
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Lumabi, Bethany Marie Cabantac, and Jeremie Monter Maleon. "ENGLISH AND TAGALOG VOCABULARY OF PRESCHOOLERS: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 25, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v25i1.4494.
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In Philippine schools, the standard use of English and Tagalog is emphasized; code switching is discouraged. Therefore, parents of children who are exposed to and are trying to learn either of these languages, their L2 mind distinguishes correct usage of its features to avoid confusion and acquisition difficulties. Considerably, the English language acquisition in the Philippines is both influenced by nationwide use of the language in the households and communities, and exposure to information technology; both are deemed necessary in English literacy and prestige. Consequently, this case study contrasted the lexical and contextual features of L1 and L2 learned vocabulary words of pre-schoolers (male and female) to recognize their L2 acquisition difficulty and contextual cues as perceived by the parents of the subjects based on children’s personal, cognitive, and cultural attributes. Through qualitative method using the contrastive analysis hypothesis established by Lado (1957), this study supports the interlanguage of English and Tagalog; children can acquire lexical and contextual L1 and L2 prior to their formal schooling.
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Tolabing, Ma Carmen C., Kim Carmela D. Co, and Martin Aaron M. Mamangon. "Development and validation of a functional health literacy instrument in the Philippines." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v11i4.21755.
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Functional health literacy (FHL) involves skills in writing, reading, oral expression, comprehension, and numerical calculations to successfully function and complete health-related tasks. This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument for measuring FHL in the Philippines using a mixed-method design. FHL-5TEST is an instrument consisting of five questions developed in consultation with local experts, translated to major Philippine languages, and underwent translation analysis, pretesting, cultural adaptation, and validation. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a random sample of 15-70-year-old Filipino residents to validate the instrument. The FHL-5TEST demonstrated high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.7690. Across different cut-off values, the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument in detecting limited FHL ranged from 60.9% to 86.0% and from 61.6% to 97.2%, respectively. The study demonstrated that the FHL-5TEST is a valid and reliable instrument to measure functional health literacy in the Philippines.
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Jubilado, Rodney. "Comparative Ergative and Accusative Structures in Three Philippine Languages." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v26i1.121.
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Cebuano, Filipino, and Isamal are classified as Austronesian languages that are spoken in the Philippines. This paper deals with the comparative ergative and accusative structures of the aforementioned languages with focus on the syntactic relations and processes. The varieties of these languages are the ones used in Samal Island, Davao, Philippines. Aimed at the structural configurations, the verb phrase (VP) and the tense phrase (TP) are analytically scrutinized as the cartographic projections of the lexical information encoded in the argument structures and the thematic structures of the verbs. With the employment of the Minimalist Program in the analysis, the computation includes the movement, checking of features, and assignment of theta roles within the structures of the three languages. Findings include the (1) similarity of structural relations and processes in the VP and the TP of the three languages, (2) movement of the verb from the VP to the TP, and (3) merger of the verb complements occur in the VP that ensures the local assignment of theta roles and the checking of cases.
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Prasithrathsint, Amara, Kusuma Thongniam, and Pimpat Chumkaew. "The Use of English and the National Language on the Radio in asean Countries." Manusya: Journal of Humanities 22, no. 3 (December 9, 2019): 261–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-02203001.
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The purpose of the present study is to examine language choice on the radio in asean countries. The focus is on English and national languages, the two most important languages in those countries. A review of related past studies did not provide an answer to the question that we were interested in; i.e., which language is chosen for radio broadcasts in asean countries between the national language, which is the language most people understand and signifies national identity, and English, which is the lingua franca of the region and an international language? Data was taken from a sample of programs broadcast by radio stations in the ten asean countries. The results show that Singapore ranks the highest in using English in broadcasting (50% of all the programs), while Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam rank the lowest in using English (0%) but highest in using their national languages (100%). Code-switching between the countries’ national languages and English is found in five countries listed from highest to lowest as: the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia and Thailand. Code-switching is absent in Malaysia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. We conclude that despite the importance of English in the asean community, most asean countries prefer to use their national languages in radio broadcasting.
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Ayunon, Chirbet Cariño, and Lysel Ildefonso Haloc. "How far have we gone? Integration of intercultural language learning principles in Philippine ESL classrooms." Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn) 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v15i1.20056.
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Intercultural education is firmly rooted on the notion that language and culture are intrinsically linked. Several studies have looked into the importance of understanding different languages and cultures in language teaching; however, studies on the integration of principles intercultural language learning (IcLL) in Philippine ESL classrooms seem to be lacking. This is what the article addresses as it looked into the extent of integration of IcLL principles in two higher educational institution in Region 2, Cagayan Valley, Northern Philippines. Anchored on the principles of IcLL and through the employment of survey to elicit responses of the language teachers as to the integration of IcLL principles in language classrooms, results revealed that teachers perceive IcLL to be integrated in their classrooms to a great extent. Specifically, the principles of active construction and social interaction are integrated to a very high extent while the principles making connections, reflection, and responsibility were perceived to be integrated to a high extent. As regards classroom activities, the teachers favored the employment of discussions, lectures, writing tasks, oral reports, role plays, small group tasks, simulations or skits and collaborative learning activities in transmitting the target culture.
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Olson, Kenneth S., Jeff Mielke, Josephine Sanicas-Daguman, Carol Jean Pebley, and Hugh J. Paterson. "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no. 2 (July 8, 2010): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100309990296.
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The (inter)dental approximant is a little-studied speech sound in the Philippines and Western Australia. In this paper, we document the articulation of the sound, providing acoustic and video data from Kagayanen and Limos Kalinga, respectively. The sound is attested in at least fifteen languages. It is contrastive in five Western Australian languages, while in the Philippines it generally patterns as an allophone of /l/ but has emerged recently as a separate phoneme due to contact. It arose independently in the two regions. The sound is easily describable in terms of values of phonological features or phonetic parameters. All of these factors argue for the inclusion of the sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
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Kapili, Lily V. "Requiem for English?" English Today 4, no. 4 (October 1988): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400001048.
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Obsanga, Aldrin Padilla, and Ribert Roque Enierga. "Automated library management system for public libraries in the Philippines." Library Hi Tech News 38, no. 9 (November 15, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhtn-10-2021-0072.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop a computerized system that will increase the efficiency and supervision of library activities, thereby providing easy access to library usage for librarians and library users. Design/methodology/approach The researchers use the agile methodology to develop and implement the system. PHP, JavaScript, Hypertext Markup Language, Cascading Style Sheets and SQL are the languages used to create the library management system. Findings The developed system received an overall rating of 4.42 with a descriptive rating of “Excellent.” Originality/value The automated library management system is a computerized system for the public libraries designed in the Philippine setting to make the library’s processes more efficient, reliable and portable especially in times of pandemics.
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Dollado, Maria Lucil. "Waray Visayan Morphemes in the Lense of Dialectal Variations." American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation 1, no. 3 (July 12, 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v1i3.371.
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Waray Visayan is one of Philippine languages spoken by most of the people in Eastern Visayas Region, Philippines. However, this language is spoken variantly in the different provinces of the region. This study was conducted to find out the morphemic dialectal variations of Waray Visayan language between Catarman and Calbayog City speech communities in terms of content words and function words. It was assumed that morphemic dialectal variations exist in Waray Visayan language between Catarman and Calbayog City speech communities in Samar Island. This assumption was supported by the theory of language variation by Parker and Riley and the theory of geographic dialect continuum by Chamber and Trudgill. To prove the assumption, the linguistic analysis method was used wherein five literary pieces written in Waray Visayan language served as sources of verbal data. These literary pieces were considered as corpora of the study because they deemed to represent the Waray Visayan language being expressions of man’s feelings and thoughts. The findings revealed that the morphemic variations between the two dialects occurred in contextual variation, clipping, and syllable shifts. With these findings, it was concluded that morphemic dialectal variations exist in Waray Visayan language between Catarman and Calbayog City speech communities in Samar Island.
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Watters, Maya F., and Paul A. Watters. "The Internet and indigenous language use: A Filipino case study." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 10, no. 1 (1999): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400001000.
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ABSTRACTThe Internet is a potentially non-coercive technology which has the capacity to facilitate the development and dissemination of locally-relevant and culturally-appropriate discourse. Many countries, especially those in Europe, have moved to utilise the Internet as a resource for expressing and revitalising their autochthonous languages, in response to cultural pressures from globalisation. However, there has been little evaluation of whether the Internet might give rise to a renaissance of indigenous language use in the postcolonial Asia-Pacific region. In this paper, we examine the case of the Philippines, which this year celebrates a centenary of independence from Spain, to determine whether introduction of the Internet has in fact enhanced the provision of indigenous language information services. We sampled 1% of the Internet sites listed in a popular search engine, in each second-level domain (educational, commercial, government and non-government organisations), and found very little evidence of indigenous language use in any of the sites in these categories. This suggests that the Internet has not yet realised its potential as a medium for indigenous language use in the Philippines, but that greater awareness of its capabilities in this arena might change the situation in the future.
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Rafael, Vicente L. "The War of Translation: Colonial Education, American English, and Tagalog Slang in the Philippines." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 2 (March 24, 2015): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911814002241.
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This paper examines the role of language in nationalist attempts at decolonization. In the case of the Philippines, American colonial education imposed English as the sole medium of instruction. Native students were required to suppress their vernacular languages so that the classroom became the site for a kind of linguistic war, or better yet, the war of translation. Nationalists have routinely denounced the continued use of English as a morbid symptom of colonial mentality. Yet, such a view was deeply tied to the colonial notion of the sheer instrumentality of language and the notion that translation was a means for the speaker to dominate language as such. However, other practices of translation existed based not on domination but play seen in the classroom and the streets. Popular practices of translation undercut colonial and nationalist ideas about language, providing us with an alternative understanding of translation in democratizing expression in a postcolonial context.
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Asuncion, Zayda S., and Marilu Rañosa-Madrunio, Ph.D. "Language Attitudes of the Gaddang Speakers towards Gaddang, Ilocano, Tagalog and English." Studies in English Language Teaching 5, no. 4 (November 15, 2017): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v5n4p720.
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<p><em>Language attitudes have been the focus of interest in sociolinguistics for the past decades. In the Philippines, there is a dearth of literature on sociolinguistic studies that focus on indigenous languages and their speakers. To contribute to the literature, this study endeavoured to investigate the attitudes of Gaddang speakers in the northern part of the country towards Gaddang, their native language; Ilocano, the lingua franca of the province; Tagalog/Filipino, the national language; and English, one of the official languages. It also explored possible differences in the language attitudes of the Gaddangs in terms of geographical location, age, gender, socio-economic status, and educational attainment. Using survey questionnaire and semi-structured interview, the study involved 568 respondents. Results revealed that Gaddang speakers manifest positive attitudes towards Tagalog, Gaddang, Ilocano, and English respectively. The study also yielded significant differences in their attitudes with respect to geographical location, age, socio-economic status, and educational attainment except gender. The results have significant implications on the maintenance or gradual loss of their native language.</em></p>
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Sibayan, Bonifacio P. "Linguistic Minorities and Bilingual Communities in the Philippines." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 6 (March 1985): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003111.
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Up to the present the term to use in referring to linguistic or cultural minorities of the Philippines has not been settled. In the 1903 Census of the Philippines, the population was divided into Christians and non-Christians, the Christians being considered civilized while the non- Christians who composed the minorities were referred to as wild [sic]. In the 1918 Census, the anthropologist Beyer (1921) classified the minorities into pygmies, Malays, and Indonesians. By the time the 1939 Census was taken, however, the main identification of the inhabitants was in terms of their languages or ethnic groups.
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Amora, Kathleen Kay, Rowena Garcia, and Natalia Gagarina. "Tagalog adaptation of the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives: History, process and preliminary results." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 64 (August 31, 2020): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.64.2020.577.
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 This paper briefly presents the current situation of bilingualism in the Philippines, specifically that of Tagalog-English bilingualism. More importantly, it describes the process of adapting the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (LITMUS- MAIN) to Tagalog, the basis of Filipino, which is the country’s national language. Finally, the results of a pilot study conducted on Tagalog-English bilingual children and adults (N=27) are presented. The results showed that Story Structure is similar across the two languages and that it develops significantly with age.
 
 
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Tamano, Roseniya G., FatimahSakina A. Otara, and Jamzien M. Umpa. "Languages Spoken and its Influence to the Lexicons and Language Perspectives of ESL Students." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.5.7.
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The linguistic relativity of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis posits how language influences a person’s view of the world. This is where this study is entrenched and attempted to investigate the extent of influence of English language on the vocabulary of the selected English Education major students from a state university in Mindanao, Philippines. Employing survey for their profile, picture-lexicalization, and focus group discussion, data disclosed that roughly 70% perceived themselves to be very proficient in their native language; proficient in Filipino, which is the country's official national language and somewhat proficient in English language. Despite these perceptions of their proficiency in the languages they speak, picture-lexicalization method yielded practically 80% of the respondents use the English language compared to their native and Filipino languages. The participants disclosed that familiarity with the language played a major part in their picture-lexicalization. Finally, the FGD further revealed the respondents’ view that their native language is a reflection of their identity. The Filipino language makes them “real” Filipino or their national identity, while English language is a language of prestige and education that they can use to communicate with other nationalities.
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Reyes, Christian Lawrence N. "Landscaping the Philippine Languages: The Implementation of Multilingual Education Policy." Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 3, no. 11 (October 11, 2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2021.3.11.1.
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The institutionalization of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) in the Philippines through the Department of Education order no. 74. series of 2009 outlining aspirations for a culture-centered mother tongue-based instruction is positioned to focus on the acquisition of language content and allow the learners to experience a theoretically based, well-planned educational program that provides a strong foundation for literacy using the cognitive skills and comprehension of academic content from day one. However, the dynamic process of teaching and learning brought many factors contributing to the implementation of the program as the key language policy of the Philippines. With this, the researcher examined the extent of program implementation through the use of qualitative and quantitative data. The study employed validated and standardized survey instruments and used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the gathered data, and it applied descriptive analysis to determine the level or degree of implementation. Also, the perspectives of language teachers were taken into account to ensure a better view of the panorama as they are the end-users. Findings suggested that (1) the policy has been implemented to a great extent by the teachers; teachers have a good grasp of the program. Also, (2) teachers are providing relevant and responsive delivery of instruction in order to capitalize the learner's capability.
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Kelly, Piers. "The origins of invented vocabulary in a utopian Philippine language." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 2, no. 1 (September 19, 2016): 82–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.2.1.03kel.
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Abstract The utopian Eskayan language and script has been spoken for at least three generations by a small community on the island of Bohol in the southern Philippines. Speakers, who use the language in special domains, attribute its creation to a legendary ancestor known as Pinay. In this paper I consider the origins of Eskayan vocabulary, showing how lexical models from Cebuano, Spanish and English account for a small proportion of Eskayan lexemes. The traces of these colonial languages lend important clues to the development of the lexicon as a whole, shedding light on the tumultuous historical context in which Eskayan came into being. Further, the patterning of Eskayan vocabulary reveals Pinay’s folklinguistic conceptions about the nature of ‘language’ and linguistic variation.
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Kirkpatrick, Andy, and Anthony J. Liddicoat. "Language education policy and practice in East and Southeast Asia." Language Teaching 50, no. 2 (March 14, 2017): 155–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444817000027.
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East and Southeast Asia represents a linguistically and culturally diverse region. For example, more than 700 languages are spoken in Indonesia alone. It is against this backdrop of diversity that the ten countries that comprise Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) have recently signed the ASEAN Charter which, while calling for respect for the region's languages, cultures and religions also officially nominates English as ASEAN's working language. In this article, we examine the language education policies of the region and consider the implications of these policies for the maintenance of linguistic and cultural diversity on the one hand and the promotion of English and the respective national languages on the other. As ASEAN is closely connected to the three major countries of China, Japan and South Korea, as indicated by the ‘ASEAN + 3’ forum, we also include these countries here. We stress that, as space forbids an in-depth treatment of the language education policies of each of the 13 countries, we have chosen to describe and discuss in some depth the policies of 5 countries (China, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam), as these provide a cross-section of language policy contexts and approaches in the region. We add brief notes on the policies of the remaining countries.
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Sales, Marlon James. "Tagalog Missionary Grammars as a Translation Resource: Translation, Book History and the Production of Linguistic Knowledge in the Spanish Philippines." Comparative Critical Studies 16, no. 2-3 (October 2019): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2019.0332.
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This article looks into missionary grammars as a resource for investigating translation and its entanglements with book publishing in the Spanish Philippines. Although current research directions tend to use them for studying early forms of non-European languages or for historicizing the initial stages of linguistics as a discipline, I argue that these grammars can also be examined as a translational corpus. Translation was an underlying procedure in their composition and, ultimately, in the production of linguistic knowledge under the colonial condition. This article shows how the Spanish-language grammars of Tagalog, the basis of the modern-day national language called Filipino, were produced as an academic and material response to colonialism. It traces the evolution of these grammars alongside the establishment of the printing press in the Philippines and the intricacies of Catholic missionary work. It proceeds to analyse the paratextual and linguistic contents of the grammars and the translation strategies employed in their creation. The article finally describes how the erosion of the theological foundations of language in the nineteenth century was manifested in later missionary grammars and how this coincided with the secularisation of book publishing.
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Tatel-Suatengco, Rosarito, and Jennifer S. Florida. "Family literacy in a low-income urban community in the Philippines." Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 20, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468798418766604.
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The growth of literacy in the Philippines is attributed to the formalization of the education system. Learning experiences from formal schooling and the home environmental influence, complement and reinforce the role of the teacher and the parent in promoting literacy. Home literacy practices which are centred on parent-child interaction can promote literacy through the sharing of information. This study examines home practices that are directly or indirectly associated with or promote family literacy. Narratives and stories of participant families about their literacy practices were gathered through naturalistic life-story interviews, observation and participation in selected outside activities. Themes were drawn from the data collected, wherein interpretative phenomenological analysis was applied in the analysis. Four themes were identified which focus on language; home strength and activities; faith, values and aspirations; and home and school connection. Languages used at home by the family serve as a springboard for family literacy, which also supports classroom instructions. Household chores and other home activities are used as a support to learn literacy concepts taught in school, such as science concepts, survival skills, hygiene and childcare. Family literacy practices are anchored in family values and aspirations that enable each family to pursue and sustain their literacy practices. Storytelling and reading are practised at home, which provides opportunities for teaching and learning among family members. Each family in this study found ways to maximize their limited resources to support the literacy of their children for better education. The findings suggest that the economic condition of the family is not a deterrent to family literacy practices. Family literacy practices depend upon the unique dynamics of each family, which are influenced by the languages used at home, household activities, family values and aspirations. Literacy practices are also related to teaching and learning activities at school.
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Brainard, Sherri. "Functions of Marked Perfectivity in Expository Discourse in Upper Tanudan Kalinga (Philippines)." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 21, no. 2 (June 25, 1995): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v21i2.1377.
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Reid, Lawrence A. "The Development of the Verb SAY in Central Cordilleran Languages, Northern Philippines." Oceanic Linguistics 59, no. 1-2 (2020): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ol.2020.0013.
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SyGaco, Sonia B. "A Case Study on Attitudes and Motivation among Filipino-Germans towards Language." Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ajir20233.
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Acquiring two languages such as English and Cebuano during migration is an interesting challenge for nine young Filipino-German migrants living in Dumaguete City, Philippines which is dubbed as one of the best places to retire in the world. Attitudes and motivation play a significant part in learning the second language with the consequence of forgetting the mother tongue due to its non-use. The respondents are divided into short -term migrants who migrated less than five years and long-term migrants who moved to Dumaguete for more than five years and beyond. In the motivation and attitude study, only the short-term migrants answered neutral for attitude towards German people and attitude towards Filipino people. The rest of the categories yielded moderately agree answers. Finally, majority of the short-term migrants believed that speakers of other languages perceived them as German speakers while people in the community thought that long-term migrants speak Cebuano, English fluently but actually attrited in their native language.
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Núñez, Jayrome Lleva. "LOSING MY CODE: AN AUTOETHNOGRAPHY ON LANGUAGE ATTRITION." Journal of Languages and Language Teaching 9, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v9i4.4003.
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Learning a new language is one of the privileges that a person can get when moving from one place to another and staying there for a longer time. In this paper, I will discuss my journey that resulted to gradual decline of my L1 (First language), Polillohing Tagalog, which is a variety of the Tagalog language, in the Philippines. The result of migration, acquisition of other languages, and exposure to different speaking environment had led me to continuously decline my first language. Using the auto-ethnographic type of writing a research, I reflected on my experiences which lead me to language attrition. Auto-ethnographic research is when the researcher is the participant of the story narrating his experience on the culture and phenomenon of the researched topic.
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Japsay, Amado Gonzales, Frances Fae Villanueva, Shery Ann Luaton, and Cherry Brina. "Indonesian Literary Genres Reading Preference of Students from Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Department of English Foreign Languages and Linguistics as a Tool and Aid in Learning Bahasa Indonesia." Pekobis : Jurnal Pendidikan, Ekonomi, dan Bisnis 7, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/pekobis.v7i2.p158-174.15850.
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Developing the cognitive process of learning foreign languages, language learners are encouraged to seek for ways or tools to make their learning convenient and inspiring, perceiving that the benefits of language learners derives from applying literary text, especially, if the language is embedded deeply in the culture of the society. This study aims to seek literary genre preferences as reading interest of foreign students from the Polytechnic University of the Philippines to aid in an active process of continuous learning Bahasa Indonesia, as it cognitively, continuously affects each foreign student in learning the language, in which it helps every learner to easily retain, remember, and apply lessons and expressions of Bahasa Indonesia, specially, constructing sentence structure, utilizing traditional expressions, and cultural awareness.
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Azarias, Ranec, Antonette F. Garcia, and Virginia G. Garlejo. "Heirloom Food Preservation Techniques and Languages of the Indigenous Peoples of Cervantes, Ilocos Sur, Philippines." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 4, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2022.4.1.26.
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In every society, culture remains to be the primary identity that distinguishes its members from other societies. Two of the ways in which culture is accentuated and manifested are the society’s language and food or cuisine. As such, investigating them revitalizes, promotes, and preserves one society’s culture. In such context, this study was conceptualized and implemented to document the indigenous food preservation techniques and language of the people of Cervantes, Ilocos Sur, Philippines. Through community immersion, interviews, observation, the study revealed that salting, smoking, drying, and fermenting are the common food preservation techniques. In salting, panag-etag and panag-asin are the two identified indigenous food preservation techniques, while panagtapa and panagkiing are the techniques employed in drying. Meanwhile, panagsuob is being practiced under smoking, and panagbubod is done in fermentation. The identified languages are those that are being used in each of the identified indigenous food preservation techniques. The study also revealed that the developed Cervantesian Indigenous Food Preservation Handbook is valid, useful, functional, and informative. Hence, the study concludes that the people of Cervantes still practice and preserve their indigenous food preservation techniques that may be extended to other people through seminars and training for cultural promotion and preservation.
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Sabonsolin, John Cavin M., and Dr Lito Diones. "Socio-political Context of The First Play-Poem “Ang Kagila-Gilalas Na Pakikipagsapalaran Ni Juan Dela Cruz” Of Jose Lacaba." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 05 (2022): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2022.5511.
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Poetry is a central model of human beings' use of words to explore, express, and understand (Simecek and Rumbold, 2016). Dramatizing poetry encourages students to consider poetic themes and substance more fully and unlocks the meaning of poems in various ways. (Ferguson, 2014) In the Philippines, it was the University of the Philippines (UP) Repertory Company which developed the convenient form of the first play-poem (dula-tula), "Ang Kagila-Gilalas Na Pakikipagsapalaran ni Juan Dela Cruz". This literary study assumes that there is a sociopolitical context in the first play-poem, "Ang Kagila-Gilalas Na Pakikipagsapalaran ni Juan Dela Cruz" in today's societal issues. Using critical discourse analysis, the researcher explores the local colors, figurative languages, and poem messages that reveal sociopolitical. The researcher anchors the realism and Marxism literary theories on the analysis of the play-poem. Results indicate that the first play- poem shows sociopolitical through local colors, figurative languages, and messages. The study confirms that the first playpoem of Jose Lacaba have sociopolitical context embedded in their literary element.
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Bongao, Melchiezhedhieck J., Arvin F. Almadin, Christian L. Falla, Juan Carlo F. Greganda, Steven Valentino E. Arellano, and Phillip Amir M. Esguerra. "SBC Based Object and Text Recognition Wearable System u sing Convolutional Neural Network with Deep Learning Algorithm." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c6474.0910321.
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This Raspberry Single-Board Computer-Based Object and Text Real-time Recognition Wearable Device using Convolutional Neural Network through TensorFlow Deep Learning, Python and C++ programming languages, and SQLite database application, which detect stationary objects, road signs and Philippine (PHP) money bills, and recognized texts through camera and translate it to audible outputs such as English and Filipino languages. Moreover, the system has a battery notification status using an Arduino microcontroller unit. It also has a switch for object detection mode, text recognition mode, and battery status report mode. This could fulfill the incapability of visually impaired in identifying of objects and the lack of reading ability as well as reducing the assistance that visually impaired needs. Descriptive quantitative research, Waterfall System Development Life Cycle and Evolutionary Prototyping Models were used as the methodologies of this study. Visually impaired persons and the Persons with Disability Affairs Office of the City Government of Biñan, Laguna, Philippines served as the main respondents of the survey conducted. Obtained results stipulated that the object detection, text recognition, and its attributes were accurate and reliable, which gives a significant distinction from the current system to detect objects and recognize printed texts for the visually impaired people.
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Gidalanga, Marielle Clave, Feorillo Petronillo A. Demeterio, and Catherine D. Belacho. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE FORMATION OF GAY LANGUAGE WORDS AND UTILITY VEHICLE EXPRESS CODES." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 24, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v24i1.2720.
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In Metro Manila, there are two sets of coded language that baffle and amuse their observant bystanders: the Filipino gay language and the idiom used by the UV Express drivers. Through a reconstructive contextualization and reverse engineering of 100 randomly collected Filipino gay words and another 100 randomly collected UV Express codes, this paper compared and contrasted their themes and creations. This paper is significant in offering a comprehensive listing and descriptions of the processes involved in the creation of Filipino gay words. This paper is also significant in being the first academic journal article that deals with the UV Express codes of Metro Manila. Furthermore, the methodology of this paper in studying either the Filipino gay language or the Metro Manila UV Express codes can be used in studying the variant Filipino gay languages in other places of the Philippines.
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Artawa, Ketut, and Barry J. Blake. "Patient Primacy in Balinese." Studies in Language 21, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 483–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.21.3.02art.
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In Balinese, as in many Austronesian languages of Indonesia, the Philippines and Taiwan, a transitive verb may appear either in a morphologically unmarked construction in which the Patient is identified with the sole argument of a one-place predicate and is therefore arguably the subject or with a nasal-prefixed verb in a construction where the Agent is the subject. This raises the question of whether the language is ergative, accusative or neither. We argue that it could be considered ergative on the grounds that the Patient is identified with the sole argument of a one-place predicate in the unmarked transitive construction, and that certainly the Patient-subject construction is basic.
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Thomaz, Luís Filipe F. R. "O glossário malaio do cavaleiro Pigafetta." Abriu estudos de textualidade do Brasil Galicia e Portugal, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 99–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/abriu2019.8.6.
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Of the many texts that narrate the first circumvention of the globe, it is, in fact, Antonio Pigafetta’s that is the most complete, rigorous, and reliable. Among its peculiarities is the inclusion of small glossaries for four different languages from tribes the travellers met. One is comprised of only eight words, from indigenous people of Brazil in the región of Guanabara; another, somewhat more developed, is from the “Patagonian Giants”, neighbouring the Strait of Magellan; the third is an Austronesian language of the natives of Cebu, in what is now the Philippines; and, finally, there is an extensive glossary of 426 Malay terms used throughout Insulindia, or present-day South-East Asea, as a lingua franca or trading language. The following is a detailed notation for the Malayan glossary.