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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Polymorphism"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 10 de julio de 2025

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Polymorphism"

Pradhan, Devina, Tarang Mehta, Arpita Srivastava, Deepak Patel, Kailash Chandra Dash, Vidya Hittalamani, and Ramanpal Singh Makkad. "Evaluation of the Importance of Genetic Polymorphisms in Genes Expressing Cancer-Metabolizing Enzymes (Cyp1a1 and Gstm1) in Oral Submucous Fibrosis." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 16, Suppl 3 (June 7, 2024): S2785—S2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_413_24.

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ABSTRACT Background: Genetic polymorphisms are common and contribute significantly to human illnesses. Aim: This study was carried out to evaluate the importance of genetic variations in the genes expressing cancer-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A1 and GSTM1) in individuals experiencing oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Methods and Materials: Based on the clinical and histological characteristics of OSMF, 40 patients were chosen for the study; 10 of these patients had considerable polymorphism and malignant transformation; therefore, they were placed in a different group. After receiving written agreement, 30 normal subject patients were also picked for the study. For both normal and OSMF patients, tissue samples and 2 ml of peripheral venous blood were drawn from the arm vein and placed in a heparinized test tube. Electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel was used to verify genomic DNA. Results: The GSTM1 polymorphism, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 10.41% and 15.27% in normal subjects. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 16.21% and 8.14% in early OSMF. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 20.31% and 28.56% in moderate OSMF. The GSTM1 polymorphsm, CYP1A1 polymorphism was 8.12% and 12.54% in moderate OSMF. Finally, GSTM1 polymorphism was 60.47% in OSMF+ CA, while CYP1A1 polymorphism was 40.21%. The GSTM1 gene polymorphism and CYP1A1 gene polymorphism were maximum in OSMF+ CA category. Conclusion: There is a significant role of genetic variations in the genes expressing cancer-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A1) and GSTM1 in individuals experiencing OSMF.

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Ventriglio, A., A. Petito, A. Gentile, G. Vitrani, I. Bonfitto, A. C. Cecere, A. Rinaldi, et al. "Pharmacodynamic targets of psychotic patients treated with a long-acting therapy." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S366—S367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.370.

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IntroductionGiven the poor compliance of schizofrenic patients to antipsychotic therapies, are been developed drugs in long-acting formulation that for their pharmacokinetic ensures prolonged therapeutic activities. Currently, we consider that their efficacy depends on hereditary tracts, influencing both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters.ObjectiveInvestigate relationships between clinical efficacy and genetic polymorphims of long-acting drugs’ pharmacodynamic targets.MethodsSeventy-eight psychotic patients, treated with atypical long-acting antipsychotics (olanzapine pamoate, paliperidone palmitate, risperidon and aripiprazole), were examined. We carried out a blood sampling to evaluate dopaminergic DRD2 and glutamatergic GRM3 genetic receptors polymorphisms. PANSS and BPRS scales were used to assess clinical condition.ResultsRegarding the GRM3 genes, the study of rs2228595 and rs6465084 polymorphisms showed a prevalence of wild type genotypic frequency of 81.2% and 56.2%, respectively. The prevalence of the patients with mutated heterozygote genotype (rs6465084 polymorphisms) resulted high (40.6%). Considering rs1989796 e rs274622 polymorphisms, the sample showed a prevalence of mutated heterozygote genotype in the 53.1% e 45.3%, respectively, with a percentage of 43.7% of patients with a mutation in homozygosis. Considering the rs146812 polymorphism, the 53.1% of patients resulted with a wild type genotype. Finally, findings showed a prevalence of 56.2% for the mutated heterozygote genotype in the DRD2 rs6277 polymorphism. The genotypic categorization analysis demonstrated a significative association between the GRM3 rs274622 polymorphism and higher BPRS scores.ConclusionsThe relationship between rs274622 polymorphism and worse clinical conditions could indicate a major resistance to long-acting antipsychotics in patients with genotypic frequency CT (mutated heterozygosis) for this polymorphism.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Dakota, Iwan, Muhamad Fajri Adda’i, Rido Maulana, Ignatius Ivan, Renan Sukmawan, and Bambang Widyantoro. "Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and essential hypertension: An updated systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression." PLOS ONE 19, no. 12 (December 23, 2024): e0314886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314886.

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The association between Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and essential hypertension (EH) remains controversial. We searched databases (Cochrane Library, EBSCO, EMBASE, LILACS, ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer) for studies on VDR gene polymorphisms and EH until May 30, 2024, following PRISMA guidelines. RevMan 5.4.1 provided pooled odds ratio (OR) under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium based on allele, additive, dominant, and recessive genetic models. Meta-regression was performed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis V3. Twenty-two studies from thirteen countries were analyzed. The recessive model suggested lower EH risk in individuals with the recessive allele (bb) of BsmI (OR: 0.81; 95%CI, 0.69 to 0.94, p = 0.007; I2 = 35%, p = 0.13). No significant associations were found for FokI, ApaI, and TaqI polymorphisms. Methodological quality significantly influenced EH risk associated with the FokI polymorphism across allele, additive, and dominant models (All p<0.0005). Male proportion influenced EH risk in the additive model for the FokI polymorphism (p = 0.0235), while age impacted risk in the recessive model (p = 0.0327). FokI polymorphism’s influence on EH risk varies by sex, age, and study quality. BsmI polymorphism is independently associated with lower EH risk in recessive homozygotes, with no significant associations found for ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms.

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Katagiri, Seiichiro, Tetsuzo Tauchi, Tomohiro Umezu, Kazuhiro Ohtsuki, Kenichi Tadokoro, Yoshinori Yamamoto, Junko H. Ohyashiki, and Kazuma Ohyashiki. "High Frequencies Of Switching To 2nd TKIs and Failure To Maintain Standard Imatinib Dose In Japanese CML Patients With BIM Genetic Variants." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 4021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.4021.4021.

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Abstract Recently, it has been demonstrated that the proapoptotic protein BIM showed a deletion polymorphism at exon 3 in eastern Asian population, and some CML patients with the BIM deletion polymorphism are resistant to imatinib treatment (Ng et al. Nature Medicine, 2012). More recently, a BIM single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at exon 8 (c465C>T) has also been found in French CML patients and this SNP is associated with not only imatinib resistance but also the presence of BCR-ABL mutations (Mahon et al. ASH abstract, 2012). We aimed to investigate a possible association between such genetic variations of BIM and clinical manifestation in Japanese CML patients who experienced undetectable minimal residual disease (UMRD: so-called CMR4.5). In this study, we newly analyzed BIM SNP (c465C>T) in 47 CML-UMRD patients with known BIM deletion polymorphism status (Katagiri et al. Br J Haematol, 2013). Twenty normal subjects were used as controls. The frequency of either BIM SNP at exon 8 or BIM deletion polymorphism did not deviate from the normal subjects in the Japanese population (P = 0.7597 and P = 0.2880, respectively). None of the subjects showed both BIM SNP at exon 8 and BIM deletion polymorphism concomitantly. We then compared the clinical features among 3 CML-UMRD groups: patients with BIM SNP, patients with BIM deletion polymorphism, and patients who showed neither BIM SNP nor BIM deletion polymorphism (no genetic variations). The frequency of CML patients who maintained 400 mg imatinib dose until stopping was significantly higher in those without genetic variations than in those with BIM SNP or BIM deletion polymorphism (P = 0.0002). Moreover, the frequency of CML patients who switched to second tyrosine kinase inhibitors (2nd TKIs) was significantly higher in those with BIM SNP or BIM deletion polymorphism than in those without such polymorphisms (P = 0.0055).Number of CML patientsMaintained IM 400 mgChange of imatinib dose2nd TKIs switchingBIM SNP (c465C>T)11/474/115/112/11BIM deletion polymorphism6/471/63/62/6BIM SNP or deletion polymorphism17/475/178/174/17No BIM genetic variationss30/4725/305/300/30 This is apparently the first study to circumstantiate the BIM genetic variants in Japanese CML patients with UMPD. Although the number of patients is small, our results suggest that CML patients without BIM deletion polymorphism/SNP could be maintained under standard imatinib dose without switching to 2nd TKIs, and thereby, have a possibility to stop TKIs therapy. Disclosures: Ohyashiki: Norvartis KK: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Meyer Squibe KK: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.

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Kulig, Hanna, Marek Kmieć, and Katarzyna Wojdak-Maksymiec. "Associations between Leptin Gene Polymorphisms and Somatic Cell Count in Milk of Jersey Cows." Acta Veterinaria Brno 79, no. 2 (2010): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079020237.

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A total of 181 Jersey cows were used to investigate how leptin gene polymorphisms affect somatic cell count (SCC) in milk. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped, namely the R4C polymorphism in exon 2, the Sau3AI polymorphism in intron 2 and the A59V polymorphism in exon 3. The genotype and allele frequencies for each polymorphism and the haplotype frequencies for all polymorphisms were estimated in the herd under study. Statistical analysis revealed that the R4C and Sau3AI polymorphisms significantly affected SCC (P &#x2AAC 0.01) with C and T as a desirable allele, respectively. No associations were found between the A59V polymorphism and SCC in this study. However, all the genotype combinations (haplotypes) significantly affected this trait. The results indicate that selection for the R4C CC and Sau3AI TT animals might contribute to a reduction of SCC in Jersey cattle.

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Dib, Azza, Hanan Hijazi, Hana Hammoud, and Yasmeen Obeid. "Investigation of the Effect of Two Major eNOS Polymorphisms (4a/b and T786C) on Coronary Artery Disease in North Lebanon." International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope 06, no. 01 (2025): 641–51. https://doi.org/10.47857/irjms.2025.v06i01.02762.

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Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is a crucial gene associated with coronary artery disease, owing to the important functions of nitric oxide in vessel protection and vasodilation. Three “Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms” were found to be significantly associated with CAD: ‘the 4a/b polymorphism in intron 4’, ‘G894T (GLU298ASP) in exon 7’, and ‘the T786C replacement in the flanking region’. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the '4a/b polymorphism of the eNOS gene', the 'T786C polymorphism of the eNOS gene', and 'the combined effect of both 4a/b and T786C' with the risk of CAD in the Northern Lebanese region. A total of 91 CAD cases and 36 Control healthy individuals were gathered to investigate the allelic frequency and genotypic distribution of the 27VNTR gene polymorphism. 70 of 91 cases and 24 of 36 healthy participants were considered for the T786C polymorphism investigation. Peripheral blood samples were collected, and the 4a/b polymorphism genotypes were determined using “polymerase chain reaction”. Genotypes for the T786C polymorphism were determined using “polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism”. A comparison was made between the two groups regarding the distributions of genotypes and allele frequencies. In our sample, the "a allele" of the 4a/b polymorphism was observed in 14.17% of individuals, while the "C allele" of the T786C polymorphism was found in 27.7%. The Control and CAD groups showed no significant differences in the distributions of genotype and allele frequencies for the T786C and 4a/b gene polymorphisms. No additive effect of both polymorphisms was noted. Therefore, eNOS polymorphisms, in our study, do not show a significant association with CAD.

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Sugawara, T., E. Nomura, T. Sagawa, N. Sakuragi, and S. Fujimoto. "CYP1A1 polymorphism and risk of gynecological malignancy in Japan." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 13, no. 6 (2003): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200311000-00009.

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The incidence of endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer in Japan has been increasing in recent years. Results of epidemiologic studies suggest that the onset and multiplication of these cancers are associated with estrogen. Estrogens are metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and converted into catecholestrogens, which are carcinogens. CYP1A1 has several polymorphisms, the major one being T6235C transition in the non-coding 3′-flanking region (MspI polymorphism), and another being A4889G transition in exon 7 (Ile/Val polymorphism). These polymorphisms can affect the metabolites of estrogens and contribute to the susceptibility to gynecological malignancy. In this study, to determine whether CYP1A1 polymorphism plays a role in the development of gynecological malignancy in the Japanese population, we assessed the association of CYP1A1 polymorphism in Japanese patients with gynecological malignancy in comparison to that in controls. The odds ratios (ORs) of Ile/Val polymorphism were 1.16 in ovarian cancer patients and 1.70 in endometrial cancer patients. The ORs of MspI polymorphism were 1.33 in ovarian cancer patients and 0.88 in endometrial cancer patients. No significant association was found between these CYP1A1 polymorphisms and gynecological malignancy. Although the frequency of CYP1A1 polymorphism in the Japanese population is higher than that in the Caucasian population, CYP1A1 polymorphism is not related to gynecological malignancies in Japanese population.

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SCHMIDT, KLAUS, and ANATOLY VERSHIK. "Algebraic polymorphisms." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 28, no. 2 (April 2008): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385707001022.

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AbstractIn this paper we consider a special class of polymorphisms with invariant measure, the algebraic polymorphisms of compact groups. A general polymorphism is—by definition—a many-valued map with invariant measure, and the conjugate operator of a polymorphism is a Markov operator (i.e. a positive operator on L2 of norm 1 which preserves the constants). In the algebraic case a polymorphism is a correspondence in the sense of algebraic geometry, but here we investigate it from a dynamical point of view. The most important examples are the algebraic polymorphisms of a torus, where we introduce a parametrization of the semigroup of toral polymorphisms in terms of rational matrices and describe the spectra of the corresponding Markov operators. A toral polymorphism is an automorphism of $\mathbb {T}^m$ if and only if the associated rational matrix lies in $\mathrm {GL}(m,\mathbb {Z})$. We characterize toral polymorphisms which are factors of toral automorphisms.

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Fitriyani, Hilda, Delyuzar, and Hidayat. "Identification of CYP1A1 Gene Polymorphism in Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Cervical Adenocarcinoma." Majalah Patologi Indonesia 29, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55816/mpi.v29i2.410.

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BackgroundCervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women with risk factor of smoking, high parity, long term use of oralcontaception that are associated with chemical carcinogenesis. Chemical carcinogenesis require biotransfor-mation of lipophilicsubstrates to hydrophilic metabolites, therefore facilitating their secretion from the human body. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is one ofgenes that have important role in this process. Benzo[α]pyrene and estrogen have a common biotransformation process which ismetabolized by CYP, particularly CYP1A1. The objectives to identify the frequency and distribution of CYP1A1 gene polymorphismin squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix.MethodsThis is an analytical descriptive study with cross sectional approach. CYP1A1 gene polymorphism (3801T/C or Ile462Val) wasanalyzed using PCR-RFLP method followed by gel electrophoresis.ResultsCYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (3801TC) in squamous cell carcinoma were 50% heterozygote T/C, 36% wild-types T/T and 14%homozygote C/C. CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (3801TC) in adenocarcinoma were 60% heterozygote T/C and 40% wild-types T/T.CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (Ile462Val) in squamous cell carcinoma were 97.2% heterozygote Ile/Val, and 2.8% homozygoteVal/Val. CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (Ile462Val) in adenocarcinoma were 100% heterozygote Ile/ValConclusionThe most common type of CYP1A1 gene polymorphism (3801TC and Ile462Val) in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomaof the cervix were heterozygote.

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Farhanah, Nur, Muhammad Hussein Gasem та Sultana MH Faradz. "Polymorphisms of TLR4 Asp299Gly and TNF-α -308G/A in Leptospirosis". Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 2, № 1 (30 липня 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jbtr.v2i1.580.

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AbstractBackground : TLR4 Asp299Gly and TNF-α -308G/A polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with increased susceptibility and severity of infection. TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism could affect the host’s ability to respond to leptospira sp. TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism, is associated with the high producer of TNF-α.Methods : Total of 36 leptospirosis patients (IgM anti leptospira and MAT positive) and healthy individual with the equal number were included. The polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using site spesific restriction enzyme.Results : Distribution of homozygous wild-type TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism was higher in both of groups ( 94.5:97.2%.) and homozygous mutant allele was absent. There was not significantly difference of TLR4 Asp299Gly in leptospirosis patients and healthy group ( ρ=1.00; OR 0.5; 95%CI, 0.04-5.6) and between mild and severe leptospirosis (ρ=0.54; OR 1.54 ; 95% CI, 1.20-1.98). The presence of homozygous wild-type TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism was higher between leptospirosis patients and healthy group (100:94.5%) andhomozygous mutant allele was not found in both of the groups. No significantly different of TNF-α -308G>A polymorphism between leptospirosis patient and healthy group (ρ=0.49).Conclusions : In this study, the polymorphisms of TLR4 Asp299Gly and TNF-α -308G/A were not associated with the susceptibility and severity of leptospirosis. Keywords : Leptospirosis, TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism, TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism

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Tesis sobre el tema "Polymorphism"

Balasubramaniam, Dharini. "Extension polymorphism." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13495.

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Any system that models a real world application has to evolve to be consistent with its changing domain. Dealing with evolution in an effective manner is particularly important for those systems that may store large amounts of data such as databases and persistent languages. In persistent programming systems, one of the important issues in dealing with evolution is the specification of code that will continue to work in a type safe way despite changes to type definitions. Polymorphism is one mechanism which allows code to work over many types. Inclusion polymorphism is often said to be a model of type evolution. However, observing type changes in persistent systems has shown that types most commonly exhibit additive evolution. Even though inclusion captures this pattern in the case of record types, it does not always do so for other type constructors. The confusion of subtyping, inheritance and evolution often leads to unsound or at best, dynamically typed systems. Existing solutions to this problem do not completely address the requirements of type evolution in persistent systems. The aim of this thesis is to develop a form of polymorphism that is suitable for modelling additive evolution in persistent systems. The proposed strategy is to study patterns of evolution for the most generally used type constructors in persistent languages and to define a new relation, called extension, which models these patterns. This relation is defined independent of any existing relations used for dealing with evolution. A programming language mechanism is then devised to provide polymorphism over this relation. The polymorphism thus defined is called extension polymorphism. This thesis presents work involving the design and definition of extension polymorphism and an implementation of a type checker for this polymorphism. A proof of soundness for a type system which supports extension polymorphism is also presented.

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McLure, Craig Anthony. "Duplication and polymorphism with particular reference to regulators of complement activation." University of Western Australia. Centre for Molecular Immunology and Instrumentation, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0103.

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[Truncated abstract] For the convenience of the reader, detailed figures and tables have been enlarged and compiled in Appendix 2, at the end of this thesis. This thesis is presented as an approach to identify, annotate and detect genomic duplication and polymorphism within large genomic regions. To demonstrate this, I have used as a model, the genomic region known as the Regulators of Complement Activation (RCA). The RCA complex is located on the long arm of chromosome 1 at position 1q32 and is a reservoir of complement regulatory proteins. The genes of the RCA share many similarities implying that all have arisen through multiple complex duplication events. My analysis of this region in the following chapters demonstrates the complexity of this duplication and identifies the many functional units within the RCA. It was my aim at the beginning of these studies to demonstrate an approach that could define the Ancestral Haplotypes (AHs) of the RCA gene cluster. To do this, extensive genomic analysis was required and the ever-increasing availability of genomic sequence has made this thesis possible. Each of the chapters serves to address the following aims set out at the beginning of this thesis: 1. Further characterise the relationship between the genes (Complement Control proteins-CCPs) and domains of the Regulators of Complement Activation (RCA). 2. Identify and examine the duplicated elements within the RCA. - 6 - 3. Examine the effects of retroviruses and other insertions and deletions (indels) in generating the divergence of duplicated genes. 4. Investigate the applicability of the Genomic Matching Technique (GMT) to define AH within the region. 5. Examine association of AHs with CCP implicated diseases. 6. Determine the GMT applicability in non-human species

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Li, Wenjing. "Nucléation non-photochimique induite par laser (NPLIN) : Contribution au mécanisme de nucléation à travers des études expérimentales sur le sulfathiazole, L-acide glutamique et la glycine et la modélisation de quelques petites molécules." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC019.

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Cette thèse a pour but de démontrer la faisabilité de la technique de Nucléation non-Photochimique Induite par Laser (NPLIN) appliquée aux composés pharmaceutiques organiques. Avec nos résultats expérimentaux, ceux obtenus dans la littérature et calculs théoriques ab initio, nous avons discuté du mécanisme de la méthode NPLIN.Cette thèse a décrit en premier lieu, le nouveau montage expérimental semi-automatisé adapté aux exigences des études NPLIN développé à CentraleSupelec. Des expériences NPLIN sur le sulfathiazole (STZ), l-acid glutamique (LGA) et la glycine (GLY) sont menées pour étudier l’impact des paramètres du laser et de la sursaturation des solutions sur leur cristallisation. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la technique NPLIN permet d’obtenir des cristaux de STZ, LGA and GLY. L’efficacité de la nucléation croit avec l’augmentation de la densité d’énergie du laser et de la sursaturation. Un indice nouveau Ind50 a été défini correspondant au couple densité d’énergie/sursaturation où 50% nucléation est atteinte. Son comportement est discuté. Il est trouvé que le nombre cristaux STZ induits par laser dépend linéairement avec le temps d’irradiation. Une dépendance du polymorphe des cristaux induit par le laser avec la polarisation du faisceau laser est également découvert pour STZ et GLY. Un autre indice Det(A) est utilisé pour caractériser l’impact de la polarisation sur le polymorphisme. Des calculs théoriques ab initio par le logiciel Gaussian09 permettent de donner une estimation des énergies d’interaction des différents dimères pour des polymorphes de STZ, LGA, GLY, l-histidine (LH) et urée. L’empilement des molécules dans les clusters pré-existant est prédit en accord avec la détermination des énergies d’interaction. L’analyse de corrélation entre la symétrie d’empilement et des résultats expérimentaux souligne l’hypothèse de l’effet Kerr pour expliquer cet impact de la polarisation du faisceau laser sur le polymorphisme<br>This thesis concerns the demonstration of the feasibility of Non-Photochemical Laser Induced Nucleation (NPLIN) of some organic pharmaceutical compounds. Using our experimental results and those obtained in literature together with ab initio theoretical calculations we have been able to discuss the mechanism of the NPLIN method.This thesis presents a new experimental set-up developed at CentraleSupelec and dedicated to perform NPLIN experiments. NPLIN experiments on sulfathiazole (STZ), l-glutamic acid (LGA) and glycine (GLY) have been carried out to examine the impact of laser parameters and solution supersaturation on their crystallization. Experimental results show that crystals of STZ, LGA and GLY have been obtained by means of NPLIN. For these compounds, nucleation efficiency increases with laser power density and solution supersaturation. A new index Ind50 corresponding to the couple (energy density/supersaturation) where 50% of nucleation is teached, has been defined. Its behavior has been discussed. It was found that laser induced STZ crystal number depends almost linearly on exposure duration. Moreover, for STZ and GLY, a dependance of laser induced crystal polymorph on laser polarization has been found. Another new index Det(A), has been used for characterization of the impact of the polymorphism. Ab initio quantum computations using Gaussian09, provided an interaction energy estimate for different dimers in different polymorphs of STZ, LGA, GLY, l-histidine (LH) and urea. Packing mode in pre-existing clusters is predicted in agreement with interaction energy determinations. Correlation analysis between packing symmetry and experimental results, shed new light on the Kerr effect hypothesis relative to the impact of laser polarization on polymorphism

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Lamarche, François 1955. "Modelling polymorphism with categories." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75961.

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In this work we describe a category of domains, whose objects are in general categories instead of posets, such that J.-Y. Girard's category of qualitative domains and stable functions is contained in it as a full subcategory. We describe two ways of interpreting Martin-Lof type theory in this category, the first one allowing $ Sigma$ and $ Pi$, the second one only $ Pi$. Finally we show how to extend the second interpretation to a model of the theory of constructions.

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Bano, Anthony M. "Polymorphism in biomineral nanoparticles." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49891/.

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Biomineralisation is the process by which living things produce hard mineral tissues with unique physical properties. The study of this process can help us produce biomimetic materials, reproducing such properties, with the study of nucleation and crystallisation of the materials being particularly important. I have used molecular simulation techniques to help gain a greater understanding of these processes, focussing particularly on identifying the conformations and solid phases available to nanoparticles of two biomineral compounds. The bones and teeth of mammals are made largely of calcium phosphates. I have used metadynamics to study nanoparticles of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and have identified high and lower order configurations. To facilitate this work I reviewed the extant empirical potentials for calcium phosphate systems, selecting the most appropriate for TCP. Calcium carbonate, found in examples throughout the animal kingdom, has three crystalline polymorphs relevant to biomineralisation: calcite, aragonite and vaterite. While nanoparticles of calcite have been extensively studied the other polymorphs have been neglected to date. In this work I present a technique for predicting crystalline morphologies for all three polymorphs across a range of sizes, and compare the energetic ordering. In water the energetic ordering of the nanoparticles is heavily dependent on nanoparticle size. Furthermore, I present work calculating the surface enthalpies of a variety of calcium carbonate surfaces, many of which are negative. It appears that entropic penalty of ordered water is key to understanding the stability of nanocrystals. Also presented is an application of the nudged elastic band method to study transitions between nanoparticle crystal conformations. Between all three crystal polymorphs the nanoparticles passed through an amorphous region of phase space. These results have also been used to evaluate order parameters for use in metadynamics simulations.

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Wilkie, Susan Elizabeth. "DNA polymorphism in Allium." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332242.

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Pidvysotska, N. I. "Polymorphism of Edwards syndrome." Thesis, БДМУ, 2017. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17149.

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Maneggia, Paola. "Models of linear polymorphism." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414964.

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Saraph, A. "Nucleotide polymorphism in schizophrenia." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2002. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2774.

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Zhang, Shuohao. "Supporting polymorphism in XML data." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu./Dissertations/Summer2006/s%5Fzhang%5F071906.pdf.

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Libros sobre el tema "Polymorphism"

Stanley, H. Eugene, ed. Liquid Polymorphism. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118540350.

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Danks, H. V., ed. Insect life-cycle polymorphism. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1888-2.

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Hamilton, W. D., and J. C. Howard, eds. Infection, Polymorphism and Evolution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0077-6.

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Aga, Syed Sameer, Mujeeb Zafar Banday, and Saniya Nissar. Genetic Polymorphism and Disease. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003246244.

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G, Brittain H., ed. Polymorphism in pharmaceutical solids. New York: M. Dekker, 1999.

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1936-, Hamilton W. D., Howard Jonathan 1943-, and Royal Society (Great Britain), eds. Infection, polymorphism, and evolution. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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Bernstein, Joel. Polymorphism in molecular crystals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Meseguer, José. Relating models of polymorphism. Stanford, CA (Ventura Hall, Stanford 94305): Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1988.

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G, Brittain H., ed. Polymorphism of pharmaceutical solids. 2nd ed. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2009.

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D, Varfolomeyev S., and Zaikov Gennadiĭ Efremovich, eds. Molecular polymorphism of man: Structural and functional individual multiformity of biomacromolecules. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Más fuentes

Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Polymorphism"

Hilfiker, Rolf, Fritz Blatter, and Markus von Raumer. "Relevance of Solid-state Properties for Pharmaceutical Products." In Polymorphism, 1–19. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch1.

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Petit, Samuel, and Gérard Coquerel. "The Amorphous State." In Polymorphism, 259–85. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch10.

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Hilfiker, Rolf, Susan M. De Paul, and Martin Szelagiewicz. "Approaches to Polymorphism Screening." In Polymorphism, 287–308. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch11.

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Stahl, Peter Heinrich, and Bertrand Sutter. "Salt Selection." In Polymorphism, 309–32. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch12.

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Govindarajan, Ramprakash, and Raj Suryanarayanan. "Processing-induced Phase Transformations and Their Implications on Pharmaceutical Product Quality." In Polymorphism, 333–64. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch13.

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Bernstein, Joel. "Polymorphism and Patents from a Chemist's Point of View [1]." In Polymorphism, 365–84. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch14.

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Miller, Stephen P. F., Andre S. Raw, and Lawrence X. Yu. "Scientific Considerations of Pharmaceutical Solid Polymorphism in Regulatory Applications." In Polymorphism, 385–403. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch15.

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Lohani, Sachin, and David J. W. Grant. "Thermodynamics of Polymorphs." In Polymorphism, 21–42. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch2.

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Craig, Duncan Q. M. "Characterization of Polymorphic Systems Using Thermal Analysis." In Polymorphism, 43–79. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch3.

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Lubach, Joseph W., and Eric J. Munson. "Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy." In Polymorphism, 81–93. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch4.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Polymorphism"

Flaten, Ellen Marie, Xiaoguang Ma, Marion Seiersten, Charlotte Aanonsen, Ralf Beck, and Jens-Petter Andreassen. "Impact of Monoethylene Glycol and Fe2+ on Crystal Growth of CaCO3." In CORROSION 2015, 1–15. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05770.

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Abstract Calcium carbonate is one of the most abundant minerals precipitating during gas production. This work is focused on precipitation of CaCO3 in presence of Monoethylene glycol (MEG), used as hydrate inhibitor. MEG is known to affect the thermodynamics of calcium carbonate and this study shows that it has a large impact on the precipitation kinetics. The whole precipitation process has been investigated including polymorphism, induction times, nucleation rates and growth rates. Growth rate is emphasized as it has a large impact on both induction time and transformation rate from metastable polymorphs to stable calcite. The experiments were performed at 25-80°C with MEG concentration up to 90 wt%. MEG prolongs the induction period for precipitation as its presence decreases both nucleation rates and growth rates. The growth rates of all three polymorphs are reduced in presence of MEG, but calcite is most inhibited. The slow growth of calcite at high MEG concentrations result in a very slow transformation from initially mixed metastable polymorphs. Ferrous ions (Fe2+) affect the polymorphism of CaCO3. The growth of vaterite and aragonite is retarded to different extent. Vaterite growth is most inhibited resulting in aragonite being the most abundant polymorph in a larger MEG and temperature range. The effect depends strongly on Fe2+ concentration relative to solid surface area.

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Hammer, Maximilian, Ralph Maschotta, and Armin Zimmermann. "Extended Polymorphism Semantics for fUML Models." In 2024 50th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA), 142–51. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/seaa64295.2024.00030.

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Flaten, Ellen Marie, Marion Seiersten, Ralf Beck, Charlotte Aanonsen, and Jens-Petter Andreassen. "Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in Monoethylene Glycol and Water." In CORROSION 2014, 1–15. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4047.

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Abstract Calcium carbonate is one of the most abundant minerals precipitating during gas production. This work is focused on precipitation of CaCO3 in presence of Monoethylene glycol (MEG), used as hydrate inhibitor. MEG is known to affect the thermodynamics of calcium carbonate and the results show that it also has a large impact on the precipitation kinetics. The whole precipitation process has been investigated including polymorphism, induction times, nucleation rates and growth rates. Emphasize has been on growth rate as it is most important and has a large impact on both induction time and transformation rate from metastable polymorphs to stable calcite. The experiments were performed at 25-80°C with MEG concentration up to 90 wt%. The growth rates of all the polymorphs are reduced in presence of MEG, but calcite is most inhibited. The slow growth of calcite at high MEG concentrations result in a very slow transformation from initially mixed metastable polymorphs. It prolongs the induction periods and makes it difficult to determine nucleation rates, too. However, it is possible to give a rough estimate of nucleation rates when the impact of the growth rate is taken account. Nucleation rates decrease with increasing MEG concentrations.

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Chan, Vivian, V. W. S. Liu, A. C. K. Wong, and T. K. Chan. "DNA POLYMORPHISMS IN OR LINKED TO THE FACTOR VIII GENE IN CHINESE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644049.

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78 unrelated X chromosomes from Southern Chinese (56 normal and 22 haemophiliac) were studied. DNA was restricted by Bel I, Bgl I or Taq I and hybridized to 3' factor VIII:C cDNA probe (5 kb, Chiron) or St 14.1 probe(3 kb, Oberle &Mandel) by standard techniques. The intragenic Bel I polymorphic site was positive in 82%, while Bgl I polymorphic site was positive in all. Thus, 29.5%(2 x×0.82 × 0.18) of Chinese females carried the Bel I polymorphism. Asto the Taq I polymorphism in the closely linked DXS52 DNA segment, the incidences for the various alleles were :System I - allele (3) 10.2%, (4) 2.6%, (5) 2.6%,(6) 17.9%, (7) 21.8% and (8) 44.9% System II - α a allele 56%, 6 allele 44%. Approximately 80% of females were heterozygous for two different alleles. Hence the Bel I and Taq I polymorphisms can be used to track the defective factor VIII gene for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. Furthermore, their frequencies in the Chinese are different from those previously reported in other ethnic groups.

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Karasev, E. P., E. E. Andronov, E. P. Chizevskaya, and N. A. Provorov. "Comparative analysis of nucleotide polymorphism of chromosomal and symbiotic genes in symbionts of eastern and medical goat’s rue from a population of the North Caucasus." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.112.

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The analysis of the nucleotide polymorphism in two goatfish rhizobia biovars showed that the diversity of all gene groups corresponds to the diversity of the host plant, and the general polymorphism of chromosomal genes is higher than the symbiotic gene polymorphysm in both biovars.

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Caetano, Geovanna Cota, Julia Assis Rodrigues, Patrícia Aguiar Bellini, Clécio Ênio Murta de Lucena, Renata Toscano Simões, and Valéria Cristina Sandrim. "EVALUATION OF CYP2D6 POLYMORPHISM IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER AND TAMOXIFEN USERS OF TWO BREAST SERVICES OF BELO HORIZONTE." In Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium 2022. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s2031.

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Objective: This study aimed to assess the CYP2D6*4 polymorphism and the association of this polymorphism with the evolution of breast cancer since the reduction of the CYP2D6 activity due to polymorphisms of the gene that encodes the enzyme or the use of inhibitory drugs has been linked to reduced levels of endoxifen (EDF) and worse prognosis in women treated with tamoxifen (TAM). The treatment is multidisciplinary; TAM is an established and important therapeutic modality. This drug is metabolized by the CYP2D6 enzyme into its active metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HTF), and EDF. Methods: The study was approved by the local ethical committee (CEP) and registered as CEP number 065/2009. This is a prospective study in which interviews were conducted by graduated mastologists with 138 patients with breast cancer treated with TAM in two public outpatient clinics. The inclusion criteria were invasive breast cancer diagnosis and use of the TAM as part of the treatment. Clinical data and blood samples were collected for CYP2D6 genotyping with the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism technique. The statistical analysis was conducted through the STATA 10.3 program. Results: We observed that 14.5% of patients had a recurrence and 30% of premenopausal patients had menstrual cycles. The average disease-free survival was 43.6±45.7 months, and the average overall survival was 44.5±46.1 months. Regarding the polymorphism, 81.15% were extensive metabolizers (*1/*1), 16.66% were intermediate metabolizers (*1/*4), and 2.17% were poor metabolizers (*4/*4). The data corroborate with the literature in relation to CYP2D6 polymorphism. Conclusion: Considering the high incidence of BC and the wide use of TAM in the treatment of this tumor, conducting research addressing the pharmacogenetics of TAM is of great importance to assess the impact of CYP2D6 polymorphisms in the adjuvant treatment of BC.

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Bivol, Ina. "Finding an informative multilocus polymorphism in sunflower broomrape populations." In VIIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”, 302–8. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53040/gppb8.2024.52.

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Multilocus polymorphic DNA analysis was performed using 13 ISSR markers for 14 broomrape populations of Serbian and Moldovan origin. 279 ISSR fragments were identified for the whole sample, of which 265 (94.98%) were polymorphic. The seven groups of broomrape studied (whole sample, by country separately - Serbia and Moldova, and by race depending on the country - races ≤E serb, ≤E mold, H mold, H+ mold) showed different levels of genetic diversity. Based on these studies’ results, broomrape’s multilocus polymorphism was highly correlated with geographical origin, racial classification, and genetic background.

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Everett, Tom, Jeremy Holtsclaw, Elliot McDonald, Vignesh Sathyaseelan, Zhichen Nian, and Nate Schultheiss. "Thermodynamic Stability Determination of MEA-Dithiazine Polymorphs: An Experimental and Computational Exercise." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2118/224230-ms.

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Abstract Substituted 1,3,5-triazines for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) scavenging have established themselves as reliable and economical solutions in the oil and gas industry. Aqueous MEA-triazine is the most used, non-regenerative scavenger in the industry, and its resulting reaction product, MEA-dithiazine, is a ubiquitous and well-studied molecule. However, despite its storied history as a H2S scavenger, only recently were the two reported crystalline polymorphic forms I and II of MEA-dithiazine identified and structurally compared. Polymorphism is defined as different crystal structures/forms of a chemical compound. Physical and chemical properties, e.g., density, melting point, solubility, and stability, arise from the arrangement of the molecules in the solid-state, and thus, understanding the structure/property relationship between polymorphs is crucial. Herein, two polymorphic forms of MEA-dithiazine are experimentally and computationally explored to understand their solid-state properties better. MEA-dithiazine form I and II were analytically characterized by PXRD, DSC, TGA, FTIR, and 1H NMR, and their thermodynamic stability relationship was investigated through a series of analytical and solution-based experiments. Additionally, periodic and molecular Extended Tight-Binding (XTB) along with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to reveal minimal energy differences between the polymorphs. Determining the thermodynamic stability of polymorphic forms provides direction for expected future dissolution and conversion behavior. Understanding the structural differences in these solid forms should lead to insights into the mechanisms of their formation, possible prevention, and remediation in routine oil and gas operations.

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Guijun Wang and A. Ambler. "Invocation polymorphism." In Proceedings of Symposium on Visual Languages. IEEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vl.1995.520789.

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Dubois, Catherine, François Rouaix, and Pierre Weis. "Extensional polymorphism." In the 22nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/199448.199473.

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Informes sobre el tema "Polymorphism"

Zou, Chenghui, Weng Zhang, Mao Li, Dan He, Yujie Han, and Mao Lu. A meta-analysis of association between CCL5、CCL11、CCL17 polymorphisms and AD. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0148.

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Review question / Objective: At present, many studies on the association between CCL5、CCL11、CCL17 polymorphisms and atopic dermatitis（AD）are inconsistent. We conducted this meta-analysis of Case control trial to evaluate the association between CCL5、CCL11、CCL17 polymorphisms and atopic dermatitis（AD). Condition being studied: Since the discovery of cytokines, and in particular the role of chemokines in the progression of AD, many clinical studies have been carried out around the world to explore the association of AD with chemokine polymorphism. However, the quality, type and conclusions of studies on the correlation between chemokine polymorphism and AD are inconsistent. Foreign studies have shown that chemokine polymorphism is statistically significant in relation to AD. Studies by Menzies-Gow A et al have shown that a new therapeutic strategy targeting to block CCL11 signal has been proven to significantly improve patients with moderate to severe AD. However, some foreign studies have also reported that chemokine polymorphism is unrelated to AD.

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Torrungruang, Kitti, Soranun Chantarangsu, and Thanyachai Sura. Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and chronic periodontitis in Thais. Chulalongkorn University, 2015. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2015.18.

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Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been implicated in the susceptibility to infections and bone-related diseases. However, their relationship with periodontal disease remains unclear. This cross-sectional study investigated whether the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in a Thai population is associated with VDR polymorphisms. Genomic DNA was obtained from 1,460 subjects, aged 39-65 years. Genotyping of VDR polymorphisms (FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI) was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Subjects were categorized into three groups; no/mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the degree of association between VDR polymorphisms and periodontal status adjusted for age, gender, education, smoking, and diabetes. The CC+CT genotypes of FokI polymorphism were associated with moderate and severe periodontitis with odds ratios (OR) of 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-1.9) and 2.0 (95% CI 1.3-2.9), respectively. There was no significant relationship between the other VDR polymorphisms or BsmI-ApaI-TaqI haplotypes and periodontitis. To examine gene-smoking interaction, non-smokers with the TT genotype of FokI polymorphism were used as the reference group for all comparisons. Current smokers who had the CC+CT genotypes presented the highest risk of severe periodontitis with an OR of 10.4 (95% CI 4.9-22.1), whereas their counterparts with the TT genotype and non-smokers bearing the CC+CT genotypes had an increased risk by 2.7 (95% CI 1.1-6.7) and 2.0 folds (95% CI 1.2-3.4), respectively. The combined effect of FokI polymorphism and current smoking was 3.5 times (95% CI 1.3-9.9) greater than what would be expected from the sum of their individual effects, indicating a significant additive interaction. In conclusion, our data indicate that FokI polymorphism of VDR gene was significantly associated with periodontal disease severity in this study group. We are also the first to demonstrate that FokI polymorphism and smoking synergistically interacted in increasing the risk of chronic periodontitis.

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สุวรรณศาสตร์, ธาราทิพย์, ศิรส สุภาวิตา, สุมนตรา ปัญจรัตน์ та เศรษฐพงศ์ ลีฬหรัตนรักษ์. โครงการเชื่อมโยงการวิจัยภาควิชาวิศวกรรมคอมพิวเตอร์สู่ภาคอุตสาหกรรม ปี 2547 : รายงานฉบับสมบูรณ์ : โครงการย่อยที่สอง : a design and development of test - related metrics to assess software testing process. คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2006. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2006.68.

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ภาคผนวก: An instrumentation model for supporting software testing based on UML sequence diagrams / Siros Supavita -- An instrumentation model for supporting software testing based on UML sequence diagrams / Taratip Suwannasart -- Adequacy criteria for testing polymorphism in the context of interactions / Siros Supavita -- Adequacy criteria for testing polymorphism in the context of interactions / Taratip Suwannasart -- Testing polymorphic interactions in UML sequence diagrams / Siros Supavita -- Testing polymorphic interactions in UML sequence diagrams / Taratip Suwannasart -- An approach for generating test cases from use cases -- Setapong Leeraharattanarak -- An approach for generating test cases from use cases / Taratip Suwannasart

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Deschamps, J. R., D. A. Parrish, and R. J. Butcher. Polymorphism in Energetic Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517861.

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Harper, Robert, and Greg Morrisett. Compiling with Non-Parametric Polymorphism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada290316.

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Harper, Robert, and Mark Lillibridge. Explicit Polymorphism and CPS Conversion,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada258635.

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Kurtz, Andreas. Mitochondria Polymorphism in Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400622.

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Harper, Robert, and Greg Morrisett. Compiling Polymorphism Using Intensional Type Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada285340.

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Kurtz, Andreas. Mitochondria Polymorphism in Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada411354.

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Kurtz, Andreas C. Mitochondria Polymorphism in Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420949.

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