Literatura académica sobre el tema "Preferences for redistribution"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Preferences for redistribution"
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Brooks, Clem y Elijah Harter. "Redistribution Preferences, Inequality Information, and Partisan Motivated Reasoning in the United States". Societies 11, n.º 2 (21 de junio de 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11020065.
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In an era of rising inequality, the U.S. public’s relatively modest support for redistributive policies has been a puzzle for scholars. Deepening the paradox is recent evidence that presenting information about inequality increases subjects’ support for redistributive policies by only a small amount. What explains inequality information’s limited effects? We extend partisan motivated reasoning scholarship to investigate whether political party identification confounds individuals’ processing of inequality information. Our study considers a much larger number of redistribution preference measures (12) than past scholarship. We offer a second novelty by bringing the dimension of historical time into hypothesis testing. Analyzing high-quality data from four American National Election Studies surveys, we find new evidence that partisanship confounds the interrelationship of inequality information and redistribution preferences. Further, our analyses find the effects of partisanship on redistribution preferences grew in magnitude from 2004 through 2016. We discuss implications for scholarship on information, motivated reasoning, and attitudes towards redistribution.
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Luttmer, Erzo F. P. y Monica Singhal. "Culture, Context, and the Taste for Redistribution". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2011): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.1.157.
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Is culture an important determinant of preferences for redistribution? To separate culture from the economic and institutional environment (“context”), we relate immigrants' redistributive preferences to the average preference in their birth countries. We find a strong positive relationship that is robust to rich controls for economic factors and cannot easily be explained by selective migration. This effect is as large as that of own household income and appears stronger for those less assimilated into the destination country. Immigrants from high-preference countries are more likely to vote for more proredistribution parties. The effect of culture persists strongly into the second generation. (JEL H23, Z13)
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Šućur, Zoran. "Dohodovne nejednakosti i redistributivne preferencije u Hrvatskoj i zemljama EU-a: makroanaliza". Revija za socijalnu politiku 28, n.º 2 (15 de julio de 2021): 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v28i2.1700.
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INCOME INEQUALITIES AND REDISTRIBUTIVE PREFERENCES IN CROATIA AND EU COUNTRIES: MACRO ANALYSIS Department of Social Work, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia The paper analyses the relationship between income inequalities and redistributive preferences. The objectives have been: determine to which degree income inequalities are associated with redistributive preferences, which are the correlates of redistributive preferences on the macro level and which mechanisms of redistribution have been preferred by citizens in the EU countries. Aggregated data from two special Eurobarometer surveys (2010 and 2018) were used as the data source on redistributive preferences, while macro-statistical indicators were taken from the Eurostat database. Bivariate correlational analyses, linear regression and the cluster analysis were used for data processing. A general finding is that redistributive preferences are high in almost all EU countries. It seems that an increase of income inequalities is not the key factor of high redistributive preferences, but it is the perception of income inequalities and the sensitivity of citizens towards income inequalities. Citizens in the EU countries often incorrectly perceive the level of inequalities in society and their place on the income scale. The respondents from post-socialist countries have a larger “aversion” towards income inequalities and want a stronger role of the government in the redistribution and social life. Inhabitants of the EU countries support all key mechanisms of income redistribution (taxes, education, social protection and minimum wage), but they give the largest support to the tax system and the progressive taxation of the wealthy, while there are a lot of suspicions regarding fully free education. Key words: income inequalities, redistributive preferences, European Union, redistributive mechanisms, social justice.
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TAUSCH, FRANZISKA, JAN POTTERS y ARNO RIEDL. "Preferences for redistribution and pensions. What can we learn from experiments?" Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 12, n.º 3 (11 de febrero de 2013): 298–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747212000388.
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AbstractRedistribution is an inevitable feature of collective pension schemes and economic experiments have revealed that most people have a preference for redistribution that is not merely inspired by self-interest. However, little is known on how these preferences interact with preferences for different pension schemes. In this paper, we review the experimental evidence on preferences for redistribution and suggest some links to redistribution through pensions. For that purpose we distinguish between three types of situations. The first deals with distributional preferences behind a veil of ignorance. In the second type of situation, individuals make choices in front of the veil of ignorance and know their position. Finally, we discuss situations in which income is determined by interdependent rather than individual choices. In the closing sections of the paper, we discuss whether and how these experimental results speak to the redistribution issues of pensions. For example, do they argue for or against mandatory participation? Should we have less redistribution and more actuarial fairness? How does this depend on the type of redistribution involved?
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Jordan, Jason. "Political awareness and support for redistribution". European Political Science Review 10, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2017): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773917000017.
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Traditional research on preferences for redistributive social policy suggest increasingly complex models of public opinion formation that envision individuals balancing normative concerns against sophisticated calculations of economic self-interest. This research largely ignores the large body of evidence demonstrating significant differences in levels of political awareness across the population that strongly influence the quality, structure, and determinants of political preferences. Analyzing public opinion data for 14 European countries reveals that large sections of the population do not appear to hold or express social policy preferences that are internally consistent or well-grounded in either their self-interests or ideological predispositions. At low levels of political awareness, little discernible connection exists between seemingly related preferences for redistribution, levels of social spending, left–right positioning, tolerance for inequality, or overall support for the welfare state. Moreover, income, a theoretically central causal variable, has no effect on attitudes toward redistribution when political awareness is low. These results pose a significant challenge to existing models of social policy preferences.
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Duman, Anil. "Subjective social class and individual preferences for redistribution". International Journal of Social Economics 47, n.º 2 (6 de noviembre de 2019): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2019-0377.
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Purpose The recent increase in economic inequalities in many countries heightened the debates about policy preferences on income distribution. Attitudes toward inequality vary greatly across countries and numerous explanations are offered to clarify the factors leading to support for redistribution. The purpose of this paper is to examine the link between subjective social class and redistributive demands by jointly considering the individual and national factors. The author argues that subjective measures of social positions can be highly explanatory for preferences about redistribution policies. Design/methodology/approach The author uses data from 48 countries gathered by World Values Survey and empirically tests the impact of self-positioning into classes by multilevel ordered logit model. Several model specifications and estimation strategies have been employed to obtain consistent estimates and to check for the robustness of the results. Findings The findings show that, in addition to objective factors, subjective class status is highly explanatory for redistributive preferences across countries. The author also exhibits that there is interaction between self-ranking of social status and national context. The author’s estimations from the multilevel models verify that subjective social class has greater explanatory power in more equal societies. This is in contrast to the previous studies that establish a positive link between inequality and redistribution. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature by introducing subjective social class as a determinant. Self-ranked positions can be very relieving about policy preferences given the information these categorizations encompass about individuals’ perceptions about their and others’ place in the society.
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Corneo, Giacomo y Hans Peter Grüner. "Individual preferences for political redistribution". Journal of Public Economics 83, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(00)00172-9.
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Keely, Louise C. y Chih Ming Tan. "Understanding preferences for income redistribution". Journal of Public Economics 92, n.º 5-6 (junio de 2008): 944–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.11.006.
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Balcells, Laia, José Fernández-Albertos y Alexander Kuo. "Preferences for Inter-Regional Redistribution". Comparative Political Studies 48, n.º 10 (5 de mayo de 2015): 1318–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414015581681.
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Choi, Gwangeun. "Revisiting the redistribution hypothesis with perceived inequality and redistributive preferences". European Journal of Political Economy 58 (junio de 2019): 220–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.12.004.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Preferences for redistribution"
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Tosu, Dilara. "Essays on preferences for redistribution". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671582.
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The dissertation explores individuals' attitudes towards redistribution. Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 present two dynamic theoretical models that are used to analyze the interrelation between education decisions and preferences for redistribution. Chapter 3 uses an empirical approach to study the relationship between segregation, which is measured by assortative mating, and the demand for redistributionLa tesis explora las actitudes de los individuos hacia la redistribución. Los capítulos 1 y 2 presentan dos modelos teóricos dinámicos que se utilizan para analizar la interrelación entre las decisiones educativas y las preferencias de redistribución. El Capítulo 3 utiliza un enfoque empírico para estudiar la relación entre la segregación, que se mide mediante el apareamiento selectivo, y la demanda de redistribución
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Cavaille, Charlotte. "Demand for Redistribution in the Age of Inequality". Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13065021.
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This dissertation investigates the dynamics of mass attitudes toward redistributive social policies in post-industrial democracies: How have these attitudes changed over time? What factors and mechanisms drive these changes?
According to workhorse models in political economy, as inequality increases, support for redistributive social policies should also increase, especially among those most likely to benefit from them. Yet, despite a sharp growth in income inequality in the United States and the United Kingdom since the 1970's, there is no evidence that attitudinal trends match these predictions.
Drawing from findings in the behavioral sciences on mental processes of attitude formation and on the role of other-oriented concerns, I argue that political economy's workhorse models perform well only under specific scope conditions. Once these conditions are accounted for, observed trends become less puzzling.
First, workhorse models only capture one component of demand for redistribution, namely support for redistribution conceived as taking from the "rich" (redistribution from), and ignore a separate component, support for redistribution conceived as giving to the "poor" (redistribution to). These two facets of redistribution, I argue, prime different individual motives: self-interested income maximization on the one hand, and other-oriented social affinity with welfare beneficiaries on the other, which is shaped by social ranking and non-economic moral dispositions.
Second, attitudinal change that matches these models' predictions is conditional on whether elites politicize redistributive issues. The nature and structure of the options available in one's political environment impact the kind of choices citizens make, i.e. the motives that guide attitude formation. I show how elite competition over distinct redistributive agendas increases the likelihood that individuals will translate their economic circumstances into support for, or opposition to, redistribution.
Through a context-sensitive analysis of longitudinal survey data, I show how most of the action in the UK and the US has happened through other-oriented motives. The decline in the predictive power of income in these countries, has been mirrored in both countries by an increase in the predictive power of moral values. Differences in the choice sets provided by elite-level electoral competition help explain how this plays out differently on each side of the Atlantic.
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Garcia, Muniesa Jordi. "Preferences for redistribution in times of crisis. The role of fairness considerations and personal economic circumstances". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668069.
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L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és contribuir a la comprensió de com les preferències de la ciutadania cap a la redistribució es poden veure afectades per un context de crisi econòmica. L’anàlisi se centra en dos mecanismes pels quals les crisis poden influencia les preferències cap a la redistribució: els canvis en la situació econòmica personal i l’activació consideracions de justícia específicament relacionades amb el context de crisi.
El primer capítol empíric de la tesi se centra en l’impacte de les experiències personals amb la crisi sobre les preferències dels individus per un tipus de política redistributiva en concret: la progressivitat fiscal. Utilitzo dades originals d’una enquesta elaborada en nou països europeus després de la gran crisi de 2008. Els resultats mostren que les preferències redistributives dels ciutadans europeus correlacionaven amb la seva experiència amb la crisi. Aquells que expressaven major privació relativa retrospectiva mostraven major suport per la progressivitat fiscal. De totes formes, els resultats mostren que l’associació era moderada. En part perquè els efectes dels canvis en la situació econòmica personal no van ser homogenis. Entre aquells més afectats per la crisi, només els ciutadans de dretes i aquells que eren pessimistes sobre el seu futur econòmic mostraven un major suport per la progressivitat fiscal.
Al segon i tercer capítols empírics de la tesi analitzo com les consideracions de justícia sobre qui i per què va patir les conseqüències econòmiques de la crisi influeixen les preferències per la redistribució dels ciutadans. En primer lloc, a través d’un experiment de laboratori amb incentius econòmics demostro que les consideracions de justícia basades en si les persones pateixen una pèrdua d’ingressos a causa de factors sota o aliens al control individual influeixen en el suport a la redistribució. Amb aquest experiment també demostro que les consideracions de justícia continuen tenint importància quan s’introdueixen altres motivacions com l’interès personal i la seguretat econòmica. L’experiment de laboratori em permet provar el mecanisme en un context amb una alta validesa interna.
Per comprovar si les consideracions de justícia específicament referides a la situació de la crisi poden influir el suport ciutadà a la redistribució en un entorn més realista i contextualment ric, he utilitzat un experiment d’enquesta. Els tractaments feien referències directes a la crisi econòmica i les seves conseqüències. A través d’aquest experiment analitzo si els marcs conceptuals que atribuïen les causes de patir els efectes de la crisi a factors sota o més enllà del control individual van afectar el suport popular a la redistribució cap als perdedors de crisis després de la Gran Recessió. Curiosament, els resultats mostren que els marcs conceptuals que atribuïen el fet de patir els efectes negatius de la crisi a factors més enllà del control individual no van augmentar significativament el suport a la redistribució. Per contra, els marcs que atribuïen l’impacte de la crisi a un dels factors sota control individual (comportament especulatiu en el passat) si van reduir el suport a la redistribució.
En conjunt, la tesi mostra que un context de crisi econòmica pot influir en les preferències per la redistribució de la ciutadania. De totes formes, no hem d’esperar que les crisis econòmiques tinguin efectes automàtics i homogenis sobre aquestes preferències. D’una banda, he mostrat que les experiències personals amb la crisi poden afectar els nivells de suport a la redistribució, però l’efecte està condicionat per les posicions ideològiques i les expectatives econòmiques dels individus. A més, he demostrat que no només les circumstàncies materials personals poden influir en les preferències per la redistribució. La interpretació que fan els individus de la crisi i els seus efectes també pot influir en el seu suport a la redistribució. Això obre les portes a la influència política de les elits polítiques a través de pràctiques de discursives i l’ús de marcs conceptuals específics.The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of how public preferences for redistribution can be affected by contexts of economic crisis. The analysis is focussed on two different mechanisms by which crises can influence redistributive preferences: changes in personal economic circumstances and the activation of crisis-specific fairness considerations. The first empirical chapter of the thesis is focussed on the impact of personal experiences with the crisis on individuals’ preferences for a very specific redistributive policy: progressive taxation. I use original data from a survey conducted in nine European countries in the aftermath of the Great Recession. The results show that European citizens’ redistributive preferences correlated with their personal experience with the crisis. Those who reported higher retrospective relative deprivation tended to show higher support for progressive taxation. Nevertheless, results also show that the aggregate association was moderate. Partly because the effects of changes in personal economic circumstances were not homogeneous. Among those who were hit by the crisis, only right-leaning citizens and those who were pessimistic about their personal economic prospects showed increased support for tax progressivity. In the second and third empirical chapters of the thesis I analyse how fairness considerations relative to who and why suffered the negative economic consequences of crisis influence citizens’ redistributive preferences. Firstly, using an economically incentivised laboratory experiment I show that fairness considerations based on whether individuals suffered an income-loss due to factors under or beyond the individual control influence individuals’ support for redistribution. With this experiment I also show that fairness considerations continue to matter when self-interest and insurance motives are primed. The lab experiment allows me to test the mechanism in a context with high internal validity. To test whether crisis-specific fairness considerations can influence public’s support for redistribution in a more realistic and contextually rich setting I relied on a vignette-based survey experiment. The treatments made direct references to the economic crisis and its consequences. Through this experiment I analyse whether frames attributing the causes of being affected by the crisis to factors under or beyond individual control affected people’s support for redistribution towards crisis losers in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Interestingly, the results show that frames attributing being affected by the crisis to factors beyond individual control did not significantly increase support for redistribution. Contrarily, frames attributing the crisis impact to one of the factors under the individual control (past speculative behaviour) did reduce support for redistribution. Overall, the thesis shows that a context of economic crisis can influence citizens’ preferences for redistribution. However, we should not expect recessions to have automatic and homogeneous effects on citizens’ redistributive preferences. On one hand, I show that personal experiences with the crisis can affect the levels of support for redistribution, but the effect is conditional to individuals’ ideological standings and economic expectations. Additionally, I have shown that not only personal material circumstances can influence people’s redistributive preferences. Their interpretation of the crisis and its effects can also influence their support for redistribution. This opens the door for political influence of political elites through framing practices.
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Roberts, Benjamin J. "Charting freedom: inequality beliefs, preferences for redistribution, and distributive social policy in contemporary South Africa". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/64999.
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While the transition to democracy in South Africa extended civil and political rights and freedoms to all South Africans, there has been disagreement over the preferred nature and scope of social rights within post-apartheid society, reflecting debates over the trajectory of economic policy. Appreciable developmental gains have been made by the state over the last quarter-century, yet the challenges of poverty, unemployment and inequality persist, coupled with mounting popular discontent with the pace of transformation and political accountability. This has led to fundamental questions about social justice, restitution, and the kind of society we wish to promote. Appeals for a more inclusive, transformative social policy have also emerged, arguing that a wider vision of society is required involving multiple government responsibilities and informed by an ethic of equality and social solidarity. Against this background, in this thesis I study the views of the South African public towards economic inequality, general preferences for government-led redistribution, as well as support for social policies intended to promote racial and economic transformation. The research has been guided by several overarching questions: To what extent do South Africans share common general beliefs about material inequality? Does the public exhibit a preference for government redistribution in principle? And how unified or polarised are South Africans in their support for specific redress policies in the country? Responding to these questions has been achieved by drawing on unique, nationally representative data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS), which has enabled me to chart social attitudes over a period of almost fifteen years between late 2003 and early 2017. Use has also been made of social citizenship as a guiding conceptual framework to understanding social policy predispositions and analysing attitudinal change. The results demonstrate that the public is united in its awareness of and deep concern about economic inequality. Since the early 2000s, a significant majority has consistently expressed the view that the income gap in the country is too large, articulated a strong preference for a more equitable social structure, and acknowledged the class and social tensions that economic inequality has produced. There is also a preference for a narrowing of earnings disparities, a more generous minimum wage, and regulatory limits on executive pay. While this suggests a desire for fair and legitimate remuneration, the analysis also reveals that South Africans are willing to tolerate fairly high levels of inequality. Nonetheless, these beliefs are generally interpreted as a desire for a more equitable and fair society. This preference for change is reflected in a fairly strong belief that government should assume responsibility for reducing material disparities. One’s social position, mobility history, awareness of inequality, political leaning and racial attitudes all have a bearing on how weak and strong this predisposition is, but the normative demand for political redistribution remains fairly widely shared irrespective of these individual traits. Greater polarisation is however evident with respect to redistributive social policy, especially measures designed to overcome historical racial injustice (affirmative action, sports quotas, and land reform). These intergroup differences converge considerably when referring to class-based policy measures. One surprising finding is the evidence that South Africa’s youngest generation, the so-called ‘Born Frees’, tend to adopt a similar predisposition to redress policy as older generations, thus confounding expectations of a post-apartheid value change. I conclude by arguing that there seems to be a firmer basis for a social compact about preferences for interventions designed to produce a more just society than is typically assumed. Intractably high levels of economic inequality during the country’s first quarter-century of democracy is resulting in a growing recognition of the need for a stronger policy emphasis on economic inequality in South Africa over coming decades if the vision enshrined in the Freedom Charter and the Constitution is to be realised. South Africans may not be able to fully agree about the specific elements that constitute a socially just response to economic inequality. Yet, the common identification of and concern with redressable injustice, coupled with a broad-based commitment to government redistribution and classbased social policies, could serve as a foundation on which to rekindle the solidaristic spirit of 1994 and forge progress towards a more equitable society.
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Kahn, Karl. "Crime and equality, or crime and punishment? : population heterogeneity and fear of crime as determinants of redistribution preferences". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0cc102b1-c86d-4323-bfb0-3753c33baa33.
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Despite considerable research efforts, the relationship between inequality and demand for redistribution remains a highly contested topic within comparative political economy. This paper argues that a central yet widely overlooked mechanism linking macro-level income inequality to preferences for redistribution has to with the micro-level implications of certain externalities of inequality. Focusing on fear of crime, as one such externality, I argue that because (i) in- equality and crime are positively related, and (ii) because crime and fear of crime have a negative effect in individual utility, it follows that increasing in- equality should have a positive effect on support for redistribution. Importantly, however, the argument of this paper also recognises that redistribution is but one of several means through which a concern about crime can be addressed, with the most relevant alternatives being increased policing and harsher punitive measures. Drawing on literatures in criminology and political sociology, I theorise that a key determinant of this choice | between redistribution and policing/punishment as alternative approaches to dealing with crime | is the level of ethnic heterogeneity in the population. Taken together, therefore, this paper's argument implies that inequality will have differential effects on support for redistribution in different contexts: in cases where the population is homogenous, fear of crime - and by consequence inequality - will boost demand for redistribution, whilst no such effects will follow in contexts of high heterogeneity. Using a two-step statistical methodology, I analyse Eurobarometer and ESS data from 21 OECD countries and find persuasive empirical support for my theoretical expectations. Fear of crime is more strongly associated to support for redistribution when the level of population heterogeneity remains low, whilst the opposite holds true for the relationship between fear of crime and support for policing and punishment.
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Calvet, Roberta D. "Studies on the Effects of Sympathy and Religious Education on Income Redistribution Preferences, Charitable Donations, and Law-Abiding Behavior". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/74.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the impact of moral emotions (sympathy and empathy) and religious education on individual behavior. This dissertation is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter examines the effect of sympathy and empathy on tax compliance. We run a series of experiments in which we employ methods such as priming, the Davis Empathic Concern scale, and questions about frequency of prosocial behaviors in the past year in order to promote and to identify empathy and sympathy in subjects. We observe the subjects’ decisions in a series of one-shot tax compliance game presented at once and with no immediate feedback. Our results suggest that the presence and/or the promotion of sympathy in most cases encourage tax compliance. The second chapter takes into consideration religious schooling as a way of helping the development of religiosity or morality on individuals. Our intent is to investigate the effect of religious education on charitable donations in adulthood. Our empirical analysis is based on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics dataset. Our estimation results indicate that there is a positive effect of religious education on donations to secular and religious organizations. The third chapter explores the hypothesis that sympathetic individuals are more likely to support income redistribution because they believe that the poor may benefit from this policy. We use data from the General Social Survey to estimate support for income distribution. Our results suggest that some measures of sympathy have a positive effect on support for redistribution.
Across all three main chapters, we find that sympathy has mostly small and positive effects on the types of behavior examined in this dissertation, although we are not able to determine the impact of religious education on charitable donations. Despite the sometimes weak results of this research caused by the limitations of the available data and the complexity of the issues studied, we believe that the development of these moral emotions is likely to generate benefits to society.
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Östling, Robert. "Bounded rationality and endogenous preferences". Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-454.
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Douenne, Thomas. "Essais sur l'économie des politiques environnementales : préférences, croyances, et redistribution". Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E056.
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Les quatre chapitres de cette thèse visent à mieux comprendre l'attitude des citoyens vis-à-vis des politiques environnementales. Le premier chapitre évalue l’impact redistributif de la taxe carbone française. Il montre que la taxe carbone est régressive, mais pourrait être rendue progressive si son revenu était retourné de manière uniforme à tous les ménages. Toutefois, la politique générerait d’importants effets redistributifs horizontaux et pénaliserait une part importante des ménages modestes. A partir d’une nouvelle enquête sur un échantillon représentatif, le deuxième chapitre co-écrit avec Adrien Fabre montre que les Français sont opposés à la taxe carbone même si le revenu leur est reversé uniformément. Ce rejet va de pair avec des perceptions pessimistes fortement ancrées des effets de la politique, que l’on peut expliquer par la défiance des répondants. Notre analyse montre toutefois que lorsque les ménages sont convaincus des effets objectifs de la politique - sur leur pouvoir d'achat, sur l'environnement, et en termes redistributifs - leur soutien augmente très largement. Le troisième chapitre, basé sur la même enquête, est plus descriptif. Il a pour objectif d’évaluer l’attitude des Français vis-à-vis du changement climatique, et les perspectives de la politique climatique française après la crise des Gilets Jaunes. Le quatrième chapitre, plus théorique, étudie à partir d’un modèle comment les catastrophes environnementales jouent sur les décisions de consommation, d'investissement, et de protection de l'environnement en fonction de l'attitude des individus face au risqueThe four chapters of this thesis aim to better understand citizens' attitudes towards environmental policies. The first chapter assesses the redistributive impact of the French carbon tax. It shows that the carbon tax is regressive, but could be made progressive if its revenue were returned uniformly to all households. However, the policy would generate significant horizontal redistributive effects and penalize a large share of modest households. Based on a new survey with a large representative sample, the second chapter co-authored with Adrien Fabre shows that the French are opposed to the carbon tax even if its revenue is returned to them uniformly. This rejection goes hand in hand with strongly rooted pessimistic perceptions of the effects of the policy, which can be explained by the respondents' mistrust. Our analysis shows, however, that when households are convinced of the objective effects of the policy - on their purchasing power, on the environment, and in redistributive terms - their support increases very significantly. The third chapter, based on the same survey, is more descriptive. It aims to assess French attitudes towards climate change and the prospects for French climate policy after the Yellow Vest crisis. The fourth chapter, more theoretical, uses a model to study how environmental disasters affect consumption, investment and environmental protection decisions according to people's attitude to risk
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Salas, Gonzalo. "Essays on equality of opportunity and public policy". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400568.
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Esta tesis se estructura en base a la noción de igualdad de oportunidades, concepto inicialmente
propuesto por Arneson (1989), cuyas bases filosóficas se encuentran profundamente influidas
por los planteos de Rawls (1971). Desde esta perspectiva no hay justificación alguna para la
existencia de circunstancias diferenciadoras originadas por la suerte o la dotación natural,
mientras que todo lo que se encuentre bajo control de la persona es responsabilidad del
individuo y la sociedad no debería preocuparse por establecer mecanismos compensadores. En
este sentido Roemer (1998) señala que la política pública debe encargarse de nivelar el campo
de juego igualando oportunidades, equiparando las condiciones de partida de las personas para
poder acceder a una ventaja. En los distintos capítulos de esta tesis se busca contribuir en
distintas esferas de este campo, brindando evidencia empírica para el caso uruguayo.
En la tesis se estudia el vínculo entre la igualdad de oportunidades y las políticas públicas.
De forma más explícita en unos casos y de forma indirecta en otros, las políticas públicas que se
analizan ponen foco en la educación. Se considera un programa de transferencia de ingresos, el
Plan de Atención a la Emergencia Social (PANES, por sus siglas en español), y una política
orientada a la primera infancia basada en el incremento de plazas educativas públicas. En la
literatura revisada los estudios que vinculan de forma causal políticas públicas focalizadas con
la desigualdad de oportunidades son escasos (Ham, 2010; Van der gaer, 2011), mayor es la
literatura que se centra en el análisis de los impactos de las políticas orientadas a la primera
infancia (por ejemplo, Baker et al, 2008; Urzúa & Veramendi, 2011; Conti & Heckman, 2012;
Felfe & Lalive, 2014). En este último caso el énfasis en los efectos sobre la igualdad de
oportunidades es menor, en tanto no es posible atribuir responsabilidades a los niños por sus
desempeños. No obstante, en Andreoli, Havnes & Lefranc (2014) se realiza un esfuerzo por
vincular la literatura basada en la igualdad de oportunidades y la expansión de centros
educativos dirigidos a la primera infancia.
El restante capítulo se centra en el estudios de las preferencias por políticas redistributivas
considerando distintos enfoques normativos que se han utilizado para medir igualdad de
oportunidades. También son varios los trabajos que intentan entender el papel que desempeñan
en las mencionadas preferencias las percepciones de justicia de los individuos (Fong, 2001;
Alesina y Angeletos, 2005; Alesina y Giuliano, 2009). Se intenta vincular con mayor precisión
estas dos esferas, las cuales presentan un fuerte anclaje subjetivo. En concreto, se estudia en qué
medida las preferencias por la redistribución pueden quedar determinadas por percepciones
individuales heterogéneas de la igualdad de oportunidades. Se pone particular énfasis en los
argumentos teóricos que sirve de base para que las percepciones de justicia influyan en la
utilidad de los individuos, donde se ven reflejadas las preferencias por la redistribución. A
diferencias de los trabajos que le anteceden, y que se centran en explicaciones basadas en el
altruismo de las personas, en este capítulo el argumento se desplaza hacia la reciprocidad
generada a partir de la interacción entre los individuos. Este último elemento asocia el papel
jugado por el sentido de justicia a la identidad de las personas (Akerlof y Kranton, 2010), y por
ende es formado a partir de la interacción con el grupo de pares.This thesis is structured around the notion of equal opportunities, a concept first proposed by Arneson (1989), whose philosophical foundations are deeply influenced by the proposals of Rawls (1971). From this perspective there is no justification for the existence of differentiating circumstances arising from luck or natural endowment, while everything which is under the control of the person is the responsibility of the individual and society should not concern itself with establishing compensatory mechanisms. In this sense, Roemer (1998) notes that public policy should be responsible for leveling the playing field by equaling the opportunities and starting conditions of the people in order to be able to access an advantage. In the different chapters of this thesis I aim to contribute to different areas of this field by providing empirical evidence for the case of Uruguay. I focus on the link between equality of opportunities and public policy. The public policies that are analyzed put a focus on education, explicitly in some cases and indirectly in others. I consider an income transfer program, the Plan de Atención Nacional a la Emergencia Social (PANES), and a policy oriented to early childhood based on increasing places in public schools. In the literature reviewed the studies that casually link targeted public policies with inequality of opportunities are scarce (Ham, 2010; Van der gaer, 2011), with a greater number of studies focusing on analyzing the impact of policies oriented to early childhood (for example, Baker et al, 2008; Urzúa & Veramendi, 2011; Conti & Heckman, 2012; Felfe & Lalive, 2014). In the latter case there is less emphasis on the effects on equality of opportunities, so it is not possible to attribute responsibility to the children for their performance. However, in Andreoli, Havnes & Lefranc (2014) an effort was made to link the literature based on equality of opportunities and the expansion of public schools aimed at early childhood. The remaining chapter focuses on the study of preferences for redistributive policies considering different normative approaches that have been used to measure equality of opportunity. There are also several papers that have attempted to understand the role played by the perceptions of fairness of individuals in the aforementioned preferences (Fong, 2001; Alesina and Angeletos, 2005; Alesina and Giuliano, 2009). I attempt to link these two areas, which have a string subjective element, with greater precision. Specifically, I study the extent to which preferences for redistribution may be determined by heterogeneous individual perceptions about inequality of opportunity. Particular emphasis is placed on the theoretical arguments underlying the idea that perceptions of fairness influence the utility of individuals, where they see their preferences for redistribution reflected. Unlike the chapters which precede it, and which focus on explanations based on the altruism of people, in this chapter the argument shifts towards the reciprocity generated by the interaction among individuals. This last element associates the role played by the sense of fairness with the identity of the people (Akerlof and Kranton, 2010), and is therefore formed from the interaction with the peer group.
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Gärtner, Manja. "Prosocial Behavior and Redistributive Preferences". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121353.
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This Ph.D. thesis contains four independent essays. The essays are summarized as follows. Essay I: Status quos and the prosociality of intuitive decision making This study investigates how the prosociality of intuitive choices depends on the presence of a status quo. I present the results of a dictator game experiment with a non-student sample. The dictator game is a choice between a selfish option and a fair and efficient option, and has either no status quo, a selfish status quo or a fair status quo. Intuitive choices are elicited in two ways, by an exogenous variation in time pressure and by measuring response times. I find that time pressure decreases the share of fair choices in decisions without a status quo, but has no effect in the presence of a status quo. Fair and selfish choices have equal response times in a decision without a status quo, whereas the status quo option is always chosen faster, i.e. fast choices are fair under a fair status quo and selfish under a selfish status quo. This suggests that the decision context critically affects whether intuitive choices are prosocial or selfish. Essay II: Risk preferences and the demand for redistribution If individuals view redistributive policy as an insurance against future negative economic shocks, then the demand for redistribution increases in individual risk aversion. We provide a direct test of the correlation between the demand for redistribution and individual risk aversion in a customized survey and find that they are strongly and robustly positively correlated: more risk averse people demand more redistribution. We also replicate the results from previous literature and, on the one hand, find that the demand for redistribution is positively correlated with altruism, the belief that individual economic success is the result of luck rather than effort, a working-class parental background and downward mobility experience and expectations. On the other hand, preferences for redistribution are negatively correlated with income, a conservative political ideology and upward mobility experience and expectations. The magnitude of the correlation between risk aversion and the demand for redistribution is comparable to the magnitude of these previously identified, and here replicated, correlates. Essay III: Omission effects in trolley problems with economic outcomes This paper tests how ethical views and hypothetical choices in a trolley problem with economic outcomes depend on whether an outcome is the result of an action or an omission. In a vignette experiment, subjects read about a spectator that harms one person in order to save five others from harm either by taking an action or by omission, whereas the outcomes are either death or loss of property. The results show that the distinction between harmful actions and harmful omissions is significantly smaller in the economic domain, suggesting that omission effects in trolley problems are domain-specific. A comparison of moral views about harmful actions across outcome domains shows that this difference is driven by subjects being more outcome-focused when property rather than lives are at stake. Essay IV: Is there an omission effect in prosocial behavior? We investigate whether individuals are more prone to act selfishly if they can passively allow for an outcome to be implemented (omission) rather than having to make an active choice (commission). In most settings, active and passive choice alternatives differ in terms of factors such as the presence of a suggested option, costs of taking an action, and awareness. We isolate the omission effect from confounding factors in two experiments, and find no evidence that the distinction between active and passive choices has an independent effect on the propensity to implement selfish outcomes. This suggests that increased selfishness through omission, as observed in various economic choice situations, is driven by other factors than a preference for selfish omissions.
Libros sobre el tema "Preferences for redistribution"
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Alesina, Alberto. Preferences for redistribution in the land of opportunities. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
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Kerr, William R. Income inequality and social preferences for redistribution and compensation differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.
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Rueda, David y Daniel Stegmueller. Who Wants What?: Redistribution Preferences in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
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Rueda, David y Daniel Stegmueller. Who Wants What?: Redistribution Preferences in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
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Do, Quy-Toan y Andrei A. Levchenko. Trade Policy and Redistribution When Preferences Are Non-Homothetic. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8005.
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Do, Quy-Toan y Andrei A. Levchenko. Trade Policy and Redistribution When Preferences are Non-Homothetic. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/29204.
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Guisinger, Alexandra. Racial Diversity and White Americans’ Support for Trade Protection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 argues that the redistributive nature of trade policy also affects individuals’ trade preferences. Trade protectionism differs from other redistributive policies both in its mechanism for redistribution and the most common portrayal of its beneficiaries. As shown by analysis of trade-related ads from multiple election cycles, images in political ads overwhelmingly present white workers as the beneficiaries of trade protectionism. The chapter describes an original survey experiment that found whites’ support for trade protection depended on the depicted race of trade protection beneficiaries in a newspaper article provided to survey respondents. Analysis of three decades of US public opinion data provides evidence that white support of redistribution via trade protection is higher and support for redistribution via welfare is lower in communities where high levels of racial diversity heighten in- and out-group dynamics. The chapter concludes with a discussion the mobilization of race-based protectionist sentiment in the 2016 election cycle.
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Campbell, Andrea Louise y Michael W. Sances. Constituencies and Public Opinion. Editado por Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan y Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.015.
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Public opinion alone cannot explain the trajectory of American social policy, but it is crucial in explaining the nature of social provision. Although most Americans are not highly knowledgeable about or interested in politics, and although their opinions are often shaped by misinformation, misperception, and framing effects, public opinion can offer broad guidance to politicians. Indeed, American social policy reflects majority preferences in a variety of ways: in the differential generosity of programs for "deserving" and "undeserving" target populations; in the extensive use of hidden and obscured modes of social provision such as tax expenditures; and in the modest degree of redistribution the American welfare state achieves. In addition, attentive and well-resourced members of the public, who receive the largest benefits from the system, have successfully prevented retrenchment attempts. Public opinion typically operates in conjunction with other factors, such as interest group influence or the institutional structure of the American system, to shape social policy outcomes.
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Cojocaru, Alexandru y Mame Fatou Diagne. Should Income Inequality be Reduced and Who Should Benefit? Redistributive Preferences in Europe and Central Asia. The World Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7097.
Texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Preferences for redistribution"
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Bower-Bir, Jacob S. "Redistribution Preferences and Low Socioeconomic Status". En Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1702-1.
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Bower-Bir, Jacob S. "Redistribution Preferences and Low Socioeconomic Status". En Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1702-2.
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Bower-Bir, Jacob S. "Redistribution Preferences and Low Socioeconomic Status". En Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 6512–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1702.
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Ono, Hiroshi y Kristen Schultz Lee. "Welfare States and the Redistribution of Happiness". En Behavioral Economics of Preferences, Choices, and Happiness, 463–91. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55402-8_18.
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Yamamura, Eiji. "Social Capital, Household Income, and Preferences for Income Redistribution". En Behavioral Economics of Preferences, Choices, and Happiness, 385–412. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55402-8_15.
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Schad, Mareike. "Income Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution: Empirical Observations". En Intergenerational Income Mobility and Redistributive Policy, 129–31. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10465-8_10.
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Karayel, Ayfer. "Attitudes to Income Inequality and Preferences for Redistribution in Turkey". En Business Challenges in the Changing Economic Landscape - Vol. 1, 339–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22596-8_24.
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Aristei, David y Cristiano Perugini. "Social Preferences for Redistribution in Central Eastern Europe and in the Baltic Countries". En Inequalities During and After Transition in Central and Eastern Europe, 265–83. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137460981_12.
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Stark, Kirk J. "The Role of Expressive Versus Instrumental Preferences in U.S. Attitudes Toward Taxation and Redistribution". En Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 167–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13458-1_11.
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Essbaumer, Elisabeth. "Mindern bessere Aufstiegschancen den Wunsch nach mehr Umverteilung?" En Die Wirtschaft im Wandel, 157–61. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31735-5_25.
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ZusammenfassungZu starke Ungleichheit gefährdet den Zusammenhalt in der Gesellschaft. Die Politik soll möglichst allen eine angemessene Teilhabe am gemeinsamen Wohlstand sichern. Aber Ungleichheit unterliegt einem steten Wandel. Wer in jungen Jahren aus knappen Verhältnissen startet, mag nach erfolgreicher Karriere zu den Spitzenverdienern gehören. Und wer daran glaubt, bald selbst zu den Reichen zu gehören, hat womöglich weniger Verlangen danach, den eigenen Aufstieg mit progressiven Steuern und mehr Umverteilung zu erschweren. Wie weit klaffen Wahrnehmung und Wirklichkeit der Aufstiegschancen auseinander, und wie bestimmen die wahrgenommenen Aufstiegschancen die politische Unterstützung für mehr oder weniger Umverteilung?Alesina, Alberto, Stantcheva, Stefanie and Edoardo Teso (2018), Intergenerational Mobility and Preferences for Redistribution, American Economic Review 108(2), 521–554.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Preferences for redistribution"
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Ping, Ziyan. "Research on the Individual Preference for Income Redistribution Caused by Income Inequality". En IC4E 2021: 2021 12th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management, and E-Learning. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3450148.3450211.
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Wendrich, Robert E. "A Novel Approach for Collaborative Interaction With Mixed Reality in Value Engineering". En ASME 2011 World Conference on Innovative Virtual Reality. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/winvr2011-5515.
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Design and engineering in real-world projects is often influenced by reduction of the problem definition, trade-offs during decision-making, possible loss of information and monetary issues like budget constraints or value-for-money problems. In many engineering projects various stakeholders take part in the project process on various levels of communication, engineering and decision-making. During project meetings and VE sessions between the different stakeholder’s, information and data is gathered and put down analogue and/or digitally, consequently stored in reports, minutes and other modes of representation. Results and conclusions derived from these interactions are often influenced by the user’s field of experience and expertise. Personal stakes, idiosyncrasy, expectations, preferences and interpretations of the various project parts could have implications, interfere or procrastinate non-functionality and possible rupture in the collaborative setting and process leading to diminished prospective project targets, requirements and solutions. We present a hybrid tool as a Virtual Assistant (VA) during a collaborative Value Engineering (VE) session in a real-world design and engineering case. The tool supports interaction and decision-making in conjunction with a physical workbench as focal point (-s), user-interfaces that intuit the user during processing. The hybrid environment allows the users to interact un-tethered with real-world materials, images, drawings, objects and drawing instruments. In course of the processing captures are made of the various topics or issues at stake and logged as iterative instances in a database. Real-time visualization on a monitor of the captured instances are shown and progressively listed in the on-screen user interface. During or after the session the stakeholders can go through the iterative time-listing and synthesize the instances according to i.e. topic, dominance, choice or to the degree of priority. After structuring and sorting the data sets the information can be exported to a data or video file. All stakeholders receive or have access to the data files and can track-back the complete process progression. The system and information generated affords reflection, knowledge sharing and cooperation. Redistribution of data sets to other stakeholders, management or third parties becomes more efficient and congruous. Our approach we took during this experiment was to [re]search the communication, interaction and decision-making progressions of the various stakeholders during the VE-session. We observed the behavioral aspects during the various stages of user interaction, following the decision making process and the use of the tool during the course of the session. We captured the complete session on video for analysis and evaluation of the VE process within a hybrid design environment.
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Harazawa, M. y T. Yamaguchi. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of the Blood Flow in the Circle of Willis". En ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32516.
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The blood supply for the brain is born by four arteries, that is, two internal carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries. They are mutually connected at the cerebral base, and form a closed arterial circle, called the circle of Willis, so that the safety of the brain blood supply is increased. However their anastomoses show a very wide variety of atypism. If some of anastomses are very thin, or even do not exist, the safety of the blood supply is not secured. This is particularly important when some diseases such as cerebral thrombosis occurs and the blood flow supply stops unilaterally. Redistribution of the blood supply in such cases is thought to be strongly affected by geometrical configuration of the anastomoses. It is also known that cerebral aneurysms, which may induce serious cerebrovascular diseases, preferentially occur at the circle of Willis. Complex blood flow pattern has been suspected of having an influence on this preference. This is again dependent on complex geometry of the circle.
Informes sobre el tema "Preferences for redistribution"
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Alesina, Alberto y Paola Giuliano. Preferences for Redistribution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzo de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14825.
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Alesina, Alberto, Elie Murard y Hillel Rapoport. Immigration and Preferences for Redistribution in Europe. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, febrero de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25562.
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Alesina, Alberto y Eliana La Ferrara. Preferences for Redistribution in the Land of Opportunities. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, mayo de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8267.
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Do, Quy-Toan y Andrei Levchenko. Trade Policy and Redistribution when Preferences are Non-Homothetic. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzo de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23237.
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Kerr, William. Income Inequality and Social Preferences for Redistribution and Compensation Differentials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, diciembre de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17701.
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Lockwood, Benjamin y Matthew Weinzierl. De Gustibus non est Taxandum: Heterogeneity in Preferences and Optimal Redistribution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, enero de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17784.
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Kuziemko, Ilyana, Michael Norton, Emmanuel Saez y Stefanie Stantcheva. How Elastic Are Preferences for Redistribution? Evidence from Randomized Survey Experiments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzo de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18865.
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Nathan, Brad, Ricardo Perez-Truglia y Alejandro Zentner. My Taxes are Too Darn High: Tax Protests as Revealed Preferences for Redistribution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, septiembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27816.
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Charité, Jimmy, Raymond Fisman y Ilyana Kuziemko. Reference Points and Redistributive Preferences: Experimental Evidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzo de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21009.
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Schulz, Jan, Daniel Mayerhoffer y Anna Gebhard. A Network-Based Explanation of Perceived Inequality. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-49393.
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Across income groups and countries, the public perception of economic inequality and many other macroeconomic variables such as inflation or unemployment rates is spectacularly wrong. These misperceptions have far-reaching consequences, as it is perceived inequality, not actual inequality informing redistributive preferences. The prevalence of this phenomenon is independent of social class and welfare regime, which suggests the existence of a common mechanism behind public perceptions. We propose a network-based explanation of perceived inequality building on recent advances in random geometric graph theory. The literature has identified several stylised facts on how individual perceptions respond to actual inequality and how these biases vary systematically along the income distribution. Our generating mechanism can replicate all of them simultaneously. It also produces social networks that exhibit salient features of real-world networks; namely, they cannot be statistically distinguished from small-world networks, testifying to the robustness of our approach. Our results, therefore, suggest that homophilic segregation is a promising candidate to explain inequality perceptions with strong implications for theories of consumption behaviour.