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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Production de mutants de trypanosomes"

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Publicado: 25 de enero de 2025

Última modificación: 31 de julio de 2025

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1

Villafraz, Oriana, Marc Biran, Erika Pineda, et al. "Procyclic trypanosomes recycle glucose catabolites and TCA cycle intermediates to stimulate growth in the presence of physiological amounts of proline." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 3 (2021): e1009204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009204.

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Trypanosoma brucei, a protist responsible for human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), is transmitted by the tsetse fly where the procyclic forms of the parasite develop in the proline-rich (1–2 mM) and glucose-depleted digestive tract. Proline is essential for the midgut colonization of the parasite in the insect vector, however other carbon sources could be available and used to feed its central metabolism. Here we show that procyclic trypanosomes can consume and metabolize metabolic intermediates, including those excreted from glucose catabolism (succinate, alanine and pyruvate),

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Olayinka-Adefemi, Folayemi, Chukwunonso Onyilagha, Nipun Jayachandran та ін. "The Function of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase delta (PI3Kδ) Enzyme in Protective Immunity to Trypanosoma congolense Infection in Mice: The Role of Regulatory B cells". Journal of Immunology 204, № 1_Supplement (2020): 82.39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.82.39.

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Abstract The delta isoform of PI 3-kinase (PI3Kδ) has important functions in B cell activation. Trypanosoma parasites utilize several mechanisms to exploit and evade host B cell and antibody responses critical for immunity. We sought to determine the impact of PI3Kδ in immunity to Trypanosoma congolense infection. We found that PI3KδD910A mutant mice show a surprisingly enhanced control of parasitemia in early infection (7–9 days) when compared to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. Drug treatment with Idelalisib to acutely inhibit PI3Kδ during infection in WT mice led to improved early control of pa

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Beneke, Tom, Ross Madden, Laura Makin, Jessica Valli, Jack Sunter, and Eva Gluenz. "A CRISPR Cas9 high-throughput genome editing toolkit for kinetoplastids." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 5 (2017): 170095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170095.

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Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), CRISPR-associated gene 9 (Cas9) genome editing is set to revolutionize genetic manipulation of pathogens, including kinetoplastids. CRISPR technology provides the opportunity to develop scalable methods for high-throughput production of mutant phenotypes. Here, we report development of a CRISPR-Cas9 toolkit that allows rapid tagging and gene knockout in diverse kinetoplastid species without requiring the user to perform any DNA cloning. We developed a new protocol for single-guide RNA (sgRNA) delivery using PCR-generated DNA t

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Sass, Gabriele, Laura C. Miller Conrad, Terrence-Thang H. Nguyen, and David A. Stevens. "The Pseudomonas aeruginosa product pyochelin interferes with Trypanosoma cruzi infection and multiplication in vitro." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 7 (2020): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz136.

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Abstract Background Bacteria are sources of numerous molecules used in treatment of infectious diseases. We investigated effects of molecules produced by 26 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains against infection of mammalian cell cultures with Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease. Methods Vero cells were infected with T. cruzi in the presence of wild-type P. aeruginosa supernatants or supernatants of mutants with defects in the production of various virulence, quorum sensing and iron acquisition factors. Quantification of T. cruzi infection (percentage of infected cells) and m

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5

Vassella, Erik, Peter Bütikofer, Markus Engstler, Jennifer Jelk, and Isabel Roditi. "Procyclin Null Mutants ofTrypanosoma bruceiExpress Free Glycosylphosphatidylinositols on Their Surface." Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, no. 4 (2003): 1308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-10-0694.

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Procyclins are abundant, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins on the surface of procyclic (insect) form trypanosomes. To investigate whether trypanosomes are able to survive without a procyclin coat, all four procyclin genes were deleted sequentially. Bloodstream forms of the null mutant exhibited no detectable phenotype and were able to differentiate to procyclic forms. Initially, differentiated null mutant cells were barely able to grow, but after an adaptation period of 2 mo in culture they proliferated at the same rate as wild-type trypanosomes. Analysis of these culture-ad

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6

Lüscher, Alexandra, Pinar Önal, Anne-Marie Schweingruber, and Pascal Mäser. "Adenosine Kinase of Trypanosoma brucei and Its Role in Susceptibility to Adenosine Antimetabolites." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 11 (2007): 3895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00458-07.

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ABSTRACT Trypanosoma brucei cannot synthesize purines de novo and relies on purine salvage from its hosts to build nucleic acids. With adenosine being a preferred purine source of bloodstream-form trypanosomes, adenosine kinase (AK; EC 2.7.1.20) is likely to be a key player in purine salvage. Adenosine kinase is also of high pharmacological interest, since for many adenosine antimetabolites, phosphorylation is a prerequisite for activity. Here, we cloned and functionally characterized adenosine kinase from T. brucei (TbAK). TbAK is a tandem gene, expressed in both procyclic- and bloodstream-fo

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Mensa-Wilmot, K., JH LeBowitz, KP Chang, et al. "A glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-negative phenotype produced in Leishmania major by GPI phospholipase C from Trypanosoma brucei: topography of two GPI pathways." Journal of Cell Biology 124, no. 6 (1994): 935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.124.6.935.

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The major surface macromolecules of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major, gp63 (a metalloprotease), and lipophosphoglycan (a polysaccharide), are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored. We expressed a cytoplasmic glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (GPI-PLC) in L. major in order to examine the topography of the protein-GPI and polysaccharide-GPI pathways. In L. major cells expressing GPI-PLC, cell-associated gp63 could not be detected in immunoblots. Pulse-chase analysis revealed that gp63 was secreted into the culture medium with a half-time of 5.5 h. Secreted gp63 lacked ant

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8

Guerra-Giraldez, Cristina, Luis Quijada, and Christine E. Clayton. "Compartmentation of enzymes in a microbody, the glycosome, is essential in Trypanosoma brucei." Journal of Cell Science 115, no. 13 (2002): 2651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.115.13.2651.

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All kinetoplastids contain membrane-bound microbodies known as glycosomes,in which several metabolic pathways including part of glycolysis are compartmentalized. Peroxin 2 is essential for the import of many proteins into the microbodies of yeasts and mammals. The PEX2 gene of Trypanosoma brucei was identified and its expression was silenced by means of tetracycline-inducible RNA interference. Bloodstream-form trypanosomes, which rely exclusively on glycolysis for ATP generation, died rapidly upon PEX2 depletion. Insect-form (procyclic) trypanosomes do not rely solely on glycolysis for ATP syn

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9

Lillico, Simon, Mark C. Field, Pat Blundell, Graham H. Coombs, and Jeremy C. Mottram. "Essential Roles for GPI-anchored Proteins in African Trypanosomes Revealed Using Mutants Deficient in GPI8." Molecular Biology of the Cell 14, no. 3 (2003): 1182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-03-0167.

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The survival of Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of Sleeping Sickness and Nagana, is facilitated by the expression of a dense surface coat of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in both its mammalian and tsetse fly hosts. We have characterized T. brucei GPI8, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the GPI:protein transamidase complex that adds preformed GPI anchors onto nascent polypeptides. Deletion ofGPI8 (to give Δgpi8) resulted in the absence of GPI-anchored proteins from the cell surface of procyclic form trypanosomes and accumulation of a pool of non–protein-l

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10

Ralston, Katherine S., Neville K. Kisalu, and Kent L. Hill. "Structure-Function Analysis of Dynein Light Chain 1 Identifies Viable Motility Mutants in Bloodstream-Form Trypanosoma brucei." Eukaryotic Cell 10, no. 7 (2011): 884–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00298-10.

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ABSTRACT The flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei is an essential and multifunctional organelle that is receiving increasing attention as a potential drug target and as a system for studying flagellum biology. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown is widely used to test the requirement for a protein in flagellar motility and has suggested that normal flagellar motility is essential for viability in bloodstream-form trypanosomes. However, RNAi knockdown alone provides limited functional information because the consequence is often loss of a multiprotein complex. We therefore developed an inducible syste

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11

Paul, Kimberly Sue, Barbara McCall, Brette Winston, Patrick Vigueira, and Jennifer McCallister. "Fluorescence‐based RNAi screen for mutants in fatty acid uptake in African trypanosomes." FASEB Journal 22, S2 (2008): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.268.

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12

Rodríguez-Bolaños, Monica, Nallely Cabrera, and Ruy Perez-Montfort. "Identification of the critical residues responsible for differential reactivation of the triosephosphate isomerases of two trypanosomes." Open Biology 6, no. 10 (2016): 160161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.160161.

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The reactivation of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from unfolded monomers induced by guanidine hydrochloride involves different amino acids of its sequence in different stages of protein refolding. We describe a systematic mutagenesis method to find critical residues for certain physico-chemical properties of a protein. The two similar TIMs of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi have different reactivation velocities and efficiencies. We used a small number of chimeric enzymes, additive mutants and planned site-directed mutants to produce an enzyme from T. brucei with 13 mutations in its

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13

Vaidya, Tushar, Moiz Bakhiet, Kent L. Hill, Tomas Olsson, Krister Kristensson, and John E. Donelson. "The Gene for a T Lymphocyte Triggering Factor from African Trypanosomes." Journal of Experimental Medicine 186, no. 3 (1997): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.186.3.433.

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An early and essential event in the protective immune response against most viruses and protozoa is the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In contrast, during infection with African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause human sleeping sickness, the increased levels of IFN-γ do not correlate with a protective response. We showed previously that African trypanosomes express a protein called T lymphocyte triggering factor (TLTF), which triggers CD8+ T lymphocytes to proliferate and to secrete IFN-γ. Here, we isolate the gene for TLTF and demonstrate that the recombinant version of TLTF sp

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14

Hutchings, Nathan R., John E. Donelson, and Kent L. Hill. "Trypanin is a cytoskeletal linker protein and is required for cell motility in African trypanosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 156, no. 5 (2002): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200201036.

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The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is comprised of a complex network of distinct but interconnected filament systems that function in cell division, cell motility, and subcellular trafficking of proteins and organelles. A gap in our understanding of this dynamic network is the identification of proteins that connect subsets of cytoskeletal structures. We previously discovered a family of cytoskeleton-associated proteins that includes GAS11, a candidate human tumor suppressor upregulated in growth-arrested cells, and trypanin, a component of the flagellar cytoskeleton of African trypanosomes.

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15

Turner, C. M. R., J. Sternberg, N. Buchanan, E. Smith, G. Hide, and A. Tait. "Evidence that the mechanism of gene exchange in Trypanosoma brucei involves meiosis and syngamy." Parasitology 101, no. 3 (1990): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000060571.

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SUMMARYAll pairwise combinations of three cloned stocks of Trypanosoma brucei (STIB 247L, STIB 386AA and TREU 927/4) were co-transmitted through tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans) and screened for the production of hybrid trypanosomes. Clones of metacyclic and bloodstream trypanosomes from flies harbouring mature infections containing hybrid trypanosomes were established and screened for several isoenzyme and restriction fragment length polymorphisms. For each of the three combinations of parents, some progeny clones were observed to be of a phenotype and genotype indicating that genetic exchan

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16

FAST, Beate, Katrin KREMP, Michael BOSHART, and Dietmar STEVERDING. "Iron-dependent regulation of transferrin receptor expression in Trypanosoma brucei." Biochemical Journal 342, no. 3 (1999): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3420691.

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Transferrin is an essential growth factor for African trypanosomes. Here we show that expression of the trypanosomal transferrin receptor, which bears no structural similarity with mammalian transferrin receptors, is regulated by iron availability. Iron depletion of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei with the iron chelator deferoxamine resulted in a 3-fold up-regulation of the transferrin receptor and a 3-fold increase of the transferrin uptake rate. The abundance of expression site associated gene product 6 (ESAG6) mRNA, which encodes one of the two subunits of the trypanosome transferri

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17

Stuart, K., A. K. Panigrahi, A. Schnaufer, M. Drozdz, C. Clayton, and R. Salavati. "Composition of the editing complex of Trypanosoma brucei." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1417 (2002): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0994.

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The RNA editing that produces most functional mRNAs in trypanosomes is catalysed by a multiprotein complex. This complex catalyses the endoribonucleolytic cleavage, uridylate addition and removal, and RNA ligation steps of the editing process. Enzymatic and in vitro editing analyses reveal that each catalytic step contributes to the specificity of the editing and, together with the interaction between gRNA and the mRNA, results in precisely edited mRNAs. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis was used to identify the genes for several components of biochemically purified editing complexes. Their i

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18

Lepesheva, G. I., T. Y. Hargrove, R. D. Ott, W. D. Nes, and M. R. Waterman. "Biodiversity of CYP51 in trypanosomes." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 6 (2006): 1161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341161.

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Sterol 14α-demethylases (CYP51) are metabolic cytochromes P450, found in each biological kingdom. They catalyse a single three-step reaction included in all sterol biosynthetic pathways. Plant CYP51s have strict preference towards their physiological substrate O (obtusifoliol), which is C-4-monomethylated. Natural substrates of animal/fungal CYP51 (lanosterol, 24,25-dihydrolanosterol or 24-methylenelanosterol) are C-4-dimethylated. CYP51 from the pathogenic protozoa TB (Trypanosoma brucei) is the first example of O-specific sterol 14α-demethylase in non-photosynthetic organisms. Surprisingly,

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19

Roger, M., and P. Viens. "Trypanosoma musculi: influence of uric acid on in vitro formation of metacyclic trypomastigotes." Parasitology 95, no. 3 (1987): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000057954.

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SUMMARYUric acid is the most important constituent in the urine of insects. Infective metacyclic forms of the stercorarian trypanosomes are produced in the rectum of their insect vector and are thus in contact with uric acid. Using a culture system which permitted the growth of the insect stages of Trypanosoma musculi, we studied the influence of uric acid on the metacyclogenesis of this parasite. When added to the culture, uric acid enhanced the production of metacyclic forms. Furthermore, it rendered these trypanosomes highly infective by the oral route. It is suggested that uric acid may pl

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20

de Koning, Harry P., Laura F. Anderson, Mhairi Stewart, Richard J. S. Burchmore, Lynsey J. M. Wallace, and Michael P. Barrett. "The Trypanocide Diminazene Aceturate Is Accumulated Predominantly through the TbAT1 Purine Transporter: Additional Insights on Diamidine Resistance in African Trypanosomes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 5 (2004): 1515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.5.1515-1519.2004.

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ABSTRACT Resistance to diminazene aceturate (Berenil) is a severe problem in the control of African trypanosomiasis in domestic animals. It has been speculated that resistance may be the result of reduced diminazene uptake by the parasite. We describe here the mechanisms by which [3H]diminazene is transported by Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream forms. Diminazene was rapidly accumulated through a single transporter, with a Km of 0.45 ± 0.11 μM, which was dose dependently inhibited by pentamidine and adenosine. The Ki values for these inhibitors were consistent with this transporter being t

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21

Vincendeau, Philippe, and Bernard Bouteille. "Immunology and immunopathology of African trypanosomiasis." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 78, no. 4 (2006): 645–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652006000400004.

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Major modifications of immune system have been observed in African trypanosomiasis. These immune reactions do not lead to protection and are also involved in immunopathology disorders. The major surface component (variable surface glycoprotein,VSG) is associated with escape to immune reactions, cytokine network dysfunctions and autoantibody production. Most of our knowledge result from experimental trypanosomiasis. Innate resistance elements have been characterised. In infected mice, VSG preferentially stimulates a Th 1-cell subset. A response of <FONT FACE=Symbol>gd</FONT> and CD8

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Leung, Ka Fai, Fay S. Riley, Mark Carrington, and Mark C. Field. "Ubiquitylation and Developmental Regulation of Invariant Surface Protein Expression in Trypanosomes." Eukaryotic Cell 10, no. 7 (2011): 916–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.05012-11.

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ABSTRACTThe cell surface ofTrypanosoma bruceiis dominated by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), which is essential for immune evasion. VSG biosynthesis, trafficking, and turnover are well documented, buttrans-membrane domain (TMD) proteins, including the invariant surface glycoproteins (ISGs), are less well characterized. Internalization and degradation of ISG65 depend on ubiquitylation of conserved cytoplasmic lysines. Using epitope-tagged ISG75 and reporter chimeric proteins bearing the cytoplasmic andtrans-membrane regions of ISG75, together with m

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23

Philip G, Penketh, and Patton Curtis L. "The activity of crude bromoacetyl-L-carnitine preparations against Trypanosoma brucei and the roles of threonine/pyruvate in non-hexose/glycerol ATP production." Annals of Systems Biology 6, no. 1 (2023): 001–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/asb.000020.

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The Trypanosoma brucei group trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense) cause an invariably fatal disease in humans, and Trypanosoma brucei brucei a fatal disease in cattle, if left untreated [1].

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24

Duncan, Samuel M., Carla Gilabert Carbajo, Rupa Nagar, et al. "Generation of a bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei double glycosyltransferase null mutant competent in receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin." PLOS Pathogens 20, no. 6 (2024): e1012333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1012333.

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The bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei expresses large poly-N-acetyllactosamine (pNAL) chains on complex N-glycans of a subset of glycoproteins. It has been hypothesised that pNAL may be required for receptor-mediated endocytosis. African trypanosomes contain a unique family of glycosyltransferases, the GT67 family. Two of these, TbGT10 and TbGT8, have been shown to be involved in pNAL biosynthesis in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei, raising the possibility that deleting both enzymes simultaneously might abolish pNAL biosynthesis and provide clues to pNAL function and/or essentiality.

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25

Matovu, Enock, Mhairi L. Stewart, Federico Geiser, et al. "Mechanisms of Arsenical and Diamidine Uptake and Resistance in Trypanosoma brucei." Eukaryotic Cell 2, no. 5 (2003): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.2.5.1003-1008.2003.

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ABSTRACT Sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei spp., has become resurgent in sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, there is an alarming increase in treatment failures with melarsoprol, the principal agent used against late-stage sleeping sickness. In T. brucei, the uptake of melarsoprol as well as diamidines is thought to be mediated by the P2 aminopurine transporter, and loss of P2 function has been implicated in resistance to these agents. The trypanosomal gene TbAT1 has been found to encode a P2-type transporter when expressed in yeast. Here we investigate the role of TbAT1 in drug uptake

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Asahi, Satoru, Yutaka Tsunemi, Motowo Izawa, and Muneharu Doi. "Cytidine Production by Mutants ofBacillus subtilis." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 58, no. 8 (1994): 1399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.58.1399.

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Barab�s, Zolt�n. "Hybrid seed production using nutritional mutants." Euphytica 53, no. 1 (1991): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00032035.

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Prathalingham, S. Radhika, Shane R. Wilkinson, David Horn, and John M. Kelly. "Deletion of the Trypanosoma brucei Superoxide Dismutase Gene sodb1 Increases Sensitivity to Nifurtimox and Benznidazole." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 2 (2006): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01360-06.

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ABSTRACT It has been more than 25 years since it was first reported that nifurtimox and benznidazole promote superoxide production in trypanosomes. However, there has been no direct evidence of an association between the drug-induced free radicals and trypanocidal activity. Here, we identify a superoxide dismutase required to protect Trypanosoma brucei from drug-generated superoxide.

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Kava - Cordeiro, V., E. A. Luna - Alves - Lima, and J. L. Azevedo. "Survival and mutant production induced by mutagenic agents in Metarhizium anisopliae." Scientia Agricola 52, no. 3 (1995): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161995000300023.

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A wild strain of Metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogenic fungus, was submitted to three mutagenic agents: gamma radiation, ultraviolet light and nitrous acid. Survival curves were obtained and mutants were selected using different mutagenic doses which gave 1 to 5% survival. Morphological and auxotrophic mutants were isolated. Morphological mutants were grouped in a class with yellow conidia and other with pale vinaceous conidia as opposed to the green wild type conidia. Auxotrophic mutants had requirements for vitamin and aminoacid biosynthesis. More than 58% of the total auxotrophk mutan

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AJAKAIYE, A. A., M. A. ABDULLAHI, and T. O. OLANREWAJU. "REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN DAMAGE OF DOMESTIC RUMINANTS IN AFRICAN ANIMAL TRYPANOSOMIASIS: A REVIEW." FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 7, no. 2 (2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2021.0702.047.

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Animal African trypanosomiasis affects both production and reproduction in domestic ruminants. The reproductive damages caused by trypanosomes have direct or indirect link to some specific organs like endocrine and pituitary gland which secrets follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), interstitial-cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) and growth hormone (GH). These hormones play an important role in the spermatogenic cycle in males and oestrus cycle in females. However, the pathogenesis of these damages have not been clearly elucidated. We believe that this aspect deserves closer study especially in live

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Zoltner, Martin, Gustavo D. Campagnaro, Gergana Taleva, et al. "Suramin exposure alters cellular metabolism and mitochondrial energy production in African trypanosomes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 24 (2020): 8331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.012355.

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Introduced about a century ago, suramin remains a frontline drug for the management of early-stage East African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Cellular entry into the causative agent, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, occurs through receptor-mediated endocytosis involving the parasite's invariant surface glycoprotein 75 (ISG75), followed by transport into the cytosol via a lysosomal transporter. The molecular basis of the trypanocidal activity of suramin remains unclear, but some evidence suggests broad, but specific, impacts on trypanosome metabolism (i.e. polypharmacology). He

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BRINGAUD, F., C. EBIKEME, and M. BOSHART. "Acetate and succinate production in amoebae, helminths, diplomonads, trichomonads and trypanosomatids: common and diverse metabolic strategies used by parasitic lower eukaryotes." Parasitology 137, no. 9 (2009): 1315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991843.

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SUMMARYParasites that often grow anaerobically in their hosts have adopted a fermentative strategy relying on the production of partially oxidized end products, including lactate, glycerol, ethanol, succinate and acetate. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding acetate production in protist parasites, such as amoebae, diplomonads, trichomonads, trypanosomatids and in the metazoan parasites helminths, as well as the succinate production pathway(s) present in some of them. We also describe the unconventional organisation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle associated with the ferment

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Richardson, J. P., L. Jenni, R. P. Beecroft, and T. W. Pearson. "Procyclic tsetse fly midgut forms and culture forms of African trypanosomes share stage- and species-specific surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies." Journal of Immunology 136, no. 6 (1986): 2259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.136.6.2259.

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Abstract Procyclic culture form (PCF) trypanosomes were established from a bloodstream form population of cloned Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and were used to immunize mice for hybridoma production. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to select 10 hybridomas which secreted antibodies that bound to the surface of homologous living PCF. The antibodies reacted with PCF of several clones of T.b. brucei, T.b. gambiense, and T.b. rhodesiense, but not with PCF of T. congolense or T. vivax, or with promastigotes of several species of Leishmania parasites. The antigens were not detectable in ethanol

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Awukew, Addisu, Getachew Terefe, Tilaye Demisie, and Eyob Eshetu. "Immune Responses to Animal Trypanosomosis: A Review." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 6, no. 4 (2017): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2017.6406.

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The aim of this document is to review the current knowledge on Trypanosome parasites of animals with emphasis on the immunological response and points to the wealth of information available for trypanosomiasis, in contrast to the numerous gaps in our understanding of immune responses to trypanosomal infections. African trypanosomes are pathogens for humans and livestock. They are single-cell, extra-cellular parasites that cause persistent infections of the blood and induce profound immune-suppression. The specific immune response to the infecting parasites is complex and involves both the humo

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Krykbayev, Yerkin, Askar Kondybayev, Symbat Dzhunisbayeva, and Moldir Akhmetzhanova. "UTILIZATION OF GORYAEV CHAMBER TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS." 3i intellect idea innovation - интеллект идея инновация 2 (2024): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52269/22266070_2024_2_19.

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This article reflects the results of studies on the possibility of using the Goryaev chamber to determine concentration of parasitemia of the Trypanosoma equiperdum strain in laboratory animals, as one of the quick and convenient methods for determining the accumulation kinetics. The research findings revealed that the Goryaev camera is recommended to be used with a minimum dilution of biological samples (blood) of 1:100, and the use of 1x40 microscope magnification can be used as a method for determining the accumulation dynamics of the Trypanosoma equiperdum strain in laboratory animals, all

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Matthews, Keith R., Richard McCulloch, and Liam J. Morrison. "The within-host dynamics of African trypanosome infections." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1675 (2015): 20140288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0288.

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African trypanosomes are single-celled protozoan parasites that are capable of long-term survival while living extracellularly in the bloodstream and tissues of mammalian hosts. Prolonged infections are possible because trypanosomes undergo antigenic variation—the expression of a large repertoire of antigenically distinct surface coats, which allows the parasite population to evade antibody-mediated elimination. The mechanisms by which antigen genes become activated influence their order of expression, most likely by influencing the frequency of productive antigen switching, which in turn is l

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Vergara-Meza, José Gabriel, Andreia Fernandes Brilhante, Vera da Costa Valente, et al. "Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in Acre, Brazilian Amazonia: Coinfection and Notable Genetic Diversity in an Outbreak of Orally Acquired Acute Chagas Disease in a Forest Community, Wild Reservoirs, and Vectors." Parasitologia 2, no. 4 (2022): 350–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia2040029.

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Acute Chagas disease (ACD) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi has emerged as a major food-borne disease in Brazilian Amazonia. For the first time, we characterized an outbreak of orally acquired ACD in Acre, in the forest community of Seringal Miraflores, affecting 13 individuals who shared the pulp of açai palm berries: 11 adults and two children (one newborn), all diagnosed by thick-drop blood smears. The fluorescent fragment length barcoding method, which simultaneously identifies species/genotypes of trypanosomes in blood samples, uncovered an unprecedented genetic diversity in patients from a si

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Gashururu S., Richard, Ndichu Maingi, Samuel M. Githigia, et al. "Occurrence, diversity and distribution of Trypanosoma infections in cattle around the Akagera National Park, Rwanda." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 12 (2021): e0009929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009929.

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Background African Trypanosomiases threaten the life of both humans and animals. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse and other biting flies. In Rwanda, the African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) endemic area is mainly around the tsetse-infested Akagera National Park (NP). The study aimed to identify Trypanosoma species circulating in cattle, their genetic diversity and distribution around the Akagera NP. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out in four districts, where 1,037 cattle blood samples were collected. The presence of trypanosomes was determined by microscopy, immunologica

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Masuda, N., N. Gotoh, S. Ohya, and T. Nishino. "Quantitative correlation between susceptibility and OprJ production in NfxB mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 4 (1996): 909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.4.909.

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Various Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 NfxB mutants were isolated on agar plates containing cefpirome and ofloxacin. They were classified into type A and type B, based on the degrees of changes in their susceptibilities. Type A mutants were four to eight times more resistant to ofloxacin, erythromycin, and new zwitterionic cephems, i.e., cefpirome, cefclidin, cefozopran, and cefoselis, than was the parent strain, PAO1. In contrast, type B mutants were more resistant to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, as well as ofloxacin, erythromycin, and the new zwitterionic cephems, than was PAO1, and they w

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Liao, Ching-Hsing, Daniel E. McCallus, William F. Fett, and Yue-gyu Kang. "Identification of gene loci controlling pectate lyase production and soft-rot pathogenicity in Pseudomonas marginalis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 5 (1997): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-060.

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Pseudomonas marginalis is an important postharvest pathogen capable of causing soft rot in a wide variety of harvested fruits and vegetables. Following transposon mutagenesis, we isolated two groups of P. marginalis CY091 mutants deficient in production of pectate lyase (Pel) and soft-rot pathogenicity in plants. The first group, designated Pel−, was caused by the insertion of Tn5 into a pel structural gene, and the second group, designated LemA−, was caused by the insertion of Tn5 into a regulatory locus corresponding to the lemA gene previously identified in other Gram-negative bacteria. The

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Omeke, B. C. O., and G. I. Onuora. "Lésions génitales et histopathologie chez des cobayes mâles infectés par des trypanosomes." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 45, no. 1 (1992): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.8952.

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Les effets de Trypanosoma brucei brucei et de Trypanosoma congolense ont été étudiés sur les organes génitaux, les testicules et les capacités de reproduction de 60 cobayes adultes mâles. Les infections provoquées par l'un ou l'autre de ces deux trypanosomes ont évolué de façon aiguë ou chronique. T. b. brucei semblait plus virulent que T. congolense. Dans les deux cas, la durée de l'infection avait une incidence significative (P < 0,01) sur la gravité de la diminution des poids corporel et gonadique, sur celle de l'indice de masse testiculaire et sur l'ampleur des lésions. Les lésions hist

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Mihret, Adane, and Gezahagne Mamo. "Bovine Trypanosomosis in three districts of East Gojjam Zone bordering the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 1, no. 03 (2007): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.371.

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Background: Bovine trypanosomosis is a serious constraint to agricultural production in extensive areas of Ethiopia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine infection with trypanosomes and to identify the prevailed trypanosome species in three districts of the East Gojjam zone bordering the Blue Nile River from March 2005 to February 2006. Cattle from 9 different localities were checked using microscopical examination of wet blood smears, thin and stained bloodsmears, and by blood centrifugation followed by the examination of the resultant buffy

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Zolan, M. E., C. J. Tremel, and P. J. Pukkila. "Production and characterization of radiation-sensitive meiotic mutants of Coprinus cinereus." Genetics 120, no. 2 (1988): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/120.2.379.

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Abstract We have isolated four gamma-ray-sensitive mutants of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. When homozygous, two of these (rad 3-1 and rad 9-1) produce fruiting bodies with very few viable basidiospores, the products of meiosis in this organism. A less radiation-sensitive allele of RAD 3, rad 3-2, causes no apparent meiotic defect in homozygous strains. Quantitative measurements of oidial survival of rad 3-1; rad 9-1 double mutants compared to the single mutants indicated that rad 3-1 and rad 9-1 mutants are defective in the same DNA repair pathway. In the few viable basidiospores that

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Goyer, Claudia, Joanne Vachon, and Carole Beaulieu. "Pathogenicity of Streptomyces scabies Mutants Altered in Thaxtomin A Production." Phytopathology® 88, no. 5 (1998): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.5.442.

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To investigate the role of thaxtomin A in the pathogenicity of Streptomyces scabies, mutants altered in thaxtomin A production were obtained by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. Mutants of S. scabies EF-35 could be differentiated according to levels of thaxtomin production. Mutants M1, M8, and M19 produced 2 to 20 times less thaxtomin A in oat bran medium than did EF-35. M1 and M19 were deficient in tryptophan catabolism. Thaxtomin production was reduced by about 300 times in mutant M16, which was a glutamic acid auxotroph. No thaxtomin A was detected in M13 culture supernatant

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Oakley, Berl R. "Microtubule mutants." Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 63, no. 6 (1985): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o85-067.

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Genetics has become an important tool for studying microtubule structure and function. Mutations in genes that encode microtubule proteins have been isolated in several, evolutionarily diverse organisms. These mutations have been, and will increasingly be, of great value in determining which cellular events are microtubule mediated, in determining which genes encode the microtubule proteins involved in a particular cellular event, and in determining the mechanisms of resistance to anti-microtubule drugs. These mutants also have great potential, which is just beginning to be realized, for ident

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Hu, Haifeng, and Kozo Ochi. "Novel Approach for Improving the Productivity of Antibiotic-Producing Strains by Inducing Combined Resistant Mutations." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 4 (2001): 1885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.4.1885-1892.2001.

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ABSTRACT We developed a novel approach for improving the production of antibiotic from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) by inducing combined drug-resistant mutations. Mutants with enhanced (1.6- to 3-fold-higher) actinorhodin production were detected at a high frequency (5 to 10%) among isolates resistant to streptomycin (Strr), gentamicin (Genr), or rifampin (Rifr), which developed spontaneously on agar plates which contained one of the three drugs. Construction of double mutants (str gen and str rif) by introducing gentamicin or rifampin resistance into anstr mutant resulted in further increase

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Nwanta, John, Shodeinde Shoyinka, Kennedy Chah, et al. "Production characteristics, disease prevalence, and herd-health management of pigs in Southeast Nigeria." Journal of Swine Health and Production 19, no. 6 (2011): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54846/jshap/640.

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Objectives: To assess the management practices of swine production and herd health and disease prevalence in Southeast Nigeria. Materials and methods: Fifty-four farms were conveniently selected from three states of Southeast Nigeria. Information on socio-economic characteristics of farmers (sex, occupation, educational status, and farming experience), management practices, and disease prevalence were collected. Samples were screened for ectoparasites (skin scrapings), trypanosomes and Brucella antibodies (blood samples), and helminth and cestode ova and coccidia oocysts (fecal samples). Resul

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Bakhiet, Moiz, Maha Hamadien, Annelie Tjernlund, Alyaa Mousa та Åke Seiger. "African trypanosomes activate human fetal brain cells to proliferation and IFN-γ production". Neuroreport 13, № 1 (2002): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200201210-00015.

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Kickhoefer, Valerie A. "A new role for vault RNA–TEP1 complexes in mRNA production in trypanosomes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, no. 43 (2019): 15575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.h119.011130.

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Burch, Adrien Y., Briana K. Shimada, Patrick J. Browne, and Steven E. Lindow. "Novel High-Throughput Detection Method To Assess Bacterial Surfactant Production." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 16 (2010): 5363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00592-10.

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ABSTRACT A novel biosurfactant detection assay was developed for the observation of surfactants on agar plates. By using an airbrush to apply a fine mist of oil droplets, surfactants can be observed instantaneously as halos around biosurfactant-producing colonies. This atomized oil assay can detect a wide range of different synthetic and bacterially produced surfactants. This method could detect much lower concentrations of many surfactants than a commonly used water drop collapse method. It is semiquantitative and therefore has broad applicability for uses such as high-throughput mutagenesis

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