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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Protozoa, Pathogenic"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 30 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Protozoa, Pathogenic"

Souza, Wanderley de. "Secretory organelles of pathogenic protozoa." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 78, no. 2 (June 2006): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652006000200008.

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Secretory processes play an important role on the biology and life cycles of parasitic protozoa. This review focus on basic aspects, from a cell biology perspective, of the secretion of (a) micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules in members of the Apicomplexa group, where these organelles are involved in the process of protozoan penetration into the host cell, survival within the parasitophorous vacuole and subsequent egress from the host cell, (b) the Maurer's cleft in Plasmodium, a structure involved in the secretion of proteins synthesized by the intravacuolar parasite and transported through vesicles to the erythrocyte surface, (c) the secretion of macromolecules into the flagellar pocket of trypanosomatids, and (d) the secretion of proteins which make the cyst wall of Giardia and Entamoeba, with the formation of encystation vesicles.

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Clipsham, Robert. "Avian pathogenic flagellated enteric protozoa." Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 4, no. 3 (July 1995): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-937x(05)80035-0.

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Ndiaye, Mouhamadou, Khadim Diongue, Mame Cheikh Seck, Mamadou Alpha Diallo, Ekoué Kouevidjin, Aida Sadikh Badiane, and Daouda Ndiaye. "Retrospective Assessment of The Intestinal Protozoan Distribution in Patients Admitted to The Hospital Aristide Le Dantec in Dakar, Senegal, from 2011 to 2020." Parasitologia 3, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia3010001.

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Infectious parasites, especially the intestinal protozoan parasites, continue to be a major public health problem in Africa, where many of the same factors contribute to the transmission of these parasites. This study was conducted to investigate the parasites causing intestinal protozoal infections diagnosed in Aristide Le Dantec hospital (Senegal). Direct examination and the Ritchie technique were used. Among the 3407 stool samples studied, 645 demonstrated the presence of intestinal protozoa in single parasitism, biparasitism, or polyparasitism, representing a prevalence of 18.93%. Out of a total of 645 protozoa, 579 (16.99%) were identified in monoparasitism in the following order: Entamoeba coli (6.87%) and Blastocystis hominis (5.69%) for low pathogenic species, and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (2.31%) and Giardia intestinalis (1.32%) for pathogenic species. The rates of biparasitism and polyparasitism were 1.88% and 0.06%, respectively. The highest rate of parasites was 24.83% between the ages of 0–15 years. A logistical regression model indicated that intestinal protozoan infections were not associated with age groups. There was an association between age groups and Giardia intestinalis and Blastocystis hominis (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated the frequency of intestinal protozoa in Senegal. There is a need to implement treatment, prevention, and control measures to limit the circulation of these protozoan infections.

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Huang, C. M., H. C. Chen, and C. H. Zierdt. "Magainin analogs effective against pathogenic protozoa." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 34, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1824–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.34.9.1824.

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de Souza, Wanderley. "Special organelles of some pathogenic protozoa." Parasitology Research 88, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 1013–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-002-0696-2.

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Reyes-López, Magda, Gerardo Ramírez-Rico, Jesús Serrano-Luna, and Mireya de la Garza. "Activity of Apo-Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Protozoa." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081702.

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Parasites and other eventually pathogenic organisms require the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions inside the host to assure survival. Some host proteins have evolved as defense constituents, such as lactoferrin (Lf), which is part of the innate immune system. Lf in its iron-free form (apo-Lf) and its peptides obtained by cleavage with pepsin are microbicides. Parasites confront Lf in mucosae and blood. In this work, the activity of Lf against pathogenic and opportunistic parasites such as Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Plasmodium spp., Babesia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas spp., and the free-living but opportunistic pathogens Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba castellani were reviewed. The major effects of Lf could be the inhibition produced by sequestering the iron needed for their survival and the production of oxygen-free radicals to more complicated mechanisms, such as the activation of macrophages to phagocytes with the posterior death of those parasites. Due to the great interest in Lf in the fight against pathogens, it is necessary to understand the exact mechanisms used by this protein to affect their virulence factors and to kill them.

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Upcroft, Peter. "Multiple drug resistance in the pathogenic protozoa." Acta Tropica 56, no. 2-3 (March 1994): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-706x(94)90063-9.

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Hall, B. Fenton. "Introduction: Host cell interactions of pathogenic protozoa." Seminars in Cell Biology 4, no. 5 (October 1993): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/scel.1993.1035.

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Dudlová, Adriána, Pavol Jarčuška, Silvia Jurišová, Zuzana Vasilková, Vladimír Krčméry, and Peter Juriš. "Prevalence of non-pathogenic types of gastrointestinal protozoa in population in Slovakia and their potential importance in the aspect of public health." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0100.

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Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the prevalence of non-pathogenic protozoa circulating in the human population of Slovakia. We particularly focused on the socially deprived areas with poor sanitation conditions, as they are one of the factors affecting the transmission of these infections. Within this study, 2760 people were coprologically screened for the presence of protozoan cysts. The analyzed group comprised 1173 men and 1587 women from different regions of Slovakia. The total prevalence (2.03%) of non-pathogenic protozoa species was determined. The prevalence of Entamoeba coli was 0.80%, the prevalence of Endolimax nana 0.58%, and the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis was 0.65%. The presence of non-pathogenic protozoa was more frequent in women than that in men, in all age groups. The highest incidence of Entamoeba coli was found in children aged one month – seven years (0.79%), the lowest in the age group of 19–88 years (0.66%). Endolimax nana was most frequent in 8–18 year-olds (0.95%), where the statistical significance was found (p<0.05). The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis by the age group ranged from 0.39 to 0.95%. We did not find any statistical significance (p>0.05) for Entamoeba coli, and similarly for Blastocystis hominis associated with the sex and age. Although the circulation of non-pathogenic protozoa in the human population is far from being limited to the developing countries, their occurrence is also frequent in the population of developed countries. Despite their controversial pathogenicity, they should not be neglected, particularly in the patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

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Wiser, Mark F. "Unique Endomembrane Systems and Virulence in Pathogenic Protozoa." Life 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11080822.

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Virulence in pathogenic protozoa is often tied to secretory processes such as the expression of adhesins on parasite surfaces or the secretion of proteases to assisted in tissue invasion and other proteins to avoid the immune system. This review is a broad overview of the endomembrane systems of pathogenic protozoa with a focus on Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, kinetoplastids, and apicomplexans. The focus is on unique features of these protozoa and how these features relate to virulence. In general, the basic elements of the endocytic and exocytic pathways are present in all protozoa. Some of these elements, especially the endosomal compartments, have been repurposed by the various species and quite often the repurposing is associated with virulence. The Apicomplexa exhibit the most unique endomembrane systems. This includes unique secretory organelles that play a central role in interactions between parasite and host and are involved in the invasion of host cells. Furthermore, as intracellular parasites, the apicomplexans extensively modify their host cells through the secretion of proteins and other material into the host cell. This includes a unique targeting motif for proteins destined for the host cell. Most notable among the apicomplexans is the malaria parasite, which extensively modifies and exports numerous proteins into the host erythrocyte. These modifications of the host erythrocyte include the formation of unique membranes and structures in the host erythrocyte cytoplasm and on the erythrocyte membrane. The transport of parasite proteins to the host erythrocyte involves several unique mechanisms and components, as well as the generation of compartments within the erythrocyte that participate in extraparasite trafficking.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Protozoa, Pathogenic"

Menon, Kathleen I. "Assessment of the antiprotozoal activity of some tubulin inhibitors following cyclodextrin complexation." Thesis, Menon, Kathleen I. (2002) Assessment of the antiprotozoal activity of some tubulin inhibitors following cyclodextrin complexation. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/201/.

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of tubulin inhibitors when complexed with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) against a range of protozoan parasites. This approach involved investigations into the complexation of these drugs with HP-beta-CD, and subsequent investigations of these drugs and their complexes in regard to cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, in vitro efficacy against Giardia, Cryptosporidium and rodent malaria (Plasmodium chabaudi), and their in vivo efficacy against Giardia and malaria. Albendazole (ABZ) is a benzimidazole carbamate with a broad anti-parasite spectrum, while the dinitroanilines trifluralin (TF) and oryzalin (OZ) have recently been found to exhibit activity against certain parasites. All three compounds are microtubule antagonists in either nematodes or weeds and have poor aqueous solubility, with the solubility of ABZ and OZ dependent on pH. Cyclodextrins (CD) have a hydrophobic cavity that allows them to form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic drugs, resulting in increased drug aqueous solubility, and often, improved drug dissolution and bioavailability. Thus the complexation of these drugs with HP-beta-CD was investigated. All three compounds exhibited type AL phase solubility diagrams with HP-beta-CD complexation, with additional increases in ABZ and OZ solubility achieved through the manipulation of temperature and pH. OZ displayed a stronger interaction with HP-beta-CD when ionised over its neutral form. However, insufficient concentrations of the TF/HP-beta-CD complex were achieved for drug efficacy studies. The cytotoxicity of the drugs and their complexes was assessed using the assay kit Cytotox 96 with human carcinoma cells. This is a colourimetric assay that measures lactate dehydrogenase release as a consequence of compromised cellular and membrane integrity. Both ABZ and OZ are cytotoxic to rapidly proliferating and differentiating cells but are not cytotoxic to cells in the stationary phase. Complexation did not affect drug cytotoxicity. In pharmacokinetic studies, complexation improved ABZ (and metabolites) bioavailability, but had no significant affect on OZ bioavailability. In vitro drug assessment studies found ABZ to be highly effective against Giardia, and effectiveagainst Cryptosporidium and malaria. OZ on the other hand exhibited no activity against Giardia, but was effective against Cryptosporidium and malaria. Complexation did not improve the antiprotozoal efficacy of either ABZ or OZ. In particular, excess HP-beta-CD decreased the antigiardial effects of ABZ, possibly due to competitive complex formation. In addition, complexation did not improve the antiprotozoal effects of ABZ in vivo. However, the cytotoxic effect of the ABZ/HP-beta-CD complex was more evident in the treatment of malaria in vivo, resulting in increased anaemia and suppression in weight gain, due to the improved bioavailability of ABZ and metabolites. HP-beta-CD alone was found to be cytotoxic at greater than 2.5%, and inhibited Giardia both in vitro and in vivo at greater than 1% and 2% respectively. This was attributed to membrane disruption caused by the dissolution and removal of membrane components. In comparison, malaria grew better in the presence of HP-beta-CD in vitro, with no detrimental effect observed at up to 8% HP-beta-CD. This was attributed to either the increased solubilization of a necessary media component, or the complexation and removal of an inhibitory compound from the cultivation medium. Therefore HP-beta-CD complexation did not improve the antiprotozoal activity of the tubulin antagonists ABZ and OZ. However, the results of the pharmacokinetic studies suggest that anthelmintic activity of ABZ, particularly against systemic infections, may be improved with oral administration of the ABZ/HP-beta-CD complex. In addition, the antiparasitic activity of HP-beta-CD alone may be promising, especially against intestinal infections. Finally, the improved in vitro cultivation of P. chabaudi in the presence of HP-beta-CD presents a promising approach to its potential long term cultivation.

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Menon, Kathleen I. "Assessment of the antiprotozoal activity of some tubulin inhibitors following cyclodextrin complexation." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2002. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/admin/view/adt-MU20040820.133836.

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Rust, Colleen Frances. "Removal of the human pathogen Giardia intestinales from groundwater." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2006/C_Rust_120506.pdf.

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Bonilla, Tonya Davidian. "Fecal Indicator Organisms and Pathogenic Protozoa in South Florida Beach Sand: Implications for Public Health." NSUWorks, 2004. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/287.

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Traditionally, the hygienic quality of beaches has been determined by monitoring the water for microbial indicators of fecal pollution. Beach sand, which may also be an important medium for the transmission of fecal borne pathogens, has rarely been examined. The aims of this study where to examine the prevalence of fecal indicator organisms in tidally affected beach sand and in dryer upper beach sand, relative to water; identify the potential sources of indicator organisms in beach sand; examine the prevalence of selected eukaryotic microbes at sandy beaches; and investigate the potential health risks related to beach use. Three south Florida Beaches (Ft. Lauderdale Beach, Hollywood Beach, Hobe Beach) were sampled bimonthly for a I year period. Significantly, enterococci, fecal coliform, and E. coli levels were consistently present at higher concentrations in beach sand compared to the seawater at all 3 study beaches. Levels of somatic and F-specific coliphages were also present at higher concentrations in beach sand. Microbial- source tracking analysis by carbon utilization profiling suggested that the predominate sources of enterococci in beach sand were seagulls, and transiently replicating indigenous populations. Acanthamoeba spp. was the most commonly isolated free-living naked amoeba in this study and molecular analysis revealed that 19 of the 20 beach sand clones were genotype T4, the Acanthamoeba keratitis-associated genotype. With respect to salinity, the growth characteristics of beach sand Acanthamoeba isolates were similar to Acanthamoeba isolated from corneal scrapings. Results from the beach survey indicated that beach goers may have an increased risk for acquiring contact related ailments at Hobe Beach. Accordingly, bacterial and viral fecal indicator microbes were detected at the highest frequency and greatest average concentrations from Robe Beach. Reports of enteric and respiratory related symptoms were not higher in beach goers compared to the control cohort.

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Alotaibi, Mohammad A. "Interaction of free-living protozoa with water-borne human pathogenic viruses and protection from disinfection." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9831.

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Acanthamoeba causes Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) and Amoebic Keratitis (AK) in humans and in its cystic form is resistant to extreme environmental conditions. Both human pathogenic water-borne viruses and free-living protozoa share the same aquatic environment. This study set out to test the ability of both Acanthamoeba and Tetrahymena to internalise and protect enteric viruses; coxsackievirus (B3, B5), poliovirus (PV) and rotavirus (RV) following co-culture. Viral uptake was assessed by infection of cultured mammalian cells, by indirect immunofluorescence (IF), and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that none of the free suspended viruses were internalised in Acanthamoeba or Tetrahymena. However, both coxsackievirus B3N and rotavirus Wa could be detected within Acanthamoeba by IF and confirmed by RT-PCR when the amoebae were co-cultured (fed) with virally infected mammalian cells. The co-cultured amoeba was allowed to encyst but following this procedure no viruses were detected either by cell culture or RT-PCR. In a second series of experiments, the efficacy of solar disinfection (SODIS) against viruses either alone or when co-cultured with Acanthamoeba was assessed. SODIS reduced the viral infectivity by over 3log10 after 1 h for CVB3N and over 2log10 for PV after 2 h. Repeating these experiments in the presence of riboflavin, a 6log10 reduction was observed for CVB3N after 1 h of light exposure and 6log10 after 6 h for all other viruses tested. The results suggest that Acanthamoeba does not internalise or protect viruses in suspension. However, if a virus is located with an infected mammalian cell then it may be internalised; a new potential mechanism for virus dissemination in the environment. Secondly, solar disinfection is an effective treatment method for water contaminated with viruses which is further enhanced by the addition of riboflavin. This study provides a practical example of low technology methods which could be utilised to provide safe drinking water in various circumstances.

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Harris, Kristina Marie. "Determining the role of polyamine metabolism in two human pathogenic protozoa, Tichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56172/.

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This work relates the arginine dihydrolase and polyamine pathways to the synthesis of nitric oxide in Trichomonas vaginalis, a microaerophilic eukaryotic protozoan which is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease trichomoniasis. When organisms were grown overnight in the presence of 5mM difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis: a combination of plasma and hydrogenosome membrane potential decreased, electron-dense inclusions appeared in greater numbers in hydrogenosomes, and the oxygen consumption rates of hydrogenosomes increased by approximately two-fold. Upon adding exogenous sources of spermine or spermidine, various effects inflicted by the presence of DFMO were virtually reversed. Based on enzyme assays conducted, polyamine depletion by DFMO also caused changes in activities of enzymes in the arginine dihydrolase pathway. An important addition to the polyamine pathway was discovered in the body of this work: the production of nitric oxide by both Giardia intestinalis, an intestinal parasite that causes giardiasis, as well as Trichomonas vaginalis. Fluorimetric detection by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry was performed after preincubation with the NO-specific fluorogen 4-amino-5methylamino-2'7'-difluorescein (DAF-FM). Microscopy indicated population heterogeneity with respect to NO production in freshly-harvested organisms and this was confirmed by the broad distribution of fluorescence intensities in the flow cytograms. Specific activities were determined for two nitric oxide synthases from T vaginalis, one located in the cytosol and the other in the hydrogenosome, and one nitric oxide synthase from G. intestinalis, localized to the granular fraction. Bioinformatic searches confirmed the presence of two NOS genes and contain protein motifs typically associated with NOS sequences. The N- terminal domains of both genes lack a NO synthase motif and instead contain motifs normally associated with various iron sulfur proteins (Fe-hydrogenase). Implications of NO production in the evolution, biology and pathogenicity of these important parasites are discussed.

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Etinosa, Omoruyi Beauty. "Immunological and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative diarrhoea patients in the Nkonkobe Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: a pilot study." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/392.

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Cryptosporidiosis is an infection caused by Cryptosporidium; a protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal tract. The infection is of major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Faecal samples were collected from 160 in-patient adults, with complaint of diarrhoea, admitted at Victoria hospital in Alice, Nkonkobe Municipality. Twenty apparently healthy subjects were included as controls. All diarrhoea positive patients were interviewed to record socio-demographic information, water supply and animal contact. Initial screening was carried out by microscopy and ELISA to detect positive Cryptosporidium. Genomic DNA was extracted from microscopically positive samples and a PCR reaction was perform to amplify the (18S) SSUrRNA gene for further identification and epidemiology of Cryptosporidium. Data were analysed using Pearson‘s χ2 and Fisher‘s exact test to assess the univariate association between Cryptosporidium infection and the possible risk factors. Of the 180 subjects screened for cryptosporidial infection, Cryptosporidium antigen was detected in 122 giving an overall prevalence of 67.8 percent. In HIV-positive diarrhoea patients, prevalence increased with ages; between 31-43 (mean age 36.5 yr) and 70-82 (mean age 75.8 yr) had a higher prevalence (100 percent) of the antigen than 18-30 (mean age 23.2 yr) and 83-95 (mean age 88.8 yr) (50.0 percent) in HIV-positive diarrhoea patients (P > 0.05). In HIV-negative diarrhoea patients, prevalence was highest in the 18-30 (mean age 23.2 yr) (87.5 percent) and least (35.7 percent) in those aged 83-95 (mean age 88.8 yr) (P > 0.05). Cryptosporidium antigen was higher in females than in males. Of 115 females (mean age 46.7yr) who participated in the study, antigen was detected in 90 (78.2 percent) against 32 (71.1 percent) of 45 males (mean age 42.6yr). None of the 20 apparently healthy control subjects was found to be infected with Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium was detected in 27 HIV-positive and 97 HIV-negative diarrhoea patients by any one of the techniques. Antigen detection by ELISA 14 showed the highest positivity 96 (76.8 percent) in HIV- negative and 26 (74.3 percent) in HIV- positive diarrhoea patients. PCR detected eighty-nine (71.2 percent) cases in HIV-negative and 23 (65.7 percent) in HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea. Only 13 (37.1 percent) HIV-positive and 34 (27.2 percent) HIV-negative diarrhoea patients were found positive for Cryptosporidium by modified ZN. No significant difference was observed in sensitivity of antigen detection by ELISA and PCR (96.9 percent) in HIV-negative diarrhoea patients, respectively. Specificity of the staining technique was 88.9 percent in HIV-positive and 96.6 percent in HIV-negative diarrhoea patients. No significant difference was found in specificity of antigen detection by ELISA and PCR in HIV-positive and HIV-negative diarrhoea patients, respectively. Positive predictive value of ZN staining in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative diarrhoea patients (92.3 and 96.9 percent) was statistically higher than ELISA and PCR. No significant difference was observed in negative predictive value of ZN technique for detection of Cryptosporidium between HIV-positive and HIV- negative diarrhoea patients. Differences found in prevalence rates due to water source, suggest that the high infection rates of specific groups are associated with their exposure to the contaminated water supply. The results indicate that Cryptosporidium infection is highly prevalent in adult faecal specimens in the Nkonkobe Municipality, an indication of active infection that is likely to emerge as major human pathogen in this location due to socioeconomic changes which favour transmission. However, sequencing analysis is required to differentiate between Cryptosporidium genotypes in the various outbreaks

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Pardini, Anne Dale. "The pathology and pathogenesis of canine cerebral babesiosis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27842.

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The pathology of canine cerebral babesiosis was examined at the gross, histological and ultrastructural levels. Gross lesions could be categorised as either global or regional. Congestive brain swelling , diffuse cerebral congestion and diffuse cerebral pallor were classified as global lesions. Multifocal haemorrhage and malacia were classified as regional lesions. Oedema was inconsistently present and could be either focal or diffuse. The majority of histological changes were observed in both cerebral babesiosis and control cases. Regional lesions were unique to cerebral babesiosis and had specific histological features. Highly localised endothelial injury was the primary lesion. Early lesions were multifocal and strictly associated with the microvasculature. Intermediate lesions, with perivascular haemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration, were suggestive of reperfusion injury. Advanced lesions were locally extensive and similar in appearance to haemorrhagic infarction. It is likely that the pathogenesis of regional lesions is by a process of microvascular infarction, as venous thrombosis could not be demonstrated. Ultrastructural evidence for adherent contact between erythrocytes and capillary endothelium was demonstrated. Endothelial cell necrosis occurred early in the development of lesions, before neuronal and glial injury. It is postulated that endothelial injury is the primary event in the development of regional lesions and secondary lesions develop as a consequence of microvascular infarction.<br>Die patologie van die serebrale vorm van bosluiskoors in honde is ondersoek. Die letsels is makroskopies, histologies en elektronmikroskopies beskryf. Letsels kon makroskopies in twee groepe verdeel word: Globale letsels en gelokaliseerde letsels. Kongestiewe brein swelling, diffuse serebrale kongestie en serebrale anemie kom voor as globale letsels in serebrale babesiose. Multifokale bloeding en nekrose kom voor as gelokaliseerde letsels. Edeem was nie konsekwent teenwoordig nie, en was algemeen of verspreid. Die meeste algemene histologiese veranderinge was in beide serebrale en kontrole gevalle teenwoordig. Gelokaliseerde letsels waarin spesifieke hisotpatologiese veranderinge voorgekom het, was kenmerkend van serebrale babesiose. Die primere letsel is hoogs gelokaliseerde beskadiging van endoteelselle. Beskadiging van die kapillere bloedvate ontstaan vroeg in die ontwikkeling van letsels. Verdere ontwikkeling van die letsel word gekenmerk deur peri-vaskulere bloeding en neutrofiel infiltrasie wat aanduidend is van reperfusie beskadiging. Volontwikkelde letsels is plaaslik-ekstensief en het die voorkoms van hemoragiese infarkte Dit is waarskynlik dat mikrovaskulere infarksie 'n rol speel in die patogenese van die letsels, aangesien veneuse trombose nie ontstaan nie. Noue kontak tussen rooibloedselle en kapillere endoteel is elektronmikroskopies bevestig. Endoteelselnekrose ontstaan voordat tekens van beskadiging geidentifiseer kan word in neurone of gliaselle. Dit blyk dat kapillere endoteelselbeskadiging die primere letsel by die ontstaan van gelokaliseerde lese Is is, en dat sekondere lesels ontwikkel as gevolg van mikrovaskulere infarksie.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2000.<br>Paraclinical Sciences<br>Unrestricted

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Thelaus, Johanna. "The aquatic microbial food web and occurence of predation-resistant and potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Francisella tularensis." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1620.

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All natural aquatic systems harbour a vast variety of microorganisms. In the aquatic microbial food web, the larger microorganisms (i.e. protozoa) feed on the smaller microorganisms (i.e. bacteria and phytoplankton). An increase in nutrient availability results in changes of the microbial food web structure, like altered community composition and blooms of toxic phytoplankton. In this thesis work I hypothesised that nutrient-rich aquatic environments, with strong protozoan predation, favour the occurrence of predation-resistant bacteria like F. tularensis, and that the microbial food web may provide a reservoir for the bacterium between outbreaks. By using a size-structured ecosystem food web model it was shown that the protozoan predation pressure on bacteria, defined as protozoan predation per bacterial biomass, increases with increasing nutrient availability in aquatic systems (estimated chlorophyll a 0.2 to 112 μg L-1). This dynamics was caused by increasing growth-rate of a relatively constant number of bacterial cells, maintaining the growth of an increasing number of protozoan cells. The results were supported by meta-analysis of field studies. Thus my results suggest that protozoa control the bacterial community by predation in nutrient-rich environments. In a field study in a natural productivity gradient (chlorophyll a 1.4 to 31 μg L-1) it was shown that intense selection pressure from protozoan predators, favours predation-resistant forms of bacteria. Thus, the abundance of predation-resistant bacteria increases with increasing nutrient availability in lakes. Furthermore, I could demonstrate that the bacterium Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, was present in eutrophic aquatic systems in an emerging tularemia area. Isolated strains of the bacterium were found to be resistant to protozoan predation. In a microcosm study, using natural lake water, high nutrient availability in combination with high abundance of a small colourless flagellate predator favoured the occurrence of F. tularensis holarctica. In laboratory experiments F. tularensis strains were able to form biofilm at temperatures between 30-37°C, but not below 30°C. In conclusion, I have shown that the protozoan predation pressure on bacteria increases with increasing nutrient availability in aquatic systems. Predation-resistant forms of bacteria, such as F. tularensis are favoured in nutrient-rich environments. The complexity of the microbial food web and nutrient-richness of the water, influence the transmission of the pathogenic F. tularensis holarctica. However, over long periods of time, the bacterium survives in lake water but may lose its virulence. The temperature-regulated biofilm formation by F. tularensis may play a role in colonization of vectors or for colonization of hosts, rather than for survival in aquatic environments.

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Gallas-Lindemann, Carmen [Verfasser], Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Arndt, and Sigrun [Akademischer Betreuer] Korsching. "The occurrence of waterborne pathogenic protozoa in environmental water samples, their reduction by wastewater treatment and dissemination in the hydrological circuit / Carmen Gallas-Lindemann. Gutachter: Hartmut Arndt ; Sigrun Korsching." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1038227860/34.

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Libros sobre el tema "Protozoa, Pathogenic"

P, Kreier Julius, and Baker John R, eds. Parasitic protozoa. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.

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F, Smith Deborah, and Parsons Marilyn, eds. Molecular biology of parasitic protozoa. Oxford: IRL Press at Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Zoologicheskiĭ institut (Rossiĭskai͡a akademii͡a nauk), ред. Opredelitelʹ paraziticheskikh prosteĭshikh: Cheloveka, domashnikh zhivotnykh i selʹskokhozi͡aĭstvennykh rasteniĭ. Sankt-Peterburg: Zoologicheskiĭ in-t RAN, 1996.

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1953-, Betts W. B., and Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). Water Chemistry Forum, eds. Protozoan parasites and water. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995.

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Giampiero, Carosi, Filice G, and Rondanelli Elio Guido, eds. Human pathogenic protozoa: Atlas of electron-microscopy. Padova: Piccin, 1987.

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1919-, Salfelder Karlhanns, and Sauerteig Eberhard, eds. Protozoan infections in man: Color atlas. Stuttgart: Schwer Verlag, 1988.

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1919-, Salfelder Karlhanns, and Sauerteig Eberhard, eds. Protozoan infections in man: Colour atlas. Stuttgart: Schwer, 1988.

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1926-, Kreier Julius P., ed. Parasitic protozoa. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993.

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Sterling, Charles R., and Rodney D. Adam, eds. The Pathogenic Enteric Protozoa: Giardia, Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b113653.

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Guido, Rondanelli Elio, ed. Amphizoic amoebae human pathology. Padua, Italy: Piccin, 1987.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Protozoa, Pathogenic"

Moss, Joseph A., and Richard A. Snyder. "Pathogenic Protozoa." In Microbial Source Tracking: Methods, Applications, and Case Studies, 157–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9386-1_7.

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Boucias, Drion G., and Jacquelyn C. Pendland. "Insect Pathogenic Protozoa." In Principles of Insect Pathology, 365–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4915-4_11.

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Fan, Erkang, David Baker, Stanley Fields, Michael H. Gelb, Frederick S. Buckner, Wesley C. Voorhis, Eric Phizicky, et al. "Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa: an Overview." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 497–513. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-058-8_33.

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Delaquis, Pascal, Julie Brassard, and Alvin Gajadhar. "Pathogenic Viruses and Protozoa Transmitted by Soil." In Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 3.3.1–1–3.3.1–14. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.3.1.

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Gull, Keith, Laura Briggs, and Sue Vaughan. "Basal Bodies and Microtubule Organization in Pathogenic Protozoa." In Centrosomes in Development and Disease, 401–23. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527603808.ch20.

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Villa, Tomás G., Angeles Sánchez-Pérez, and Miguel Viñas. "The Biological Fight Against Pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa." In New Weapons to Control Bacterial Growth, 509–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28368-5_19.

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Ortega, Ynes R., and Martin Kváč. "Foodborne protozoa." In Guide to Foodborne Pathogens, 303–16. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118684856.ch19.

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Svärd, Staffan, and Karin Troell. "Synchronization of Pathogenic Protozoans." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 201–10. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-182-6_13.

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Svärd, Staffan, and Karin Troell. "Synchronization of Pathogenic Protozoans." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 243–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6603-5_15.

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Denkers, Eric Y. "Phagocyte Interactions with the Intracellular Protozoan Toxoplasma gondii." In Phagocyte-Pathogen Interactions, 463–76. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555816650.ch30.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Protozoa, Pathogenic"

Dantas, Angela Di Bernardo, Luiz Di Bernardo, Lucas Polizel, Jennifer Liani, Natalia Ribeiro da Conceição, and Natalia Aparecida Killer. "Eventos perigosos em unidades de filtração de etas do Brasil: estudos de caso." In INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP FOR INNOVATION IN SAFE DRINKING WATER. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/iwisdw.n1.2022.4801.

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The presence of pathogenic protozoa in surface water sources is widely known and reported in literature. In conventional water treatment plants (WTPs), as most of the Brazilian WTPs, filters are considered the main barrier to such microorganisms. As part of the elaboration of Water Safety Plans (WSP), diagnostics were carried out in the filtration units of six different WTPs in Brazil, with the identification of hazardous events that may contribute to the presence of hazard (protozoa and other pathogenic microorganisms) in the treated water. All WTPs had at least one hazardous event related to filtration units. Such events are mainly of hydraulic or infrastructural nature; or, in some cases, operational. Control measures were indicated to control associated risks, which are usually high, since the effectiveness of disinfection is reduced when filters do not perform properly. Operational measures were able to increase water safety in very short term, whilst infrastructural measures may demand a longer period to be implemented.

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Martín-González, A., M. T. García, C. Pelaz, and J. C. Gutiérrez. "Microbial Pandora's box : Interactions of free living protozoa with human pathogenic bacteria." In Proceedings of the II International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2007). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812837554_0064.

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Đukić, Dragutin, Leka Mandić, Monika Stojanova, Vesna Đurović, and Bojana Trifunović. "INFICIRANJE HIDROBIONATA SA POTENCIJALNO PATOGENIM MIKROORGANIZMIMA." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.383dj.

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The results of isolation and identification (API test-systems) of the cultures of Enterobacteria and “non-fermentating” microorganisms from water, zooplankton (protozoa, cyclopes, daphnias), chironomids larvae of natural and anthropogenic water reservo- irs are produced. Spectrum of potentially pathogenic bacteria in water and in the hydrobionts was rather wide (16 genera) and of similar composition. Microflora of chironomids proved to be less heterogenous than that of zooplankton. The most frequently observed microbes were found to belong to Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, as well as to Actinomyces and Candida. Both aquatic and overground ecosystems can be a habitat of microorganisms that are potentially pathogenic to man and animals.

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Shesteperov, A. A., and E. S. Starostina. "PARASITOCENOTIC ASPECTS IN PHYTOPARASITOLOGY." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.462-468.

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The term "microparasitocenosis" proposed by A. P. Markevich, who combined parasitizing forms of resident microflora of the organism and parasites that entered from external environment. Viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, phytohelminths, phytoparasitic mites and insects form the parasitocenosis in a macroorganism (plant) and represent a damaging complex that contributes to pathological changes in the macroorganism. The intention to simplify complex biological processes as much as possible has led to artificial isolation of any single pathogen. This turned out to be necessary and effective in studying causative agents of dangerous plant parasite infections. But it turned out to be inconsistent for associated infections and invasions since complex diseases develop when they are combined with other phytoparasites. Their synergism contributes to high harmfulness of complex diseases. Unfortunately, the problem of plant parasite infection and invasion has not been sufficiently studied in phytoparasitology. As defined, plant parasitism has boundaries from positive to neutral interactions of other types that are precisely outlined by pathogenicity. Harmfulness is exactly what can explain centuries-old hostility towards parasites. We considered the plant parasite cenosis of strawberries that included 27 plant parasites and 25 pathogens. The discovery of relationships between phytopathogens and phytoparasites has resulted in a qualitative change in cognitive tools and the interpretation of various pathogenic process phases. Based on systemic analysis, phytoparasites at different levels (plants, plant populations, biocenosis) are considered not as a mechanical population but as an integral system that functions under specific laws. Systemic quality of the plant parasitic cenosis appears in its interactions with other organisms.

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Белоусова, Галина, та Надежда Михня. "Грибковые патогены в листьях нижнего яруса сортов томата Mary Gratefully и Tomiș". У VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.03.

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Pathogenic fungi are the cause of various diseases of crops. Phytopathogens infect seeds as well as the host-plants in the course of the whole duration of their ontogenesis. Plants are infected when grown in greenhouses or in open fields by a single causal agent or several pathogenic fungi. In current study, a nested PCR protocol was applied for identification of tomatoes’ infection. An infestation with Alternaria spp. and Myrothecium roridum in the lowest leaves on the stem was stated using molecular diagnostics. The ‘Tomis’ and ‘Mary Gratefully’ tomato cultivars were used in current study. Alternaria spp. was iden-tified in each of the samples. The pathogen’s species was defined. Myrothecium roridum infested 10 sam-ples of the ‘Tomis’ genotype and 11 samples of the ‘Mary Gratefully’ genotype of the 12 samples.

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Vasilevich, F. I., E. A. Nikolaeva, and I. I. Tsepilova. "ENDOPARASITE FAUNA OF SMALL CATTLE IN SOME AREAS OF THE MOSCOW REGION." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.128-132.

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Significant economic damage is annually caused to agriculture by parasitic diseases of livestock animals. It is necessary to regular monitor the spread of endoparasites in small cattle on the territory of various subjects of the Russian Federation in order to subsequently improve control measures and ongoing therapeutic and preventive measures, as well as to detect resistance in various helminth species and genera to active ingredients of modern anthelmintics used. Research was carried out to study the endoparasite fauna of small cattle on the peasant farm and private subsidiary plots of the Podolsk, Voskresensk and Ramensk city districts of the Moscow Region. Feces were taken individually from each animal: 50 sheep, and goats (24 lactating goats and 9 baby goats kept together). Based on the studies, it was found that the sheep were infected with pathogens of gastrointestinal nematode infections as follows: 76% of the suborder Strongylata; 26%, the genus Nematodirus; 4%, the genus Trichocephalus spp.; 62%, protozoa of the genus Eimeria, and the milking and young goats by 87.8% pathogens of the suborder Strongylata and protozoa from the genus Eimeria (EI = 15.2%), which indicates a high infection rate of these pathogens in small cattle.

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Alin, Carabet, Manea Dan, Gheorghescu Bogdan, Ioana Grozea, and Stef Ramona. "APPROACHING THE PHYTHOPHTORA INFESTANS PATHOGEN IN POTATO CULTURE BY BIOLOGICAL MEANS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.04.

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In the current context, in which the European Union, through various projects, requires the reduction of the consumption of pesticides it is necessary to investigate some different products to control the Phytophthora infestans potato blight, biological ones, that have the role of improving the structure and health of the soil, avoiding contamination of it but also of groundwater with synthetic active substances. Potato production is diminished by the presence of weeds, pathogens and pests. One of the most important phytopathogenic agents is Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary, which produces the disease called mange, an important disease that occurs in all areas where potatoes are grown causing economic losses up to 50%. In general, disease management of this pathogen by biological means is a difficult task, especially when the level of disease pressure is high, together with favorable environmental conditions. The study was performed, in Belint area, Timis county, under the climatic conditions of the year 2022. The test product used in study protocol were Fitocid, Fitohelp, Mycohelp, Viridin and Taegro in various rate of application and an untreated check was also included. The assessments were performed at 3, 7, 14 DAT, assessing the effectiveness of the products in respect of the frequency and intensity of the attack. All five bioproducts reduced the severity of the pathogen compared to the untreated control, the antagonism shown by the Fitocid and Fitohelp products against the fungus Phytophthora infestans was maximum seven days after application.

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Калашникова, Т. В., and И. С. Гавриличева. "Molecular-genetic methods in the investigation of piroplasmidosis of horses." In Достижения молодых учёных - зоотехнической науке и практике. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25727/rads.hs.2019.1.24274.

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В статье рассмотрены методы диагностики бабезиозов лошадей. Вызываемые двумя разновидностями простей- ших, бабезиозы широко распространены по всей территории Российской Федерации и наносят существенный ущерб от- ечественному коневодству. Рассмотрены перспективы ис- пользования ДНК-технологий для скрининга возбудителей пироплазмидозов непарнокопытных. Methods of diagnostics of Babesiosis of horses are considered in the article. The two varieties of protozoa, called Babesiosis, are widespread throughout the Russian Federation and cause significant damage to the domestic horse breeding. Perspectives of using DNA technologies for screening pathogens of pyroplasmidosis of animals are considered.

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Kataev, Alexander, and Dmitriy Kadochnikov. "Hidden causal factors of a medical nature affecting qualifying signs for determining the severity of harm caused to human health when committing crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of an individual." In Issues of determining the severity of harm caused to human health as a result of the impact of a biological factor. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/conferencearticle_5fdcb03a8e0864.60330005.

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The article considers hidden causal factors of a medical nature (in the form of pathogens of bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal infections, as well as parasitic diseases) that cannot be detected by visual examination of the subject and require additional laboratory research methods. The necessity of taking into account such factors and the possibility of identifying them is shown for a more objective forensic examination of sexual offenses.

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Tsepilova, I. I., B. K. Laipanov, and I. S. Shcherbakova. "INFECTION OF LIVESTOCK ANIMALS WITH PARASITES IN THE CONDITIONS OF PEASANT FARMING IN THE MOSCOW REGION." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.508-512.

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The socio-economic role in the development of peasant farming in the current conditions of import substitution will certainly increase, especially in filling local and regional markets with agricultural products. The limiting factor of farms of any form of ownership are parasitic diseases. Studies on the infection of livestock animals were carried out at a peasant farm enterprise of the Dmitrov City District of the Moscow Region. Feces were taken individually from each animal: cattle (70 lactating cows, and 32 young bulls on fattening), goats (15 milk goats, and 12 baby goats kept together), 10 Vietnamese pot–bellied pigs, 2 horses and ponies. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that the cattle, namely the lactating cows and bulls on fattening were infected by pathogens of gastrointestinal strongylatosis by 14.3 and 50%, and the milk and young goats, by 100%, which indicates a high infection rate of these pathogens in ruminants. Also, the nematode Strongyloides papillosus (IP=80%) and protozoa from the genus Eimeria (IP=53%) were identified in the mature goats. In the Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs, horses and ponies, the most common helminth infections were identified, namely: Oesophagostomum (IP=50%) and Ascaris suum (IP=80%) and pathogens from the Strongylata suborder, respectively.

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Informes sobre el tema "Protozoa, Pathogenic"

Gillor, Osnat, Stefan Wuertz, Karen Shapiro, Nirit Bernstein, Woutrina Miller, Patricia Conrad, and Moshe Herzberg. Science-Based Monitoring for Produce Safety: Comparing Indicators and Pathogens in Water, Soil, and Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613884.bard.

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Using treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation represents an important opportunity for ensuring adequate food production in light of growing freshwater scarcity worldwide. However, the environmentally sustainable approach of using TWW for irrigation can lead to contamination of produce with fecal pathogens that may remain in treated water. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and that of a suite of human pathogens in TWW, the irrigated soil, and crops. Field experiments were conducted to compare secondary and tertiary TWW with dechlorinated tap water for irrigation of tomatoes, a typical commercial crop, in Israel, a semi-arid country. Human pathogens including bacteria (Salmonella), protozoa (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), and viruses (Adenovirus [AV Types A, B, C & 40/41] and Enterovirus [EV71 subtypes]) were monitored in two field trials using a combination of microscopic, cultivation-based, and molecular (qPCR) techniques. Results from the field trials indicate that microbial contamination on the surface of tomatoes did not appear to be associated with the source of irrigated waters; FIB contamination was not statistically different on tomatoes irrigated with TWW as compared to tomatoes irrigated with potable water. In fact, Indicator bacteria testing did not predict the presence of pathogens in any of the matrices tested. High concentrations of FIB were detected in water and on tomato surfaces from all irrigation treatment schemes, while pathogen contamination on tomato surfaces (Cryptosporidiumand Salmonella) was only detected on crops irrigated with TWW. These results suggest that regular monitoring for pathogens should take place to accurately detect presence of harmful microorganisms that could threaten consumer safety. A notable result from our study is that the large numbers of FIB in the water did not appear to lead to FIB accumulation in the soil. With the exception of two samples, E. coli that was present at 10³ to 10⁴ cells/100 mL in the water, was not detected in the soil. Other bacterial targets associated with the enteric environment (e. g., Proteusspp.) as well as protozoal pathogens were detected in the TWW, but not in the soil. These findings suggest that significant microbial transfer to the soil from TWW did not occur in this study. The pattern of FIB contamination on the surfaces of tomatoes was the same for all treatment types, and showed a temporal effect with more contamination detected as the duration of the field trial increased. An important observation revealed that water quality dramatically deteriorated between the time of its release from the wastewater treatment plant and the time it was utilized for irrigation, highlighting the importance of performing water quality testing throughout the growing season at the cultivation site.

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Rahimipour, Shai, and David Donovan. Renewable, long-term, antimicrobial surface treatments through dopamine-mediated binding of peptidoglycan hydrolases. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597930.bard.

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There is a need for renewable antimicrobial surface treatments that are semi- permanent, can eradicate both biofilms and planktonic pathogens over long periods of time and that do not select for resistant strains. This proposal describes a dopamine binding technology that is inexpensive, bio-friendly, non-toxic, and uses straight-forward commercially available products. The antimicrobial agents are peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that are non-toxic and highly refractory to resistance development. The goal of this project is to create a treatment that will be applicable to a wide variety of surfaces and will convey long-lasting antimicrobial activity. Although the immediate goal is to create staphylolytic surfaces, the technology should be applicable to any pathogen and will thus contribute to no less than 3 BARD priorities: 1) increased animal production by protecting animals from invasive and emerging diseases, 2) Antimicrobial food packaging will improve food safety and security and 3) sustainable bio- energy systems will be supported by coating fermentation vats with antimicrobials that could protect ethanolic fermentations from Lactobacillus contamination that reduces ethanol yields. The dopamine-based modification of surfaces is inspired by the strong adhesion of mussel adhesion proteins to virtually all types of surfaces, including metals, polymers, and inorganic materials. Peptidoglycanhydrolases (PGHs) meet the criteria of a surface bound antimicrobial with their site of action being extracellular peptidoglycan (the structural basis of the bacterial cell wall) that when breached causes osmotic lysis. As a proof of principle, we will develop technology using peptidoglycanhydrolase enzymes that target Staphylococcus aureus, a notoriously contagious and antimicrobial-resistant pathogen. We will test for susceptibility of the coating to a variety of environmental stresses including UV light, abrasive cleaning and dessication. In order to avoid resistance development, we intend to use three unique, synergistic, simultaneous staphylococcal enzyme activities. The hydrolases are modular such that we have created fusion proteins with three lytic activities that are highly refractory to resistance development. It is essential to use multiple simultaneous activities to avoid selecting for antimicrobial resistant strains. This strategy is applicable to both Gram positive and negative pathogens. We anticipate that upon completion of this award the technology will be available for commercialization within the time required to achieve a suitable high volume production scheme for the required enzymes (~1-2 years). We expect the modified surface will remain antimicrobial for several days, and when necessary, the protocol for renewal of the surface will be easily applied in a diverse array of environments, from food processing plants to barnyards.

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Browdy, Craig, and Esther Lubzens. Cryopreservation of Penaeid Shrimp Embryos: Development of a Germplasm Cryo-Bank for Preservation of High Health and Genetically Improved Stocks. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695849.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to develop a successful protocol for cryopreservation of penaeid germ plasm in order to preserve a pathogen-free broodstock nucleus for commercial exploitation of marine shrimp in aquaculture. The critical parameters to be characterized in the project were: 1. Determination of chill sensitivity and chill tolerant embryonic stages, including a full description and time course study of embryonic developmental stages. 2. Development of protocols for loading and removal of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) from embryos; determination of optimal concentrations and duration of loading. 3. Characterization of the toxicity of the selected CP As and 4. Establishing optimal cooling and thawing procedures. Studies were performed on two penaeid species: Litopenaeus vannamei (in the USA) and P. semisulcatus (in Israel). The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development rate and hatching success was studied in L. vannamei, showing that spawns maybe maintained at temperatures ranging from 24°C to 30°C, without compromising hatchability. Embryonic development extends from 12 hr to 19 hr at 30°C and 24°C, respectively. Studies showed that advanced embryonic developmental stages were chill tolerant in the two studied species, but P. semisulcatus could better endure lower temperatures than L. vannamei. A large number of experiments were performed to determine the optimal CP As, their concentration and duration of loading. Permeating (e.g. glycerol, methanol, DMSO, 1,2- propanediol, ethylene glycol, glucose) and non-permeating CPAs (sucrose, PVP, polyethylene glycol) were tested and several combinations of permeating and non-permeating CP As, on fertilized eggs (embryos), nauplii and protozoeae. In general, nauplii tolerated higher CPA concentrations than eggs and nauplii were also more permeable to radiolabeled methanol. Chlorine treatment intended to remove the chitinous envelop from eggs, did not increase dramatically the permeation of radiolabled methanol into eggs. Cooling eggs, nauplii or protozoeae to cryogenic temperatures, by either vitrification or slow cooling protocols, did not result in full survival of thawed samples, despite exhaustive attempts testing various protocols and CP As. Results seemed more encouraging in freezing of nauplii in comparison to eggs or protozoeae. Successful preliminary results in cryopreservation of spermatozoa of P. vannamei, will facilitate preservation of genetic specific to some extent.

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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy, and Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.

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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.

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Duan, Liyang, Xiaoyu Li, Haiqin Rong, Haiju Sun, Yajun Zhang, Shipeng Song, Jianqiao Fang, and Yongqiang Sun. Scalp acupuncture for Post-stroke depression: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0059.

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Review question / Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of scalp acupuncture for poststroke depression for the first time, and the results of this systematic review will be helpful for clinicians to use scalp acupuncture in the treatment of PSD. Condition being studied: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common psychological sequelae of stroke, which is a state characterized by low mood and aversion to activity. It is one of the main obstacles in the process of stroke rehabilitation, which has a detrimental impact on functional recovery and quality of life and even increases mortality. Although the pathogenic factors of PSD are complex and diverse, it is now widely believed to involve complex interactions between neurobiological dysfunctions, psychosocial distress and biological factors. Despite increasing awareness and clinically based research on PSD, drugs to relieve and treat symptoms have made only limited gains. The use of antidepressants is accompanied by various unavoidable adverse effects, including headache, nausea, restlessness, and sexual dysfunction. A previous meta-analysis demonstrated that acupuncture can be safe and effective for the treatment of post-stroke depression. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews to evaluate the efficacy and safety of scalp acupuncture, which is a commonly used acupuncture modality in the treatment of PSD. Consequently, this study will assess the efficacy and safety of scalp acupuncture therapy for PSD compared to other treatments.

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Gupta, Aditya, Aaron Simkovich, and Deanna Hall. Sanitization of footwear and textiles for eradication of causal agents of superficial fungal infections: protocol for a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0070.

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Review question / Objective: To compile evidence and determine the utility of various methods used to sanitize footwear and textiles, and the use of novel antimicrobial materials for eradication of pathogens known to cause superficial fungal infections of the foot. Rationale: Fungal infections of the feet such as onychomycosis are common, affecting approximately 6% of the global population. There are a number of available treatment methods for onychomycosis, with topical (e.g., efinaconazole, tavaborole, ciclopirox), oral (e.g., terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole), or a combination of both, being the most popular. Sanitization of shoes, socks/stockings, and other textiles (as well as the feet themselves through proper hygiene) is integral to the reduction, spread, and recurrence of superficial fungal infection. The goal of the present review is to examine the currently available methods of sanitization for footwear and textiles against superficial fungal infections, and assessing which are effective or not.

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Tang, Jiqin, Gong Zhang, Jinxiao Xing, Ying Yu, and Tao Han. Network Meta-analysis of Heat-clearing and Detoxifying Oral Liquid of Chinese Medicines in Treatment of Children’s Hand-foot-mouth Disease：a protocol for systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0032.

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Review question / Objective: The type of study was clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT). The object of study is the patients with HFMD. There is no limit to gender and race. In the case of clear diagnosis standard, curative effect judgment standard and consistent baseline treatment, the experimental group was treated with pure oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine(A: Fuganlin oral liquid, B: huangzhihua oral liquid, C: Lanqin oral liquid, D: antiviral oral liquid, E: Huangqin oral liquid, F: Pudilan oral liquid, G: Shuanghuanglian oral liquid.)and the control group was treated with ribavirin or any oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine. The data were extracted by two researchers independently, cross checked and reviewed according to the pre-determined tables. The data extraction content is (1) Basic information (including the first author, published journal and year, research topic). (2) Relevant information (including number of cases, total number of cases, gender, age, intervention measures, course of treatment of the experimental group and the control group in the literature). (3) Design type and quality evaluation information of the included literature. (4) Outcome measures (effective rate, healing time of oral ulcer, regression time of hand and foot rash, regression time of fever, adverse reactions.). The seven traditional Chinese medicine oral liquids are comparable in clinical practice, but their actual clinical efficacy is lack of evidence-based basis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the network meta-analysis method to integrate the clinical relevant evidence of direct and indirect comparative relationship, to make quantitative comprehensive statistical analysis and sequencing of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine with the same evidence body for the treatment of the disease, and then to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the efficacy and safety of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine to get the best treatment plan, so as to provide reference value and evidence-based medicine evidence for clinical optimization of drug selection. Condition being studied: Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in pediatrics caused by a variety of enteroviruses. Its clinical manifestations are mainly characterized by persistent fever, hand foot rash, oral herpes, ulcers, etc. Because it is often found in preschool children, its immune system development is not perfect, so it is very vulnerable to infection by pathogens and epidemic diseases, resulting in rapid progress of the disease. A few patients will also have neurogenic pulmonary edema Meningitis, myocarditis and other serious complications even lead to death, so effectively improve the cure rate, shorten the course of disease, prevent the deterioration of the disease as the focus of the study. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the research of antiviral treatment. Many clinical practices have confirmed that oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine can effectively play the role of antiviral and improve the body's immunity.

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Chapter A7. Section 7.3. Protozoan Pathogens. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/twri09a7.3.

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