Literatura académica sobre el tema "Qality"

Les énergies renouvelables, l’énergie sous la forme électrique et son transport à l’aide de réseaux électriques intelligents représentent aujourd’hui des enjeux majeurs car ils ont de grands impacts environnementaux et sociétaux. Ainsi, la production, le transport et la gestion de l’énergie électrique, continuent toujours à susciter un intérêt croissant. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, plusieurs verrous technologiques doivent être levés. Au-delà des questions liées aux architectures des réseaux électriques, aux modèles, aux outils de dimensionnement, à la formalisation de caractéristiques et d’indicateurs, aux contraintes et aux critères, à la gestion et à la production décentralisée, la qualité de la puissance électrique est centrale pour la fiabilité de l’ensemble du système de distribution. Les perturbations affectent la qualité des signaux électriques et peuvent provoquer des conséquences graves sur les autres équipements connectés au réseau. Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans ce contexte et de fait ils sont orientés vers le développement de modèles, d’indicateurs et de méthodes de traitement des signaux dédiés à la surveillance en temps-réel des performances des réseaux de distribution électrique.Cette thèse analyse la qualité de la puissance électrique, en prenant en compte plusieurs caractéristiques bien connues ainsi que leur pertinence. Les modèles des systèmes électriques et les méthodes de traitement du signal pour estimer leurs paramètres sont étudiés pour des applications en temps-réel de surveillance, de diagnostic et de contrôle sous diverses conditions. Parmi tous, la fréquence fondamentale est l’un des paramètres les plus importants pour caractériser un système de distribution électrique. En effet, sa valeur qui est censée être une constante, varie en permanence et reflète la dynamique de l’énergie électrique disponible. La fréquence peut également être affectée par certaines productions d’énergie renouvelable et peut être influencée par des mauvaises synchronisations de certains équipements. En outre, la puissance absorbée par les charges ou produite par des sources est généralement différente d’une phase à l’autre. Évidemment, la plupart des installations électriques existantes avec plusieurs phases, qu’elles soient résidentielles ou industrielles, travaillent dans des conditions déséquilibrées. Identifier les composantes symétriques de tension est dans ce cas un moyen pertinent pour quantifier le déséquilibre entre les phases d’un système électrique.De nouvelles représentations de type espace d’état et modélisant des systèmes électriques sont proposées pour estimer la fréquence fondamentale et pour identifier les composantes symétriques de tension des systèmes électriques triphasés et déséquilibrés. Le premier modèle d’espace d’état proposé considère la fréquence fondamentale comme connue ou obtenue par un autre estimateur. En contrepartie, il fournit les autres paramètres caractérisant le système électrique. Un second modèle d’état-espace est introduit. Il est original dans le sens où il ne nécessite aucune connaissance de la fréquence fondamentale. Une de ses variables d’état est directement reliée à la fréquence et permet donc de la déduire. En outre, ce nouvel espace d’état est parfaitement capable de représenter des systèmes électriques à trois phases équilibrés et non équilibrés. [...]<br>Renewable energy, electricity and smart grids are core subjects as they have great environmental and societal impacts. Thus, generating, transporting and managing electric energy, i.e., power, still continue to drive a growing interest. In order to properly achieve these goals, several locks must be removed. Beyond issues related to the distribution architecture, the formalization of models, sizing tools, features and indicators, constraints and criteria, decentralized generation and energy management, power quality is central for the whole grid’s reliability. Disturbances affect the power quality and can cause serious impact on other equipment connected to the grid. The work of this thesis is part of this context and focuses on the development of models, indicators, and signal processing methods for power quality monitoring in time-varying power distribution systems.This thesis analyzes the power quality including several well-known features and their relevance. Power system models and signal processing methods for estimating their parameters are investigated for the purpose of real-time monitoring, diagnostic and control tasks under various operating conditions. Among all, the fundamental frequency is one of the most important parameters of a power distribution system. Indeed, its value which is supposed to be a constant varies continuously and reflects the dynamic availability of electric power. The fundamental frequency can also be affected by renewable energy generation and by nasty synchronization of some devices. Moreover, the power absorbed by loads or produced by sources is generally different from one phase to the other one. Obviously, most of the existing residential and industrial electrical installations with several phases work under unbalanced conditions. Identifying the symmetrical components is therefore an efficient way to quantify the imbalance between the phases of a grid. New state-space representations of power systems are proposed for estimating the fundamental frequency and for identifying the voltage symmetrical components of unbalanced three-phase power systems. A first state-space representation is developed by supposing the fundamental frequency to be known or to be calculated by another estimator. In return, it provides other parameters and characteristics from the power system. Another original state-space model is introduced which does not require the fundamental frequency. Here, one state variable is a function of the frequency which can thus be deduced. Furthermore this new state-space model is perfectly are able to represent a three-phase power system in both balanced and unbalanced conditions. This not the case of lots of existing models. The advantage of the proposed state-space representation is that it gives directly access to physical parameters of the system, like the frequency and the amplitude and phase values of the voltage symmetrical components. Power systems parameters can thus be estimated in real-time by using the new state-space with an online estimation process like an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The digital implementation of the proposed methods presents small computational requirement, elegant recursive properties, and optimal estimations with Gaussian error statistics.The methods have been implemented and validated through various tests respecting real technical constraints and operating conditions. The methods can be integrated in active power filtering schemes or load-frequency control strategies to monitor power systems and to compensate for electrical disturbances

Brister i äldreomsorgen och vanvård av omsorgstagare är idag ett hett ämne som dagligen diskuteras i samhället. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och analysera hur arbetsledning och omsorgsgivare upplever användandet av de verktyg och riktlinjer äldreomsorgsorganisationen har att följa inom äldreomsorgsorganisationen, för att möjliggöra omsorgskvalitet för omsorgstagare. Studien har genomförts med en metodtriangulering med både kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats i en medelstor kommun i Sverige. Vi har i kombination med organisationsteori med inriktning på social struktur valt att utgå från det salutogena perspektivet och helhetssynen om människans omsorgsbehov. Resultatet visar på flertalet brister och förbättringsområden. Från omsorgsgivarnas sida visar resultatet att de inte får gehör från ledningen gällande kvalitetsförbättringar samt saknar visst stöd från ledningen för äldreomsorgsarbetet. Omsorgsgivarna visar positiva resultat i kännedomen om äldreomsorgsorganisationens mål samt om sin egen uppdragsbeskrivning. Från ledningens sida framkommer att organisationen är under ett fortlöpande förbättringsarbete och att det finns en medvetenhet gällande organisationens brister. De brister som tydligast framträder är frånvaron av det salutogena förhållningssättet samt bristande tillgång till utbildade omsorgsgivare. Slutsatsen är att inom organisationer som handskas med människor krävs att det hela tiden finns en strävan efter ökat samarbete inom organisationsnivåerna och en medvetenhet inom kommunikationen för att säkerställa en god kvalitet, med omsorgstagaren i fokus.<br>Deficiencies in elderly and neglect of care are currently a hot topic that is discussed daily in society. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze how management and caregivers experience the use of the tools and guidelines that elderly care organization has to follow to enable quality care to care recipients. The study was conducted with a triangulation of both quantitative and qualitative approach in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden. We have chosen to combined organizational theory with focus on social structure with the use of the salutogenic perspective and comprehensive view of the human care needs. The results show the majority of gaps and areas for improvement. From caregivers point of view the result shows that they do not get response from management regarding quality improvement and less support from management for the elderly work. Caregivers show positive results in awareness of elder care organization's objectives and on their own mission statement. From the management side, it appears that the organization is under continuous improvement and that there is an awareness of the organization shortcomings. The shortcoming that clearly emerges is the absence of the salutogenic approach and lack of access to educated caregivers. The conclusion is that in organizations that deal with people requires that there is always a desire for increased cooperation within the organization levels and an awareness of communication to ensure a good quality, with the care taker in focus.

Nenhuma<br>Há uma grande procura da população brasileira por medicamentos manipulados em farmácias de manipulação, que têm papel social incontestável por possibilitar a individualização do medicamento e obtenção de medicamentos não disponíveis industrialmente. Na última década houve rápido crescimento no número de farmácias magistrais no Brasil. A Vigilância Sanitária tem envidado esforços para fiscalização e monitoramento eficaz desses estabelecimentos, realizando publicação e revisão de legislação sanitária, dentre outras ações. Todavia, casos de desvios de qualidade de medicamentos manipulados foram registrados ao longo dos anos e ainda são realidade, com sérias conseqüências à saúde da população e levando a óbito em alguns casos. Ainda, estudos realizados como os de Leal e colaboradores (2006 e 2008) evidenciaram impurezas químicas em matérias-primas e medicamentos manipulados e industrializados. Diante disso, restam dúvidas quanto à qualidade dos medicamentos manipulados ofertados à população e quanto ao rigor das exigências da legislação sanitária vigente e sua adequação ao amadurecimento do setor magistral. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de medicamentos manipulados em farmácias magistrais de Belo Horizonte após a publicação da RDC 67/2007, por meio de análises farmacopéicas e de aspecto e rotulagem. Para tanto, foram adquiridos medicamentos de amplo consumo omeprazol e cloridrato de fluoxetina em cinco estabelecimentos de Belo Horizonte, amostrados por amostragem estratificada considerando localização geográfica e número de farmácias por região, seguida por amostragem aleatória. Ainda, foram tratados os resultados das análises do monitoramento da qualidade de manipulados realizado pela Vigilância Sanitária de Minas Gerais em parceria com a Fundação Ezequiel Dias, no ano de 2011. Por fim, foram realizadas análise por ativação neutrônica dos medicamentos manipulados visando detecção e quantificação de impurezas elementares. Os resultados das análises executadas confirmam a preocupação sobre a qualidade dos medicamentos manipulados, uma vez que houve somente 7% de satisfatoriedade nos produtos analisados, e a necessidade de ações rápidas e eficientes do sistema público de saúde para possibilitar a garantia da qualidade dos medicamentos manipulados.<br>There is a great demand of the population for compounded drugs from pharmacies, which have undeniable social role by allowing the individualization of medication and obtaining drugs not available industrially. In the last decade there has been rapid growth in the number of pharmacies in Brazil. The Sanitary Surveillance is striving for effective monitoring and supervision of these establishments, performing publishing and reviewing health legislation, among other actions. Therefore, there is doubt about the quality of compounded drugs offered to the population and the rigor of the requirements of current health law and its suitability for the maturation of the industry masterful. Still, studies such as Leal and collaborators (2006 and 2008) showed chemical impurities in raw materials and drugs handled and processed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of compounded drugs in pharmacies in Belo Horizonte after publication of RDC 67/2007, through pharmacopoeial analysis, aspect and labeling. Therefore, were purchased drugs from widespread consumption - omeprazole, fluoxetine - in five establishments of Belo Horizonte, sampled by stratified sampling considering geographical location and number of pharmacies per region, followed by random sampling. Also dealt with the results of the analysis of the quality monitoring conducted by Sanitary Surveillance of Minas Gerais in partnership with Fundação Ezequiel Dias, in the year 2011, in compounded medicines. Finally, we performed neutron activation analysis of compounded drugs targeting detection and quantification of elemental impurities.The results of the analysis performed confirms the concern about the quality and safety of compounded medicines, since there was only 7% of satisfactoriness, and the need for fast and efficient actions of public health system to allow quality assurance of compounded drugs.

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T01:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RafaelAlvesda_M.pdf: 1728031 bytes, checksum: 6d96fefd3e38f4d46f4fe27fb4d6c8d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Ao analisar a atual configuração produtiva, temos um cenário em que as recentes tecnologias da informação associadas a novos métodos organizacionais possibilitam aumentar a produtividade, reduzindo o tempo de produção. Tal situação, longe de diminuir o desgaste no trabalho, permite a redução de postos e resulta na intensificação de trabalho para os que continuam trabalhando, ao mesmo tempo em que precariza sua condição. Contraditoriamente, as 'ferramentas¿ de gestão associadas ao toyotismo e à qualidade total, demandam uma participação e envolvimento do trabalhador diferentes de outros momentos, como por exemplo no auge do período fordista, aproveitando também os elementos cognitivos do ¿colaborador?, num discurso que fomenta a criatividade, a competição e a busca por melhorias. Assim, partindo da observação do ambiente produtivo, da análise de normas como a ISO 9000 e das técnicas correlatas, procuramos ultrapassar os muros da fábrica, buscando entender elementos que contribuíram para a formação dos tipos específicos de trabalhador e de sociedade que compõem tal quadro. Com a articulação entre toyotismo, neoliberalismo e teoria do capital humano, temos novas formas de controle, numa sociedade organizada sob a forma de empresa, composta de indivíduos que devem agir de forma 'empreendedora¿, investindo em si próprios, buscando atender aos ditames do mercado<br>Abstract: The analysis of the current configuration of production shows a picture in which most recent developments in information technology, associated with new organization methods, make it possible to improve productivity, while reducing production time. Instead of lowering work weariness, this situation has allowed downsizing, thus entailing the intensification of work for those who remain in work, and deteriorating their conditions. Contradictorily, management 'tools¿ associated with toyotism and total quality management demand higher participation and commitment by workers than in other moments such as the main period of fordism. Collaborators¿ cognitive elements are used in a discourse that stimulates creativity, competition, and the continuous search for improvement. Based on the observation of the productive environment and the analyses of standards, such as ISO 9000 and correlate techniques, this research aimed at going beyond the factory walls and understanding the elements that have contributed to constitute such types of worker and society. The combination of toyotism, neoliberalism, and the theory of human capital promotes new means of control in an enterprise-like society, constituted of individuals who must act as 'entrepreneurs¿, investing in themselves, in an effort to live up to market impositions<br>Mestrado<br>Sociologia<br>Mestre em Sociologia

The aim of this study was to identify difficulties experienced by caregivers of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The aim was achieved through the following objectives: investigate the family background of caregivers of AIDS orphans; investigate the general emotional impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the health impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the extent of financial impact of caring for AIDS orphans on caregivers; investigate the impact of caring for AIDS orphans on the social life of caregivers; to make recommendations so as to assist in helping caregivers. A literature review and the qualitative empirical research method were used to achieve the aim and thus, the objectives stated above. The literature review revealed the following difficulties experienced by caregivers of AIDS orphans: lack of knowledge regarding the formal adoption of orphans; lengthy process administered by an increasingly overstretched system; bad behaviour by orphans; stress resulting to poor physical and mental health, strained personal relationships and lowering of standards of care; poverty; "role strain" and "identity"; interpersonal and family conflicts; isolation and fear for the future; excessive workload of having to care for children; and stigma and discrimination relating to HIV/AIDS. However, this study highlighted the following difficulties: poverty; stress and depression; family fights; adoption; bad influence on orphans by neighbours; education; lack of training; lack of social services support; lack of community support structures; and lack of prior planning by orphans' parents. The conclusions drawn from this study are that there were similar problems revealed in this study to those identified in the literature. For example, both literature and this study revealed poverty, stress and interpersonal and family conflicts as major problems experienced by caregivers. Grandparents and other family members who were caregivers in this study did not see "role strain" and "identity" as major stumbling blocks. Stigma and isolation were also some of the problems not directly experienced by most caregivers. However, it was evident that lack of involvement of some of these caregivers with the community, has led to their not experiencing stigmatisation and isolation. The following recommendations were made: caregivers should be given adequate training on how to use the grants given to orphans; researchers should use their research findings to influence government policy regarding termination of grants for orphans, that is, as long as orphans are still attending school or university, grants should not be terminated; universities and government should set aside special bursaries or study loans for orphans at universities, and these loans must only be paid when the orphans are in the position to do so; government should make extra funds available to give to caregivers as incentives; Social Welfare Department should be strengthen so that free counselling could be given to caregivers whenever is necessary; School-Based Support Teams (SBST) committees in schools should be capacitated and empowered; capacitate and empower non -governmental organisations (NGOs); and there should be a strong interaction between schools, NGOs, social workers, nurses and police. Limitations of the current study were also identified. This study could not show with absolute certainty whether the problems identified are related to orphanhood in general, rather than orphanhood by HIV/AIDS. Thus it was deemed necessary in future to have a comparison group of caregivers of orphans due to reasons other than HIV/AIDS. Other limitations included reliance on one population race. The study cannot ascertain whether these findings can be applicable to caregivers from other race groups such as white or coloured races. South Africa is a multicultural society with different norms and values. Thus, the way we react to certain stimuli might be influenced to a large extent by our customs and values. Further limitations included reliance on one specific type of caregiving. The study did not explore other type such as orphanages, but concentrated on what is regarded as the traditional safety net.<br>Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGISTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓN David Goncalvez [Parte I], Marcelo Vivar [Parte II]<br>Las empresas que desean desarrollar proyectos donde se requieren planos, se ven enfrentadas a realizar levantamientos de información como base para el desarrollo de éstos. En la actualidad, el proceso de levantamiento de información es típicamente manual, realizado con notas en papel y lápiz que luego serán plasmadas en un programa de diseño asistido como AutoCAD; este proceso manual requiere de largos tiempos y gran esfuerzo para obtener información detallada, lo que conlleva a altos costos del servicio de planimetría. La propuesta de valor de Qalia, se basa en entregar de forma rápida la planimetría detallada de un área de hasta 500m2, tomada en terreno en tan sólo 10 a 20 minutos con el uso de un escáner láser de alta resolución, procurando eficiencia en costos, y ofreciendo al cliente los planos 2D, 3D, y una nube de puntos para navegación “true view” y recorridos virtuales. En la actualidad, el uso de tecnología 3D en aplicaciones de ingeniería es una tendencia en crecimiento, lo que genera oportunidades para ofrecer servicios de ingeniería inversa1 basadas en planimetría 3D como punto de partida para el desarrollo de otras ingenierías. Esta oportunidad de negocios se pudo ratificar a través de entrevistas a potenciales clientes y usuarios, donde el 100% confirmó que le gustaría que existiera el servicio y el 93% afirmó su disposición a pagar por ello (Ver Anexo 1 “Entrevistas a potenciales clientes”). En base al catastro de proyectos de inversión en Chile2, donde se muestra que el 90% de los recursos económicos de los próximos 3 años serán dirigidos a desarrollar Infraestructura, Telecomunicaciones, Energía y Minería, se decide colocar foco en estos sectores para ofrecer el servicio de Ingeniería Inversa. Se estima que el mercado donde participará Qalia es del orden de USD 45MM al año, de los cuales se pretende obtener una participación superior al 3% con ventas anuales cercanas a USD 1.5M al quinto año de operación. La inversión inicial requerida es de CLP 98.354.864, siendo 100% financiado con aporte de socios. Los principales activos fijos de la empresa serán los escáners 3D valorados en CLP 58.905.000 c/u, de los cuales se estima llegar a un total de 3 al cuarto año de operación. La estructura inicial de la empresa será liviana, conformada sólo por (1) Gerente General, (1) Proyectista y (1) Técnico de terreno. El crecimiento de las operaciones será en función de la venta y se estima que para el final del 3er año se alcance una estructura con dos áreas principales, ventas y operaciones, donde ventas estará conformada por (1) Gerente de Ventas, y operaciones por (1) Gerente de Operaciones, (3) Técnicos y (5) Proyectistas. El proyecto genera riqueza y es positivo y muy superior a la tasa de descuento. Así mismo, el VAN es positivo de CLP 853.960.897, aumentando la utilidad del inversionista y recuperando la inversión por sobre la rentabilidad exigida para el proyecto. Al contar con TIR alto, VAN positivo y una recuperación de la inversión en 1.3 años, se observa que este proyecto creará valor para el inversionista, por tanto se recomienda su ejecución.<br>07/2018

Le critère d'efficacité du coût par QALY, a suscité l'intérêt et la controverse de la part des économistes théoriciens du choix social et des moralistes parce que les hypothèses issues de la théorie de la décision dont il dépend sont susceptibles de critiques concernant à la fois la technique mise en oeuvre et la morale utilitariste prônée. Afin d'étudier les aspects techniques et moraux de ce critère, nous avons réinterprété les résultats. Déjà anciens de la théorie du choix social utilitariste d'Harsanyi et de la théorie concurrente rawlsienne. Nous avons identifié dans le cadre de la théorie des QALYS, une tentative plus ou moins consciente de réappropriation des trois principaux théorèmes d'Harsanyi : le théorème , d'agrégation, de l'observateur impartial et le postulat de similarité. Ce constat nous a incité à étudier les solutions de la théorie morale concurrente proposées par Sen et Arrow qui s ' efforcent de rendre compatible avec le modèle analytique standard, au lieu du critère de l'utilité espérée, le critère alternatif du maximin rawlsien. Notre réinterprétation "analogique" nous permet de montrer trois principaux résultats. Sur le plan technique, les tenants de la théorie du QALY, à travers la mobilisation des mêmes outils qu'Harsanyi ne parviennent pas à combler les discontinuités qui caractérisent le passage de la micro à la macro-économie de la santé. Sur le plan moral, malgré une "récupération" du concept de voile d'ignorance, les évaluations de qualité de vie ne parviennent pas au niveau d'impartialité recherché et la répartition utilitariste se caractérise finalement par le sacrifice "des plus mal lotis" tandis que la répartition par le maximin ne fournit pas de meilleure alternative puisqu'elle se caractérise par leur dictature. Enfin, les comparaisons d'utilités nécessitent de mobiliser une hypothèse psychologique normative dans le cadre des QALYs tout comme chez Harsanyi.

El Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar Qali Warma fue creado como una mejor alternativa al anterior programa, cerrado en medio del escándalo y la deslegitimación. Sin embargo, desde su implementación, Qali Warma ha sido fuente de escándalos mediáticos constantes, así como de propuestas de mejora y cambio. Esta investigación se acerca a su implementación desde los espacios de monitoreo de las escuelas, para comprender las lógicas políticas y tecnocráticas dentro del programa y analizar las tensiones producidas por ellas durante las actividades de monitoreo. También analizamos las posibilidades de acción de los monitores a través de la comparación de su trabajo en dos regiones muy diferentes de Perú: Lambayeque y Junín. Finalmente, proponemos un nuevo enfoque para pensar la implementación de programas sociales y el monitoreo en estos.

Objectives The objective of this thesis is to develop and test a new method, based on Time Trade-Off (ITO), for the estimation of the monetary value of a QALY (MVQ) informed by public preferences. Methods Two new questions are developed to estimate an MVQ which ask respondents to trade off length of life to either increase their income, or avoid a decrease in their income. These questions are initially tested through a Dutch online survey with 321 members of the Dutch general public. The questions are further tested through a small scale pilot study, followed by a UK based interview study with 100 members of the general public. In addition, two further questions are also developed and tested in the UK study, which are more closely aligned with the concepts of Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept. Results In the Dutch online survey there were a large number of respondents who were not prepared to trade any time to increase their income (or avoid a decrease). Furthermore, some respondents traded too much time, which led to negative MVQ estimates. The prevalence of these responses reduced in the UK based interview study but they were still problematic. Despite this, the questions did appear to be feasible for respondents to complete and were sensitive to scale, particularly in the UK study. Conclusion The evidence tentatively suggests that at least some of the respondents stating an infinite preference for length of life over income, were giving a true statement of preference. The questions could potentially be improved by either decreasing the total value of what is being given up, or by increasing the total value of what is being gained. This could potentially be achieved by extending the time horizon in the exercise.