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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Reactive aggression"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 9 de junio de 2025

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Reactive aggression"

da Silva, Brenda M. S., Guida Veiga, Carolien Rieffe, Hinke M. Endedijk, and Berna Güroğlu. "Do My Reactions Outweigh My Actions? The Relation between Reactive and Proactive Aggression with Peer Acceptance in Preschoolers." Children 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2023): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10091532.

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Aggressive behaviors negatively impact peer relations starting from an early age. However, not all aggressive acts have the same underlying motivations. Reactive aggression arises as a response to an antecedent behavior of someone else, whereas proactive aggression is initiated by the aggressor and is instrumental. In this study, we aim to understand the relation between reactive and proactive aggression and peer acceptance in preschoolers. Parents of 110 children aged between 3 and 6 years old rated their children’s manifestation of reactive and proactive aggressive behaviors. To assess the children’s peer acceptance score within their class, they completed a paired comparisons task. The outcomes confirmed that reactive aggression in particular is negatively related to peer acceptance at the preschool age. Our results provide insights for the needs and directions of future research and interventions.

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Šarić Drnas, Marija. "Problems of Self-Regulation in Forms and Functions of Aggression." Psihologijske teme 31, no. 2 (July 17, 2022): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.2.7.

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The role of self-regulation in aggression has typically been studied by neglecting the multidimensional nature of aggression, which differentiates between its forms (overt vs. relational) and functions (proactive vs. reactive). Besides, the contribution of two aspects of self-regulation (effortful control and reactive control) in the regulation of aggression has been ignored. Studies suggest that only reactive aggressive children have low effortful control because aggression results from the insufficient inhibition of an aggressive impulse. On the other hand, some studies suggest that proactive aggression has no deficits in effortful control, because proactive aggression is referred to as premeditated behaviour driven by instrumental goals. However, the conceptualization of proactive aggression as premeditated with higher levels of forethought and perseverance is not sustainable, because proactive aggression is associated with reactive undercontrol which corresponds to impulsivity. This paper addresses this problem by reviewing recent research suggesting that both forms and functions of aggression are related to inadequate effortful control. Studies suggest that forms and functions of aggression are related to various aspects of impulsivity. Further, reactive overcontrolled children are, due to their behavioural inhibition, better able to attenuate their aggression. Future studies should determine which forms and functions of aggression are characterized by low reactive overcontrol, i.e. low behavioural inhibition. For children whose aggression is driven by weak reactive control, effortful control is necessary to inhibit aggressive impulses. Interventions are suggested for reinforcing self-regulation in forms and functions of aggression.

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Law, Helen, and Diana M. Falkenbach. "Hostile Attribution Bias as a Mediator of the Relationships of Psychopathy and Narcissism With Aggression." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 11 (November 25, 2017): 3355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x17742614.

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Hostile attribution bias (HAB), the tendency to perceive hostility in ambiguous situations, has been linked to aggressive outcomes, such as reactive aggression. HAB has been connected to personality types involving hostile beliefs and reactive aggression, including narcissism and psychopathy. Specifically, secondary psychopathy is associated with HAB and reactive aggression. Despite research and theory connecting these constructs, few studies have examined if HAB mediates the relationships among psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression. The current study explores this possible mediation in an urban college sample. Narcissism was associated with aggression but not hostile aggression or HAB. Reactive aggression and HAB were both associated with psychopathy, but there were no mediation relationships. The associations with aggression may be, therefore, due to underlying traits of secondary psychopathy rather than the hostile attributions to which the traits contribute; consequently, treatments focused on reducing aggressive responses by correcting interpretations of social situations may not be successful.

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Borsa, Juliane Callegaro, and Denise Ruschel Bandeira. "The Peer Aggressive and Reactive Behaviors Questionnaire (PARB-Q): evidence of validity in the Brazilian context." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 36, no. 2 (April 2014): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0051.

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Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Peer Aggressive and Reactive Behaviors Questionnaire (PARB-Q), a self-report instrument comprising two independent scales that assess aggressive behavior and reactions to peer aggression. Method: A total of 727 elementary schoolchildren aged 8-13 years (52% boys) were included. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the factor structure. Results: The Brazilian version of the PARB-Q was consistent with the original version. The results of the exploratory factor analyses (EFA) indicated a one-factor solution for the first scale (Peer Aggression Scale) and a three-factor solution (Reactive Aggression, Seeking Teacher Support, and Internalizing Reaction) for the Reaction to Peer Aggression Scale. The confirmatory analyses for both scales yielded good fit indices. Conclusion: The results of the statistical analyses suggested adequate psychometric properties and satisfactory validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the PARB-Q, making it a useful tool for assessing aggressive behavior as well as children's reactions to aggression by their peers.

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Malonda-Vidal, Elisabeth, Paula Samper-García, Anna Llorca-Mestre, Roger Muñoz-Navarro, and Vicenta Mestre-Escrivá. "Traditional Masculinity and Aggression in Adolescence: Its Relationship with Emotional Processes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 9802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189802.

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Traditional masculinity includes norms that encourage many of the aggressive behaviors whereas traditional femininity emphasizes aggression very little. In addition, the lack of emotional regulation as well as a poor impulse control have been related to aggression and, in particular, with reactive and proactive aggression. The objective of this study is to examine the role of gender stereotypes (masculinity/femininity) in reactive and proactive aggression, through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. A total of 390 adolescents participated in a longitudinal study in Valencia, Spain. Structural equations modeling (SEM) was employed to explore a two-wave longitudinal model. The results show that femininity relates to reactive aggression through regulatory emotional self-efficacy and emotion regulation. This way, both emotional self-efficacy and emotional regulation mediate the relation between femininity and reactive aggression. Furthermore, reactive and proactive aggression relate positively and directly to masculinity and negatively to femininity. Therefore, violence prevention programs with adolescents should incorporate information to break down gender stereotypes and promote strategies to manage emotions. Such efforts may be helpful to reduce aggressive behaviors and violence.

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Hu, Chang Sheng, Yuwei Wang, Yangxue Sun, Guangjun Gong, and Lili Bao. "Executive function mediates the relationship between impulsivity and aggressive behavior in adolescents." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 52, no. 4 (April 3, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp/12908.

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Using the three-dimensional model of executive function and the I3 theory of aggressive behavior, we examined the mediating roles of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between impulsivity and both proactive and reactive aggression in adolescents. We recruited 1,462 middle school and high school students in Sichuan Province, who completed the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire, the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, the Teenage Executive Function Inventory, and the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire. Results showed that impulsivity was positively correlated with both proactive and reactive aggression, and was negatively correlated with the three subcomponents of executive function. The three-dimensional components of executive function in adolescents were negatively correlated with both proactive and reactive aggression. Further, impulsivity directly predicted both proactive and reactive aggression. In addition, all three subcomponents of executive function in parallel mediated the relationship between impulsivity and proactive aggression. However, only inhibition mediated the relationship between impulsivity and reactive aggression. In conclusion, improving executive function may reduce the impact of impulsivity on aggression.

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Fritz, Michael, Franziska Rösel, Hannah Dobler, Judith Streb, and Manuela Dudeck. "Childhood Trauma, the Combination of MAO-A and COMT Genetic Polymorphisms and the Joy of Being Aggressive in Forensic Psychiatric Patients." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081008.

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Aggression and violent offenses are common amongst forensic psychiatric patients. Notably, research distinguishes two motivationally distinct dimension of aggression–instrumental and reactive aggression. Instrumental aggression comprises of appetitive, goal-directed aggressive acts, whereas reactive aggression consists of affective, defensive violence with both their biological basis remaining largely unknown. Childhood trauma and functional genetic polymorphisms in catecholamines converting enzymes, such as mono-amino-oxidase A (MAO-A) and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) have been suggested to augment an aggressive behavioral response in adulthood. However, it warrants clarification if these factors influence one or both types of aggression. Furthermore, it remains elusive, if having a combination of unfavorable enzyme genotypes and childhood maltreatment further increases violent behavior. Hence, we set out to address these questions in the current study. First, analysis revealed an overall marginally increased frequency of the unfavorable MAO-A genotype in the test population. Second, each gene polymorphisms together with a traumatic childhood significantly increased the AFAS (Appetitive and Facilitative Aggression Scale) scores for both reactive and appetitive aggression. Third, having a combination of both disadvantageous genotypes and a negative childhood served as a minor positive predictor for increased reactive aggression, but had a strong influence on the joy of being aggressive.

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Gagnon, Jean, and Lucien Rochat. "Relationships Between Hostile Attribution Bias, Negative Urgency, and Reactive Aggression." Journal of Individual Differences 38, no. 4 (November 2017): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000238.

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Abstract. Negative urgency defined as the tendency to act rashly when faced with intense negative emotions and hostile attribution bias (HAB) which refers to the tendency to interpret the intention of others as hostile when social context cues are ambiguous are two key psychological factors underlying reactive aggression. However, the specific associations between these factors in relation to reactive aggression have not been tested yet with competing models. The objective of the study was to test three putative models: (1) negative urgency moderates the association between HAB and reactive aggression; (2) HAB mediates the link between negative urgency and reactive aggression; (3) negative urgency mediates the relation between HAB and reactive aggression. One-hundred seventy-six participants were given self-report questionnaires to assess impulsivity, reactive aggression, as well as vignettes featuring a social situation measuring HAB in response to an ambiguous social provocation. The results showed that negative urgency constitutes a significant mediator in the association between HAB and reactive aggression. These results provide valuable insight into the cognitive processes underlying reactive aggression and may hold implications for diagnosis and intervention on aggressive behaviors.

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Marsee, Monica A., Paul J. Frick, Christopher T. Barry, Eva R. Kimonis, Luna C. Muñoz Centifanti, and Katherine J. Aucoin. "Profiles of the forms and functions of self-reported aggression in three adolescent samples." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 3 (July 22, 2014): 705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000339.

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AbstractIn the current study, we addressed several issues related to the forms (physical and relational) and functions (reactive and proactive) of aggression in community (n = 307), voluntary residential (n = 1,917), and involuntarily detained (n = 659) adolescents (ages 11–19 years). Across samples, boys self-reported more physical aggression and girls reported more relational aggression, with the exception of higher levels of both forms of aggression in detained girls. Further, few boys showed high rates of relational aggression without also showing high rates of physical aggression. In contrast, it was not uncommon for girls to show high rates of relational aggression alone, and these girls tended to also have high levels of problem behavior (e.g., delinquency) and mental health problems (e.g., emotional dysregulation and callous–unemotional traits). Finally, for physical aggression in both boys and girls, and for relational aggression in girls, there was a clear pattern of aggressive behavior that emerged from cluster analyses across samples. Two aggression clusters emerged, with one group showing moderately high reactive aggression and a second group showing both high reactive and high proactive aggression (combined group). On measures of severity (e.g., self-reported delinquency and arrests) and etiologically important variables (e.g., emotional regulation and callous–unemotional traits), the reactive aggression group was more severe than a nonaggressive cluster but less severe than the combined aggressive cluster.

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Lokithasan, Komathi, Ai Fie Chua, Kwan Hui Ting Joanna, Raksshana Subramanian, Wirawahida Kamarul Zaman, and Sanggari Krishnan. "The Correlation between Aggression, Self-esteem and Cyberbullying among Undergraduates in Malaysia." Sains Insani 5, no. 1 (July 13, 2020): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33102/sainsinsani.vol5no1.189.

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The prevalence of cyberbullying cases has been increasing over the years and it causes detrimental effects on one's mental health and psychological well-being. This cross-sectional research aims to determine the significant relationship between proactive aggression, reactive aggression and self-esteem on cyberbullying among undergraduates in Malaysia. 255 participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Questionnaires were distributed online via social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Twitter. Three validated and reliable self-report measures were used to gather responses for this including Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) and Cyberbullying Test (CT). RPQ consists of 23 items followed by RSES with 10 items and lastly, CT consists of 45 items. All measures yielded a high reliability ranging from .84 to .95. The present study has found that proactive and reactive aggressions have a significant positive relationship with cyberbullying perpetration. However, proactive aggression has a stronger relationship as compared to reactive ones. Those with high proactive aggressions tend to involve more in cyberbullying as compared to reactive aggression. Moreover, it also found a negative but non-significant relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying perpetration among undergraduates in Malaysia. It shows that those with high self-esteem tend to be cyberbullying victims but not perpetrators due to their frequent usage of social media. This study implies that it could be useful to tackle those involved in proactive aggressions as compared to reactive aggression and those with high self-esteem. Healthy ways to channel proactive aggression in which perpetrator seeks reward or dominance should be identified rather than focusing on those who reacts aggressively to a threat or provocation.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Reactive aggression"

Carroll, Christopher Ryan. "Cannabis and aggression : differentiating reactive and instrumental aggression." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55857.

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My thesis explored the relation between cannabis use (CU) and two distinct subtypes of aggression. Substantial prior research has examined the association between CU and aggression; however, empirical evidence has not yet provided a clear or complete picture of this relationship. This may be due to the fact that to date no studies have considered the important distinction between instrumental aggression (IA) and reactive aggression (RA). The aim of this study was to differentiate these subtypes of aggression while controlling for covariates such as psychopathy and trait aggression which has the potential to reconcile the apparently contradictory findings in the literature. Also of interest was the role that gender plays in the relationship between cannabis and IA/RA. Samples from three different populations, who all completed a series of self-report questionnaires, were examined for this study. The sample from the university population consisted of 427 participants, the sample from the online population consisted of 434 participants, and the sample from the treatment population consisted of 68 participants. The data were analysed using independent samples t tests, hierarchical multiple regressions, and two-way ANOVAs. The results from all three samples indicated that there is little to no relation between CU and IA/RA. In cases where a relation was found, it disappeared when accounting for psychopathy and trait aggression. These findings were consistent across all frequencies of CU. Furthermore, the results showed that there was no interaction between gender and any frequency of CU when looking at the relation with IA/RA. Collectively, these findings indicate that CU is not associated with aggressive behaviour and propose answers to the question of why there is such differing findings in the existing literature. The public health impact of CU remains controversial and these findings have important theoretical, methodological, and clinical implications. Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan) Psychology, Department of (Okanagan) Graduate

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Blier, Heather K. "Social Likeability, Subtypes of Aggression, and the Attributional Style of Aggressive Youth." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33392.

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Recent efforts to understand and predict the onset and maintenance of aggression have considered the heterogeneity of this behavior. Dodge (1980) and others, have suggested a distinction in aggression based on two primary subtypes: reactive and proactive aggression. The form, severity and persistence of these aggressive subtypes may depend on an on-going interaction between individual characteristics and environmental characteristics that elicit varying antecedents and consequences (Frick, 1998; Lahey et al., 1999). In particular, there exists some empirical support for the existence of relations among social likeability, attributional style, and particular subtypes of aggression symptomology. However, the exact nature of this relation is unclear. The current study examined two competing models, the mediator and moderator models, to assess the nature of the relations among social likeability, attributional style, and aggression subtypes in a sample of 419 youth in a non-clinical community setting. Results suggest that the external, stable, global attributional style serves to mediate the relation between social likeability and reactive, but not proactive aggression. Implications for assessment and treatment of aggression in adolescents are discussed. Master of Science

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Machek, Gregory R. "Defensive egotism, reactive aggression, proactive aggression, and bullying behavior in school children." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3203868.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Education, 2004. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Nov. 10, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-02, Section: A, page: 0461. Adviser: Thomas R. Huberty.

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Stevens, Nicole Marie. "Witnessing violence: The link to reactive aggression." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2758.

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This study uses a multiple regression correlational (MRC) analytic approach to examine the association between witnessing violence and reactive aggression, post-traumatic stress, and insecure attachment. One hundred adult male California State University students were surveyed using the Conflict Tactics Scale, the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment scale, the Child Report of Post Traumatic Symptoms scale, the Conduct Disorder scale, and the Modified Impact of Events scale.

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Clifford, Charity E. "Testing the instrumental and reactive motivations of romantic relational aggression." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32851.

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Doctor of Philosophy School of Family Studies and Human Services Amber Vennum The literature suggests that aggressive behaviors occur in response to provocation (i.e., reactive aggression) or to achieve a goal (i.e., instrumental aggression). Relational aggression –when an individual harms another’s interpersonal relationships – has been studied from the reactive and instrumental framework in peer-directed contexts, usually with children. However, relational aggression in romantic relationships is yet to be studied from this framework. This dissertation includes a series of studies investigating whether two specific relationally aggressive behaviors found in romantic relationships (i.e., social sabotage and love withdrawal) are 1) motivated by instrumental and reactive aggression, 2) associated with differential characteristics, and 3) predictive of negative outcomes. The Romantic Relational Aggression Motivation (RRAM) scale, which included social sabotage and love withdrawal items with both instrumental and reactive motivations, was created to explore the above research questions. During Study 1a, an exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 170 emerging adults tested the factor structure of the RRAM. This resulted in love withdrawal, but not social sabotage, factoring into instrumental and reactive subscales. Using the same sample at a later wave, Study 1b refined the RRAM from Study 1a; the findings confirmed the results of Study 1a. In Study 2, using a sample of 118 emerging adults, the factor structure found in Study 1b was corroborated using a confirmatory factor analysis. Study 2 found that social sabotage was more closely related to instrumental than reactive love withdrawal. Reactive and instrumental love withdrawal were clearly differentiated based on their associations with constructs that were emotionally driven (e.g. neuroticism and hostile attribution bias) but not by their associations with constructs that dealt with power (e.g. self-relationship power and trait dominance). None of the romantic relational aggression scales were predictive of the negative outcomes in the study, possibly due to the small sample size (85 emerging adults) in the longitudinal portion of Study 2. As instrumental and reactive love withdrawal were associated with different constructs and combining the two together may cause substantial differences to be lost, the RRAM may be a useful tool for researchers of romantic relational aggression.

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Steadham, Jennifer A. "Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorder Traits As Predictors of Reactive and Instrumental Aggression." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115167/.

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Aggression has traditionally been subdivided into two correlated, but distinct, subtypes: reactive and instrumental. Reactive aggression (RA) is considered impulsive, emotionally driven behavior, whereas instrumental aggression (IA) is planned and incentive-motivated. This thesis examines the relationships between RA, IA, psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder (APD) symptoms in male and female offenders recruited from a jail in north Texas. Contrary to predictions, psychopathic traits did not account for more variance in aggression than did APD symptoms. Impulsivity demonstrated slight incremental validity over psychopathy for RA, and to a lesser degree, IA. the continued utility of the reactive-instrumental distinction and implications for professional practice in relation to the current study are examined. Study limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

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Bodie, Jessica Elizabeth. "CHARACTERIZING AND VALIDATING PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE AGGRESSION CLASSES IN A PROSPECTIVE SAMPLE." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/455597.

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Psychology Ph.D. Research investigating aggressive behavior among youth is plentiful; however, the field contains mixed findings in terms of risk factors, correlates, sequelae, and treatment response, suggesting that individuals who exhibit aggressive behaviors are heterogeneous. The current project utilized a person-centered perspective to characterize youth who differ in frequency and quality of aggressive behaviors and a variable-centered approach to validate these classes. Specifically, the aims of the current study were (a) to use latent class analysis (LCA) to identify classes of youth that are characterized by qualitatively and quantitatively different types of aggressive behaviors, and (b) to examine the external validity of the identified aggression classes in a large, prospective sample. Participants included 648 children (M = 11.42 + .92 years; 76% Caucasian) assessed at five time points between the ages of 10 and 25 as part of a longitudinal project conducted through the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research at the University of Pittsburgh. Analyses suggest five distinct aggression profiles in the sample; individuals exhibiting (1) primarily reactive aggression, (2) primarily proactive aggression (3) mixed reactive and proactive aggression, (4) loss of control (endorsement of a subset of reactive aggression items), and (5) low reactive and proactive aggression. Classes differed in their levels of executive functioning, peer processes, lack of guilt, internalizing symptoms, and provocation to aggression. Specifically, individuals who engaged in primarily proactive, primarily reactive, or mixed aggression exhibited significantly lower ECF than individuals in the low aggression class. Individuals who engaged in mixed aggression experienced greater peer rejection, associations with deviant peers, internalizing symptoms, and lack of guilt than individuals who exhibited low aggression at specific time points. Of note, individuals who engaged in primarily proactive aggression were more likely to experience internalizing symptoms than individuals who engaged in reactive or low aggression in late childhood and early adolescence and were more likely to report lack of guilt after misbehaving than members of other aggression classes across late childhood and early adulthood. Differences among classes in terms of these variables better characterize and validate the subgroups of aggressive youth identified in the latent class analysis. The study fills gaps in the literature by identifying concurrent and prospective correlates of aggression classes and decreasing the heterogeneity found in aggression-related research by considering the qualitative and quantitative ways in which individuals differ on aggression using a dimensional approach. These findings enhance understanding of risk processes related to aggression and inform interventions that focus specifically on ameliorating deficits displayed by youth with different aggression profiles. Temple University--Theses

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Marsee, Monica. "Exploring the Functional Subtypes of Relational and Overt Aggression in a Sample of Detained Girls." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/304.

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In the current study, we investigated the association between relational aggression and measures of delinquency and overt aggression in a sample of detained adolescent girls. We also tested the validity of the distinction between reactive and proactive subtypes of relational aggression by testing their independent associations with important emotional, behavioral, personality, social, and cognitive variables that have been studied in past research and found to be important for distinguishing between reactive and proactive overt aggression. Our sample consisted of 58 predominantly African-American (78%) adolescent girls recruited from three juvenile detention centers in the southeastern United States. Participants ranged in age from 12 to 18 (Mn = 14.98; SD = 1.30). Relational aggression was measured using both self-report and observation, while overt aggression, delinquency, and social-psychological variables were measured using self-report only. As predicted, both self-reported and observed relational aggression were associated with higher rates of self-reported delinquency. Self-reported relational aggression was also associated with self-reported overt aggression, while observed relational aggression was not. On a self-report rating scale, we found evidence for four subscales that were moderately correlated and had good internal consistency. These subscales corresponded to the four aggressive subtypes (i.e., reactive overt, reactive relational, proactive overt, proactive relational). Further, we found evidence for divergence between reactive and proactive relational aggression on emotional dysregulation, CU traits, and positive outcome expectations for aggression, supporting the hypothesis that these are important subtypes that could involve distinct developmental processes, similar to reactive and proactive subtypes of overt aggression. Finally, this study found that relational aggression accounted for unique variance in callous and unemotional (CU) traits among detained girls, even after controlling for levels of overt aggression. The current findings highlight the importance of assessing relational aggression in detained girls and could have implications for designing more successful interventions for girls in the juvenile justice system.

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Binti, Amad Suzana. "Self-esteem and aggression : the relationships between explicit-implicit self-esteem, narcissism, and reactive-proactive aggression." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/77062/.

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Aggression can be detrimental to both victims and perpetrators. Recent research on the theoretical risks for aggressive behaviours fail to demonstrate consistent links with the human’s evaluation of self-worth, hence the nature of this relationship remains unclear. Specifically, the purpose of the investigation was to examine the differential association between multidimensional self-esteem using both explicit and implicit measures, narcissism, and reactive and proactive aggression across three samples of different cultures and characteristics. Chapter 1 discusses the general background of the study and a brief review of the possible issues that might have contributed to the ambiguous findings on the relationships between self-esteem and aggression. Chapter 2 discusses the theoretical links between self-esteem and aggression, which includes the limitations of self-report assessments (i.e., explicit measures) and how the alternative of indirect assessment tools (i.e., implicit measures) may help to overcome this issue by assessing more automated forms of processes involved in the development of aggressive behaviours. The investigation examines whether the use of the current Single-Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) would provide a greater empirical support for the links between multidimensional self-esteem with reactive and proactive aggression, relative to self-report questionnaires. Chapter 3 describes the evidence surrounding the role of multidimensional self-esteem in different types of aggression in a different culture of similar characteristics, through a replication of the aforementioned investigation. The cross-cultural comparisons were inspected based on the individualistic-collectivistic perspectives. Chapter 4 further explores the relationship of interest by taking into account the content dimensions of self-esteem, namely agency and communion. These dimensions were assessed using both explicit vi and implicit measures on a high-risk population sample within the community. Across each chapter, the current results concerning explicit self-esteem demonstrated consistent evidence to show that low self-esteem is associated with high reactive aggression, whereas narcissism is positively related to aggression, and proactive aggression in particular. Unfortunately, the use of the IAT paradigms in this current investigation did not improve prediction of group membership or estimated risk of aggression. Chapter 5 describes how such findings may be of benefit in unravelling the inconsistency within the self-esteem and aggression relationships. Through further replication and methodological refinement, the current findings could be utilised in support of forensic risk assessment needs within the violence/aggression treatment programmes.

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Tecce, Marielena P. "Juvenile Psychopathy: Instrumental versus Reactive Aggression in Male and Female Juvenile Offenders." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1396876090.

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Libros sobre el tema "Reactive aggression"

Snider, Kellie. Turning fierce dogs friendly: Using constructional aggression treatment to rehabilitate aggressive and reactive dogs. 2017.

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Ostrov, Jamie M., Sarah J. Blakely-McClure, Kristin J. Perry, and Kimberly E. Kamper-DeMarco. Definitions—The Form and Function of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0002.

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This chapter reviews the definitions of relational aggression and other subtypes of aggression that are often studied in the developmental sciences. Specifically, definitions of relational, physical, indirect, social, verbal, nonverbal, proactive, and reactive aggression are provided. The modes, forms, functions, and contexts of aggression are reviewed, with a focus on relational aggression. Attention is given to other related constructs such as assertion, rough and tumble play, and social dominance, which should be considered and ruled out when studying subtypes of aggression. A definition and important considerations for the study of relational bullying are provided, and a brief discussion of the contexts of online or electronic aggression is given. Future directions and unanswered questions are raised.

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Buckholtz, Joshua W., and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. Genetic Perspectives on the Neurochemistry of Human Aggression and Violence. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.009.

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Violence is a devastating social phenomenon that is costly both to affected individuals and to society at large. Pathological aggression, especially reactive/impulsive aggression, is a cardinal symptom common to several psychiatric disorders—including antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and psychopathy—that are associated with risk for violence. Thus, understanding the factors that predispose people to impulsive violence represents a crucial goal for psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Although we are far from a full understanding of the etiopathophysiology of violence, impulsive aggression is heritable, suggesting that genetic mechanisms may be important for determining individual variation in susceptibility. This chapter synthesizes available preclinical and human data to propose a compelling neurogenetic mechanism for violence, specifically arguing that a genetically determined excess in serotonin signaling during a critical developmental period leads to dysregulation within a key corticolimbic circuit for emotional arousal and regulation, inhibitory control, and social cognition.

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Level of athletic, instrumental, and reactive aggression between contact and non-contact, male and female high school athletes under pre- and post-testing conditions. 1988.

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Level of athletic, instrumental, and reactive aggression between contact and non-contact, male and female high school athletes under pre- and post-testing conditions. 1985.

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Matloff, Gary. Peer Rejection Rates and Perceived Social Competence Among Elementary-school Children Who Display Reactive and Combined Reactive and Proactive Aggressive Behaviors. Dissertation Discovery Company, 2018.

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Phenix, Annie. The midnight dog walkers: Positive training and practical advice for living with a reactive and aggressive dog. 2016.

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Scroggins, Linda. I Know Your Dog Is a Good Dog: A Trainer's Insights on Reactive, Aggressive or Anxious Behavior. McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 2023.

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Courtney, Beverley. Why Is My Dog So Growly?: Book 1 Teach Your Fearful, Aggressive, or Reactive Dog Confidence Through Understanding. Independently Published, 2017.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Reactive aggression"

Fite, Paula J., Jamie Rathert, Craig R. Colder, John E. Lochman, and Karen C. Wells. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2164–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2_211.

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Fite, Paula J., Jamie Craig, Craig R. Colder, John E. Lochman, and Karen C. Wells. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2870–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33228-4_211.

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Fite, Paula J., Jamie Craig, Craig R. Colder, John E. Lochman, and Karen C. Wells. "Proactive and Reactive Aggression." In Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_211-2.

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Mouskounti, Thalia, and Irene-Anna N. Diakidoy. "Reactive and Proactive Aggression and Narrative Text Processing." In Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_37-1.

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Mouskounti, Thalia, and Irene-Anna N. Diakidoy. "Reactive and Proactive Aggression and Narrative Text Processing." In Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 629–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31547-3_37.

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Fung, Annis Lai Chu, and Able Yuen Kwan Au. "Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren in Hong Kong." In Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 1–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_137-1.

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Fandrem, Hildegunn, and Simona C. S. Caravita. "Features of Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Special Groups." In Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_54-1.

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Fandrem, Hildegunn, and Simona C. S. Caravita. "Features of Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Special Groups." In Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 983–1003. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31547-3_54.

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Fung, Annis Lai Chu, and Able Yuen Kwan Au. "Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren in Hong Kong." In Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 2593–606. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31547-3_137.

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Boxmeyer, Caroline L., Shari Miller, John E. Lochman, Devon E. Romero, and Shannon Jones. "Features of Reactive Aggression and Use of Mindful Coping Power." In Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_102-1.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Reactive aggression"

Cullimore and Johnston. "Inter-Relationship between Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Associated with Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion and Other Bacterial Communities in Wells." In CORROSION 2004, 1–9. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04588.

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Abstract Sulfate reducing bacteria have long been recognized as principal inducers of corrosion within water, oil and gas systems. This study evaluates the potential to utilize the tester system to detect SRB in water wells as a possible bioprospecting tool. Here the findings reveal that water wells associated with ground waters overlaying oil and gas deposits may be more prone to very aggressive populations of SRB that generate a BT (blackening at the top of the tester in the oxidative zone). Comparable studies on water wells not known to be associated with oil and gas reserves generally had a lower occurrence of BT reaction when an SRB was detected and these bacteria were less aggressive requiring extended time lags to go positive. It was postulated that the reason for the very aggressive SRB generating BT reaction was that the SRB were growing within reductive niches inside biomass dominated by heterotrophic bacteria that were utilizing the soluble and volatile hydrocarbons emerging at the redox front from the underlying reserves. Second findings relate to the use of the SRB tester system to detect SRB within a gas well collection, storage and distribution system. Here, very aggressive SRB were detected generating BB reactions (reductive black sulfides deposits in the base of the tester) in those parts of the field known to have been impacted by pipeline breaks and had been subjected to segregation repairs. These initial studies indicate that the system as described has a high potential in the bioprospecting for oil and gas reserves and also for SRB monitoring of existing gas collection and distribution systems.

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Peters, Harry. "Natural Surface Phenomena and the Impact of Corrosion Inducing Salts." In SSPC 2002, 1–5. SSPC, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2002-00019.

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Abstract Corrosion and passivation are naturally occurring phenomena on metal surfaces. A passive film, or grain boundary, consisting of reaction products of metal oxide or other compounds, will form on the metal surface and separates the metal from its environment, slowing the rate of reaction. These products are slightly alkaline to neutral in pH. The acidic environment and atmosphere and consequential contamination of metallic surfaces with salts will reverse the formation of the naturally protective surface boundary layer, exposing the surface to aggressive electrochemical corrosion induced by the salts.

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McNallan, M. J., and Y. S. Park. "High Temperature Corrosion of Alloys and Ceramics by Alkali Chlorides." In CORROSION 1996, 1–10. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96441.

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Abstract Alkali chlorides are well known to cause accelerated corrosion. At elevated temperatures, the presence of alkali chlorides as vapors or molten deposits can cause accelerated attack of either high temperature metal alloys or ceramics. The mechanism of attack is different in the two cases, however, with the chlorine component being most aggressive for corrosion of metals and the alkali being most aggressive for corrosion of ceramics. The reaction of the alkali chloride with the oxide scale on metals releases chlorine which causes accelerated corrosion. The corrosion rate can be reduced by absorbing this chlorine. For ceramics, the alkali oxide species produced by such reactions is most damaging and the rate of corrosion can be reduced by adding chlorine to the system.

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He, Xihua, Yi-Ming Pan, Leonardo Caseres, Ricardo Torres, and John Wise. "Assessment of Aging Mechanisms for Concrete Exposed to Outdoor Air and Groundwater or Soil in Spent Nuclear Fuel Dry Storage Systems." In CORROSION 2018, 1–15. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11079.

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Abstract Dry storage systems (DSSs) store spent nuclear fuel at many operating and decommissioned power reactor sites in the United States. Overpacks and support pads include various structural subcomponents that are constructed of concrete and reinforcing steel. These concrete components are commonly exposed to outdoor air and groundwater or soil environments in which the materials may be susceptible to degradation. Potential environmental, thermal, mechanical, and irradiation-induced aging mechanisms include freeze and thaw, creep, reaction with aggregates, aggressive chemical attack, corrosion of reinforcing steel, differential settlement, shrinkage, leaching of calcium hydroxide, radiation damage, fatigue, dehydration at high temperature, microbiological degradation, delayed ettringite formation, and salt scaling. This paper presents an assessment of degradation mechanisms based on reviews of literature and operating experience from nuclear and nonnuclear applications, considering the long-term effects of these mechanisms on the integrity of DSSs. The results of this study indicate that the following mechanisms could cause degradation of concrete subcomponents in DSSs during a 60-year timeframe: (i) freeze and thaw, (ii) reaction with aggregates, (iii) aggressive chemical attack, (iv) corrosion of reinforcing steel, (v) differential settlement, (vi) leaching of calcium hydroxide, (vii) microbiological degradation, and (viii) salt scaling. The results of this work are being used to inform recommendations for monitoring, inspection, and other preventive or mitigative activities to manage the aging of DSSs.

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Copeland, Thomas S., Jesus R. Acosta, and Tom Bruno. "Plastic Deformation and Failure of a High Alumina Thermowell in a High Temperature Oxygen Enriched Sulfur Reaction Furnace." In CORROSION 2005, 1–13. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05565.

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Abstract Due to government regulation, sulfur-treating units are a necessary part of today's refining businesses. Sulfur reaction furnaces are high temperature aggressive environments requiring the use of specialty materials. Due to their high melting temperatures and low reactivity, high alumina ceramic materials are ideally suited to this service. However, process upsets including contamination and uncontrolled shutdowns from these elevated temperatures can still cause failure of these materials. This paper discusses the recent failure of a high alumina ceramic thermowell in an oxygen enriched sulfur reaction furnace. The thermowell failed while operating at a temperature 2700°F (1500°C). Laboratory analyses including SEM, EDX, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis, and Differential Thermal Analysis were carried out in an effort to identify mechanisms of degradation, microstructural analysis, and phase transitional analysis. The influences of other operational conditions as well as several proposed solutions are also discussed.

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Bavarian, Behzad, Lisa Reiner, Yashar Ikder, Boris Miksic, and Babak Samimi. "Improving the Controlled Humidity Protection Systems by Addition of Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors." In CORROSION 2016, 1–9. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07100.

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Abstract Controlled Humidity Protection (CHP) reduces corrosion created by exposing items to high relative humidity (exceeding 40%). Although, controlled humidity protection systems, in theory, can suppress the cathodic reaction and lower the corrosion rate, in reality, the amount of moisture and oxygen in presence of corrosive species like chloride that is required to initiate the corrosion reaction for steel is extremely low, and once corrosion reaction starts there is no defense mechanism to stop it. Addition of the vapor phase corrosion inhibitors to the CHP provide a more effective corrosion protection for materials exposed to the environment during short term storage. A dry air controlled humidity system can reduce the moisture level, but it will not be able to prevent corrosion. The advantage of the vapor phase corrosion inhibitor addition to CHP system is the creation of a strong physisorption to the material surface that minimizes any surface contact with corrosive species or water due to its hydrophobic film. Therefore, vapor phase corrosion inhibitors addition can provide superior advantages over the controlled humidity protection system in the presence of aggressive environments that contain excessive salt, oxygen and moisture.

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Kim, Dong S., Nash Asrar, Tosh Maeda, Andy Tack, and Ton Wolfert. "Performance of Plasma Powder Welded (PPW) Layer on Ethylene Cracking Furnace Tubes – a Technical Evaluation." In CORROSION 2005, 1–10. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05424.

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Abstract Ethylene production needs maximum cracking of the hydrocarbons at lowest possib[[illegible]] coke formation and carburization, and maximum furnace run length. A number of coatings have been developed to increase the run length by decreasing coke forma[[illegible]] They could show only limited success because of their breakdown and/or diffusion i[[illegible]] the base material during the aggressive operation conditions whereby very high temperature can occur due to exothermic reaction of coke with steam/air. The plasma powder welded tube provides a 2-3 mm thick overlay of Ni/Cr alloy whi[[illegible]] protects the internal surface of the full tube, including shop and field welds. The diffusion degradation, coking, carburizatrion resistance and high temperature creep were studied. The test results have demonstrated its thermal stability, negligible diffusion into the base material and no detrimental effect on the creep rupture mechanism of the tube material.

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Bender, S., J. Goellner, A. Heyn, and S. Schultze. "Application of Material Specific Testing on Magnesium Alloys Using Electrochemical Noise." In CORROSION 2007, 1–12. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07372.

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Abstract The corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloys is not substantially comparable to other light metal alloys, it is more similar to that of steels. Voluminous reaction products, formed in neutral electrolytes, leads to a diffusion controlled dissolution on the surface of the underlying magnesium alloy. Therefore, influences from structure and alloying are suppressed very strongly. In alkaline environments, passivation occurs as a result of the formation of a hydroxide layer on the magnesium surface. Therefore, differences in the corrosion behaviour between the alloys are hardly detectable. Measurable effects can only be detected using very "aggressive" corrosion conditions. Presently used methods do not adequately take into account the specific character of the corrosion of magnesium alloys. The application of electrochemical noise offers the possibility of a simple and sensitive assessment of the corrosion susceptibility of magnesium alloys. Due to the high sensitivity of this measurement procedure it is also possible to carry out examinations under more practical conditions.

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Romero, J. M., E. Velázquez, J. L. García Villalobos, M. Amaya, and S. Le Borgne. "Genetic Monitoring of Bacterial Populations in a Seawater Injection System. Identification of Biocide Resistant Bacteria and Study of Their Corrosive Effect." In CORROSION 2005, 1–9. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05483.

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Abstract DNA was extracted from a water sample taken from an offshore seawater injection system. DNA was also extracted from enrichment cultures from the same sample. The V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rDNA gene was amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and bacterial diversity was studied using Denaturing Gel Gradient Electrophoresis (DGGE). The obtained results showed that microbial evaluation was biased by the use of artificial culture media although recommended media were used, indicating that microbiological analysis of waters in industrial systems by culturing methods may not be adequate. Four facultative anaerobic bacteria were then isolated from the original sample: Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Shewanella algae strains 1 and Shewanella algae 2. Linear Polarization Resistance evaluation of the corrosive activity of these bacteria indicated that they were more aggressive mixed in a consortium than in pure cultures. These bacteria are also suspected to resist the biocide treatment used in the studied seawater injection system.

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Seiler, David A., and Jaclyn M. Sekula. "Applications for Polyvinylidene Fluoride and Its Copolymers for Corrosion Resistance in the Chemical Process Industry." In CORROSION 2008, 1–8. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08530.

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Abstract Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based polymer resins have been used for corrosive and chemically aggressive fluid containment since 1964. Original components supplied with this resin were rigid piping, valves & fittings, tanks, linings, and heat shrinkable tubing. As plastic processing technologies grew, additional products were offered such as nozzles, dump tower packing, pumps, flow meters, coatings, filtration membranes, and fabrics. In the 1980’s copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) were introduced to compliment the very rigid PVDF product line with a more flexible version. These materials were used as flexible tubing and as linings for large metal components. The latest PVDF technology is a functionalized version that can be bonded directly to lower cost structural polymers during processing. The PVDF/polyolefin, PVDF/polyamide, and PVDF/polyurethane systems allow designers to create low cost and lightweight piping and tubing composite structures with excellent chemical resistance barrier layer properties, coupled with high flexibility or rigidity depending on the need. The unique properties of PVDF explain its extensive use in the following industries: halogen containment, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, food & beverage, semiconductor, nuclear waste processing, pulp & paper, waste water treatment, and power generation. This paper will outline case histories of the use of PVDF, reactive PVDF and/or PVDF based copolymers in specific chemical applications and the special corrosive conditions that can be associated with them.

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Informes sobre el tema "Reactive aggression"

Chanvorachote, Pithi. Roles of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and their derivatives in regulation of lung cancer cell metastasis. Chulalongkorn University, 2013. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2013.28.

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The capability of cancer cells to resist to anoikis, migrate and invade surrounding tissues is associated with high metastatic potential and advanced stage of cancers. Recently, caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein has garnered increased attention in implicating the aggressive behavior of cancer cells. We demonstrate herein that nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide play a role in inhibiting anoikis process of lung cancer cells via caveolin-1 dependent mechanism. The Cav-1 function in inhibition of anoikis was demonstrated to be cause through Mcl-1 dependent mechanism. The present study demonstrated that Cav-1 regulates Mcl-1 through protein-protein interaction and inhibits its down-regulation during cell anoikis. Immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry studies showed that Cav-1 interacted with Mcl-1 and prevented it from degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mcl-1 and Mcl-1-Cav-1 complex were highly elevated in Cav-1-overexpressing cells but were greatly reduced in Cav-1 knockdown cells. Consistent with this finding, we found that Mcl-1 ubiquitination was significantly attenuated by Cav-1 overexpression but increased by Cav-1 knockdown. Furthermore, we revealed herein that Cav-1 plays an important role in the migration and invasion of human lung carcinoma H460 cells and that these effects are differentially regulated by cellular ROS. Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide down-regulated Cav-1 expression and inhibited cell migration and invasion, whereas hydroxyl radical up-regulated the Cav-1 expression and promoted cell migration and invasion. The down-regulating effect of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide on Cav-1 is mediated through a transcription-independent mechanism that involves protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Characterization of the chorismate mutase effector (SsCm1) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600027.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a filamentous fungus (mold) that causes plant disease. It has an extremely wide range of hosts (>400 species) and causes considerable damage (annual multimillion dollar losses) in economically important crops. It has proven difficult to control (culturally or chemically) and host resistance to this fungus has generally been inadequate. It is believed that this fungus occurs in almost every country. Virulence of this aggressive pathogen is bolstered by a wide array of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and various compounds (secondary metabolites) produced by the fungus. It is well established that plant pathogenic fungi secrete proteins and small molecules that interact with host cells and play a critical role in disease development. Such secreted proteins have been collectively designated as “effectors”. Plant resistance against some pathogens can be mediated by recognition of such effectors. Alternatively, effectors can interfere with plant defense. Some such effectors are recognized by the host plant and can culminate in a programmed cell death (PCD) resistant response. During the course of this study, we analyzed an effector in Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. This specific effector, SsCM1 is the protein chorismatemutase, which is an enzyme involved in a pathway which is important in the production of important amino acids, such a Tryptophan. We have characterized the Sclerotiniaeffector, SsCM1, and have shown that inactivation of Sscm1 does not affect fungal vegetative growth, development or production of oxalic acid (one of this fungus’ secondary metabolites associated with disease) production. However, yhis does result in reduced fungal virulence. We show that, unexpectedly, the SsCM1 protein translocates to the host chloroplast, and demonstrated that this process is required for full fungal virulence. We have also determined that the fungal SsCM1 protein can interact with similar proteins produced by the host. In addition, we have shown that the fungal SsCM1 is able to suppress at least some of the effects imposed by reactive oxygen species which are produced as a defense mechanism by the host. Last, but not least, the results of our studies have provided evidence contradicting the current dogma on at least some of the mechanist aspects of how this pathogen infects the host. Contrary to previousons, indicating that this pathogen kills its host by use of metabolites and enzymes that degrade the host tissue (a process called necrotrophy), we now know that at least in the early phases of infection, the fungus interacts with live host tissue (a phenomenon known as biotrophy). Taken together, the results of our studies provide novel insights concerning the mechanistic aspects of Sclerotinia-host interactions. We hope this information will be used to interfere with the disease cycle in a manner that will protect plants from this devastating fungus.

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