Bibliografías temáticas / Regional integration agreements (RIA)

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Regional integration agreements (RIA)"

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Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Regional integration agreements (RIA)"

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Orcalli, Gabriele. "MERCOSUR common market building:". CUPEA Cuadernos de Política Exterior Argentina, n.º 128 (21 de mayo de 2020): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cc.vi128.24.

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My paper addresses the following questions: can MERCOSUR achieve the goal of creating a common market that implies free movement without resorting to governance instruments that require supranational institutions? Can the Mutual Recognition (MR) instrument resolve the problem of divergent standards? Further, in the case of MERCOSUR, can it really be considered a non-supranational governance instrument? In the next sections, I define a common market under a Regional Integration Agreement (RIA), I then address the relationship between standards, technical barriers, and the integration of goods markets, especially in view of the potential trade-off between liberalization and heterogeneity. Finally, I consider the possibility of building a MERCOSUR common market without supranational institutions.
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Garg, Sadhna. "India’s Trade Potential and Prospects with Bhutan". IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 5, n.º 3 (27 de diciembre de 2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v5.n3.p7.

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<div><p><em>Since mid 1990s, India is actively engaging in bilateral and regional negotiations with various countries and blocs to boost trade and level of integration. It has signed numerous agreements and become member. In South Asia region, India has close and trouble free relations only with landlocked kingdom i.e. Bhutan since 1949 under Treaty of Peace and Friendship. This treaty helped to enhance their integration i.e. free trade agreement (FTA) in goods signed between them in 2006. It is in this context, the present study applies revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and trade intensity index (TII) to explore India’s trade potential and prospects with Bhutan that will tell us either India has trade possibility with Bhutan or not. The major findings of the study showed that India has become the largest trading partner of Bhutan. India has strong and sustainable trade potential with Bhutan. Even India has no specialisation in the export of any product to Bhutan but still exports continued to increase at walking rate. Overall, India has strong trade prospects with Bhutan.</em></p></div>
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Moser, Peter. "Reasons for regional integration agreements". Intereconomics 32, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1997): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02929831.

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Venables, Anthony J. "Winners and Losers from Regional Integration Agreements". Economic Journal 113, n.º 490 (29 de septiembre de 2003): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.t01-1-00155.

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Estevadeordal, Antoni y Kati Suominen. "Sequencing Regional Trade Integration and Cooperation Agreements". World Economy 31, n.º 1 (18 de enero de 2008): 112–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01084.x.

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Estevadeordal, Antoni y Kati Suominen. "Sequencing regional trade integration and cooperation agreements". Économie internationale 109, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2007): 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecoi.109.0053.

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HOLUBIEVA, Viktoriia О. "Classification of International Preferential and Regional Trade Agreements". Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 2020): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).16.

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The article is devoted to comprehensive generalization of features/characteristics of international trade agreements/treaties which introduce/fix certain trade advantages in the tariff and non-tariff spheres. The article identifies fifteen classification features/characteristics of the analyzed international agreements. The features are divided into groups: those simultaneously inherent in all/any mentioned international trade agreements/treaties; those inherent only in international economic integration agreements/treaties; those inherent just in preferential international trade agreements/treaties. Practical relevance: The classification gives an opportunity to suggest some definitions/terms, which take into consideration/involve some separated particulars, namely those of preferential trade agreements, international economic integration agreements, which also include regional trade agreements.
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Bond, Eric W., Constantinos Syropoulos y L. Alan Winters. "Deepening of regional integration and multilateral trade agreements". Journal of International Economics 53, n.º 2 (abril de 2001): 335–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00064-7.

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Chia, Siow Yue. "The Emerging Regional Economic Integration Architecture in East Asia". Asian Economic Papers 12, n.º 1 (enero de 2013): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00179.

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This paper examines regional market integration through production networks and free trade agreements in East Asia and their attendant challenges and issues. It examines progress in the ASEAN Economic Community and in various ASEAN+1 free trade and economic integration agreements. It argues that there is a strong case for a region-wide agreement to maximize economic synergy and resolve emerging problems, including market fragmentation and the “noodle bowl” effect. It explores three possible paths to region-wide integration, namely, the East Asia Free Trade Area (encompassing ASEAN+3 [the People's Republic of China, Japan, and Korea]), the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (encompassing ASEAN+3 countries and Australia—New Zealand and India) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, currently involving nine negotiating countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The paper explores the economic and political benefits and challenges of forming these three regionwide agreements.
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Tahir, Pervez. "Prospects of Economic Integration among the ECO Countries". Pakistan Development Review 43, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 2004): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4iipp.913-923.

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The idea that the collective regional economic prospects of the countries of a region exceed the sum of their individual prospects has attracted the attention of politicians and economists since the World War II. Its best known example has been the Treaty of Rome in the Euro-Mediterranean region, which has nearly half of the regional trade agreements in operation. GATT rules allowed the regional trade agreements so long as they promoted freer intraregional trade without raising trade barriers for the third countries. These agreements have indeed been seen as complementary to the multilateral free trade initiatives. With the advent of the WTO and the onset of globalisation, the countries categorised as fast integrators are considered to have better prospects than those categorised as slow integrators.
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Tesis sobre el tema "Regional integration agreements (RIA)"

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Lunani, Sadat Mulongo. "Understanding regionalisation and preferential relations in world trade law and policy: a perspective from the East African Community (EAC)". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6793_1363787835.

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The rapid growth in the number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has led to concern about the weakening of the multilateral trading system. This thesis examines the spread of such agreement and the extent to which they pose a threat to the multilateral system. Regionalism and multilateralism are complimentary as shown in the case study of the East African Community. The current regional trade agreement management rules are weak and ambiguous and possible amendments for these rules are proposed

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Griffiths, David James. "Foreign direct investment, regional integration agreements and economic growth". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507425.

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Awinador-Kanyirige, Darkowa. "Effects of the Economic Partnership Agreements on Regional Integration in Africa". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28099.

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After gaining independence, African states embraced the idea of regional integration as an approach to boost economic development on the continent. This was evident in the new regional organizations that were predominantly generated among developing states in the southern hemisphere. Majority of these organizations, e.g. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC), have continuously been striving to deepen social, political and most importantly economic integration and cooperation in Africa. In an attempt to further the regional integration agenda, there have been quite a number of colonial cross-border arrangements with EU. Assessed based on conventional integration theories by scholars like Ernst B. Haas, the prerequisites for effective regional economic integration in Africa, appear to be less successful, juxtaposed with the more developed and economically independent European Union. Although regional organizations like ECOWAS and SADC have managed to establish free trade areas (FTAs), they have failed to attain their agenda of establishing customs unions. Agendas of this kind among other things, are pertinent to consolidating the regional integration process. Even though several issues may be identified as causes of the inefficiency of the integration scheme on the continent, this paper explores the effect of north south trade agreements, in this case the economic partnership agreements (EPAs), on regional integration processes in Africa.
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Nguyen, Duc Bao. "Essays on regional trade agreements and international trade". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0203/document.

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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte de prolifération des accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) et traite des effets des ACR sur le commerce international. Nous visons à mieux comprendre et à apporter des points de vue nouveaux sur le rôle des ACR et du régionalisme en général en tant qu’élément important de la politique commerciale international aujourd’hui. Dans le premier chapitre, nous revisitons les effets ex post des ACR sur le commerce des pays membres et le commerce extrabloc en adoptant une approche empirique. Nous cherchons à déterminer la manière dont les blocs commerciaux régionaux affectent le commerce non seulement entre pays membres mais aussi entre pays membres et pays extérieurs à l’accord. Notre analyse confirme que les ACR augmentent de manière significative le commerce intra-bloc ; néanmoins, dans de nombreux cas, les ACR impliquent des effets de détournement d’échanges qui sont préjudiciables au reste du monde. Le chapitre deux examine de quelle manière la période de mise en œuvre de l’accord et les niveaux de développement des pays membres déterminent, en dynamique, l’effet des ACR sur le commerce international. Nous obtenons des tendances distinctes des effets ex post de l’ACR sur le commerce entre les accords Nord-Nord, Sud-Sud et Nord-Sud. Nous vérifions empiriquement que les ACR conclus par des partenaires commerciaux ayant un statut de développement économique analogue (les accords Nord-Nord ou Sud-Sud) sont susceptibles d’engendrer une augmentation plus forte du commerce des membres pendant une période de mise en œuvre plus courte. Le chapitre trois porte sur la manière dont les interactions entre ACR et développement financier influencent les flux d'échanges entre partenaires commerciaux. Dans ce travail conjoint avec Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, nous montrons que le développement financier (particulièrement sous sa forme intermédiée) encourage les échanges commerciaux mais que cet effet est atténué dès lors que les partenaires commerciaux ont signé un ACR
The subject of this dissertation focuses on the analysis of different aspects of the relationship between regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the multilateral trading system. We aim to provide a fresh understanding and views of the role of RTAs and regionalism in general as an important feature of international trade policy today. In chapter one we revisit the ex post effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade and extrabloc trade by adopting an empirical approach. We explore how regional trading blocs have influenced trade among members as well as trade with nonmembers. Our analysis confirms the widespread trade-enhancing effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade; however, in many cases, they lead to trade diversion effects that are detrimental to the rest of the world. Chapter two takes a closer look at how the implementation period of trade liberalization and partners’ levels of development affect the RTA dynamic effects on trade over time. We obtain distinct patterns of ex post RTA effects on trade across North-North RTAs, South-South RTAs and North-South RTAs. We empirically validate that RTAs formed by trading partners experiencing similar economic development status (North-North RTAs or South-South RTAs) are likely to lead to a larger increase in members’ trade during a shorter implementation period. Chapter three studies the mechanism through which RTAs impact the effect of financial development on trade flows between exporting and importing countries. In this joint work with Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, we show that the trade-enhancing role of financial development in the exporting country—especially through intermediated finance—is mitigated when there is an RTA between this country and its trading partner
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Nyirongo, Raisa. "The role of law in deepening regional integration in Southern Africa - a comparative analysis of SADC and COMESA". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25481.

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Regional integration is not a new phenomenon in Africa. It can be traced back to the creation of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) in 1917, which was the world's first customs union. Upon gaining independence, states formed the Organization of African Unity (OAU). At that time, Heads of States viewed regional integration as a protectionist measure against colonialism and as a way of forming a self-sustaining continent. However, the additional challenges facing Africa over time prompted various initiatives by Heads of States which were aimed at deepening integration on the continent. Notable actions include the signing of the Abuja Treaty, which established the African Economic Community (AEC), and the replacement of the OAU by the African Union (AU). Further, the continent experienced an increase in the number of Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and there are now fourteen RECs. Despite the steps taken to further integration, the success of such regional integration on the continent has been minimal and Africa has become even more marginalized on the global market. This lack in progression can be attributed to challenges such as inadequate resources, overlapping memberships in multiple RECs and duplicated programmes and efforts. Another challenge that is not readily recognized is the lack of attention to the role of law in economic integration. RECs have largely focused on the economic and political aspects of regional integration but have given minimal attention to the necessity of a strong legal foundation. RECs develop community law and these laws should be enforceable within Member States. However, due to the weak legal systems of RECs in Africa that do not make community law supreme, enforceability of this law has proven challenging. Comparatively, other RECs such as the European Union, have achieved deeper levels of integration and this can partly be attributed to the strong legal systems that have been developed. It is on the basis of this challenge that this study is conducted. The study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the weaknesses of existing legal systems of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The study further analyses the manner in which other RECs, such as the European Union and the Economic Community of West African States, have successfully integrated through law, with the aim of identifying solutions for the existing weaknesses in Southern Africa.
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Owuor, Martin Shikuku. "Integration of intellectual property rights into Regional Trade Agreements Critical Analysis of EAC Common Market Protocol". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53178.

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Li, Jinxiang. "The European Union relationship to the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific countries in terms of the Cotonou Agreements: will the economic partnership agreements aid regional integration". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The main purpose of this paper was to explore the role economic partnership agreements play in regional integration. The whole paper was premised on identifying the nature of economic partnership agreements that is conceived as a free trade arrangement. Therefore the paper discussed the feasibility of the reciprocal principle between the European Union and ACP countries, and further indicated that there is no need to implement the principle of reciprocity at present. The paper also discovered that, due to the fact that unequal trade relations between the EU and the ACP countries still exist, the implementation of the EPAs is most likely to generate the complementary but non-competitive trade relations between the EU and the ACP countries. Such a situation could result in the ACP countries over-independence on the EU's market. ACP countries are not expecting to such integration. In addition the paper ascertains that the EPAs themselves could contain the intrinsic negative impacts such as discrimination against the third countries on regional integration.
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Appau, Adriana Boakyewaa y University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Analysing Sub-Saharan Africa trade patterns in the presence of regional trade agreements : a comparative analysis". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Economics, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3424.

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This thesis employs a dynamic form of the gravity model and data from 1988-2005 to estimate the effects of RTAs in SSA on intra-African trade. The thesis proposes a better approach to examining member-nonmember trade relations of RTAs. This thesis is unique because it uses System GMM estimator to overcome econometric issues associated with estimating dynamic models. The results suggest that COMESA and SADC has led to a significant increase in intra and extra-RTA trade. ECOWAS has increased intra-ECOWAS trade but decreased extra-ECOWAS trade. ECCAS has had a negative impact on both intra-ECCAS and extra-ECCAS trade flows. The proposed approach of examining member-nonmember relationships provides better estimates. A comparative analysis is made to shed light on how high or low the trade creation effect of RTAs in SSA are. The results of this thesis support the view that the impact of RTAs in SSA is higher than perceived.
x, 61 leaves ; 29 cm
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Ahcar, Olmos Jaime Rafael. "An inquiry on Regional Trade Integration and Trade Potentials". Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090055/document.

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Dans un contexte où les négociations commerciales multilatérales languissent dans une impasse, les accords commerciaux régionaux ACR prennent de l’élan. Cette thèse doctorale cherche à faire avancer la connaissance sur ce domaine. C’est grâce au modèle de gravité du commerce que trois chapitres supportés par des analyses économétriques appliqués ont été mis au point.Le premier chapitre examine les effets sur les flux bilatéraux de commerce attribuables aux ACR, le système généralisé de préférences (SGP) et l’appartenance à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce OMC. Plusieurs spécifications économétriques et techniques d’estimation ont été testées. Particulièrement Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML), qui se présente comme la technique la plus recommandée pour contenir des biais bien connues et des problèmes d’endogénéité. Cette recherche a été conduite avec un modèle de gravité du commerce international qui comporte 153 pays sur la période 1980-2012. Les résultats montrent systématiquement qu’un effet positif et significatif sur les flux bilatéraux de commerce est à attendre après l’entrée en vigueur d’un ACR. De même, des effets positifs mais peu importants, voir nuls sont accordés à la participation au sein de l’OMC. La spécification qui utilise PPML et qui contrôle l’influence de l’hétérogénéité inobservable montre un effet non-significatif pour le SGP. Le deuxième chapitre, coécrit avec mon directeur de thèse Jean-Marc Siroën, explore quel est l’effet de l’hétérogénéité des ACR sur le cadre de l’approfondissement de l’intégration. Nous envisageons pouvoir déceler si les ACR qui sont plus profonds contribuent plus à la création de commerce que ceux qui sont moins profonds. Nous avons recours à deux bases de données récemment ouverts au public. La première appartenant à l’OMC et la deuxième a la World Trade Institute (WTI-DESTA). Nous procédons à créer des indicateurs crédibles de l’approfondissement de l’intégration pour passer à les tester dans un modèle de gravité. Nous trouvons qu’un effet positif et significatif peut-être accordé aux accords les plus profonds, indépendamment que l’indicateur testé soit un indicateur additive où un indicateur obtenu par l’Analyse de correspondance multiple (ACM). De même cet effet est constaté pas seulement dans les accords qui comportent des clauses classiquement négociées sur le cadre de l’OMC, mais aussi dans les accords qui dépassent cette dimension. Le troisième chapitre se consacre à étudier l’existence des potentiels de commerce entre la Colombie et l’Union Européenne. Des prédictions dans l’échantillon après des estimations avec PPML et effets fixes qui varient dans le temps nous indiquent que des potentiels de commerce existent avec l’Autriche, la République Tchèque, la Finlande, la France, l’Allemagne, la Hongrie, la Suède et la Pologne. Dans le sens inverse la Suède, l’Irlande, la Finlande et Pologne détiennent une marge importante à gagner dans le marché colombien. Des tests de sensibilité ont été effectués pour garantir la robustesse de ces résultats
Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have surged in a context of stalled multilateral trade negotiations. This doctoral thesis intends to advance scientific knowledge in the field. Thus, thanks to a gravity model theoretical framework, three chapters of applied empirical econometrics analysis have been completed. The first chapter examines the effects of RTAs, the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) and World Trade Organization memberships on bilateral trade flows. I put into practice different econometric specifications and estimation methods, notably Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML), which is the one that better seems to contend with well-known biases and endogeneity problems. I conduct this research with an international trade gravity model estimated across 153 countries from the year 1980 to 2012.I consistently found a strong positive impact of regional trade agreement RTAs on most specifications and low or non-significant results for WTO membership. The estimates from the PPML method that includes controls for unobserved heterogeneity show non-significant effects of the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) on trade.The second chapter, co-authored with my supervisor Jean-Marc Siroën, explores the effect of heterogeneity of RTAs in the scope of deep integration. We intend to determine if deeper RTAs promote trade more effectively than less ambitious agreements. We make use of two recently available data sets from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Trade Institute (WTI-DESTA) to generate credible indicators of deep integration. Additive and Multiple Correspondence Analysis derived indicators for the depth of the agreements are then computed and their significance is tested in a gravity model. We find that deeper agreements increase trade more than shallow ones, whereas the provisions they included are within or outside of the WTO domain.The third chapter investigates the existence of trade potentials between Colombia and the EU. I obtain in-sample predictions after the estimation of a gravity model with the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator. I control for unobserved omitted variable bias by the inclusion of exporter and importer time varying fixed effects, and run a series of sensitivity analysis.Untapped trade potentials are found between Colombia and a group of EU countries in both directions of the trade flows. Exports from Colombia have a gap to bridge with Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Sweden. In the other direction, Sweden, Ireland, Finland and Poland have an interesting margin to gain in the Colombian market
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Fuentes, Sosa Ninfa. "Deep integration in the preferential trade agreements of Latin American countries and their global and regional partners (1982-2010)". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1006/.

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Even though for more than 15 years, deep integration in trade agreements has been a recurring topic for politicians, scholars, international institutions, non-governmental organizations, industry leaders and journalists; there is no consensus yet on what deep integration is, and how it can be assessed. There are continuous news reports about the efforts of political leaders to pursue deep integration, and constant mentions about the design of new treaties and mechanisms to achieve deep integration between countries. In general, the proliferation of trade agreements after the Second World War is widely acknowledged in international trade literature and is a trend that will continue in the near future. Along this trend, Latin American governments have established numerous trade agreements with developing and developed partners in all regions of the world. In addition, since the 1950s and 1960s, these governments have acknowledged trade integration as a mean to promote economic development, which makes it increasingly important to understand the wide differences in the nature and levels of deep integration in their trade agreements. Nevertheless, as in other regions, little attention has been paid to explain differences in the content of trade agreements. This research extends an endogenous trade theory framework, first to analyse limited liberalization; and second, to study a group of countries with particular characteristics of opacity and discretional decision-making. The framework adapts a categorization of deep integration, derives preferences of economic actors from economic trade theories, and extends aspects of veto player theory and access point theory to exploit further their potential as an integrated structure of analysis. Then, these three aspects are studied through a collective action framework. Finally, the insight of previous studies that have highlighted the importance of systemic and international variables in the formation and design of trade agreements is considered. The importance of systemic and international theories and variables is not contested; the domestic-level explanations are developed as a complement to the insight that theories of international relations have provided. Two main arguments are put forward The first one is that the underlying depth structure of the trade agreements studied fits a categorization of vertical and horizontal margins, which are qualitatively different: vertical policy benefits are broader and more excludable than horizontal ones. To test this argument, first, the complete texts of all dyadic trade agreements signed by Latin American countries from 1982 to 2010 (256 dyadic agreements) were manually coded to form a database of depth of provisions (a total of 28, 160 data points). To minimize error measurement, entries were compared with those of partially overlapping databases (publicly available or accessed by request). In the following areas, a total of 110 provisions per agreement were coded and measured: antidumping measures and countervailing duties, bargaining position, competition, decision power, dispute settlement mechanisms, environment, global and bilateral safeguards, government procurement, institutional capacities, investment, labour, legitimacy, permanency, number of members, rules of origin, services, technical barriers to trade, type of agreement, and support bodies and mechanisms. To the best of my knowledge, this is the most comprehensive and detailed database of the depth of provisions of trade agreements established by Latin American countries. Next, provisions were analytically assigned to each margin. At the horizontal margin, agreements vary in the extent of the areas covered, the barriers removed in each area, the limits placed to governments when domestic industries face injury, and the coverage and strength of the support and enforcement mechanisms in each area. At the vertical margin, agreements vary in type, legitimacy required for entry into force and for amendments, permanency, and scope of institutional capabilities. Finally, principal components analysis confirmed that each variable aligns in the component to which was analytically assigned. As expected, the analysis highlighted the existence of two main components, which corresponded to the vertical and horizontal margins. The second main argument in this research is that two main domestic aspects contribute to explain the wide variations in nature and levels of depth of the trade agreements established by Latin American countries after 1982. First, changes in the structure of concentration of the export sectors of Latin American countries. Second, the degree of political decisiveness and level of access of societal demands determined by the institutional settings of these countries. After most of the countries abandoned the economic model based in the substitution of imports, in the 1980s, the structure of the export sectors of the countries changed. Two forces pulled in different directions: unilateral liberalization towards concentration and diversification towards deconcentration. On the one hand, agreements vary in the extent of barriers removed in diverse trade related regulatory activities, and in the inclusion of support and enforcement institutions and mechanisms. This research argues that these aspects have implications over the economic benefits that different types of exporters are able to appropriate, and therefore over their preferences over aspects of deep integration and over the intensities of said preferences. Resourceful exporters with scale economies and/or fragmented production increased their static and dynamic gains from trade through vertical and horizontal integration. In addition, this research argues that the different extents of the governments’ political decisiveness and access to societal demands have important implications over the lobbying costs of levels and forms of deep integration, and therefore over the possibilities of different types of exporters to shape trade agreements according to their preferences and priorities. Combining the veto players theory and the access points theory (extending the former to consider competition from rents from lobbying, and extending latter to include settings of imperfect competition), suggests that decreases in the costs of lobbying veto players increased the possibilities of resourceful exporters with increasing returns to scale and/or fragmented production to achieve vertical integration. However, decreases in the costs of lobbying access points without veto power reduced these types of exporters’ advantages of capturing said points, which reflected negatively in horizontal depth. In these cases, predictions about deep integration based on of veto player theory and on access point theory, became conditional on the concentration of the export sector. Cross-sectional regression analysis was performed to test these arguments. The main results and those of robustness tests tended to show direct and indirect support for the arguments put forward in this research.
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Libros sobre el tema "Regional integration agreements (RIA)"

1

Bond, Eric W. Deepening of regional integration and multilateral trade agreements. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1996.

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2

African regional trade agreements as legal regimes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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3

Hoekman, Bernard M. Free trade and deep integration: Antidumping and antitrust in regional agreements. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, International Trade, 1998.

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4

South African Institute of International Affairs, ed. Regional integration and economic partnership agreements: Southern Africa at the crossroads. Johannesburg: SAIIA, 2006.

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Hafez, Mohammed Zakirul. The dimensions of regional trade integration in Southeast Asia. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2004.

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Humphrey, Nicholas M. A scenario analysis of the effects of the growth of regional integration agreements on international trade relations and the global trading system. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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Meyn, Mareike. Are economic partnership agreements likely to promote or constrain regional integration in southern Africa?: Options, limits and challenges Botswana, Mauritius, and Mozambique are facing. Ausspannplatz, Windhoek, Namibia: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 2004.

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United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. International economic relations and regional co-operation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago, Chile: The Commission, 1987.

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Qu yu mao yi an pai de fa xue jin lu: GATT/WTO kuang jia xia qu yu mao yi yi ti hua de fa li xue ji qi shi zheng yan jiu = The legal approach to regional trade agreements : The jurisprudence and empirical research of regional trade integration under GATT/WTO. Beijing: Zhong xin chu ban she, 2004.

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United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. European security in the 1990s--problems of South-East Europe: Proceedings of the Rhodes conference, 6-7 September 1991 = La sécurité européenne dans les années 90--problèmes de lʼEurope du Sud-Est : actes de la conférence de Rhodes, 6-7 septembre 1991. New York: United Nations, 1992.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Regional integration agreements (RIA)"

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Bongardt, Annette y Francisco Torres. "Trade agreements and regional integration". En Handbook of International Trade Agreements, 296–306. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351046954-26.

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Oloruntoba, Samuel O. "Globalization and Regional Trade Agreements". En Regionalism and Integration in Africa, 19–37. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-56867-0_2.

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Asche, Helmut. "The EU-Africa Trade Agreements". En Regional Integration, Trade and Industry in Africa, 201–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75366-5_11.

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Agosín, Manuel R. "The Role of Free Trade Agreements in Chile’s Development Strategy". En Regional Integration and Economic Development, 59–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230513174_6.

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Oloruntoba, Samuel O. "Theoretical Framework of North-South Regional Trade Agreements". En Regionalism and Integration in Africa, 39–67. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-56867-0_3.

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Asche, Helmut. "The Content of Economic Partnership Agreements". En Regional Integration, Trade and Industry in Africa, 211–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75366-5_12.

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Kéchichian, Joseph A. "The GCC trade agreements: regional integration challenges and opportunities". En Handbook of International Trade Agreements, 307–21. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351046954-27.

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Ndong, Benjamin y Sokhana Diarra Mboup. "Trade Agreements and Flows in ECOWAS: Is a Single Currency the Determining Factor?" En Regional Integration and Trade in Africa, 173–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137462053_10.

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Dragneva, Rilka. "The Association Agreements between the EU and Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine". En Post-Soviet Constitutions and Challenges of Regional Integration, 71–88. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge research into EU law: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315656847-5.

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Urquidi, Victor L. "The Role of Sub-regional Agreements in Latin American Economic Integration". En Latin American Economic Crises, 115–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403943859_7.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Regional integration agreements (RIA)"

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Standaert, Samuel y Glenn Rayp. "Rent Seeking and Regional Integration Agreements Preliminary draft". En Annual International Conference on Political Science, Sociology and International Relations. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2403_pssir39.

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SOUZA, Karla Sarmento Gonçalves de, Jorge Nogueira de Paiva BRITTO y Marta dos Reis CASTILHO. "REGIONAL PRODUCTIVE INTEGRATION: THE LATIN AMERICAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY UNDER LAIA AGREEMENTS". En 1º Encontro da Nacional de Economia Industrial e Inovação. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/engpro-1enei-073.

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Gültekin, Raşit y Mustafa Erkan Üyümez. "Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Russian Federation and its Possible Effects to these Countries’ Trade and Taxational Reflections". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01300.

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The last period of international trade in goods covers a process carried out with globalization and regionalization efforts. Many countries, on the one hand, take part in arrangements that are executed under the leadership by global actors and aim at removing or reducing conventional obstacles to international trade, on the other hand, participate in various and regional economic integrations to provide a more deep and comprehensive economic cooperation and to cope with the competition and trade restrictions which continually increasing due to political, commercial and economical motives. Trade relations between Turkey and Russian Federation is an important element of the two countries' multidimensional cooperation. The most effective attempt to raise the top level of the volume and quality of existing commercial relationships will be the signing and putting into practice of a comprehensive free trade agreements between the two countries that have not been done previously. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential effects of such a free trade agreements between Turkey and Russian Federation in terms of trade in goods between two countries. To this end, in this study, theoretical aspects of free trade agreements' effects and place within regional integration types will be considered the impact of the possible Turkey-Russia free trade agreement will be examined in a framework of basic provisions with customs duties that set out in free trade agreements, recent trade data and key issues related to these countries.
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Wu, Hailing, Ying Gong y Xiaobo Zhu. "Aspects of Flow and Heat Transfer in Louver-Fin Round-Tube Heat Exchangers". En ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72219.

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Experimental and numerical investigations on flow and heat transfer were conducted for louver-fin round-tube two-row heat exchangers. The airflow velocity ranged from 1 m/s to 3 m/s. A three-dimensional numerical method was developed by modeling representative cell units with fluid-solid conjugated heat transfer. Results of three-dimensional numerical simulations were in good agreement with the experimental data. A stagnant flow region exists behind the round tubes, and results in diminished local convective heat transfer. For two-row heat exchangers operating at Reynolds number, Re&lt;300, the first row dominates the heat transfer rate. With Re increasing, the heat transfer contribution of both rows tends to be more uniform. The flow pattern shows a recirculation region downstream of the heat exchanger at higher Re flows, which may be induced by a vortex-shedding instability from the tube and louver bank.
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Woolford, B., K. Jeffs, D. Maynes y B. W. Webb. "Laminar Fully-Developed Flow in a Microchannel With Patterned Ultrahydrophobic Walls". En ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72726.

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Microfluidic transport is finding increasing application in a number of emerging technologies. At these scales, classical analysis shows that the required fluid driving pressure is inversely proportional to the hydraulic diameter to the fourth power. Consequently, generating fluid motion at these physical scales is a challenge. There is thus considerable incentive for developing strategies to reduce the frictional resistance to fluid flow. A novel approach recently proposed is fabrication of micro-ribs and cavities in the channel walls which are treated with a hydrophobic coating. This reduces the surface contact area between the flowing liquid and the solid wall, yielding walls with no-slip and shear-free regions at the microscale. The shear-free regions consist of a liquid-vapor meniscus above the cavities between micro-ribs. Reductions in the flow resistance are thus possible. This paper reports results of an analytical and experimental investigation of the laminar, fully-developed flow in a parallel plate microchannel whose walls are microengineered in this fashion. The micro-ribs and cavities are oriented parallel to the flow direction. The channel walls are modeled in an idealized fashion, with the shape of liquid-vapor meniscus approximated as flat and characterized by vanishing shear stress. Predictions are presented for the friction factor-Reynolds number product as a function of relevant governing dimensionless parameters. Comparisons are made between the smooth-wall classical channel flow results and predictions for the microengineered channel walls. Results show that significant reductions in the frictional pressure drop are possible. Reductions in frictional resistance increase as the channel hydraulic diameter and/or micro-rib width are reduced. The frictional pressure drop predictions are in good agreement with experimental measurements made at dynamically similar conditions, with greater deviation observed with increasing relative size of the shear-free regions.
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Merrikh, Ali A. y Jose´ L. Lage. "Three-Dimensional Diffusion of Carbon Monoxide in an Alveolar Capillary". En ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72400.

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Theoretical capillary gas exchange models available in the literature are limited to either two-dimensional or axisymmetric configurations. The present study investigates shortcomings of a two-dimensional capillary CO-gas transfer model by comparing it to a more realistic three-dimensional configuration. Numerical results from both models, compared to measurements obtained experimentally via the rebreathing technique, demonstrate that CO-diffusion model results are strongly affected when a third dimension is included. The effect of including a third dimension is to increase the gas exchange from the alveolar region into the RBCs, due to a larger gas diffusion surface within the capillary, leading to a significant increase in the resulting CO diffusing capacity. The results also show a better agreement between the experimental results and the numerical results obtained with the three-dimensional model than with the two-dimensional model. Finally, the strong sensitivity of the results vis-a`-vis the domain lengths (keeping the capillary volume constant) highlight the importance of considering the three-dimensional capillary morphology very carefully.
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Haydaroğlu, Ceyhun y Çağdaş Zarplı. "Is Eurasia Energy Association Possible?" En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00140.

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The end of the Soviet hegemony over the Eurasia region after the dissolution of Soviet Union and the terrorist attacks targeting the USA in 11 September 2001, posed a threat for energy transfer. In addition to these, the instable situation in the Middle East brings forward the search for the alternate energy sources. The interest in the energy issue was directed to Eurasia from Middle East. The integration attempts such as energy association between the countries in the Eurasia region, lead up to utilize the resources they have more productively and economic development by promoting the trade within the region. The solution seeking of the countries in Eurasia to the problems in the region and the survival attempts in the growing global competition gave cause for the necessity to make regional cooperation agreements between countries in the region. Considering the fact that the nations in the Eurasia should utilize the resources in the Eurasia in spite of the fact that the USA uses force, the local constituent of Eurasia began to respond. In this context, the object of the study is to develop a point of view for establishing Eurasia Energy Association by discussing the possibility of the integration attempts in the region in a political and economic sense. Solutions will be offered in the following steps with a situation analysis of political and economic conditions necessary for establishing a Eurasia Energy Association, obstacles to establish the desired energy association in the Eurasia region and the encouraging facts.
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Mukai, Minoru, Kenji Hirohata, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Takashi Kawakami y Kuniaki Takahashi. "Damage Path Simulation of Solder Joints in QFP". En ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73297.

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Fatigue life prediction of solder joints is one of the most important areas of research in the development of reliable electronic packages. Recent trends in electronic package development indicate a shift toward smaller solder joints and larger package sizes, and temperature changes under field conditions are also becoming greater. Since reliability design of solder joints has become severer, the estimation of the crack propagation is becoming important like the estimation of the crack initiation. In the present study, a new method of estimating the crack propagation, which is based on finite element analysis without geometrical crack model, was examined, in order to ensure suitability for practical use in electronic package design. On the basis of a damage model assumed for Sn-37Pb solder, the new method called ‘damage path simulation’ was verified for solder joints in QFP (Quad Flat Package). In the case of solder joints of the gull-wing type, fatigue cracks are commonly initiated from the upper surface of the solder fillet, and propagated in the vicinity of the interface with the outer lead. It was clear that the extension of the damage path showed good agreement with the behavior of crack propagation observed in the actual thermal cycle tests. Damage path extension from a pointed end of outer lead is also simulated simultaneously with that from the upper surface of the solder fillet, and both damage paths were finally combined at a gap between outer lead and printed circuit board. The advantage of the present method is especially evident when the fatigue cracks were initiated from two or more regions. From the results of this study, it was concluded that the estimation of the crack propagation in solder joints based on the present method is satisfactory for engineering purposes.
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Abramzon, B. y S. Sazhin. "Convective Vaporization of Fuel Droplet: Effects of Thermal Radiation Absorption and Variable Liquid Properties". En ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72653.

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This paper describes an improved, simplified model of convective vaporization of a fuel droplet injected into a hot gas environment, based on the previous publications of the authors (Abramzon and Sazhin, 2005a,b). The model represents a generalization of the so-called “effective conductivity” model developed by Abramzon and Sirignano (1989). In addition to the effects of the Stefan flow (vapor blowing) and internal liquid circulation taken into account in the previous model, the proposed new model includes the effects of thermal radiation absorption and variable physical properties in the liquid phase. The simplified model for thermal radiation absorption suggested by Dombrovsky and Sazhin (2003) is employed for calculation of the heat sources distribution within the droplet. The computations were performed for n-decane and diesel fuel droplets whose spectral absorption data are available in the literature. It was found that, the effect of thermal radiation on the vaporization rate of the diesel fuel is considerably greater than for n-decane, especially in the regions of semi-transparency (λ not close to 3.4 μm). The effect of variable physical properties in the liquid phase is exhibited at the initial stage of the droplet heating when evaporation rate is relatively low and the droplet radius may increase due to the thermal expansion of the liquid. The results obtained using the “effective-conductivity” model with the uniformly distributed internal radiation heat source match very closely the predictions of the “extended vaporization” model with the non-uniform distribution of radiation absorption. The agreement is exceptionally good even for a very coarse finite-difference mesh within the droplet. Therefore, combining the relatively low computational cost and sufficient accuracy, the above “effective-conductivity” model with uniformly-distributed radiation absorption can be employed in sophisticated CFD codes for spray combustion analysis.
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Cassinelli, Andrea, Hui Xu, Francesco Montomoli, Paolo Adami, Raul Vazquez Diaz y Spencer J. Sherwin. "On the Effect of Inflow Disturbances on the Flow Past a Linear LPT Vane Using Spectral/hp Element Methods". En ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91622.

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Abstract The recent development and increasing integration of high performance computing, scale resolving CFD and high order unstructured methods offers a potential opportunity to deliver a simulation-based capability (i.e. virtual) for aerodynamic research, analysis and design of industrial relevant problems in the near future. In particular, the tendency towards high order spectral/hp element methods is motivated by their desirable dispersion-diffusion properties, that are combined to accuracy and flexibility for complex geometries. Previous work from the Authors focused on developing guidelines for the use of these methods as a virtual cascade for turbomachinery applications. Building on such experiments, the present contribution analyzes the performance of a representative industrial cascade at moderate Reynolds number with various levels and types of inflow disturbances, adopting the incompressible Navier-Stokes solver implemented in the Nektar++ software framework. The introduction of a steady/unsteady spanwise-nonuniform momentum forcing in the leading edge region was tested, to break the flow symmetry upstream of the blade and investigate the change in transition mechanism in the aft portion of the suction surface. To provide a systematic synthetic turbulence generation tool, a parallelised version of Davidson’s method is incorporated and applied for the first time in the software framework to a low pressure turbine vane. The clean results of the cascade are compared to various levels of momentum forcing and inflow turbulence, looking at blade wall distributions, wake profiles and boundary layer parameters. Low levels of background disturbances are found to improve the agreement with experimental data. The results support the confidence for using high order spectral methods as a standalone performance analysis tool but, at the same time, underline the sensitivity at these flow regimes to disturbances or instabilities in the real environment when comparing to rig data.
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Informes sobre el tema "Regional integration agreements (RIA)"

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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