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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Restriction law"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 2 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Restriction law"

Kosilova, O. "RESTRICTIONS OF THE POLITICAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS: REGULATORY GROUNDS, MECHANISM OF IMPLEMENTATION". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, n.º 114 (2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2020/3.114-5.

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The article examines the problem of restriction of political rights and freedoms. It is emphasized that the protection against unlawful restrictions on political rights and freedoms is particularly important for the functioning of direct and mediatory democracy. The meaning of the concept of «restriction of rights and freedoms» is analyzed. The article addresses the basic principles which should not be violated when the restriction of rights and freedoms is applied. To achieve this goal, the author analyzes the rules of domestic law, the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the rules of international law governing these issues. The author differentiates political rights and freedoms into those that may be restricted in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law of Ukraine and those that are not subject to any restrictions; features of realization of political rights and freedoms in comparison with other groups of rights, such as social and economic, cultural are defined. Some of the political rights and freedoms that may be restricted are analyzed and ways to restrict them are identified, in particular: the right to join political parties, suffrage, the right to peaceful assembly, rallies, marches and demonstrations, the right to equal access to public service, freedom words, thoughts, views and beliefs. It is noted that from the standpoint of the ECHR it is important to check whether the possibility of restricting the exercise of the right was provided by law; whether the purpose of such a restriction is legitimate; whether such a restriction is necessary in a democratic society. The legitimate grounds for restricting human rights enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine have been identified: public health; social necessity; rights, freedoms and dignity of citizens; public order; economic well-being; national security; territorial integrity; morality of the population. It is emphasized that in accordance with the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the restriction of the content and scope of rights and freedoms should be considered as a restriction. It is important that all restrictions were established exclusively by the constitution; were not arbitrary and unjust; the law restricting human rights must be of a general nature; restrictions must be proportionate and justified; they must optimally achieve a legitimate goal with minimal interference in the exercise of rights or freedoms, not to violate the essential content of the relevant right. It is determined that special qualification requirements for holding public positions, as well as participation in the electoral process (implementation of active and passive suffrage) cannot be considered restrictions. It is emphasized that the state, represented by its organs, should refrain from unjustified interference with political rights (for example, from discriminatory restrictions on the suspension of political rights of prisoners, violation of electoral secrecy of the ballot); take measures against possible violations of political rights by third parties (individuals, companies, etc.). It is concluded that restrictions on the exercise of political rights of individuals can be introduced either in favor of guaranteeing the rights of other individuals, or in favor of ensuring the functioning of the state. The legitimate exercise of political rights can be restricted only if the general conditions for interfering with fundamental human rights are met.

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Podmarеv, Alexander A. "Proportionality as a constitutional principle of limiting human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation". Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law 21, n.º 1 (24 de febrero de 2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-1-83-91.

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Introduction. The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation allows for the possibility of restricting rights and freedoms of individuals and establishes imperative conditions (principles) for the introduction and operation of these restrictions. One of these constitutional principles is the principle of proportionality: the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen can be limited only to the extent necessary to achieve the goals specified in part 3 of Article 55. Theoretical analysis. The principle of proportionality of restrictions to certain goals is currently declared by the constitutions of many states, and is also part of the international legal criteria for restrictions on human rights. Some conceptual issues of the content of the constitutional principle of proportionality are resolved by the Constitutional Court of Russia. In its most general form, the principle of proportionality means that: the measures (means) used to restrict rights and freedoms must be conditioned by constitutional goals; restrictive measures (means) should not be greater than necessary; restrictive measures (means) should not lead to disproportionate, excessive restrictions. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Russia shows that in each specific case, the Court determines the necessary measure to restrict a particular right (freedom), comparing, weighing the constitutionally recognized values (on the one hand, the rights of a certain person, on the other, the rights of other persons, the interests of the state, public interests), as well as assessing the adequacy of the legal means used to achieve any constitutionally established goal (s) of restriction. The conclusions reached by the Court regarding the proportionality or disproportion (excess) of the restriction of this or that right are binding not only for the legislator, but also in some cases for the law enforcement officer. Results. It is concluded that the implementation of the constitutional principle of proportionality of restrictions in lawmaking and law enforcement means that when establishing and applying restrictions on rights and freedoms to achieve a certain constitutional goal (goals), exclusively necessary measures (means) must be provided and used in this situation. The principle of proportionality of restrictions is one of the criteria for assessing the constitutionality of the restriction of any right or freedom, as well as one of the guarantees against arbitrary (unreasonable, excessive, unconstitutional) restrictions, since it presupposes the existence of certain boundaries (limits, frameworks, conditions) of lawmaking and law enforcement.

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Ramazanova, E. T. y H. A. Hasanov. "CONSTITUTIONAL RESTRICTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS". Law Нerald of Dagestan State Universit 34, n.º 2 (2020): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2020-34-2-66-69.

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The article deals with the constitutional concept of "restriction of human and civil rights and freedoms". The main idea in it is that restrictions on human and civil rights and freedoms should be established in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international standards, and the principles of justice, equality, and proportionality. In addition, an attempt is made to distinguish between the concepts of "restriction of rights" and "diminution of rights", and the purpose of restricting human and civil rights and freedoms, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is examined. Restrictions on rights and freedoms are considered in terms of General and special legal regimes – States of emergency and martial law. Taking into account the specifics of the region, appropriate attention is paid to the restriction of rights and freedoms under the counterterrorism operation regime. The entire research is based on the analysis of Russian legislation, international legal documents and their practical application.

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Belyaeva, Galina S., Boris V. Makogon, Sergej N. Bezugly, Marina L. Prokhorova y Dariusz Szpoper. "Basic Ideas of State Power Limitation in Political and Legal Doctrine". Journal of Politics and Law 10, n.º 4 (30 de agosto de 2017): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n4p197.

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The article deals with some issues of the state power restriction, and the necessity of this is justified. The evolution of state power restriction certain criteria and forms are analyzed in accordance with the emergence of relevant ideas and scientific concepts and their chronology: the restriction of power by another power, self-restraint of state power; the restriction of state power by the law and human rights in connection with the contemporary problems of state power restrictions in a state governed by the rule of law.

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Lvova, Olena. "Limitation of human rights: concept and content". Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, n.º 32 (2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-81-89.

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Introduction. Human rights and freedoms are inalienable and not violated, however, they should not be opposed to the rights and freedoms of others. There may be some conflict of rights and conflicts of interest that need to be addressed at the level of scientific theory and law-making practice, and this may lead to restrictions on the exercise of certain rights or, conversely, their abuse. The purpose of the article. The article aims to analyze the basic concepts of restrictions on human rights and the content of this category in view of international human rights law. The results obtained. Examining the limits of human and state freedom, attention is paid to the relationship between order in society and personal rights of the individual, emphasizes the need for balance so that public authorities that guarantee order in society, their regulatory influence does not suppress human rights and freedoms. Issues of legal and illegal restrictions are studied. In particular, in determining the legitimacy of state interference in a particular law, the European Court of Human Rights always checks compliance with a three-part test, which includes the following conditions: whether the law provides for the possibility of restricting the exercise of the right; whether the purpose of such a restriction is legitimate; whether such a restriction is necessary in a democratic society. At the international level, the so-called prohibition of state interference in the private life of citizens has been established, in connection with which the article analyzes international legal acts, in particular, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It is emphasized that the restriction of human and civil rights and freedoms is also an institution that is present in the constitutions of most of the most developed countries in the world. As a rule, in accordance with international standards, absolute or fundamental rights are not subject to restrictions. However, taking into account the individual characteristics of social and political life of society, each state establishes criteria for restricting human rights and freedoms. Conclusions. Restrictions on human and civil rights and freedoms should be understood as legally (legally) established limits (or exceptional conditions) that individuals must comply with in the process of exercising their fundamental rights in order to prevent violations of the rights and legitimate interests of others and compliance with established legal conditions necessary to ensure national security, public order, public morality, etc.

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Kamalova, Gulfiia Gafiiatovna. "Restrictions and boundaries in the Russian information law". Национальная безопасность / nota bene, n.º 2 (febrero de 2020): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2020.2.32653.

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The subject of this research is the system of legal norms of the Russian Federation that regulates public relations within the process of restriction of the constitutionally recognized information rights and liberties of a human and citizen, as well as establishment of the boundaries of their realization in the current conditions of development of the information society and digitalization. The goal of this work is to develop theoretical foundations for information law through demarcation of boundaries and restrictions of the information rights and liberties, which would also contribute to improvement of information legislation and the practice of its application. The scientific novelty of research is reflected in the acquisition of scientific knowledge required for development of legal regulation of the information sphere in the conditions of digitalization, among which are the original definition of the concepts “boundaries of exercising rights in the information sphere” and “restrictions of information rights and liberties”, obtained based on the conducted analysis of the forming public relations within information sphere and their legal regulation. The following conclusions were made: 1) there is absence of research on the issues of boundaries of rights, including boundaries in information law; 2) there is a need for determination of boundaries of exercising right in the information sphere and restriction of information rights and liberties in implementation of legal regulation, as well as consideration of the legal nature of technical norms in their inclusion into a normative legal act.

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Cseh, Kristóf Balázs y János Fazekas. "The Municipal Rights of Disposal over the Territory and its Governmental Restrictions in Hungary". Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 18, n.º 4 (29 de octubre de 2020): 1053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/18.3.1053-1066(2020).

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The centralization process in Hungary affects the local governments too. From 2010, they face weakening of their competencies and taking away of their task and with it, restrictions of their rights in some aspects. This paper aims to explore one aspect of the restriction, the changing of ownership of their task-bound assets with legislative means. To show the process, two cases of such restriction will be examined, both affecting the capital of Hungary, Budapest and both being symbolic project for the Government and the municipalities too.

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Stefanowicz, Olga. "Guidance on the Limits for the Use of Restrictive Clauses in Commercial Lease Agreements – Once Again on Restrictions “by Object”. Case Comment to the Preliminary Ruling of the Court of Justice of 26 November 2015 SIA ‘Maxima Latvija’ v Konkurences padome (Case C-345/14)". Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, n.º 14 (2016): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.14.14.

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The Court of Justice (hereinafter, CJ or Court) held in case C-345/14 SIA ‘Maxima Latvija’ v Konkurences padome that the inclusion of a clause that allows a tenant to indirectly select a neighbour of adjoining shopping centre spaces is not a restriction “by object”. On the example of Maxima Latvija (a supermarket chain active predominantly in the food sector), the CJ outlined under which conditions can competition law concerns arise from non-compete clauses in lease agreements concerning shop premises. The existence of a right to veto over potential tenants of adjourning shop premises may have the effect of restricting competition within the meaning of Article 101(1) TFEU, and should thus be assessed according to its market impact. Although the Court recognised that a unilateral decision on the lease of other commercial spaces is not by its nature anti-competitive, an effect-based assessment would require a multi-faceted analysis, which might still find a competition law infringement. Although the multi-criteria analysis proposed by the CJ is somewhat blurry, the judgment is a valuable contribution to the debate on the restrictive interpretation of “by object” restrictions.

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Liu, Guofu. "Changing Chinese Migration Law: From Restriction to Relaxation". Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 10, n.º 3 (8 de julio de 2009): 311–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-009-0105-0.

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MacPartholán, Cathál. "Evolution of an Erosion". Journal of Criminal Law 81, n.º 2 (abril de 2017): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018317694721.

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This article critically examines the development of statutory restrictions on the common law right to silence in the UK, providing insight from common law, jurisprudence and historical legal contexts, and considering the broader context of the privilege against self-incrimination, and critically evaluates the development restriction of the right, by ss 34–38 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Restriction law"

Orms, Maria Elizabeth. "States with restrictions to municipal broadband deployments and the effects of the restriction". Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1552080.

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Municipal broadband implementations are restricted in some way by 19 states, with other states proposing restrictions. In analyzing the different state laws, there are three categories of restrictions: bans on providing services, administrative restrictions, and economic restrictions. The most common restriction is to require municipalities to create separate funds for communication services, there are 21 different economic restrictions implemented. Most states implement more than one type of restriction and do not fall into just one category. The effect of the restrictions varies depending on the market conditions and the status of the LEC (Local Exchange Carrier), and the number of municipal electric companies present within the state. The restrictions in most states passed after the first large scale municipal network was proposed. This made it difficult to measure the effect of the restrictions on either broadband adoption or fiber to the home (FTTH) rates.

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Shoop, Diane E. Cigler Beverly A. "Problem definition and agenda setting among Pennsylvania's municipal governments sex offender residency restriction ordinances /". [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4568/index.html.

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Lund, Lasse. "Public Health and Public Security versus Free Movement of Persons : Restriction on Cross-border Traffic at the Internal Borders of the EU". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-87726.

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Ruan, Yehai. "Le cadre juridique de l'investissement direct étranger en Chine". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1021.

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Depuis la réforme économique et l’ouverture de la Chine en 1978, l’économie chinoise s’est développée rapidement. Les investissements étrangers ont joué un rôle essentiel dans le développement économique chinois. La Chine est devenue la deuxième puissance économique du monde. Ce résultat positif est basé sur les avantages fiscaux aux investissements étrangers et la faiblesse du coût du travail. Aujourd’hui, ces avantages sont de moins en moins importants. Un investisseur étranger attache plus d’importance à l’environnement juridique qu’au coût du travail et aux avantages fiscaux. Suite à la perte progressive des avantages politiques et ceux du marché en Chine, la concurrence sur l’environnement de l’investissement, notamment sur l’environnement juridique de l’Etat d’accueil, va devenir une mesure importante pour attirer les investissements étrangers. Aussi l’ajustement du système du droit chinois de l’investissement est nécessaire et urgente. Le droit de l’investissement étranger contient deux aspects: la protection et la restriction de l’investissement direct étranger. Un système parfait du droit de l’investissement implique un juste équilibre entre ces deux aspects. Dans cette thèse, nous voulons nous pencher sur le droit français et le droit international afin d’analyser la relation entre la restriction et la protection de l’investissement direct étranger en droit chinois. Nous ne nous proposons pas, dans cette thèse, de recouvrir tous les domaines du droit de l’investissement en Chine. Nous entendons plutôt préciser l’influence de certains facteurs les plus importants en la matière
Since the economic reform and opening of China in 1978, Chinese economy continued to grow at a rapid pace. Foreign investment has played an important role in China’s economic development. China has become the second largest economy in the world. This positive result is based on the tax benefits of foreign investment and low cost of labor. Today, these benefits are less important. A foreign investor attaches more importance to the legal environment than labor costs and tax benefits. Following the gradual loss of political advantage and market in China, the competition in the investment environment, including the legal environment of the host country, will become an important measure to attract foreign investment. Also adjusting the system of the Chinese investment law is necessary and urgent. The law of foreign investment has two aspects: the protection and restriction of FIE. A perfect system of investment law implies a balance between these two aspects. In this thesis, we want to study the French law and international law in order to analyze the relationship between the restriction and protection of FIE in Chinese law. We do not propose, in this thesis, covering all areas of the investment law in China. Instead, we wish to clarify the influence of some of the most important factors in the matter

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Korach, Grzegorz. "The Limited Deductibility of Costs Incurred by Non-residents in the Restriction Test Applied by the Court of Justice of the European Union". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-351794.

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Blume, Moore Iván. "The Crystallization of Collective Bargaining with Wage Content in the Public Sector: the Transit from Prohibition to Reasonable Restriction in the Light of Budget Rules". Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119038.

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The right to collectively negotiate salaries afforded to Public Employees has been a longstanding controversy in our country. Especially, in the light of the prohibitions established by Budget Laws. However, this conflict has been recently resolved by the Constitutional Court. This decision marks a fundamental landmark for Labor Law because it crystallizes the right of public employee to collectively bargain salaries with the State. In this article, the author recount the path travelled by the Constitutional Court in this field, that is, from the absolute prohibitions to a reasonable restriction in the pursue to achieve balance between this right and the public interest at stake.
El derecho de los trabajadores públicos de negociar colectivamente sus salarios ha sido una controversia de larga data en nuestro país. En especial, a la luz de las prohibiciones establecidas por las normas presupuestales. Sin embargo, este conflicto ha sido resuelto recientemente por el Tribunal Constitucional. Esta sentencia marca un hito fundamental en el derecho laboral colectivo, pues ha cristalizado el derecho de los trabajadores de la Administración Pública a negociar colectivamente sus salarios con el Estado. En el presente artículo, el autor realiza un recuento del camino transitado por el Tribunal Constitucional en este campo, esto es, desde la absoluta prohibición hasta la restricción razonable de este derecho en su afán por conciliarlo con el interés público en juego.

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Spångberg, Christian. "En studie om regleringen av nanomaterial : - i The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) och Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-327381.

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Yang, Yifan. "Physiological constraints and evolutionary trade-offs underlying bacterial aging, caloric restriction and longevity". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB158/document.

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Les théories évolutives du vieillissement et la théorie du «disposable soma» en particulier ont été la base théorique d'une avance récente de recherche sur le vieillissement animal. Pourtant, leur hypothèse centrale sur la physiologie de l'entretien et de la réparation cellulaires n'a pas été testée empiriquement. Dans cette thèse, j'ai analysé la physiologie du vieillissement de Escherichia coli sous restriction de carbone, en tant que système modèle pour valider empiriquement les théories évolutives du vieillissement. Les outils microfluidiques sont utilisés pour isoler de larges populations de cellules isolées de E. coli et pour obtenir une restriction carbonée homogène. Malgré le partage de la même génétique et des conditions environnementales, les cellules individuelles de la population présentent des variations significatives de la durée de vie et de cause de décès. Les distributions de durée de vie présentent des caractéristiques typiques du processus de vieillissement, souvent observées en études démographiques animales et humaines. Le taux de vieillissement peut être modifié par des mutations de la réponse générale au stress. Comme la longévité induite par la restriction calorique, la réponse générale au stress prolonge la durée de vie d'E.coli en atténuant l'effet du vieillissement au détriment des besoins immédiats des cellules. Un modèle quantitatif de ce compromis physiologique est construit et correctement prédit des observations expérimentales. En conclusion, je confirme la théorie du «disposable soma» du vieillissement avec les détails physiologiques du vieillissement de E.coli en famine
The evolutionary theories of aging and the disposable soma theory in particular, have been the theoretical basis for a recent surge of animal aging research. Yet their central assumption about the physiology of cellular maintenance and repair has not been empirically tested. In this thesis, I analysed the physiology of E.coli aging under carbon starvation, as a model system to empirically validate evolutionary theories of aging. Microfluidic tools are used to isolate large populations of isogenic single E.coli cells, and to achieve homogenous carbon starvation. Despite sharing the same genetical background and environmental conditions, individual cells in the population exhibit significant variations in lifespans and causes of death. Distributions of lifespans exhibit typical features of the aging process, often seen in animal and human demographic studies. The rate of aging can be altered by mutations of the general stress response pathway. Resembling caloric restriction induced longevity, the general stress response pathway extends starvation lifespans of E.coli by attenuating the effect of aging at the expense of immediate needs of the cells. A quantitative model of this physiological trade-off is constructed and correctly predicted experimental observations. As a conclusion, I substantiate the disposable soma theory of aging with the physiological details of E.coli aging in starvation

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Lalanda, Rocio. "Understanding Agricultural-Land Conservation from the Perspective of Landowners in Franklin County, Massachusetts". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7321.

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What motivates agricultural-land owners to use conservation easements? As these legal tools have become a popular strategy for private land conservation in the U.S., a growing body of literature is examining how and why landowners conserve their properties through conservation easements. This research project expands upon environmental, geographical and rural land development literature through a qualitative fieldwork study of 34 private, conservation landowners associated with the Franklin Land Trust, a nonprofit conservation organization in western Massachusetts. The study identifies a broad range of environmental, social, spiritual and financial motivations for agricultural-land owners to conserve their properties, and indicates that for the vast majority of study participants certain motivations were more important than others depending on landowners’ level of reliance on their land to sustain their livelihoods. Using this classification criterion, landowner profiles identified in this study include full-time farmers, supplemental-income farmers, and farmland retreat owners. For most of the landowners within the biggest group—the full-time farmers—the most important motivation to conserve was financial; particularly, to obtain a cash payment to improve the economic viability of their farming operation. Nonetheless, the financial motivation was not the only important one for the 34 landowners, nor was it always the most important. This study makes two additional contributions to land conservation research. First, it examines agricultural-land conservation through phenomenological approaches to the study of place. In this regard, findings suggest landowners and land trust staff members have different relationships with the conserved land and its surroundings and, therefore, different senses of place. Second, the study frames agricultural-land conservation through conservation easements as a potential aspect of rural sustainability with respect to the economic, social, and environmental benefits of conservation, from the point of view of both agricultural-land owners and a land trust. The findings also indicate that the landowners of this study were generally very satisfied with the outcomes of using conservation easements despite drawbacks. Overall, this study contributes to land conservation studies through an analysis of individual motivations and experiences that shape the decisions of agricultural-land owners to grant conservation easements.

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Magnusson, Victor. "Cut off cross-border data flow and international investment law. : A legal analysis of a restriction with an effect equivalent of a ban on cross-border data flow and the fair and equitable treatment standard found in bilateral investment treaties". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443840.

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In the world we live in today, the international trade and economy is becoming more and more dependent on data. Data that can be transferred across borders and during the last couple of years there is an observable trend that the cross-border data flows is increasing. The increase of the cross-border data flows is a result of the vast boom in the global digitalization. Businesses and enterprises can use the data accessible in multiple kinds of ways, follow and keep control of production chains, follow the demand of consumers, and make alterations to the products following the requests of the consumers. This is improving the efficiency and productivity of the businesses. The free flow of data across borders does not only have positive effect for the businesses, but also from a larger perspective, it also contributes to the welfare of countries, and provide new possibilities and opportunities. Despite the fact that the free flow of data has its great effects on both businesses and the welfare of states, states are imposing restrictions on cross-border data flows. The restrictions in place are of deferent kinds, some makes it mandatory to store or process data, while other restrictions are harsher and could provide a ban or cut off on cross-border data flow. In the legal system of international investment law, the fair and equitable treatment standard is a standard found in treaties, bilateral and multilateral. The standard is protecting the forging investors. If a state is enforcing a restriction with an effect equivalent to a ban on cross-border data flow, what is the relation of that restriction to the fair and equitable treatment standard?

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Más fuentes

Libros sobre el tema "Restriction law"

Jovanović, Stevan. Restriction des compétences discrétionnaires des Etats en droit international. Paris: A. Pédone, 1988.

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Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong. Report on grounds for divorce and the time restriction on petitions for divorce within three years of marriage. Hong Kong: The Commission, 1992.

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Goldin, Claudia Dale. The political economy of immigration restriction in the United States, 1890 to 1921. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Goldin, Claudia Dale. The political economy of immigration restriction in the united states, 1890 to 1921. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Unlocking the global warming toolbox: Key choices for carbon restriction and sequestration. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell Corporation, 2010.

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Mei ti quan li de bao zhang yu yue shu yan jiu: The study on protection and restriction of media rights. Wuhan: Hua zhong ke ji da xue chu ban she, 2014.

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Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong. Report on grounds for divorce and the time restriction on petitions for divorce within three years of marriage (topic 29). [Hong Kong]: Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, 1992.

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(India), Kerala. The Kerala Loading and Unloading (Regulation of Wages and Restriction of Unlawful Practices) Act, 2002 (Act 10 of 2002): With the Kerala Loading and Unloading (Regulation of Wages and Restriction of Unlawful Practices) Rules, 2002 and notifications. 2^a ed. Thiruvananthapuram: N & N Publications, 2003.

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Goldstein, Judith S. The politics of ethnic pressure: The American Jewish Committee fight against immigration restriction, 1906-1917. New York: Garland Pub., 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Crime. Anabolic Steroid Restriction Act of 1989: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, first session on H.R. 995, Anabolic Steroid Restriction Act of 1989, March 23, 1989. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Restriction law"

Wegner, Harold C. "Restriction Practice". En Patent Law in Biotechnology, Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, 445–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21958-2_40.

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Exner, Jan. "European Union Law and Sporting Nationality: Scope, Restriction, Justification". En SpringerBriefs in Law, 23–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10807-6_3.

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Botstein, David. "Mapping the Human Genome Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms". En Genetics and the Law III, 97–105. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4952-5_9.

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Clough QC, Mark. "Time to Tidy Up EU Competition Law on Information Exchange Object Restriction Concerted Practices?" En European Union, 63–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18103-1_4.

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Ma, Jingyuan. "Horizontal Restrictions". En Competition Law in China, 53–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5105-5_4.

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Ma, Jingyuan. "Vertical Restrictions". En Competition Law in China, 81–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5105-5_5.

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Isac, Daniela. "Restrictive relative clauses vs. restrictive Adjectives". En Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 27–49. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.57.03isa.

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Lasseter, Benjamin F. "DNA Restriction Digests". En Biochemistry in the Lab, 169–78. Names: Lasseter, Benjamin F., author. Title: Biochemistry in the lab : a manual for undergraduates / by Benjamin F. Lasseter. Description: Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429491269-17.

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Snell, Jukka. "Restriction". En Goods and Services in EC Law, 31–128. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250097.003.0002.

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Frank, Wijckmans y Tuytschaever Filip. "Part II Vertical Agreements Under Regulation 330/2010, 7 Article 5: Excluded Restrictions". En Vertical Agreements in EU Competition Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198791027.003.0007.

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This chapter addresses the co-called excluded restrictions which are listed in Article 5 of Regulation 330/2010. The twelfth step of the road map of Chapter 2 is to check whether a given vertical agreement contains restrictions which are excluded from the scope of application of Regulation 330/2010. The excluded restrictions cover three categories of non-compete obligations, respectively applying: (i) during the term of the vertical agreement; (ii) after its termination; and (iii) in a system of selective distribution.The inclusion of an excluded restriction does not render the block exemption inapplicable to the vertical agreement as a whole. The block exemption will only not apply to the excluded restriction itself. The other restrictions of competition continue to benefit from the block exemption, to the extent that they are covered by it.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Restriction law"

Li, Heng y Wanchun Chen. "ALCM descending-phase guidance law including derivative of normal acceleration restriction". En 2016 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2016.7558765.

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Marosin, Diana y Sepideh Ghanavati. "Measuring and managing the design restriction of enterprise architecture (EA) principles on EA models". En 2015 IEEE Eighth International Workshop on Requirements Engineering and Law (RELAW). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/relaw.2015.7330210.

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Kokkula, Prithvi Raj, Shashank Bhojappa, Selin Arslan y Badih A. Jawad. "Design and Optimization of the Restrictor of a Race Car". En ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52940.

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Formula SAE is a student competition organized by SAE International. The team of students design, manufacture and race a car. Restrictions are imposed by the Formula SAE rules committee to restrict the air flow into the intake manifold by putting a single restrictor of 20 mm. This rule limits the maximum engine power by reducing the mass flow rate flowing to the engine. The pull is greater at higher rpms and the pressure created inside the cylinder is low. As the diameter of the flow path is reduced, the cross sectional area for flow reduces. For cars running at low rpm when the engine requires less air, the reduction in area is compensated by accelerated flow of air through the restrictor. Since this is for racing purpose cars here are designed to run at very high rpms where the flow at the throat section reach sonic velocities. Due to these restrictions the teams are challenged to come up with improved restrictor designs that allow maximum pressure drop across the restrictor’s inlet and outlet. The design considered for optimizing a flow restrictor is a venturi type having 20 mm restriction between the inlet and the outlet complying with the rules set by Formula SAE committee. The primary objective of this work is to optimize the flow restriction device that achieves maximum mass flow and minimum pull from the engine. This implies the pressure difference created due to the cylinder pressure and the atmospheric pressure at the inlet should be minimum. An optimum flow restrictor is designed by conducting analysis on various converging and diverging angles and coming up with an optimum value. Venturi type is a tubular pipe with varying diameter along its length, through which the fluid flows. Law of governing fluid dynamics states that the “Velocity of the fluid increases as it passes through the constriction to satisfy the principle of continuity”. An equation can be derived from the combination of Bernoulli’s equation and Continuity equation for the pressure drop due to venturi effect. [1]. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool is used to calculate the minimum pressure drop across the restrictor by running a series of analysis on various converging and diverging angles and calculating the pressure drop. As a result, an optimum air flow restrictor is achieved that maximizes the mass flow rate and minimizes the engine pull.

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Ходжалиев, Салех Айсаевич. "RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM: THEORETICAL ISSUES OF EXECUTION OF PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM UNDER THE CRIMINAL LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION". En Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Ноябрь 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt188.2020.94.97.012.

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В статье рассматривается вопрос изучения проблем института исполнения наказания в виде ограничения свободы. Разработка рекомендаций по совершенствованию нормативного регулирования правовых отношений, возникающих в ходе юрисдикционной деятельности уголовно-исполнительной системы. The article discusses the issue of studying the problems of the institution of the execution of punishment in the form of restriction of freedom. Development of recommendations for improving the normative regulation of legal relations arising in the course of the jurisdictional activities of the penal system.

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Курин, Игорь Юрьевич y Игорь Александрович Гревцов. "FREEDOM OF CONTRACT IN THE CIVIL LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION". En Социально-экономические и гуманитарные науки: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Декабрь 2020). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/seh294.2020.18.97.004.

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В статье рассматривается один из важнейших принципов гражданского права - принцип свободы договора. Также авторы выделяют основные элементы свободы договора. Рассматриваются вопросы злоупотребления и ограничения свободы договора. The article deals with one of the most important principles of civil law - the principle of freedom of contract. The authors also highlight the main elements of freedom of contract. The issues of abuse and restriction of freedom of contract are considered.

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Hosseini Zahraei, S. M., A. E. P. Veldman, P. R. Wellens, I. Akkerman y R. H. M. Huijsmans. "The Role of a Structural Mode Shape Based Interaction Law to Suppress Added Mass Instabilities in Partitioned Strongly Coupled Elastic Structure-Fluid Systems". En ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62075.

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The physical level of interaction between fluid and structure can be either one-way or two-way depending on the direction of information exchange at the interface of fluid and solid. The former can be solved by a partitioned approach and weak coupling. In problems involving two-way fluid-structure interaction, using a partitioned approach and strong coupling, sometimes stability restriction is encountered. This is an artificial added mass effect, which is independent of the numerical time step. Unfortunately an accurate and efficient method to deal with all the different levels of interaction is scarce. Conventionally, relaxation is applied to remedy this problem. The computational cost is directly related to number of sub-iterations between fluid and structural solver at each time step. In this study, the source of this instability is investigated. A discrete representation of a basic added mass operator is given and instability conditions are assessed. A new method is proposed to relax this restriction, the idea essentially is to remove the instability source from the structure and move it to the fluid and solve it monolithically with the fluid. We call this an interaction law. An estimate of the structural response is derived from structural mode shapes. As a test case, a 2D dam break problem interacting with an elastic vertical flexible beam is selected. The interaction of fluid with the beam undergoes several stages. The breaking waves on the beam can increase the added mass drastically, therefore the added mass ratio increases as well. In such a cases, the asset of interaction law is better elaborated, while the stability condition requires very high relaxation without interaction law, but the relaxation can be lowered by only using first five beam mode shapes. As a consequence, the number of sub-iterations reduces by one order. The numerical observations confirm the reduction in computational time due to utilization of the interaction law.

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Ходжалиев, Салех Айсаевич. "SOME FEATURES OF THE EXECUTION OF PUNISHMENT IN THE FORM OF RESTRICTION OF FREEDOM BY CRIMINAL EXECUTIVE INSPECTIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC)". En Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Ноябрь 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt188.2020.68.98.011.

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В статье рассматриваются некоторые проблемы и спорные моменты, возникающие в деятельности уголовно-исполнительных инспекций при исполнении наказания в виде ограничения свободы с учетом региональной специфики Чеченской Республики. Среди проблем автор выделяет отсутствие доверия и пониженную активность взаимодействия граждан с правоохранительными органами, что приводит к значительному повышению уровня преступности в регионе. В статье также рассматриваются такие спорные моменты, как запрет на уход из дома в определенное время суток, запрет на посещение определенных мест и мероприятий, необходимость регистрироваться в УИИ от трех раз в месяц и др. Отмечается общее несовершенство системы надзора за лицами, осужденными к ограничению свободы, и аргументируется необходимость ее дальнейшего реформирования. The article examines some of the problems and controversial issues that arise in the activities of criminal executive inspectorates during the execution of punishment in the form of restriction of freedom, taking into account the regional specifics of the Chechen Republic. Among the problems, the author highlights the lack of trust and the reduced activity of interaction between citizens and law enforcement agencies, which leads to a significant increase in the level of crime in the region. The article also discusses such controversial issues as a ban on leaving home at a certain time of the day, a ban on visiting certain places and events, the need to register with the penitentiary institution three times a month, etc. The general imperfection of the system of supervision over persons sentenced to restriction freedom, and the need for its further reform is argued.

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Crawford, James y A. M. Birk. "Experimental and Computational Study of Flow and Heat Transfer Inside a Heated Exhaust Strut". En ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42544.

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The flow and heat transfer inside a short airfoil shaped turbine exhaust strut was studied experimentally and computationally. A combination of transient and steady IR thermographic techniques were used to measure the heat transfer, and showed that the streamwise evolution of the heat transfer could be reliably described using a power law type relationship. Steady RANS CFD using the realizable k-epsilon was unable to accurately predict the observed heat transfer, with the main limitations of the model being a) a fundamental inability to calculate secondary flows and b) an underestimation of the restriction on boundary layer growth rates imposed by the opposing walls. The experiments showed that heat transfer rates were much higher in thinner regions of the strut, and lower in thicker regions. The CFD predicted an essentially uniform heat transfer rate, independent of the local strut thickness.

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Rudenko, Valentina. "Anti-Corruption Policy, the Constitution, and Human Rights in Poland". En The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-23.

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The aim of the article is to investigate the relationship between the anti-corruption policy and the implementation of human rights in Poland. The following basic legal and political science research methods were used: axiological- normative, systematic, historical, comparative, institutional, structural-functional, formal-juridical methods. The article analyses the socio-political environment in which an anti-corruption policy in Poland was formed and the strategies for its implementation. Significant institutional changes of the system of anti-corruption agencies and legal regulation of anti-corruption activities of governmental authorities were addressed. The role of social supervision in the field of corruption control in Poland was analysed. Polish anti-corruption policy peculiarities were highlighted, which increase the risk of violations and the disproportionate restriction of human rights. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the scope of competencies and credentials of the Central Anti-Corruption Bureau, and its place in the system of anti-corruption agencies. Based on the analysis of anti-corruption policy in Poland, it was concluded that human rights are one of the most important criteria for the success and effectiveness of anti-corruption policy implementation. The issue of balance between anti-corruption policy and human rights implementation in modern democratic states shall be solved via a system-based approach within the framework of constitutional principles of democratic states, namely: the rule of law, human dignity as a basic value of a democratic state, respect for human rights and the admissibility of their restriction only within the limits and forms permitted by the Constitution, the principle of separation and balance of powers, the supremacy of people.

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Sprouse, Charles E., Michael D. Mangus y Christopher D. Depcik. "Diesel Particulate Filter Model With Detailed Permeability Analysis". En ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63687.

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Recent legislation of engine exhaust Particulate Matter (PM) emission levels cannot be met with in-cylinder PM reduction techniques, thus resulting in the need for a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Modern DPFs use a honeycomb of long channels with porous walls in order to filter PM with near 100% efficiency. They must be designed to balance trapping efficiency and pressure drop, as flow restriction decreases engine efficiency. This paper describes the construction of two Matlab models in order to predict properties within the filter. Two methods for simultaneously solving the differential conservation equations along with the algebraic ideal gas law in the inlet and outlet channels have been developed. The first method solves the channel equations by transforming the differential algebraic equations (DAEs) into an ordinary differential equation (ODE) system. In addition, a second method is developed that directly solves DAE systems of index-one. In order to link the inlet and outlet channel profiles, modeling of the wall flow is necessary. Four permeability models from different disciplines are used in Darcy’s law to determine their applicability in calculating DPF wall velocity profiles. The resulting inlet, wall, and outlet parameters are compared with published results to demonstrate each model’s accuracy.

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Informes sobre el tema "Restriction law"

Murakami, H. y H. E. Read. Restrictions of Non Associated Plastic Flow Laws Imposed by Thermodynamics and Uniqueness. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, mayo de 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada203422.

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Fontanari, Claudia, Antonella Palumbo y Chiara Salvatori. The Updated Okun Method for Estimation of Potential Output with Broad Measures of Labor Underutilization: An Empirical Analysis. Institute for New Economic ThinkingInstitute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, abril de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp158.

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This paper extends to different indicators of labor underutilization the Updated Okun Method (UOM) for estimation of potential output proposed in Fontanari et al (2020), which, from a demand-led growth perspective, regards potential output as an empirical approximation to full-employment output, as in A.M.Okun’s (1962) original method. Based on the apparent incapability of the official rate of unemployment to fully account for labor underutilization, in this paper we offer estimates of Okun’s law both with broad unemployment indicators and with an indicator of ‘standardized hours worked’ which we propose as a novel measure of the labor input. The paper reflects on the possible different empirical measures of full employment. The various measures of potential output that we extract from our analysis show greater output gaps than those produced by standard methods, thus highlighting a systematic tendency of the latter to underestimate potential output. Output gaps that underestimate the size of the output loss or that tend to close too soon during recovery, may produce a bias towards untimely restriction.

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Gupta, Sumedha, Thuy Nguyen, Patricia Freeman y Kosali Simon. Competitive Effects of Federal and State Opioid Restrictions: Evidence from the Controlled Substance Laws. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, julio de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27520.

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Glaeser, Edward y Jose Scheinkman. Neither a Borrower nor a Lender Be: An Economic Analysis of Interest Restrictions and Usury Laws. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, diciembre de 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4954.

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Rut Sigurjónsdóttir, Hjördís, Sandra Oliveira e Costa y Åsa Ström Hildestrand. Who is left behind? The impact of place on the ability to follow Covid-19 restrictions. Nordregio, mayo de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2021:2.1403-2511.

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While the Nordic countries have long been champions of equality, the Covid-19 pandemic has put a new light on structural injustices inherent in our societies. In Copenhagen, Oslo, Helsinki, Stockholm, and Malmö, districts with a high share of residents with an immigrant background and a low socio-economic status stand out with high infection and mortality rates of Covid-19. The pandemic thus reveals and reminds us about the serious effects of segregation and unequal living conditions on citizens’ health status and ability to cope with and survive a pandemic. This Extended summary is based on a quantitative and qualitative study aiming to identify structural barriers impacting residents’ ability to follow Covid-19 recommendations and guidelines, especially in low-income areas in major Nordic cities. Learning about these barriers - and effective measures taken to mitigate them - will help Nordic authorities and communities be better prepared for future challenges and crises.

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Álvarez, Horacio, Gregory Elacqua, Luis Piñeros, Maria Camila Rivera y Humberto Santos. ¿Cómo mejorar la eficiencia y la equidad de la inversión educativa en Colombia ante un panorama fiscal restrictivo?: Diagnóstico y propuestas. Inter-American Development Bank, agosto de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001327.

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Busso, Matías, María P. González y Carlos Scartascini. On the Demand for Telemedicine: Evidence from the Covid-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003225.

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Telemedicine can expand access to health care at relatively low cost. Historically, however, demand for telemedicine has remained low. Using administrative records and a difference-in-differences methodology, we estimate the change in demand for telemedicine experienced after the onset of the COVID-19 epidemic and the imposition of mobility restrictions. We find a 233 percent increase in the number of telemedicine calls and a 342 percent increase in calls resulting in a medication being prescribed. The effects were mostly driven by older individuals with pre-existing conditions who used the service for internal medicine consultations. The demand for telemedicine remains high even after mobility restrictions were relaxed, which is consistent with telemedicine being an experience good. These results are a proof of concept for policymakers willing to expand access to healthcare using advances in technology.

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Hamann, Franz, Cesar Anzola, Oscar Avila-Montealegre, Juan Carlos Castro-Fernandez, Anderson Grajales-Olarte, Alexander Guarín, Juan C. Mendez-Vizcaino, Juan J. Ospina-Tejeiro y Mario A. Ramos-Veloza. Monetary Policy Response to a Migration Shock: An Analysis for a Small Open Economy. Banco de la República de Colombia, enero de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1153.

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We develop a small open economy model with nominal rigidities and fragmented labor markets to study the response of the monetary policy to a migration shock. Migrants are characterized by their productivity levels, their restrictions to accumulate capital, as well as by the flexibility of their labor income. Our results show that the monetary policy response depends on the characteristics of migrants and the local labor market. An inflow of low(high)-productivity workers reduces(increases) marginal costs, lowers(raises) inflation expectations and pushes the Central Bank to reduce(increase) the interest rate. The model is calibrated to the Colombian economy and used to analyze a migratory inflow of financially constraint workers from Venezuela into a sector with flexible and low wages.

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Rahman, Mohammad, Ahmed Ibrahim y Riyadh Hindi. Bridge Decks: Mitigation of Cracking and Increased Durability—Phase III. Illinois Center for Transportation, diciembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-022.

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Early-age cracking in concrete decks significantly reduces the service life of bridges. This report discusses the application of various concrete mixtures that include potential early mitigation ingredients. Large-scale (7 ft × 10 ft) experimental bridge prototypes with similar restraint conditions found in actual bridges were poured with different concrete mixtures to investigate mitigation techniques. Portland cement (control), expansive Type K cement, internally cured lightweight aggregate (LWA), shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA), and gypsum mineral were investigated as mitigating ingredients. Seven concrete mixtures were prepared by using individual ingredients as well as a combination of different ingredients. The idea behind combining different mitigating techniques was to accumulate the combined benefit from individual mitigating materials. The combined Type K cement and LWA mixture showed higher concrete expansion compared with mixtures containing Portland cement, Type K cement, LWA, and SRA in the large-scale experimental deck. Extra water provided by LWA significantly enhanced the performance of Type K cement’s initial expansion as well as caused larger total shrinkage over the drying period. A combination of Type K cement and gypsum mineral showed insignificantly higher expansion compared with the individual Type K mixture. Overall, the experimental deck containing SRA showed the least total shrinkage compared with other mixtures. Finite-element modeling was performed to evaluate and predict concrete stress-strain behavior due to shrinkage in typical bridges. A parametric study using finite-element analysis was conducted by altering the structure of the experimental deck. More restraint from internal reinforcement, less girder spacing, larger girder flange width, and more restrictive support conditions increased the concrete tensile stress and led to potential cracking in the concrete deck.

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Aromi, J. Daniel, María Paula Bonel, Julián Cristia, Martín Llada y Luis Palomino. Socioeconomic Status and Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Eight Large Latin American Cities. Inter-American Development Bank, junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003315.

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This study analyzes mobility patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic for eight large Latin American cities. Indicators of mobility by socioeconomic status (SES) are generated by combining georeferenced mobile phone information with granular census data. Before the pandemic, a strong positive association between SES and mobility is documented. With the arrival of the pandemic, in most cases, a negative association between mobility and SES emerges. This new pattern is explained by a notably stronger reduction in mobility by high-SES individuals. A comparison of mobility for SES decile 1 vs decile 10 shows that, on average, the reduction is 75% larger in the case of decile 10. According to estimated lasso models, an indicator of government restrictions provides a parsimonious description of these heterogeneous responses. These estimations point to noticeable similarities in the patterns observed across cities. We also explore how the median distance traveled changed for individuals that travel at least 1 km (the intensive margin). We find that the reduction in mobility in this indicator was larger for high-SES individuals compared to low-SES individuals in six out of eight cities analyzed. The evidence is consistent with asymmetries in the feasibility of working from home and in the ability to smooth consumption under temporary income shocks.

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