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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Rule of law – Pakistan"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 9 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Rule of law – Pakistan"

Iqbal, Khurshid. "The Rule of Law Reform and Judicial Education in Pakistan". European Journal of Law Reform 17, n.º 1 (marzo de 2015): 47–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/ejlr/138723702015017001004.

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Shafiq, Kausar, Abdul Basit Khan y Ali Shan Shah. "Role of Pakistan Peoples' Party in the Political Development in Pakistan. An Appraisal of Asif Ali Zardari Period (2008-2013)". Global Sociological Review V, n.º IV (30 de diciembre de 2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2020(v-iv).05.

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The denial of the institutionalization of political power by various civilian as well as martial law regimes has been a constant problem in Pakistan. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first person who could do so in an effective manner, but his eternal departure in the early phase of the history of Pakistan changed the entire course of the country, and the successor leadership had to pursue self-serving politics just to prolong their rule. The same is the case with the rule of General Pervaiz Musharraf (1999-2008), which converted the parliamentary system envisaged by the 1973 constitution of Pakistan into a quasi-presidential system just to prolong the military dictatorship. The subsequent rule of the Pakistan Peoples' Party (2008-2013) was a tough period for the political leadership since the preceding dictatorship had completely altered the socio-political landscape of the country; however, the political wisdom of Mr. Asif Ali Zardari helped the country to sail smoothly during the aftershocks of the martial law regime. In that perspective, the current study intends to analyze the political developments in Pakistan during the third rule of the Pakistan Peoples' Party over the country during the period 2008-2013.

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Malik, Hina, Sana Ullah y Ayaz Ali Shah. "Executive Assaults on Supreme Court of Pakistan and Movement for Independent Judiciary: 2007-09". Global Political Review IV, n.º IV (30 de diciembre de 2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(iv-iv).12.

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Pakistan, since independence, has become a laboratory for constitutional experiments, with the judiciary playing the most controversial role. Under the theory of necessity, the superior judiciary has legalized military takeovers. Although controversial as a judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Iftekhar Muhammad Chaudhry was found to be a changed person the moment he took his seat as a Chief Justice of Pakistan. However, the situation was not conducive for any action that went against the will of the military ruler. But the Judge-Bench collaboration supported by the entire civil society initiated a movement to negate and nullify the dictates of a dictator. The movement led by the Black Coats community extended over years, bearing hardships of all kinds. The movement was successful in forcing General Musharraf to uphold the provisions of the constitution and rules of established law. The entire nation emerged victorious in upholding what is called the rule of law.

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Abid, Adeel y Yusra Khalid. "Rule of Prescription Under Article III, Rule 6 of Hague/Hague-Visby Rules: When Does the Clock of Limitation Start Ticking?" Open Transportation Journal 14, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447802014010038.

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The pursuit of an internationally recognized regime which governs the allocation of risk of liability has been the predominant purpose of maritime law. At the same time, it is also necessary to set a time limit within which a legal action may be brought against the carrier. There are two regimes which govern the carriage of goods by sea and are adopted by many countries, the Hague Rules, and the Hague-Visby Rules and the time limit for claims set out in the rules against the carrier is one year from the day on which the goods are delivered or should have been delivered by the carrier. The rationale behind this is that the carrier cannot be expected to keep records for long periods and must be notified while the events are still fairly recent and recorded, as to what claims are to be presented. At present, Pakistan has adopted the Hague Rules in its Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925 and despite the clarity embodied in the period of limitation as laid down under Article III, Rule 6, Pakistani Courts have given various interpretations to the term “delivery”, resulting in different outcome of the cases. In relation thereof, this article examines and discusses several judgments for decades on the subject of rule of prescription, along with the analysis of Article III, Rule 2 on the interpretation of “discharge”, and puts forward some suggestions and recommendations on the law laid down by the Convention. The rules for transport documents are based on Hague or Hague-Visby Rules, and therefore, it is necessary at the outset of the article to provide an overview of the transport system in the country. The need for efficient working of the transport system in the country is absolutely vital in view of its role in a country’s economic growth.

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Muhammad, Imraz. "THE ROLE OF RULE OF LAW IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CIVILIZED SOCIETY: AN ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN". Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research 2, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2019): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.2.1.5.

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Unsurprisingly, human being needs smooth, peaceful and a regularized system not only to survive, but to live well. To get it, human being has been continuously struggling since early times. Many written and unwritten efforts in this regard are found among which, the first written one is the Magna Carta of 1215. The Article 39 of the Magna Carta (1215) declared, “no freemen shall be taken or imprisoned or diseased exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we go upon nor send upon, except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land”. Ibn-e-Khaldun opines that the construction and deconstruction of society depends upon law. If on one hand, obedience of law rises empires then discarding it is equal to digging grave for empires. Sustainability of civilization is subject to rule of law. Those societies which follow laws strictly in their daily routine they are in the line of developed nations. Today Europe is in the epoch of greater civilization because they adopted the rule of law in its true spirit. Once Muslim world was civilised one until they believed on rule of law, equality and justice but fell down when started disobeying the principles of the rule of law. Since its very inception, “might is right" is the prevailing phenomena everywhere in Pakistan. Each and every department and even on individual level, the rule of law is not respected. No one cares to respect and follow rule of law that

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Razi, Naseem. "A Comparative Study of Maṣlaḥah and Mischief Rule: Pakistani Perspective". Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization 11, n.º 1 (5 de mayo de 2021): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/jitc.111.18.

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At present, almost all the legal systems are concerned with establishing a flexible interpretive policy to make the law to resolve the everyday complex issues for the benefit of the people at large. It is, however, a matter of great concern that the higher courts in Pakistan are still following static and foreign interpretive modes like a literal rule, the golden rule, and mischief rule etc, in the presence of dynamic interpretive principles of Islam. In this context, this research aims to analyze critically, the mischief rule and to present maslahah, a vibrant Islamic interpretive principle. This article argues that the Holy Prophet (SAW), his companions and the traditional Muslim jurists had to decide the contemporary issues by the way of maṣlaḥah which led to the development of Islamic jurisprudence and resulted in the ease of the people. While interpretive rules of English common law are static and have become outdated. This research, thus, concludes that unlike mischief rule, maslaha is more flexible and favorable by Islam for resolving the present-day socio-economic issues of the people. It recommends the higher courts of Pakistan to follow the principle of maṣlaḥah during the process of interpretation. It is also acclaimed that the Renaissance of this vibrant principle of ijtihād would be a revival of the interpretive policy of the Prophet (SAW), his companions and the traditional Muslim jurists. It would also lead to the development of Islamic jurisprudence in the light of changed context.

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Zikria, Ghulam y Yasmin Roofi. "Continuous Development for Good Governance and Rule of Law: Obligations on International Institutions and Pakistan". Global Regional Review IV, n.º I (31 de marzo de 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-i).03.

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Good Governance and rule of law, the prerequisites of sustainable development are recognized and developed by international organizations to promote democracy. But the situation of both mentioned doctrines has not been so satisfactory in Pakistan, one of the democratic countries where new laws have had been established incompatibility with previous ones. Whereas, objectives of lawmaking and sustainable development can only be achieved by corresponding the laws and implementing rule of law and good governance.

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Hassan, Dr Abida y Muhammad Arif Saeed. "Historic Conjunction of Juvenile Law and Child Psychology". Journal of Law & Social Studies 3, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.03.01.4447.

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In any developed nation, the way law is implemented is a seen as a reflection of what the statute or article was intended for, since modern society is a complex blend of different societal layers, it is necessary to make distinctions based on certain criteria in order to satisfy the ulterior motive of law: to maintain peace and harmony in society. One such distinction is that between the law applicable to adults and that applicable to minors, or in legal terms, juveniles. Pakistan also shared its history of juvenile justice with India, up until its independence in 1947. Even then it took Pakistan fifty-three years to formulate a uniform piece of legislation for juveniles, and then another eighteen to update and revise it considerably. By virtue of the procedure of independence, Pakistan inherited a lot of laws that had been introduced by the British in the subcontinent during their rule. Several of these laws were oriented towards juveniles and the need for their separation from adult, either wholly or partially and some of them survive to this day as well.

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Ahmed, Zahid Shahab y Maria J. Stephan. "Fighting for the rule of law: civil resistance and the lawyers' movement in Pakistan". Democratization 17, n.º 3 (11 de mayo de 2010): 492–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510341003700360.

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Zahra, Ulfat y Javed Iqbal. "Politics of alliances and its effects during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's rule in Pakistan". Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 5, n.º 1 (18 de abril de 2021): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.1.7.

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The paper mainly focuses on political alliances during the rule of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This study is based on the opposition’s struggle in the form of political alliances to counter Bhutto's absolute power. The period thus saw the emergence of opposition alliances such as the United Democratic Front, the Pakistan National Alliance to organize resistance against Bhutto’s rule. However, this trend has not been limited to opposition’s alliances only. At times, the government joined hands with the opposition and major parties to achieve an agreed objective. In this study, a descriptive analysis is employed to cover the main theoretical and political formations of accords between the opposition and the ruling party. These unnatural alliances between political parties had immense effects on the future political scenario of Pakistan. It has also been observed that the opposition’s alliances, left behind their imprints on the history of Pakistan leading to the imposition of martial law in 1977 and changing the course of political events ever since. The findings will demonstrate that the political parties were engaged in a struggle for the preservation of the personal ambitions of party leaders. If they tackle the situation with harmony, a firm democracy can establish in Pakistan.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Rule of law – Pakistan"

Ibrahim, Faiqa. "Honour killings under the rule of law in Pakistan". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83953.

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'Honour', an undefined notion in a patriarchal society like Pakistan, is used as a tool to justify the crime of murder. Violence in the name of honour is not a new phenomenon. Historically, it has been justified in the name of culture but the scope of this tradition has broadened with time and there is an enormous increase in the number of its victims. This cultural notion is interpreted in a way to control women's sexuality and to keep women subordinate to men. Honour killing is not legally sanctioned but the judiciary, the administration and the society often condone it one way or the other. In the tribal areas of Pakistan where such murder is not considered a crime, honour killing is a punishment for those who contravene against the traditional honour code.
The wide acceptance of honour killing has made women suffer as a whole against their basic rights; human, constitutional and Islamic. This thesis focuses on the judicial redress against the crime of honour killings, which could be achieved by proper administration of justice. It contests that to control the crime in the patriarchal society of Pakistan, legislative measures are not enough. There is a dire need to eliminate the inadequacies of the administration of justice. The State could build a judicial framework to eliminate the inequality and discrimination against women. The judiciary could play an important role in bringing justice to the victims and in curbing this heinous crime.

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Khan, Foqia Sadiq. "Political economy and the rule of law in Pakistan 1999-2004 : resistance to implementation of law and caste capitalism". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2014. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18254/.

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The thesis examines the relationship between the political economy and the rule of law in contemporary Pakistan. The premise is that the rule of law can be meaningfully studied if the undercurrents of the political economy are explored. It investigates the rule-of-law-based reforms pushed by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) that are meant to promote a level playing field for intra-capital relations, and to regulate relations between capital and the state. The institutional governance reforms of the IFIs are analysed from 1999-2004 within the historical context. The thesis presents two case studies of the IFIs reforms: a tax law (General Sales Tax in the Value-Added Tax mode), and a corporate governance regulatory body (the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan). The third case study is about the textiles sector. In the productive textiles sector, the interplay of the rule of law and political economy is explored. This case study discovers caste capitalism even in the formal textiles sector. Here the lack of impersonalisation and the weak rule of law encourages reliance on the social structures that lead to perpetuation of business networks along the caste lines. Personalisation in the textiles sector in Pakistan comes from the society being in the transition phase. The textiles case study concludes that the textiles manufacturers do not want more mature capitalism. There is a political economy explanation to the resistance to the rule of law. We present an analysis of how IFIs institutional governance reforms are resisted by the capitalist and intermediate classes. This leads to these reforms having only limited success. The rule-violating behaviour of the capitalist class and the intermediate classes has led to varying impact on accumulation - ranging widely from theft of resources, investment in value-enhancing activities, to no significant impact. The rule-violating behaviour presented in the case study chapters is viewed in terms of the transition of a traditional society to a modern 'Weberian' state. The background literature review discusses the notions of the Weberian rationalbureaucratic state, the rule of law and impersonalisation. The literature review also discusses the underlying structural basis of power in society, patron-client relationships, the politics of patronage and the need for rents creation for maintaining political stability. The thesis presents a nuanced analysis illustrating a spectrum of contestations between the forces which wish to promote the pro-market rule of law against those who resist it. Studying such a contestation enables the thesis to make a contribution in the overall understanding of the political economy and the rule-violating behaviour in the middle income countries such as Pakistan.

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Ahmed, Naveed. "The impact of structural reform strategies of international financial institutions on the rule of law, good governance and development in Pakistan". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80264/.

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This thesis examines the impact of structural reform strategies of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) on the rule of law, good governance and development in Pakistan. In doing so, it explores the extent to which the ethos and instruments of rule of law and good governance could be helpful in mitigating problems of social justice as experienced by Pakistan. One important outlet through which this is explored is the internal factors that have aggravated conditions of poverty and social injustice. The interface of these social variables is made possible by the scale of Pakistan’s social challenges which has culminated in the involvement of IFIs in the country’s internal struggles. But like other countries, the IFIs involvement in Pakistan’s domestic affairs has aggravated social injustice rather than alleviating it. The principal argument of this thesis is that absence of social justice in Pakistan could be attributed to the interaction between IFI policies, weak structures of governance and the rule of law. While IFIs policies have recently attempted to emphasise human rights, good governance and the rule of law, these have been ineffective partly because of IFI submissiveness to strategic interests of the United States and Western powers. The theoretical and analytic framework of the thesis is mediated through Amartya Sen’s capability approach. Capability means: What people can positively achieve is influenced by economic opportunities, political liberties, social powers, and the enabling conditions of good health, basic education, and the encouragement and cultivation of initiatives. The institutional arrangements for these opportunities are also influenced by the exercise of people’s freedoms, through the liberty to participate in social choice and in the making of public decisions that impel the progress of these opportunities (Sen, 1999:5). The theoretical framework is used as the frame upon which to engage the impact of Structural Reform Strategies of IFIs on the rule of law, good governance and development in Pakistan as the case study.

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Leben, Anke. "Länderbericht Pakistan". Universität Potsdam, 2002. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5486/.

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Humphreys, S. J. "Theatre of the rule of law : an inquiry into transnational rule of law promotion". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604783.

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The thesis concerns a burgeoning field of practice – the financial and programmatic support for legal and institutional reform across borders, now generally known as ‘rule of law promotion’. The thesis aims to describe what might be called the ‘latent theory’ of the rule of law field: what kind of world is imagined in these programs (and the literature they have generated), and how do donors and funders go about making that world a reality. Given how heavily the field has come to rely on ‘the rule of law’ as its guiding rhetoric, my thesis is also concerned with the changing parameters of the rule of law itself as a term of art: what does the term now encompass, how does current usage differ from its past referential scope, and what factors have contributed to its evolution? The thesis looks at two separate traditions that have produced contemporary transnational rule of law reform: the rule of law ideal, a complex and contested tradition initiated by Albert Dicey in 1885; and the colonial export of laws and institutions, which serves as a precursor for modern efforts, but is difficult to reconcile with the rule of law ideal. The thesis makes the case that each of these traditions – the long-running political, economic and legal debates that have sculpted the landscape of the rule of law ideal, on one hand; the particular experience of the directed application of law abroad in pursuit of economic ends, on the other – have nourished and shaped the contemporary rule of law phenomenon. In short, I claim, it is difficult or impossible to understand the field of rule of law promotion without first grasping the long battles over the term’s content and the evolution of the practice of legal export.

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Humphreys, Stephe. "El teatro del rule of law". IUS ET VERITAS, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122932.

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Maswanganyi, Mbhambhali Patson. "Rule of law in South Africa". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/483.

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Thesis (M.LAW) --Univesity of Limpopo, 2010
This study investigates the operation and application of the rule of law in South Africa from the colonial era to the new constitutional dispensation. The study also investigates the relationship between the rule of law and the modern conception of constitutionalism.

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Rangelov, Iavor. "Nationalism and the rule of law". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578061.

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Asad, Amir Zada. "Opium and heroin production in Pakistan". Thesis, University of Hull, 1999. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3960.

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Javeid, Umer. "Okun's Law : Empirical Evidence from Pakistan (1981-2005)". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16168.

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The main objective of this research paper is to find the association between unemployment rate and GDP growth which is presented empirically by Arthur Okun’s in early 1960s. For this purpose I have used annual time series data during the period 1981-2005 of Pakistan. I applied difference version of Okun’s law which is more appropriate to access results directly from empirical data. In order to find long run relation between the variables I used Engle-Granger cointegration technique and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) to find the short term behavior of GDP growth to its long run value. This paper verifies negative relationship between unemployment rate and GDP growth and both variables have long run relation with each other. Moreover GDP growth will adjust more quickly towards equilibrium in the long run.

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Libros sobre el tema "Rule of law – Pakistan"

Haq, S. Anwarul. Revolutionary legality in Pakistan. Lahore: Pakistan Writers' Co-Operative Society, 1993.

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Lawyers Committee for International Human Rights., ed. Zia's law: Human rights under military rule in Pakistan. New York, N.Y: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1985.

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1934-, Mannan M. A., ed. Judgments on the constitution, rule of law, and Martial Law in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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Shah, Nasim Hasan. Judgements on the constitution, rule of law, and martial law in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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Shah, Nasim Hasan. Essays and addresses on constitution, law and Pakistan legal system. Lahore: Research Society of Pakistan, 1999.

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The first 10 general elections of Pakistan: A story of Pakistan's transition from democracy above rule of law to democracy under rule of law : 1970-2013. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2013.

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Jalal, Ayesha. The State of martial rule: The origins of Pakistan's political economy of defence. Lahore: Vanguard Books, 1991.

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Jalal, Ayesha. The state of martial rule: The origins of Pakistan's political economy of defence. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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The Pakistan lawyers' movement: An unfinished agenda. Islamabad: Pakistan Law House, 2008.

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Pakistan. Manual of mining concession rules in Pakistan. Lahore: Punjab Law Book House, 2003.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Rule of law – Pakistan"

Rizvi, Hasan-Askari. "Authoritarian Clientelism: Post-Martial Law Rule". En Military, State and Society in Pakistan, 101–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599048_6.

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Shahab, Palvasha. "Confined Employment: Exploring Labor Marginalization in Workplace Safety". En Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 237–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_13.

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AbstractThis chapter argues that Pakistan has never had a bona fide system of occupational safety and health (OSH) laws, policies, standards or enforcement mechanisms (“OSH infrastructure”). Instead, the country’s present OSH infrastructure remains divorced from workers’ most urgent needs and the country’s institutional capacity—effectively leaving workers without protection. This chapter traces the progress of the fire, delineates violations of OSH law and provides an account of the actions and inactions of various actors involved. In doing so, it highlights the gap between the OSH system’s deficiencies and the fatalities they caused; outlining what measures were legally required to prevent such a tragedy but they were not in place. Then, it explores the geneology of these illegalities and accompanying apathies as it traces the history of Pakistan’s OSH infrastructure back to its origins under British colonial rule and contextualises it with the overarching global (politico-economic) order in which the factory fire should perhaps be seen. Thus, it renders visible the historical trajectories and contemporary political and economic factors that have led to workers’ persistent exclusion from the politico-legal sphere, denial of their rights and their dehumanisation—specifically in Pakistan and generally in the Global South. It concludes by identifying some directions that could be taken for a renewed and vitalised mandate to govern the OSH infrastructure in Pakistan.

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Akbari, Suhailah. "Implications of WTO Rules on Freedom of Transit and Security Exceptions for Afghanistan–Pakistan Transit Trade". En European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 203–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73464-0_8.

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Mufti, Shahan. "The Chief and the Channels: How Satellite Television Sparked a Social Movement for the ‘Rule of Law’ that Is Restructuring Political Power in Pakistan". En Media Ethics and Justice in the Age of Globalization, 174–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137498267_10.

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Zeb, Rizwan. "Balochistan during the British rule in India". En Ethno-political Conflict in Pakistan, 39–60. 1. | New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge advances in South Asian studies: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429318139-3.

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Abumere, Frank Aragbonfoh. "Rule of Law". En The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_278-1.

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Allan, T. R. S. "Rule of Law". En The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 1769–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_336.

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Candela, Rosolino A. y Ennio Piano. "Rule of Law". En Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–4. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_421-1.

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Candela, Rosolino A. y Ennio Piano. "Rule of Law". En Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1836–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_421.

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Pospisil, Jan. "Rule by Law". En Edition Politik, 251–54. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839455807-038.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Rule of law – Pakistan"

Khattak, Ikhlaq y Mirza Jamil Yousaf. "Design of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Autorickshaw". En ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97249.

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In Asia there are less private cars, but there is a high proportion of 2-stroke engines in scooters, motorcycles, auto-rickshaws (Tuk-Tuks), all running on petrol-oil mixtures with levels of hydrocarbon emissions (from partially burnt fuel and oil) well in excess of levels permitted in the USA and Europe. Worldwide Rickshaw/scooter/motorcycle type engine production is estimated at 17 million per year. According to National Transport Research Center (NTRC), the total population of registered (all types) motor vehicles in Pakistan in year 2000 was 4.224 million, out of which more than half of the population is (2.206 million) two wheelers or three wheelers (motorcycle/scooter/auto rickshaw). Almost all auto rickshaws have two stroke power packs and also 60% of motorcycle/scooters are of the same category. Pakistan is a very densely populated developing country, with very loose environment protection rules, which are practically unregulated due to large financial implications. This scenario leads to adverse air quality conditions especially in large cities of the country where the main contributory factors are vehicular traffic, that too, two stroke vehicles Industry, diesel-powered vehicles, and the omnipresent three-wheeled, two-stroke rickshaws all contribute to the extremely dirty air. Taxi/car use is increasing, but rickshaws have the advantage of being able to swarm through the congested car traffic in cities. This explains the over .6 million motorcycles/scooters/rickshaws currently in Pakistan, of which approximately 20% are two stroke Auto-rickshaws of 175 cc. Pakistan’s vehicle fleet has a growth rate of 8.0% (1990–99). The purpose of this study is to examine a particular application of fuel cell technology “The Auto Rickshaws”. They are small three-wheeled vehicles that can carry three people. Due to their small size and low price, rickshaws have traditionally been powered by high power density two-stroke internal combustion engines. Two-stroke engines produce a great deal of pollution and are an object of concern in many Asian countries. Severe pollution from two-stroke engines is a significant driver for cleaner technology. Thus, the target of this study is the Asian urban commuter, since a rickshaw is largely used in many Asian cities and contributes directly to air pollution in major crowded cities of Pakistan also. Countries like China, India, Bangladesh, Taiwan and Pakistan [1] are facing dramatic growth rates in two-stroke vehicle population as bicycle rickshaws are being replaced, so, low-powered but clean rickshaws would be a major step in providing mobility without compromising urban air quality.

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Imron, Muhamad y Rohaida Nordin. "Countering Insurgency and Terrorism in Pakistan: Challenges and Recommendations". En International Law Conference 2018. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010052600950102.

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"Homologous series. Law or rule?" En Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/ Systems Biology. institute of cytology and genetics siberian branch of the russian academy of science, Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/bgrs/sb-2020-161.

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"TERRORISM AND THE RULE OF LAW: Analysis of International Law Perspectives". En International Legal Issues Conference. Tishk International University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/ilic2020.58.

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Lin, Ge. "Rule of law in Rural Ecological Conservation". En Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ichess-19.2019.11.

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Vasileska, Larisa. "POLITICAL “IDEALISTIC” LEADERSHIP AND THE RULE OF LAW". En Fifth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2019.141.

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Wu, Yuankun. "Rule-based Expert System for Chinese Patent Law". En 2020 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications (ICAICA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaica50127.2020.9181916.

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Zhang, Wenliang y Dong Long. "Analysis on Locke's Thought of Rule of Law". En 3rd International Conference on Judicial, Administrative and Humanitarian Problems of State Structures and Economic Subjects (JAHP 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jahp-18.2018.152.

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KNIGHT, CHRIS. "LANGUAGE CO-EVOLVED WITH THE RULE OF LAW". En Proceedings of the 6th International Conference (EVOLANG6). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812774262_0022.

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Guangxia, Mao. "Study on the Construction of Law-based Government under China's Rule of Law". En 2015 International Conference on Social Science and Technology Education. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsste-15.2015.220.

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Informes sobre el tema "Rule of law – Pakistan"

Palomino, Jeffrey G. Whose Rule? Whose Law? Filtering America Out of the Rule of Law Mission in Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, diciembre de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada537079.

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Ashraf, Nava, Alexia Delfino y Edward Glaeser. Rule of Law and Female Entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, octubre de 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26366.

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Ranasinghe, Ashantha y Diego Restuccia. Financial Frictions and the Rule of Law. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, abril de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24546.

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Johnston, Angelina, Kevin O'Connor y Justin Chenault. Anbar Rule of Law/Judicial Complex Ramadi, Iraq. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, enero de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada493570.

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Stark, Christine A. The Rule of Law in Peace Keeping Operations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzo de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada424064.

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Wexler, Ian S. Rule of Law in Mexico: Fact or Fiction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, octubre de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada555420.

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Fishback, Price. Rule of Law in Labor Relations, 1898-1940. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, julio de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27614.

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Law, Leonard J. Rule of Law in Iraq: Transitional Justice Under Occupation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, mayo de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada429242.

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Rigobon, Roberto y Dani Rodrik. Rule of Law, Democracy, Openness, and Income: Estimating the Interrelationships. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, septiembre de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10750.

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Walrath, Daniel R. Rule of Law and Detention Operations in the Counterinsurgency Campaign. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, octubre de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada535100.

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