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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Spindle (Cell division) Cell migration"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 7 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Spindle (Cell division) Cell migration"

Wordeman, L., K. L. McDonald, and W. Z. Cande. "The distribution of cytoplasmic microtubules throughout the cell cycle of the centric diatom Stephanopyxis turris: their role in nuclear migration and positioning the mitotic spindle during cytokinesis." Journal of Cell Biology 102, no. 5 (1986): 1688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.102.5.1688.

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The cell cycle of the marine centric diatom Stephanopyxis turris consists of a series of spatially and temporally well-ordered events. We have used immunofluorescence microscopy to examine the role of cytoplasmic microtubules in these events. At interphase, microtubules radiate out from the microtubule-organizing center, forming a network around the nucleus and extending much of the length and breadth of the cell. As the cell enters mitosis, this network breaks down and a highly ordered mitotic spindle is formed. Peripheral microtubule bundles radiate out from each spindle pole and swing out and away from the central spindle during anaphase. Treatment of synchronized cells with 2.5 X 10(-8) M Nocodazole reversibly inhibited nuclear migration concurrent with the disappearance of the extensive cytoplasmic microtubule arrays associated with migrating nuclei. Microtubule arrays and mitotic spindles that reformed after the drug was washed out appeared normal. In contrast, cells treated with 5.0 X 10(-8) M Nocodazole were not able to complete nuclear migration after the drug was washed out and the mitotic spindles that formed were multipolar. Normal and multipolar spindles that were displaced toward one end of the cell by the drug treatment had no effect on the plane of division during cytokinesis. The cleavage furrow always bisected the cell regardless of the position of the mitotic spindle, resulting in binucleate/anucleate daughter cells. This suggests that in S. turris, unlike animal cells, the location of the plane of division is cortically determined before mitosis.

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Gönczy, Pierre, Heinke Schnabel, Titus Kaletta, Ana Duran Amores, Tony Hyman, and Ralf Schnabel. "Dissection of Cell Division Processes in the One Cell Stage Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo by Mutational Analysis." Journal of Cell Biology 144, no. 5 (1999): 927–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.144.5.927.

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To identify novel components required for cell division processes in complex eukaryotes, we have undertaken an extensive mutational analysis in the one cell stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. The large size and optical properties of this cell permit observation of cell division processes with great detail in live specimens by simple differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. We have screened an extensive collection of maternal-effect embryonic lethal mutations on chromosome III with time-lapse DIC video microscopy. Using this assay, we have identified 48 mutations in 34 loci which are required for specific cell division processes in the one cell stage embryo. We show that mutations fall into distinct phenotypic classes which correspond, among others, to the processes of pronuclear migration, rotation of centrosomes and associated pronuclei, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, anaphase spindle positioning, and cytokinesis. We have further analyzed pronuclear migration mutants by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against tubulin and ZYG-9, a centrosomal marker. This analysis revealed that two pronuclear migration loci are required for generating normal microtubule arrays and four for centrosome separation. All 34 loci have been mapped by deficiencies to distinct regions of chromosome III, thus paving the way for their rapid molecular characterization. Our work contributes to establishing the one cell stage C. elegans embryo as a powerful metazoan model system for dissecting cell division processes.

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Sun, Shao-Chen, and Nam-Hyung Kim. "Molecular Mechanisms of Asymmetric Division in Oocytes." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 4 (2013): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001566.

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AbstractIn contrast to symmetric division in mitosis, mammalian oocyte maturation is characterized by asymmetric cell division that produces a large egg and a small polar body. The asymmetry results from oocyte polarization, which includes spindle positioning, migration, and cortical reorganization, and this process is critical for fertilization and the retention of maternal components for early embryo development. Although actin dynamics are involved in this process, the molecular mechanism underlying this remained unclear until the use of confocal microscopy and live cell imaging became widespread in recent years. Information obtained through a PubMed database search of all articles published in English between 2000 and 2012 that included the phrases “oocyte, actin, spindle migration,” “oocyte, actin, polar body,” or “oocyte, actin, asymmetric division” was reviewed. The actin nucleation factor actin-related protein 2/3 complex and its nucleation-promoting factors, formins and Spire, and regulators such as small GTPases, partitioning-defective/protein kinase C, Fyn, microRNAs, cis-Golgi apparatus components, myosin/myosin light-chain kinase, spindle stability regulators, and spindle assembly checkpoint regulators, play critical roles in asymmetric cell division in oocytes. This review summarizes recent findings on these actin-related regulators in mammalian oocyte asymmetric division and outlines a complete signaling pathway.

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de Saint Phalle, Brigitte, and William Sullivan. "Spindle Assembly and Mitosis without Centrosomes in Parthenogenetic Sciara Embryos." Journal of Cell Biology 141, no. 6 (1998): 1383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.141.6.1383.

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In Sciara, unfertilized embryos initiate parthenogenetic development without centrosomes. By comparing these embryos with normal fertilized embryos, spindle assembly and other microtubule-based events can be examined in the presence and absence of centrosomes. In both cases, functional mitotic spindles are formed that successfully proceed through anaphase and telophase, forming two daughter nuclei separated by a midbody. The spindles assembled without centrosomes are anastral, and it is likely that their microtubules are nucleated at or near the chromosomes. These spindles undergo anaphase B and successfully segregate sister chromosomes. However, without centrosomes the distance between the daughter nuclei in the next interphase is greatly reduced. This suggests that centrosomes are required to maintain nuclear spacing during the telophase to interphase transition. As in Drosophila, the initial embryonic divisions of Sciara are synchronous and syncytial. The nuclei in fertilized centrosome-bearing embryos maintain an even distribution as they divide and migrate to the cortex. In contrast, as division proceeds in embryos lacking centrosomes, nuclei collide and form large irregularly shaped nuclear clusters. These nuclei are not evenly distributed and never successfully migrate to the cortex. This phenotype is probably a direct result of a failure to form astral microtubules in parthenogenetic embryos lacking centrosomes. These results indicate that the primary function of centrosomes is to provide astral microtubules for proper nuclear spacing and migration during the syncytial divisions. Fertilized Sciara embryos produce a large population of centrosomes not associated with nuclei. These free centrosomes do not form spindles or migrate to the cortex and replicate at a significantly reduced rate. This suggests that the centrosome must maintain a proper association with the nucleus for migration and normal replication to occur.

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Sutradhar, Sabyasachi, Vikas Yadav, Shreyas Sridhar, et al. "A comprehensive model to predict mitotic division in budding yeasts." Molecular Biology of the Cell 26, no. 22 (2015): 3954–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e15-04-0236.

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High-fidelity chromosome segregation during cell division depends on a series of concerted interdependent interactions. Using a systems biology approach, we built a robust minimal computational model to comprehend mitotic events in dividing budding yeasts of two major phyla: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. This model accurately reproduces experimental observations related to spindle alignment, nuclear migration, and microtubule (MT) dynamics during cell division in these yeasts. The model converges to the conclusion that biased nucleation of cytoplasmic microtubules (cMTs) is essential for directional nuclear migration. Two distinct pathways, based on the population of cMTs and cortical dyneins, differentiate nuclear migration and spindle orientation in these two phyla. In addition, the model accurately predicts the contribution of specific classes of MTs in chromosome segregation. Thus we present a model that offers a wider applicability to simulate the effects of perturbation of an event on the concerted process of the mitotic cell division.

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Telley, Ivo A., Imre Gáspár, Anne Ephrussi, and Thomas Surrey. "Aster migration determines the length scale of nuclear separation in the Drosophila syncytial embryo." Journal of Cell Biology 197, no. 7 (2012): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201204019.

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In the early embryo of many species, comparatively small spindles are positioned near the cell center for subsequent cytokinesis. In most insects, however, rapid nuclear divisions occur in the absence of cytokinesis, and nuclei distribute rapidly throughout the large syncytial embryo. Even distribution and anchoring of nuclei at the embryo cortex are crucial for cellularization of the blastoderm embryo. The principles underlying nuclear dispersal in a syncytium are unclear. We established a cell-free system from individual Drosophila melanogaster embryos that supports successive nuclear division cycles with native characteristics. This allowed us to investigate nuclear separation in predefined volumes. Encapsulating nuclei in microchambers revealed that the early cytoplasm is programmed to separate nuclei a distinct distance. Laser microsurgery revealed an important role of microtubule aster migration through cytoplasmic space, which depended on F-actin and cooperated with anaphase spindle elongation. These activities define a characteristic separation length scale that appears to be a conserved property of developing insect embryos.

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Riparbelli, M. G., G. Callaini, and D. M. Glover. "Failure of pronuclear migration and repeated divisions of polar body nuclei associated with MTOC defects in polo eggs of Drosophila." Journal of Cell Science 113, no. 18 (2000): 3341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.113.18.3341.

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The meiotic spindle of Drosophila oocytes is acentriolar but develops an unusual central microtubule organising centre (MTOC) at the end of meiosis I. In polo oocytes, this common central pole for the two tandem spindles of meiosis II was poorly organised and in contrast to wild-type failed to maintain its associated Pav-KLP motor protein. Furthermore, the polar body nuclei failed to arrest at metaphase, and the four products of female meiosis all underwent repeated haploid division cycles on anastral spindles. This was linked to a failure to form the astral array of microtubules with which the polar body chromosomes are normally associated. The MTOC associated with the male pronucleus was also defective in polo eggs, and the sperm aster did not grow. Migration of the female pronucleus did not take place and so a gonomeric spindle could not form. We discuss these findings in relation to the known roles of polo like kinases in regulating the behaviour of MTOCs.

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Zhang, Yu, Xiang Wan, Hong-Hui Wang, Meng-Hao Pan, Zhen-Nan Pan, and Shao-Chen Sun. "RAB35 depletion affects spindle formation and actin-based spindle migration in mouse oocyte meiosis." MHR: Basic science of reproductive medicine 25, no. 7 (2019): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gaz027.

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Abstract Mammalian oocyte maturation involves a unique asymmetric cell division, in which meiotic spindle formation and actin filament-mediated spindle migration to the oocyte cortex are key processes. Here, we report that the vesicle trafficking regulator, RAB35 GTPase, is involved in regulating cytoskeleton dynamics in mouse oocytes. RAB35 GTPase mainly accumulated at the meiotic spindle periphery and cortex during oocyte meiosis. Depletion of RAB35 by morpholino microinjection led to aberrant polar body extrusion and asymmetric division defects in almost half the treated oocytes. We also found that RAB35 affected SIRT2 and αTAT for tubulin acetylation, which further modulated microtubule stability and meiotic spindle formation. Additionally, we found that RAB35 associated with RHOA in oocytes and modulated the ROCK–cofilin pathway for actin assembly, which further facilitated spindle migration for oocyte asymmetric division. Importantly, microinjection of Myc-Rab35 cRNA into RAB35-depleted oocytes could significantly rescue these defects. In summary, our results suggest that RAB35 GTPase has multiple roles in spindle stability and actin-mediated spindle migration in mouse oocyte meiosis.

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Liu, Xiaoyu, Xiaoyun Liu, Dandan Chen, Xiuying Jiang, and Wei Ma. "PLD2 regulates microtubule stability and spindle migration in mouse oocytes during meiotic division." PeerJ 5 (May 16, 2017): e3295. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3295.

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Phospholipase D2 (PLD2) is involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration, cell cycle progression, transcriptional control and vesicle trafficking. There is no evidence about PLD2 function in oocytes during meiosis. Herein, we analyzed PLD2 expression and its relationship with spindle formation and positioning in mouse oocyte meiosis. High protein level of PLD2 was revealed in oocytes by Western blot, which remained consistently stable from prophase I with intact germinal vesicle (GV) up to metaphase II (MII) stage. Immunofluorescence showed that PLD2 appeared and gathered around the condensed chromosomesafter germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and co-localized with spindle from pro-metaphase I (pro-MI) to metaphase I (MI) and at MII stage. During anaphase I (Ana I) to telophase I (Tel I) transition, PLD2 was concentrated in the spindle polar area but absent from the midbody. In oocytes incubated with NFOT, an allosteric and catalytic inhibitor to PLD2, the spindle was enlarged and center-positioned, microtubules were resistant to cold-induced depolymerization and, additionally, the meiotic progression was arrested at MI stage. However, spindle migration could not be totally prevented by PLD2 catalytic specific inhibitors, FIPI and 1-butanol, implying at least partially, that PLD2 effect on spindle migration needs non-catalytic domain participation. NFOT-induced defects also resulted in actin-related molecules’ distribution alteration, such as RhoA, phosphatidylinosital 4, 5- biphosphate (PIP2), phosphorylated Colifin and, consequently, unordered F-actin dynamics. Taken together, these data indicate PLD2 is required for the regulation of microtubule dynamics and spindle migration toward the cortex in mammalian oocytes during meiotic progression.

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Gholkar, Ankur A., Keith Cheung, Kevin J. Williams, et al. "Fatostatin Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation by Affecting Mitotic Microtubule Spindle Assembly and Cell Division." Journal of Biological Chemistry 291, no. 33 (2016): 17001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.c116.737346.

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The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors have become attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition in the treatment of metabolic diseases and cancer. SREBPs are critical for the production and metabolism of lipids and cholesterol, which are essential for cellular homeostasis and cell proliferation. Fatostatin was recently discovered as a specific inhibitor of SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), which is required for SREBP activation. Fatostatin possesses antitumor properties including the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and it arrests cancer cells in G2/M phase. Although Fatostatin has been viewed as an antitumor agent due to its inhibition of SREBP and its effect on lipid metabolism, we show that Fatostatin's anticancer properties can also be attributed to its inhibition of cell division. We analyzed the effect of SREBP activity inhibitors including Fatostatin, PF-429242, and Betulin on the cell cycle and determined that only Fatostatin possessed antimitotic properties. Fatostatin inhibited tubulin polymerization, arrested cells in mitosis, activated the spindle assembly checkpoint, and triggered mitotic catastrophe and reduced cell viability. Thus Fatostatin's ability to inhibit SREBP activity and cell division could prove beneficial in treating aggressive types of cancers such as glioblastomas that have elevated lipid metabolism and fast proliferation rates and often develop resistance to current anticancer therapies.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Spindle (Cell division) Cell migration"

Nestor-Bergmann, Alexander. "Relating cell shape, mechanical stress and cell division in epithelial tissues." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/relating-cell-shape-mechanical-stress-and-cell-division-in-epithelial-tissues(ebf1bce8-ca35-4f5a-8be9-f2e19c96e20d).html.

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The development and maintenance of tissues and organs depend on the careful regulation and coordinated motion of large numbers of cells. There is substantial evidence that many complex tissue functions, such as cell division, collective cell migration and gene expression, are directly regulated by mechanical forces. However, relatively little is known about how mechanical stress is distributed within a tissue and how this may guide biochemical signalling. Working in the framework of a popular vertex-based model, we derive expressions for stress tensors at the cell and tissue level to build analytic relationships between cell shape and mechanical stress. The discrete vertex model is upscaled, providing exact expressions for the bulk and shear moduli of disordered cellular networks, which bridges the gap to traditional continuum-level descriptions of tissues. Combining this theoretical work with new experimental techniques for whole-tissue stretching of Xenopus laevis tissue, we separate the roles of mechanical stress and cell shape in orienting and cueing epithelial mitosis. We find that the orientation of division is best predicted by the shape of tricellular junctions, while there appears to be a more direct role for mechanical stress as a mitotic cue.

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Chanasakulniyom, Mayuree. "Single cell devices for migration and division studies." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5072/.

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Microfluidic technologies and devices now provide powerful tools for many biological studies to gain knowledge and insight into cell behaviour because of their potential to control the local in vitro environment. This thesis aims to develop microfluidic devices for the single cell proliferation and migration studies that are fundamental in determining cell and tissue behaviour. There are two designs of microfluidic devices that have been used in this project. The first one is hydrodynamic single cell trap device having a bagatelle- like structure. The bagatelle-like devices were used to trap modified MCF7 cells expressing both mcherry-tubulin and GFP-actin and also to study the influences of the oestrogen hormone on MCF7 cells. It was found that the MCF7 cell proliferation could not be seen in the bagatelle-like devices either in the presence or absence of oestrogen. It was hypothesised that this might be due to cell stresses arising from being in a constrained area (trap) and subjected to strong fluid flow forces. The second, novel, device consists of three segregated layers and is termed a microhole device. It was specifically designed, fabricated, characterised and utilised in cancer cell proliferation and migration studies in this thesis. The microhole devices were designed to address the limitations of the bagatelle-like device. In each microhole device, the lower layer comprises of a network of submerged channels linked to an upper layer through cavity-like holes. The networks of submerged channels provide a route through which cells can migrate. The middle layer consists of an array of circular holes used to organise single cells into the cavities beneath. The top layer is a PDMS chamber for cell loading and culture medium perfusion. It was found that the recirculatory flow patterns inside the devices facilitate cell trapping, while also serving to separate high velocity flow in the top chamber from the middle and the bottom layer thereby protecting the cells from shear stress. MDA-MB-231 cells were used in this study. It was found that they can undergo cell cycling normally in the microhole devices, and migrate along an SDF-1α solution gradient produced inside the device, towards high SDF-1α concentration. To explore whether the cells were sensitive to SDF-1α on the surface to which they adhered (as opposed to solution gradients), the microhole devices were modified to have SDF-1α immobilised on selected interior surfaces. Despite each stage of the immobilisation process being verified using the appropriate fluorescence assays, relatively low levels of SDF-1α were detected in the completed devices. This may be due to fabrication processes that might deteriorate the immobilised SDF-1α functionality. It was found that unlike the situation when SDF-1α is in solution form, the MDA-MB-231 cells showed no migratory preference toward the immobilised SDF-1α. Taken together, the microhole devices developed in this thesis provide suitable environments for study cell migration toward stimuli under perfusion conditions. The geometry and the flow characteristics inside the array facilitate cell trapping and serve to protect cells from shear stress caused by high fluid flow. Further applications of the multilayer microhole devices can be found through modifying the different layers to accommodate different geometries for different cell types as well as more complex stimulation conditions, or in other application areas associated with droplet microfluidics and synthetic biology.

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Stewart, Neil Padilla Pamela Ann Fox. "Identifying genetic interactions of the spindle checkpoint in Caenorhabditis elegans." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12203.

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Golub, Ognjen. "Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Subcellular Localization and Function of Mitotic Spindle Orientation Determinants." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20711.

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Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle is essential during animal development for the generation of cell diversity and organogenesis. To understand the molecular mechanisms regulating this process, genetic studies have implicated evolutionarily conserved proteins that function in diverse cell types to align the spindle along an intrinsic cellular polarity axis. This activity is achieved through physical contacts between astral microtubules of the spindle and a distinct domain of force generating proteins on the cell cortex. In this work, I shed light on how these proteins form distinct cortical domains, how their activity is coupled to their subcellular localization, and how they provide cytoskeletal and motor protein connections that are required to generate the forces necessary to position the mitotic spindle. I first discuss the mechanisms by which Mushroom body defect (Mud; NuMA in mammals), provides spindle orientation cues from various subcellular locations. Aside from its known role at the cortex as an adapter for the Dynein motor, I reveal novel isoform-dependent Mud functions at the spindle poles during assembly of the mitotic spindle and astral microtubules, thus implicating Mud in spindle orientation pathways away from the cell cortex. Moreover, through collaborative efforts with former lab members, I describe molecular regulation and assembly of two ‘accessory’ pathways that activate cortical Mud-Dynein, one through the tumor suppressor protein Discs large (Dlg), and another through the signaling protein Dishevelled (Dsh). I demonstrate that the Dlg pathway is spatially regulated by the polarity kinase atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC) through direct phosphorylation of Dlg. This signal relieves Dlg autoinhibition to promote cortical recruitment of the Dlg-ligand Gukholder (Gukh), a novel microtubule-binding protein that provides an additional connection between astral microtubules and the cortex that is essential for activity of the Dlg pathway. Lastly, I determine that the Dsh accessory pathway provides an alternative cytoskeletal cue by recruiting Diaphanous (Dia), an actin nucleating protein. By demonstrating interchangeability between the two accessory pathways, we conclude that Mud-Dynein is activated by various cytoskeletal cues and that the mode of activation is cell-context dependent. This dissertation includes unpublished and previously published co-authored material. 10000-01-01

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Joslin, Elizabeth Jane. "Quantitative studies of EGFR autocrine induced cell signaling and migration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39910.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor autocrine and/or paracrine signaling plays an important role in normal epithelial cell proliferation, survival, adhesion and migration. Aberrant expression of the EGF receptor and its cognate ligands have been implicated in various types of cancers, hence EGF receptor autocrine activation is thought to also be involved in tumorigenesis. EGF family ligands are synthesized as membrane-anchored proteins requiring proteolytic release to form the mature soluble, receptor-binding factor. Despite the pathophysiological importance of autocrine systems, how protease-mediated ligand release quantitatively influences receptor-mediated signaling and consequent cell behavior is poorly understood. Therefore, we explored the relationship between autocrine EGF release rate and receptor-mediated ERK activation and migration in human mammary epithelial cells. A quantitative spectrum of EGF release rates was achieved using chimeric EGF ligand precursors modulated by the addition of the metalloprotease inhibitor batimastat. We found that ERK activation increased with increasing ligand release rates despite concomitant EGF receptor downregulation. (cont.) Cell migration speed depended linearly on the steady-state phospho-ERK level, but was much greater for autocrine compared to exogenous stimulation. In contrast, cell proliferation rates were constant across the various treatment conditions. In addition, we investigated an EGFR-mediated positive feedback through ERK that stimulated a 4-fold increase in release rate of our TGFa based construct. Thus, in these cells, ERK-mediated migration stimulated by EGF receptor signaling is most sensitively regulated by autocrine ligand control mechanisms. by Elizabeth Jane Joslin. Ph.D.

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Chu, Calvin School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW. "Development of a semi-automatic method for cellular migration and division analysis." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biomedical Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20543.

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Binary image processing algorithms have been implemented in this study to create a background subtraction mask for the segmentation of cellular time lapse images. The complexity in the development of the background subtraction mask stems from the inherent difficulties in contrast resolution at the cellular boundaries. Coupling the background subtraction mask with the path reconstruction method via superposition of overlapping binary segmented objects in sequential time lapse images produces a semi-automatic method for cellular tracking. In addition to the traditional center of mass or centroid approximation, a novel quasi-center of mass (QCM) derived from the local maxima of the distance transformation (DT) has also been proposed in this study. Furthermore, image isolation and separation between spreading/motile and mitotic cells allows the extraction of both migratory and divisional cellular information. DT application to isolated mitotic cells permits the ability to identify distinct morphologic phases of cellular division. Application of standard bivariate statistics allows the characterization of cellular migration and growth. Determination of Hotelling???s confidence ellipse from cellular trajectory data elucidates the biased or unbiased migration of cellular populations. We investigated whether it was possible to describe the trajectory as a simple binomial process, where trajectory directions are classified into a sequence of (8) discrete states. A significant proportion of trajectories did not follow the binomial model. Additionally, a preliminary relationship between the image background area, approximate number of counted cells in an image frame, and imaging time is proposed from the segmentation of confluent monolayer cellular cultures.

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Reschen, Richard Frederick. "The roles of Dgp71WD at the centrosome and spindle in Drosophila." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609808.

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Stewart, Neil. "Identifying genetic interactions of the spindle checkpoint in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12203/.

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Faithful segregation of chromosomes is ensured by the spindle checkpoint. If a kinetochore does not correctly attach to a microtubule the spindle checkpoint stops cell cycle progression until all chromosomes are attached to microtubules or tension is experienced while pulling the chromosomes. The C. elegans gene, san-1, is required for spindle checkpoint function and anoxia survival. To further understand the role of san-1 in the spindle checkpoint, an RNAi screen was conducted to identify genetic interactions with san-1. The kinetochore gene hcp-1 identified in this screen, was known to have a genetic interaction with hcp-2. Interestingly, san-1(ok1580);hcp-2(ok1757) had embryonic and larval lethal phenotypes, but the phenotypes observed are less severe compared to the phenotypes of san-1(ok1580);hcp-1(RNAi) animals. Both san-1(ok1580);hcp-1(RNAi) and san-1(ok1580);hcp-2(RNAi) produce eggs that may hatch; but san-1(ok1580):hcp-1(RNAi) larvae do not survive to adulthood due to defects caused by aberrant chromosome segregations during development. Y54G9A.6 encodes the C. elegans homolog of bub-3, and has spindle checkpoint function. In C.elegans, bub-3 has genetic interactions with san-1 and mdf-2. An RNAi screen for genetic interactions with bub-3 identified that F31F6.3 may potentially have a genetic interaction with bub-3. This work provided genetic evidence that hcp-1, hcp-2 and F31F6.2 interact with spindle checkpoint genes.

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Kosmin, Alan Simon. "Cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration within the human fetal retina." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366488.

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Hung, Hui-Fang. "Roles of the Mother Centriole Appendage Protein Cenexin in Microtubule Organization during Cell Migration and Cell Division: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2016. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/842.

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Epithelial cells are necessary building blocks of the organs they line. Their apicalbasolateral polarity, characterized by an asymmetric distribution of cell components along their apical-basal axis, is a requirement for normal organ function. Although the centrosome, also known as the microtubule organizing center, is important in establishing cell polarity the mechanisms through which it achieves this remain unclear. It has been suggested that the centrosome influences cell polarity through microtubule cytoskeleton organization and endosome trafficking. In the first chapter of this thesis, I summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms regulating cell polarity and review evidence for the role of centrosomes in this process. In the second chapter, I examine the roles of the mother centriole appendages in cell polarity during cell migration and cell division. Interestingly, the subdistal appendages, but not the distal appendages, are essential in both processes, a role they achieve through organizing centrosomal microtubules. Depletion of subdistal appendages disrupts microtubule organization at the centrosome and hence, affects microtubule stability. These microtubule defects affect centrosome reorientation and spindle orientation during cell migration and division, respectively. In addition, depletion of subdistal appendages affects the localization and dynamics of apical polarity proteins in relation to microtubule stability and endosome recycling. Taken together, our results suggest the mother centriole subdistal appendages play an essential role in regulating cell polarity. A discussion of the significance of these results is included in chapter three.

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Más fuentes

Libros sobre el tema "Spindle (Cell division) Cell migration"

Tazawa, M. Cell Dynamics: Cytoplasmic Streaming Cell Movement-Contraction and Migration Cell and Organelle Division Phototaxis of Cell and Cell Organelle. Springer Vienna, 1989.

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Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, ed. The cell surface. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1992.

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M, Tazawa, ed. Cell dynamics. Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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(Editor), Robert E. Palazzo, and Trisha N. Davis (Editor), eds. Centrosomes and Spindle Pole Bodies (Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 67) (Methods in Cell Biology). Academic Press, 2001.

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Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, ed. The Cell surface. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1992.

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Symposia on Quantitative Biology Vol. LVII, 1992. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Spindle (Cell division) Cell migration"

Geymonat, Marco, and Marisa Segal. "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants Linking Spindle Pole Fate, Spindle Polarity, and Asymmetric Cell Division in the Budding Yeast S. cerevisiae." In Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_3.

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Smith, Prestina, Mark Azzam, and Lindsay Hinck. "Extracellular Regulation of the Mitotic Spindle and Fate Determinants Driving Asymmetric Cell Division." In Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_16.

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Gönczy, Pierre, Stephan Grill, Ernst H. K. Stelzer, Matthew Kirkham, and Anthony A. Hyman. "Spindle Positioning during the Asymmetric First Cell Division of Caenorhabditis elegans Embroyos." In Novartis Foundation Symposia. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470846666.ch13.

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Yao, Li, and Yongchao Li. "Electric Field-Guided Cell Migration, Polarization, and Division: An Emerging Therapy in Neural Regeneration." In Glial Cell Engineering in Neural Regeneration. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02104-7_5.

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Gazea, R. M., and W. E. Watson. "Cell Division and Migration in the Brain After Optic Nerve Lesions." In Novartis Foundation Symposia. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719633.ch5.

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Lovegrove, Holly E., and Dan T. Bergstralh. "Cell Division | Spindle Positioning." In Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry III. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819460-7.00294-2.

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INOUÉ, SHINYA. "Cell Division and the Mitotic Spindle." In Collected Works of Shinya Inoué. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812790866_0035.

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Caillaud, Marie-Cécile, Laetitia Paganelli, Philippe Lecomte, et al. "Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Protein Dynamics and Roles in Plant Cell Division." In Plant Physiology. Apple Academic Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12221-9.

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Wynshaw-Boris, Anthony J. "Microtubule Motors: Intracellular Transport, Cell Division, Ciliary Movement, and Nuclear Migration." In Epstein's Inborn Errors of Development. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199934522.003.0184.

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Grisar, Thierry, Bernard Lakaye, Laurence de Nijs, Joseph J. LoTurco, Andrea Daga, and Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta. "Myoclonin1/EFHC1 in Cell Division, Neuroblast Migration, and Synapse/Dendrite Formation in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy." In Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199746545.003.0067.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Spindle (Cell division) Cell migration"

Li, Zhehan, David Grace, and Paul Mitchell. "Cell division, migration and death for energy efficient 5G ultra-small cell networks." In 2014 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2014.7063554.

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Hashimoto, Shigehiro, and Kiyoshi Yoshinaka. "Migration Velocity of Cell under Shear Flow Field: After and Before Division." In 2020 IEEE 20th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe50027.2020.00033.

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Kraning-Rush, Casey M., Shawn P. Carey, and Cynthia A. Reinhart-King. "Molded Collagen Microchannels for the Study of Cancer Cell Invasion." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2012-73093.

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Metastasis is the cause of 90% of cancer-related deaths and yet the precise mechanism of metastasis is poorly understood[1]. To metastasize, cells break free from the primary tumor, migrate through the surrounding tissue, and enter the vascular system to move to a secondary site. To migrate through the stroma, cell can both degrade the tissue and use physical force to move the tissue from its path. However, the relative roles of matrix degradation and cellular force are not well-understood. Previous work has shown that as cell move through the matrix, they create channels that other cells can then use to more easily escape from the primary tumor [2, 3]. To investigate the mechanisms by which metastatic cells move through 3D matrices, we fabricated microchannels from collagen that simulate the paths that are made and used by cells during metastasis. Here, we will present our method for molding channels in compliant collagen gels to investigate cell migration. The channels dimensions approximate the size of a cell and permit cell migration without the need for matrix degradation. We demonstrate that the channels cause persistent, unidirectional cell migration that is significantly faster than the migration observed in 3D matrices without channels. These channels provide a unique platform to probe 3D cellular migration and permit the dissection of the relative roles of matrix degradation and force generation in facilitating cell invasion.

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Dangaria, Jhanvi H., and Peter J. Butler. "Interaction of Shear Stress, Myosin II, and Actin in Dynamic Modulation of Endothelial Cell Microrheology." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192947.

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The endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeleton mediates several biological functions such as adhesion, migration, phagocytosis, cell division, and mechanosensitivity. These functions are carried out in part through dynamic cytoskeletal polymerization, modulation of crosslinking, and development of tension between intracellular organelles and the extracellular matrix via focal adhesion plaques. One important component of the cytoskeleton is actin which polymerizes into filaments and is thought to be prestressed by virtue of crosslinking proteins such as α-actinin, filamin and myosin II molecular motors. Additionally, actomyosin interaction has been hypothesized to act as a stress dissipation mechanism by virtue of dynamic crossbridging which facilitates actin diffusion through the polymer network of the cytoplasm (Humphrey et al., 2002).

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Kumar, G. Naga Siva, Sushanta K. Mitra, and Subir Bhattacharjee. "Dielectrophoretic Mixing With Novel Electrode Geometry." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78260.

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Electrokinetic mixing of analytes at micro-scale is important in several biochemical applications like cell activation, DNA hybridization, protein folding, immunoassays and enzyme reactions. This paper deals with the modeling and numerical simulation of micromixing of two different types of colloidal suspensions based on principle of dielectrophoresis (DEP). A mathematical model is developed based on Laplace, Navier-Stokes, and convection-diffusion-migration equations to calculate electric field, velocity, and concentration distributions, respectively. Mixing of two colloidal suspensions is simulated in a three-dimensional computational domain using finite element analysis considering dielectrophoretic, gravitational and convective (advective)–diffusive forces. Phase shifted AC signal is applied to the alternating electrodes for achieving the mixing of two different colloidal suspensions. The results indicate that the electric field and DEP forces are maximum at the edges of the electrodes and become minimum elsewhere. As compared to curved edges, straight edges of electrodes have lower electric field and DEP forces. The results also indicate that DEP force decays exponentially along the height of the channel. The effect of DEP forces on the concentration profile is studied. It is observed that, the concentration of colloidal particles at the electrodes edges is very less compared to elsewhere. Mixing of two colloidal suspensions due to diffusion is observed at the interface of the two suspensions. The improvement in mixing after applying the repulsive DEP forces on the colloidal suspension is observed. Most of the mixing takes place across the slant edges of the triangular electrodes. The effect of electrode pairs and the mixing length on degree of mixing efficiency are also observed.

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Melbye, Julie A., and Yechun Wang. "Droplet Dynamics in Constricted Return Bends of Microfluidic Channels." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20406.

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Abstract Microfluidic delivery systems have been employed to facilitate cell seeding procedures in drug development for personalized medicine for cancer patients. Despite of the high-throughput nature and potential impact on clinical outcomes of these systems, the efficiency in cell trapping remains a challenge in the operation. Droplet-based microfluidics became one of the solutions due to the large size of the cell-enclosing droplets and their interfacial properties. This study is focused on the motion of the cell-enclosing droplet in a constricted return bends that help to restrict the release of the cells while maintaining the high-throughput nature of the device. In this preliminary study, a three-dimensional boundary element method is used to predict droplet shape, deformation and migration velocity under the influence of various fluid properties and operational conditions. A variety of channel geometries have been explored as well. The resulting computational framework will be used to guide the design of a droplet-based microfluidic delivery system for cell seeding in 3D tumor spheroid arrays.

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Tseng, Peter, Jack W. Judy, and Dino Di Carlo. "Dynamic Manipulation and Precision Localization of Nanoparticles Internal to Cells." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13272.

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Spatial localization of signals is commonplace within cells and allows for a variety of integral biological processes, including cell migration and polarization in development, neural synapse strengthening in learning, and correct cell division to avoid cancer development and progression. Despite the importance, few general tools have been developed to understand and probe spatial localization. We present a technique that translates the centimeter scale motions of an external magnet into nanometer scale motions of superparamagnetic nanoparticles internalized within cells growing on specially patterned “nano-active” substrates. In this way, localization of mechanical forces, or localization of nanoparticle-bound biomolecules can be controlled in real time.

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Buehler, Markus J., and Je´re´mie Bertaud. "Hierarchical Structure Controls Nanomechanical Properties of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13103.

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Intermediate filaments (often abbreviated as IFs), in addition to microtubules and microfilaments, are one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells (Figure 1). It has been suggested that intermediate filaments are crucial in defining key mechanical functions of cells such as cell migration, cell division and mechanotransduction, and have also been referred to as the “safety belts of cells” reflecting their role in preventing exceedingly large cell stretch [1, 2]. Vimentin is a specific type of this protein filament found in fibroblasts, leukocytes, and blood vessel endothelial cells, representing the most widely distributed type of intermediate filaments. Several diseases have been linked to the structure and density of intermediate filaments. Here we report a systematic study of the effects of intermediate filaments on cell mechanics, specifically focused on changes in the density of filaments. We compare the results with experimental studies in vimentin deficient cells, showing good qualitative agreement.

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Richardson, William J., Dennis D. van der Voort, and James E. Moore. "A Device to Subject Cells to Longitudinal Stretch Gradients on a Tube In Vitro." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80941.

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In the US, cardiovascular disease accounts for more than 800,000 deaths and an economic burden of nearly $300 billion per year. A major pathology afflicting the cardiovascular system is atherosclerosis, characterized by intraluminal plaque formation, producing a stenosis and obstructing flow. Balloon angioplasty, often coupled with the implantation of either a bare-metal or drug-eluting stent, has become a standard treatment of atherosclerosis. However, the host tissue’s response to stenting is frequently maladaptive, leading to intimal hyperplasia via smooth muscle cell (SMC) division and migration to the intima, and increased matrix protein synthesis, all contributing to restenosis of the vessel.

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Gheisari, Reza, and Parisa Mirbod. "Experimental Study of Non-Colloidal Mono and Polydisperse Suspension in Taylor-Couette Flow." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21570.

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Monodisperse and polydisperse suspension flows form an extensive section of natural and technological flows. These flow structures can be categorized to sedimenting or neutrally buoyant suspensions considering the density ratio between particle phase to dispersion phase. Biological systems, food processing, ceramic injection, dynamic filtration and air conditioning are examples of areas that such flows arise. Various complicated interparticle interactions and their inevitable influence on and from the continuous phase result in some interesting phenomena which are challenging to justify. This research studies axial instabilities of suspension flow in a partially filled Taylor-Couette setup. Previous observations show that when a monodisperse suspension undergoes a rotational shear motion in a partially filled horizontal Couette cell, particles leave their initial uniform distribution and migrate to regions with lower shear rate. This migration helps formation of ring-shape axial concentrated bands. This study examines the noncolloidal neutrally buoyant suspensions of hard spherical particles with average diameters of 150, 360, 850 micron. Using UCON oil (poly ethylene glycol-ran-glycol) as suspending fluid, monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions in partially filled Stokesian Couette-Taylor flow were studied. The results show strong dependence of band number and profile on suspension concentration and filling level. Moreover interesting phenomena in polydisperse suspensions such as different band shape and weak dependence of band formation time on size of constituents were observed.

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