Bibliografías temáticas / Support and obstacles

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Support and obstacles"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 2 de julio de 2021

Última modificación: 17 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Support and obstacles"

Hamaguchi, Masafumi y Takao Taniguchi. "An Obstacle Avoidance Method for Action Support 7-DOF Manipulators Using Impedance Control". Journal of Robotics 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/842717.

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An obstacle avoidance method of action support 7-DOF manipulators is proposed in this paper. The manipulators are controlled with impedance control to follow user's motions. 7-DOF manipulators are able to avoid obstacles without changing the orbit of the end-effector because they have kinematic redundancy. A joint rate vector is used to change angular velocity of an arbitrary joint with kinematic redundancy. The priority of avoidance is introduced into the proposed method, so that avoidance motions precede follow motions when obstacles are close to the manipulators. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through obstacle avoidance simulations and experiments.

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Pham, Huy-Hieu, Thi-Lan Le y Nicolas Vuillerme. "Real-Time Obstacle Detection System in Indoor Environment for the Visually Impaired Using Microsoft Kinect Sensor". Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3754918.

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Any mobility aid for the visually impaired people should be able to accurately detect and warn about nearly obstacles. In this paper, we present a method for support system to detect obstacle in indoor environment based on Kinect sensor and 3D-image processing. Color-Depth data of the scene in front of the user is collected using the Kinect with the support of the standard framework for 3D sensing OpenNI and processed by PCL library to extract accurate 3D information of the obstacles. The experiments have been performed with the dataset in multiple indoor scenarios and in different lighting conditions. Results showed that our system is able to accurately detect the four types of obstacle: walls, doors, stairs, and a residual class that covers loose obstacles on the floor. Precisely, walls and loose obstacles on the floor are detected in practically all cases, whereas doors are detected in 90.69% out of 43 positive image samples. For the step detection, we have correctly detected the upstairs in 97.33% out of 75 positive images while the correct rate of downstairs detection is lower with 89.47% from 38 positive images. Our method further allows the computation of the distance between the user and the obstacles.

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Bogoevska, Natasa. "Additional support to children with obstacles in development". Ревија за социјална политика/Journal of Social Policy 13 (2017): 53–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37509/socpol1713053b.

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Dombal, F. T. "Computer-aided Decision Support -The Obstacles to Progress". Methods of Information in Medicine 26, n.º 04 (octubre de 1987): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635503.

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Zhang, Hualei y Mohammad Asif Ikbal. "Unmanned vehicle dynamic obstacle detection, tracking and recognition method based on laser sensor". International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 14, n.º 2 (25 de febrero de 2021): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijicc-10-2020-0143.

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PurposeIn response to these shortcomings, this paper proposes a dynamic obstacle detection and tracking method based on multi-feature fusion and a dynamic obstacle recognition method based on spatio-temporal feature vectors.Design/methodology/approachThe existing dynamic obstacle detection and tracking methods based on geometric features have a high false detection rate. The recognition methods based on the geometric features and motion status of dynamic obstacles are greatly affected by distance and scanning angle, and cannot meet the requirements of real traffic scene applications.FindingsFirst, based on the geometric features of dynamic obstacles, the obstacles are considered The echo pulse width feature is used to improve the accuracy of obstacle detection and tracking; second, the space-time feature vector is constructed based on the time dimension and space dimension information of the obstacle, and then the support vector machine method is used to realize the recognition of dynamic obstacles to improve the obstacle The accuracy of object recognition. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by real vehicle tests.Originality/valueThe paper proposes a dynamic obstacle detection and tracking method based on multi-feature fusion and a dynamic obstacle recognition method based on spatio-temporal feature vectors. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by real vehicle tests.

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Morishita, Kohei, Yutaka Hiroi y Akinori Ito. "A Crowd Avoidance Method Using Circular Avoidance Path for Robust Person Following". Journal of Robotics 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3148202.

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A life-support service robot must avoid both static and dynamic obstacles for working in a real environment. Here, a static obstacle means an obstacle that does not move, and a dynamic obstacle is the one that moves. Assuming the robot is following a target person, we discuss how the robot avoids a crowd through which the target person passes and arrives at the target position. The purpose of this paper is to propose a crowd avoidance method that makes a robot to be able to avoid both static and dynamic obstacles. The method uses the surface points of the obstacles to form an avoidance region, and the robot moves along the edge of the region. We conducted experiments assuming various situations such that the robot was blocked, there was a wide gap in the crowd, or a person in the crowd yielded for the robot to pass through. As an experimental result, it was confirmed the robot could avoid the crowd even when the obstacles were aligned in an “inverted wedge” shape.

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Sumrit, Detcharat. "What are the obstacles hindering digital transformation for small and medium enterprise freight logistics service providers? An interpretive structural modeling approach". Uncertain Supply Chain Management 9, n.º 3 (2021): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.uscm.2021.4.006.

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Digital Transformation (DT) allows logistics service providers (LSPs) to gain competitive advantages by reducing costs, and creating customer experience, innovation and efficiency. This paper proposes a systematic framework to analyse the obstacle factors hindering DT of Thailand small and medium enterprises freight LSPs. First, thirteen obstacles are identified through the extensive literature and validated by a panel of experts. Second, a nine-level hierarchical structure is determined based on Interpretive Structural Modelling to demonstrate the complex interrelationships among obstacle factors. Finally, thirteen obstacles are categorized regarding the driving and dependence power by employing Matrix Impact of Cross Multiplication Applied to Classification approach. The results indicate a lack of digital culture being the most important obstacle hindering DT, followed by lack of support and commitment from top management and lack of risk taking initiative. This finding could help LSPs who aim for DT to take appropriate steps to alleviate obstacles.

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Visirov, Yu V. "Geodetic support of input overland tracks under local obstacles". Geodesy and Cartography 903, n.º 9 (12 de octubre de 2015): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2015-903-9-17-26.

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Liu, Hongyu, Hongkai Zhao y Changjian Zou. "Determining scattering support of anisotropic acoustic mediums and obstacles". Communications in Mathematical Sciences 13, n.º 4 (2015): 987–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/cms.2015.v13.n4.a7.

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Lundberg, Osa. "Obstacles to bilingual education". Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 11, n.º 3 (26 de octubre de 2017): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201712104583.

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The purpose of this paper is to present some of the main findings from my thesis (Lundberg, 2015) that concern the policy formulation and implementation of bilingual education in a multi-ethnic lower secondary school in an urban suburb in Gothenburg, Sweden. This school was strategically chosen for its pedagogical approach towards social and linguistic diversity1. This article examines the formulation and appropriation of a bilingual and bicultural education program and what obstacles exist with regards to implementation of bilingual education in the realization arena. The theoretical impetus comes from the sociology of knowledge which examines how social policy connects to social practice by applying the concepts of formulation, realization and transformation (Lindensjö & Lundgren, 2000). Data was derived from interviews and participant observations between 2006 and 2009 with three different ninth grade classes from same school. The results show that in the formulation arena the policy was in favor of active bilingualism (a holistic and comprehensive approach throughout the curriculum), strong support for mother tongue education, and creating in students a bicultural identity. However, in the realization arena, the bilingual education program was reduced to the employment of bilingual teachers who provided mother tongue tuition. Support for the bicultural and multilingual development of students’ language and culture was never fully incorporated into the ordinary teaching and instruction. This was due in part to obstacles in the formulation and realization arenas (Lindensjö & Lundgren, 2000). Five types of obstacles to the appropriation of bilingual education were observed. Two primary obstacles in the formulation arena were 1) a strong separation of languages, and 2) bilingual teachers as representatives of diversity. In the realization arena the following three obstacles were observed: 1) teacher resistance to polylingual education, 2) insufficient study support for mother tongue tuition, and 3) a monolingual norm. In sum, the overriding obstacle is an overall lack of consensus about the aim and purpose of bilingual education. The discussion develops issues concerning the gap between what should be versus what could be in both the formulation and realization arenas (Lundberg, 2015).

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Tesis sobre el tema "Support and obstacles"

Karlsudd, Peter. "SUPPORT FOR LEARNING - POSSIBILITIES AND OBSTACLES IN LEARNING APPLICATIONS". Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12215.

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In this thesis an overarching analysis is made of four articles published in refereed international journals. The articles are describing the development and implementation of learning support systems/learning support applications. The text which summarizes and retrospectively analyzes the projects described in the articles has been condensed into yet another article, which has been placed at the end of the thesis. This makes a total of five articles. In the analysis that is made of learning support applications the following questions are in focus: What results have the projects achieved and how have the experiences gained been utilized? What factors in the described projects have facilitated or hindered the idea, vision, design and implementation of the learning support systems? How have university intentions of supporting entrepreneurship and the commercialization of ideas and products benefited the projects? The results show that there are a great many similarities in the ideas and visions that have initiated and affected the learning support work. Improved communication and availability are expected from all the applications, as well as coordination, creating order and an overarching view. In spite of a large number of positive users, it has been difficult for the applications described to become integrated into the organizations. One possible reason for this is the bad anchoring of the projects in the management organization. Further, there was a lack of funding in the final phases of the projects, which considerably reduced the chances of establishing and continuing operating them. In the gap arising between the end of the implementation phase and the possible application for and granting of new funding, the project dies out of itself. One way of reversing this trend is to grant means for continued work and to get the organization and administration to upgrade the value of a learning application that has become established in the organization.

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Theodore, Bethany. "An analysis of the obstacles of culture, government, and lack of support for International Accounting Standards". Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2007. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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Tapia-Fuselier, Nicholas. "Benefits, Obstacles, and Limitations to the Institutionalization of an Undocumented Student Resource Center: A Call for Inside/Outside Strategies of Support". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707246/.

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Undocumented students in the United States continue to face unique barriers to postsecondary success. One way that community colleges and 4-year institutions are providing support for undocumented students is establishing undocumented student resource centers (USRCs). These emerging identity-based centers are dedicated spaces of support and provide customized, comprehensive resources for undocumented college students. A multipronged theoretical framework that included undocu-competence, the institutionalization process, and critical theory, was used as a lens to examine how USRC professionals and affiliates understand the development, role, and function of a USRC on a California community college campus. Qualitative single case study methods, including in-depth semistructured interviews, observations, and document analysis, were utilized to meet the purpose of the study. The findings revealed three primary themes. First, the institutionalization process of the USRC at the center of this study was complex, imperfect, and ongoing. Second, there are strengths and limitations respective to the USRC's capacity to operationalize support and safety. Finally, the compounded impact of the current socio-political moment cannot be evaded with respect to the USRC's function. Subsequently, three primary points of discussion are explored, including critiquing the process of USRC institutionalization, complicating the notion of safe spaces on campuses, and calling for inside-outside strategies of support in order to best serve undocumented students.

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Brandt, Shannon Lindsey Boyd Pamela C. "A life preserver for the "Sink or Swim" years an investigation of new teacher obstacles and the impact of a peer support group /". Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/doctoral/BRANDT_SHANNON_34.pdf.

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Sköldin, Madeleine y Natalie Engström. "Möjligheter och hinder i arbetet med likhetstecknet : En kvalitativ studie om lärares beskrivning av att introducera och arbeta med likhetstecknet". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55233.

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Syftet med studien är att studera hur lärare introducerar och arbetar med likhetstecknet för att inkludera alla elever och ge dem förutsättningar i sin undervisning. Studiens urval är fyra verksamma lärare som genom semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer belyser sina tankar, erfarenheter och åsikter om hur de arbetar och introducerar likhetstecknet, samt vilka svårigheter som kan uppstå. Resultatet visar att lärarna i studien har ett entydigt arbetssätt men att det finns faktorer som skiljer sig åt. Att det finns faktorer som skiljer sig åt tydliggörs genom att lärarna introducerar likhetstecknet med bland annat konkret material medan introduktionen av likhetstecknet kan se olika ut, lärarna använder olika arbetsmetoder där en lärare väljer att introducera addition och talkamrater innan likhetstecknet, medan en annan lärare uttrycker att likhetstecknet bör introduceras först. Studiens problem är att forskning och myndigheter visar på att elever missuppfattar likhetstecknets betydelse. Den slutsats vi kan dra utifrån syfte, problem och resultat är att lärare behöver anpassa undervisningen för att ge eleverna goda kunskaper för att kunna bemästra matematiken.
The purpose of the study is to observe how teachers introduce and work with an equal sign in order to include all students. This is to give them the prerequisites in their teaching. The study sample involves four active teachers who, through semi-structured qualitative interviews, shed light on their thoughts, experiences, and opinions on how teachers work and introduce the sign of equality as well as what difficulties may arise. The results show that the teachers involved in the study have an unambiguous way of working, however, there are factors that differ. This is shown by the teachers introducing the equals sign with, among other things, concrete material while the introduction of the equals sign can look different. The teachers use different working methods where one teacher chooses to introduce additions and speech mates before the equal sign, while another teacher expresses that the equal sign should be introduced first. The problem with the study is that the research and authorities show that students misunderstand the meaning of the equal sign. The conclusion we can draw based on purpose, problems, and results is that teachers need to adapt the teaching to give students sufficient knowledge to be able to master mathematics.

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Králik, Miroslav. "Improvement of digital support process using ITIL best practices, Kanban and TOC in multicultural environment". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193644.

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Many companies today have to deal with business processes optimization, ongoing removal of system obstacles and identifying any bottlenecks laying on the way which are preventing us to reach our goals. I would like to show how we have dealt with similar problems in our case applied in the department of web application maintenance. In the first chapter I will introduce the basic information about the history, environment the company operate in and maintenance activities which are part of the process. Following with description all of the system obstacles and bottlenecks identified in the process and possible solutions or improvements for their elimination. In the last chapter I will present the achieved results after my executing of the proposed improvements and if the expectations have been met or not and what positive or negative influence it has brought.

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Casonato, Osvaldo. "Les obstacles dans la recherche et dans l'enseignement à la connaissance du support moléculaire de l'"information" génétique : propositions d'une nouvelle méthode d'enseignement des sciences de la vie". Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA070102.

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Dans la recherche en génétique moléculaire, ainsi que dans son enseignement, nous constatons des obstacles a la construction et a l'acquisition des connaissances. Pour dépasser les obstacles pédagogiques constates dans les manuels scolaires français de biologie, nous faisons certaines propositions pour renouveler l'enseignement des sciences. Ces propositions débouchent sur une nouvelle méthode et sur un nouveau style de manuel pour l'enseignement des sciences de la vie
The thesis examines obstacles to the creation and the acquisition of knowledge in both the teaching and the actual practice of genetic molecular research. To overcome pedagogical obstacles in french biology textbooks, we put forward several proposals to renovate the teaching of the sciences. Based on our conclusions, we propose a new style of teaching and a new type of manual for the life sciences

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SARKAR, SAURABH. "PATH PLANNING AND OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE IN MOBILE ROBOTS". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1196055597.

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Lester, James G. "Exploring the Pathways to the Professoriate Taken by First Generation College Students". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1320689477.

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Bunuan, Paul F. "FIDOE: A Proof-of-concept Martian Robotic Support Cart". Digital WPI, 1999. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/906.

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"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to send a human exploration team to Mars within the next 25 years. In support of this effort Hamilton Standard Space Systems International (HSSSI), current manufacturers of the Space Shuttle spacesuit, began exploring alternative solutions for supporting an astronaut during a Martian surface exploration. A design concept was developed by HSSSI to integrate a minimally equipped Martian spacesuit with a robotic support cart capable of providing life support assistance, communications, and independent navigational functions. To promote NASA's visionary efforts and increase university relations, HSSSI partnered with Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) to develop a proof-of-concept robotic support cart system, FIDOE - Fully Independent Delivery of Expendables. As a proof-of-concept system, the primary goal of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility of current technologies utilized by FIDOE's communication and controls system for future Martian surface explorations. The primary objective of this project was to procure selected commercial-off-the-shelf components and configure these components into a functional robotic support cart. The design constraints for this project, in addition to the constraints imposed by the Martian environment and HSSSI's Martian spacesuit, were a one-year time frame and a $20,000 budget for component procurement. This project was also constrained by the protocols defined by the NASA demonstration test environment. The final design configuration comprised of 37 major commercial off-the-shelf components and three individual software packages that integrated together to provide FIDOE's communications and control capabilities. Power distribution was internally handled through a combination of a main power source and dedicated power supplies. FIDOE also provided a stowage area for handling assisted life support systems and geological equipment. The proof-of-concept FIDOE system proved that the current technologies represented by the selected components are feasible applications for a Mars effort. Specifically, the FIDOE system demonstrated that the chosen technologies can be integrated to perform assisted life support and independent functions. While some technologies represented by the proof-of-concept system may not adequately address the robustness issues pertaining to the Mars effort, e.g., voice recognition and power management, technology trends indicate that these forms of technology will soon become viable solutions to assisting an astronaut on a Martian surface exploration."

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Libros sobre el tema "Support and obstacles"

Nagel, Stuart S. Decision-aiding software: Skills, obstacles and applications. London: Macmillan in association with the Policy Studies Organization, 1991.

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Decision-aiding software: Skills, obstacles, and applications. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.

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Thailand) United Nations Asian and Pacific Meeting in Support of Israeli-Palestinian Peace (2012 Bangkok. United Nations Asian and Pacific Meeting in Support of Israeli-Palestinian Peace: International efforts at addressing the obstacles to the two-State solution : the role of Asian and Pacific governmental and non-govermental actors : Bangkok, 10 and 11 July 2012. [New York]: United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights, 2012.

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Bywater, Murray A. Airport report: Salt Lake City International Airport, its development, 1968-1976 : vision, persistence in the face of obstacles, and support produced the master plan propelling the Salt Lake City International Airport into the 21st Century as one of the nation's finest airports. Moreno Valley, Calif: B-25 Press, 1998.

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(Editor), William N. Kelley y Mark A. Randolph (Editor), eds. Careers in Clinical Research: Obstacles and Opportunities. National Academies Press, 1994.

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Tolchin, Benjamin y Gaston Baslet. Readiness to Start Treatment and Obstacles to Adherence. Editado por Barbara A. Dworetzky y Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0013.

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Effective evidence-based psychotherapeutic regimens for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are available, but several obstacles still contribute to poor adherence to treatment. This chapter reviews the three stages at which patient dropout tends to occur in clinical practice and in studies. Patient-related, provider-related, and systemic causes of nonadherence are reviewed. Patient-related factors include a failure to accept or understand the diagnosis, psychiatric comorbidities, and ambivalence about change. Provider-related and systemic factors include a shortage of behavioral health specialists, gaps in care between neurologists and mental health providers, a lack of familiarity with the disorder, and stigmatization of patients. The chapter concludes with a review of potential interventions to address obstacles to treatment, including an integrated treatment team with joint presentation of the diagnosis, rapid and streamlined transition into psychotherapy, motivational interviewing, and engagement of patients’ family members and support systems.

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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, Richard F. Catalano y David P. Farrington. The Importance of Readiness and High-Functioning Coalitions in Community-Based Prevention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0004.

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This chapter describes strategies for assessing community readiness to adopt a community-wide prevention approach. The challenges likely to arise when trying to raise awareness and support for EBIs are reviewed and recommendations for overcoming these obstacles are identified. The chapter also describes methods for establishing broad-based, high-functioning community coalitions, including how communities can structure local coalitions to be high functioning, recruit members, and decide upon the roles and responsibilities of coalition members. The methods used in the CTC system to foster community readiness and support the creation and maintenance of community coalitions are reviewed.

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Krcˇevski-Škvarcˇ, Nevenka. Working at the frontiers of pain management in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0044.

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We focus on the development of pain management in the Eastern European countries. Economic, political, and other disparities separate Eastern Europe from the rest of continent. Pain Management is often a neglected healthcare need. The main obstacles in the development of pain medicine and management are the lack of money, insufficient education, the lack of specialists and facilities for pain management, and no interest within healthcare institutions or the entire healthcare system to introduce national plans for pain management. National pain associations from Eastern European countries joined to the European Pain Federation (EFIC) have the federation’s support to improve situation in their countries. The support is given in the grants for education, fellowships, and scientific meetings, consulting and sharing experiences, participation in federation’s activities and the use of federation’s publications.

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Rowe, Katherine. Macbeth on Changing Screens. Editado por Michael Neill y David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.38.

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The afterlife of Macbeth on screen has been lively and often brilliant, occasioning more than a century of adaptations, appropriations, and revivals around the world, across an array of broadcast, recorded, and networked media. Students, scholars and fans exploring this robust and diverse corpus face a number of obstacles to any attempt at generalization or a systematic survey. This chapter sketches key challenges to that analytic work and points to useful resources that might support it, surveying a handful of adaptation strategies that span global variations of Macbeth in multiple languages and periods. These provide fruitful signposts for further study, as new engagements with Macbeth proliferate across various media.

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Herren, Cherie L. y Rana R. Said. Preventing Side Effects and Diet Discontinuation. Editado por Eric H. Kossoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0010.

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Generally, the ketogenic diet is well tolerated. On average, sixty percent of patients remain on the diet for over six months; those who stop typically do so due to lack of efficacy rather than tolerability. Common side effects include constipation, vomiting, acidosis, and vitamin/mineral deficiencies. More significant side effects are rare, but include pancreatitis, hepatitis, kidney stones, and cardiomyopathy. With appropriate monitoring and supplementation, these adverse effects can be minimized so the patient can remain on the diet as long as indicated. In addition, there may be social issues, including refusal to eat and managing special occasions and holidays. With support and resources, most families are able to overcome these obstacles. Weaning from dietary therapy must be done gradually and with close supervision, as there may be an increase in seizures. Patients must be provided support and direction on how to safely discontinue the diet.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Support and obstacles"

Ridderikhoff, J. "Obstacles in Computer-Aided Diagnosis". En Present Status of Computer Support in Ambulatory Care, 86–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93355-4_12.

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Wilson, Elizabeth Westman. "11. Engaging the buisiness community: the potential, the obstacles and effective approaches". En Building Fundraising Programs to Attract Community Support, 160–99. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444888.011.

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Gauthier, Anne H. "Governmental Support for Families and Obstacles to Fertility in East Asia and Other Industrialized Regions". En Low Fertility, Institutions, and their Policies, 283–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32997-0_11.

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Cerrato, Paul y John Halamka. "AI Criticisms, Obstacles, and Limitations". En Reinventing Clinical Decision Support, 59–70. Taylor & Francis, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003034339-3.

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"Staying Inspired and Finding Support". En Courageous Edventures: Navigating Obstacles to Discover Classroom Innovation, 151–61. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: Corwin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506342856.n14.

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Ferreira, Emília. "Overcoming Obstacles". En Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts, 412–33. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1727-6.ch019.

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After several failures in the artistic education in Portugal, throughout the 18th century, the 19th century was still to bring a few setbacks. Social and political upheavals marked the first years of the century, with the invasions of Napoleonic armies and the civil war. In this chapter I will tell the history of the birth of the first public art museum, created in Porto in 1833. The meeting of the future king D. Pedro IV and the artist Baptista Ribeiro was about to make history. Indeed, when Baptista Ribeiro delivered the prince a report on the need to create a public art museum in the city, the prince couldn't be happier. He then invited Baptista Ribeiro to organize it, giving all his support to the creation of the first public art museum in the nation. It would, in fact, take more than a 100 years to match the dream of its first director. But in the meantime, it surely achieved more than he could expect.

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Baistow, Karen y Rachael Hetherington. "Overcoming obstacles to interagency support: learning from Europe". En Parental Psychiatric Disorder, 361–74. Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511543838.028.

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Lecomte, Tania, Claude Leclerc y Til Wykes. "Obstacles to Group CBT for Psychosis". En Group CBT for Psychosis, 114–23. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199391523.003.0012.

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Various obstacles can be encountered during group CBTp, either before the therapy, during the therapy, or even after the therapy. This chapter offers concrete examples of different obstacles that can be met as well as specific solutions for each obstacle. Some of these obstacles are setting-specific, such as lack of support from management or staff resistance to a new group, whereas some are more therapist-related (e.g., feeling incompetent, not getting along with the co-therapist). Regarding obstacles that are more client-related, we present a list of commonly encountered difficult or challenging participants in group CBT for psychosis and offer suggestions regarding how to best deal with them. This chapter essentially offers a plethora of solutions to common obstacles and challenges met when delivering group CBT for psychosis.

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Leone, Pierre, Luminita Moraru, Sotiris Nikoletseas y Jose D. P. Rolim. "Efficient Obstacle Avoidance for Sensory Data Propagation in Wireless Systems". En Wireless Network Traffic and Quality of Service Support, 271–303. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-771-8.ch011.

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The authors study the problem of fast and robust data propagation in wireless sensor networks in the presence of obstacles obstructing communication. They survey representative state of the art techniques, such as variations of geographic routing, which is known to scale well, mainly due to its greedy nature and low memory requirements. Still, most of these algorithms are concerned with finding some path, while the optimality of the path is difficult to achieve. Towards improving QoS, and especially latency for time-critical applications, in this chapter, the authors are presenting a novel geographic routing algorithm with obstacle avoidance properties. It aims at finding the optimal path from a source to a destination when some areas of the network are unavailable for routing due to low local density or obstacle presence. It locally and gradually with time (but, as we show, quite fast) evaluates and updates the suitability of the previously used paths and ignores non optimal paths for further routing. The performance comparison to existing state of the art protocols shows that this approach performs much better in terms of path length, thus minimizing latency and space, while introducing low overhead and being energy efficient.

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Asimakopoulou, Eleana, Chimay J. Anumba, Bouchlaghem y Bouchlaghem. "Using Grid Technology for Maximizing Collaborative Emergency Response Decision Making". En Grid Technology for Maximizing Collaborative Decision Management and Support, 256–75. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-364-7.ch013.

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Much work is under way within the Grid technology community on issues associated with the development of services to foster collaboration via the integration and exploitation of multiple autonomous, distributed data sources through a seamless and flexible virtualized interface. However, several obstacles arise in the design and implementation of such services. A notable obstacle, namely how clients within a data Grid environment can be kept automatically informed of the latest and relevant changes about data entered/committed in single or multiple autonomous distributed datasets is identified. The view is that keeping interested users informed of relevant changes occurring across their domain of interest will enlarge their decision-making space which in turn will increase the opportunities for a more informed decision to be encountered. With this in mind, the chapter goes on to describe in detail the model architecture and its implementation to keep interested users informed automatically about relevant up-to-date data.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Support and obstacles"

Vingbäck, Johan, Håkan Lideskog, Magnus Karlberg y Peter Jeppsson. "Obstacle Identification Through Fast Vector Analysis". En ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59881.

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During road travel, obstacles can impede productivity or durability for many different vehicles and render discomfort or injuries for the people within. Using remote sensing techniques, information from the surroundings can be acquired and analysed to identify obstacles ahead. The subsequent analysis can create a decision support for how the vehicle or driver should act upon encountered obstacles, through either autonomous control, guidance to the driver or a combination of both. In this paper, an experimental setup was created to mimic an obstacle in the shape of a speed bump on a flat road. An RGB-D camera was used to acquire information while travelling towards the speed bump. Afterwards, the acquired information was analysed by an estimation of the normal vector for each point in a 2D depth map. The resulting data from the experiments had sufficient resolution, speed and quality to retrieve proper identify obstacles or targets indoors with an accuracy of 2%. Obstacles were measured and identified in less than 20 ms where processing time mainly comprised data transfer from the USB-bus. The obstacle identification can be used to e.g. actively control the vehicle suspension, send feedback to the driver about obstacles ahead or optimise speed and direction for autonomous vehicles.

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Niitsu, Yoshihiro, Saki Itoh, Shinya Kitahara, Hiroya Minami y Michio Shimomura. "Walking support by dangerous obstacles notification using an electronic white cane". En 2012 18th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcc.2012.6388191.

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GOLUBEV, YU F. y V. V. KORIANOV. "MOTION DESIGN FOR AN INSECTOMORPHIC ROBOT ON UNSTABLE OBSTACLES". En Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812835772_0079.

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Tennety, Srinivas y Manish Kumar. "Autonomous Navigation in Unknown Road-Like Environments Using Support Vector Machines". En ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4208.

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In this paper enhancements have been done to the previously proposed Support Vector Machines (SVM) based path planning algorithm [1]. SVM, a data classification technique has been applied in conjunction with k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) algorithm for autonomous navigation in unknown road-like environments. The features of the road such as lane markers and the obstacles in the robot’s visibility are divided into two classes using k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm and then a maximum margin hyperplane is obtained using SVM that optimally separates both the classes. This hyperplane represents a collision-free path. The proposed algorithm has been tested in a variety of environments and the scenarios where it was unsuccessful have been identified and addressed for improvement. The simulation results of the enhanced algorithm have been presented and its performance has been compared with vfh+, a purely local obstacle avoidance algorithm based on artificial potential field method.

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Eastwick, Carol, Lucie Bertin y Graham Johnson. "The Effect of Obstacles in a Liquid Film". En ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90520.

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Cooling of bearing chamber walls is achieved by the through-flow of thin oil films, which are typically only a few millimeters thick. Support structures and other features disrupt both air and oil motion within such chambers, leading to localized variations in the oil film thickness, which in turn cause variation in local heat transfer coefficients. In extreme cases, the presence of wall protrusions may result in complete “dry-out” or thickening of the wall film. This paper describes an experimental study that has been undertaken to establish the range of conditions under which shear driven liquid films dry-out upstream and downstream of different obstacles. Three different sizes (0.5”, 1” & 1.5”) of cylindrical and square obstructions were employed. The effect of obstacle shape, size and orientation has been investigated. The interactions of waves and dry-out patches has also been investigated, as has the dependence on previous states (i.e. the liquid flow rate and the whether the surface was previously wetted). A number of conclusions have been drawn that provide a starting point for designers in specifying obstruction shapes that are less likely to cause film dry-out for obstacles that protrude through film flows.

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Tennety, Srinivas, Saurabh Sarkar, Ernest L. Hall y Manish Kumar. "Support Vector Machines Based Mobile Robot Path Planning in an Unknown Environment". En ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2703.

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In this paper the use of support vector machines (SVM) for path planning has been investigated through a Player/Stage simulation for various case studies. SVMs are maximum margin classifiers that obtain a non-linear class boundary between the data sets. In order to apply SVM to the path planning problem, the entire obstacle course is divided in to two classes of data sets and a separating class boundary is obtained using SVM. This non-linear class boundary line determines the heading of the robot for a collision-free path. Complex obstacles and maps have been created in the simulation environment of Player/Stage. The effectiveness of SVM for path planning on unknown tracks has been studied and the results have been presented. For the classification of newly detected data points in the unknown environment, the k-nearest neighbors algorithm has been studied and implemented.

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Sarkar, Saurabh, Ernest L. Hall y Manish Kumar. "Mobile Robot Path Planning Using Support Vector Machines". En ASME 2008 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2008-2200.

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This paper describes an approach that uses support vector machines (SVM) for path planning of mobile robots. The algorithm generates a collision free path for mobile robots running between two tracks or moving towards a known way point. This approach can negotiate tracks and avoid obstacles which may be initially unknown but are later perceived by the robot, and hence is suitable for use with onboard sensors which provides local information. The approach involves dividing the whole terrain into two different classes, classifying any new point obtained from sensors into either of the classes, and generating a track between both the classes as a path of the robot. SVM generates a non-linear class boundary on the principle of maximizing the margin. The boundary generated by this method is smooth, free of obstacles, and safe for a robot to navigate. The paper presents various case studies and simulation results. Future possibility to integrate this technique with other path planning techniques is also discussed.

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Fedorov, Dmitri y Lionel Birglen. "Kinematic and Potential Energy Analysis of Self-Adaptive Robotic Legs". En ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85824.

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This paper presents how the kinematic and potential energy analysis of self-adaptive robotic legs can help to improve their performances with respect to their ability to overcome obstacles and the required actuation torque to do so. Self-adaptive leg mechanisms, inspired by the underactuated linkages used in grasping, generally rely on a single degree of freedom (DOF) to generate a trajectory at its endpoint that is appropriate for walking applications. When colliding with an unexpected obstacle, a second DOF in the leg automatically engages and creates a motion allowing the leg to overcome said obstacle. Since this behavior is obtained mechanically, with no sensor or control, these robotic legs are referred to as self-adaptive. In this paper, the conditions for the passive adaptation to obstacles are first briefly recalled. Then, the range of obstacles for which this adaptation is possible is determined through the analysis, using potential energy, of the mechanism workspace and it is shown how the results are connected to its kinematics. In particular, the influence of the shape of the terminal link of the leg is discussed with two compared examples. Finally, practical designs and especially the relative advantages of various locking mechanisms, required to improve stability during the support phase of the leg trajectory, are discussed.

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Ichsan, Burhannudin, Harsono Salimo, Ari Probandari y Eti Pamungkasari. "Support and Obstacles for Pregnant Woman Class in Sukoharjo, Indonesia: A Qualitative Study". En Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar of Public Health and Education, ISPHE 2020, 22 July 2020, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.22-7-2020.2300259.

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CASTELLI, GIANNI y ERIKA OTTAVIANO. "DESIGN, SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF A HYBRID ROVER FOR OVERPASSING OBSTACLES". En Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814374286_0077.

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Informes sobre el tema "Support and obstacles"

McKay, Tasseli, Megan Comfort, Justin Landwehr, Erin Kennedy y Oliver Williams. Partner Violence Help-Seeking in Couples Affected by Incarceration: Overcoming Barriers. RTI Press, marzo de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.pb.0021.2004.

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Efforts to support help-seeking by victims of partner violence in couples affected by incarceration represent a key part of larger efforts in the fields of domestic violence and victim services to improve the accessibility of services in marginalized communities and better meet complex victim needs. Qualitative data from 167 Multi-site Family Study participants suggest that involvement with the criminal justice system (whether directly or through a family member) introduces unique individual, interpersonal, and sociocultural barriers to defining one’s experiences as a problem, deciding to seek help, and selecting sources of help. Opportunities exist not only to tailor service delivery approaches in ways that overcome the individual and interpersonal obstacles that affect victims but also to pursue longer-range shifts in public policy and community infrastructure that will address broader and more-entrenched barriers to help-seeking.

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Baloch, Imdad, Tom Kaye, Saalim Koomar y Chris McBurnie. Pakistan Topic Brief: Providing Distance Learning to Hard-to-reach Children. EdTech Hub, junio de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0026.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in mass school closures across the world. It is expected that the closures in low- and -middle-income countries (LMICs) will have long-term negative consequences on education and also on broader development outcomes. Countries face a number of obstacles to effectively delivering alternative forms of education. Obstacles include limited experience in facing such challenges, limited teacher digital and pedagogical capacity, and infrastructure constraints related to power and connectivity. Furthermore, inequalities in learning outcomes are expected to widen within LMICs due to the challenges of implementing alternative modes of education in remote, rural or marginalised communities. It is expected that the most marginalised children will feel the most substantial negative impacts on their learning outcomes. Educational technology (EdTech) has been identified as a possible solution to address the acute impact of school closures through its potential to provide distance education. In this light, the DFID Pakistan team requested the EdTech Hub develop a topic brief exploring the use of EdTech to support distance learning in Pakistan. Specifically, the team requested the brief explore ways to provide distance education to children in remote rural areas and urban slums. The DFID team also requested that the EdTech Hub explore the different needs of those who have previously been to school in comparison to those who have never enrolled, with reference to EdTech solutions. In order to address these questions, this brief begins with an overview of the Pakistan education landscape. The second section of the brief explores how four modes of alternative education — TV, interactive radio instruction, mobile phones and online learning — can be used to provide alternative education to marginalised groups in Pakistan. Multimodal distance-learning approaches offer the best means of providing education to heterogeneous, hard-to-reach groups. Identifying various tools that can be deployed to meet the needs of specific population segments is an important part of developing a robust distance-learning approach. With this in mind, this section highlights examples of tools that could be used in Pakistan to support a multimodal approach that reaches the most hard-to-reach learners. The third and final section synthesises the article’s findings, presenting recommendations to inform Pakistan’s COVID-19 education response.<br> <br> This topic brief is available on Google Docs.

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Bland, Gary, Lucrecia Peinado y Christin Stewart. Innovations for Improving Access to Quality Health Care: The Prospects for Municipal Health Insurance in Guatemala. RTI Press, diciembre de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.pb.0016.1712.

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Municipal insurance–a collective compact in which municipal government is the lead actor in designing, delivering, and supervising a health care financing arrangement—is considered by some Guatemalans as a potential new avenue for improving financial protection against rising costs and improved access to quality health care. This brief presents a political economy analysis of the prospects for the adoption of municipal insurance in Guatemala. Municipal insurance has so far been tried only once, in 2015, by the large suburban municipality of Villa Nueva. Drawing from the Villa Nueva experience, based on interviews with nearly 30 key informants, this brief examines the potential obstacles to municipal insurance reform as well as leading factors favoring its introduction. Consistent health ministry support and equity concerns are potential limitations, for example, while decentralization and the recent emergence of creative insurance products are likely to be supportive. This brief then concludes with consideration of the policy implications of such a reform. We also offer a series of policy recommendations for policymakers and practitioners who may be looking to implement municipal insurance reform.

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Sturzenegger, Germán, Cecilia Vidal y Sebastián Martínez. The Last Mile Challenge of Sewage Services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Editado por Anastasiya Yarygina. Inter-American Development Bank, noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002878.

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Access to piped sewage in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) cities has been on the rise in recent decades. Yet achieving high rates of end-user connection between dwellings and sewage pipelines remains a challenge for water and sanitation utilities. Governments throughout the region are investing millions in increasing access to sewage services but are failing in the last mile. When households do not connect to the sewage system, the full health and social benefits of sanitation investments fail to accrue, and utilities can face lost revenue and higher operating costs. Barriers to connect are diverse, including low willingness to pay for connection costs and/or the associated tariffs, liquidity and credit constrains to cover the cost of upgrades or repairs, information gaps on the benefits of connecting, behavioral obstacles, and collective action failures. In contexts of weak regulation and strong social pressure, utilities typically lack the ability to enforce connection through fines and legal action. This paper explores the scope of the connectivity problem, identifies potential connection barriers, and discusses policy solutions. A research agenda is proposed in support of evidence-based interventions that have the potential to achieve higher effective sanitation coverage more rapidly and cost-effectively in LAC. This research agenda must focus on: i) quantifying the scope of the problem; ii) understanding the barriers that trigger it; and iii) identifying the most cost-effective policy and market-based solutions.

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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey y Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, agosto de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.

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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.

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ROCHEVA, OLGA, RIMMA ZARIPOVA y IRINA MOROZOVA. СОВРЕМЕННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ СЕВЕРНОГО МОРСКОГО ПУТИ И ЕГО ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ ДЛЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИИ. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2020-4-4-208-214.

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Foreign transport structures are currently interested in transit and fuel transportation in the North. However this direction doesn’t get the development due to imperfection of the normative-legal base regulating this process and insufficient state support of the mainline work. Another important obstacle is the lack of consistency of domestic norms with the standards of international maritime law and low level of shipping safety, typical of our country.

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Cafferata, Fernando G., Bridget Lynn Hoffmann y Carlos Scartascini. How Can We Improve Air Pollution?: Try Increasing Trust First. Inter-American Development Bank, agosto de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003453.

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Environmental policies are characterized by salient short-term costs and long-term benefits that are difficult to observe and to attribute to the government's efforts. These characteristics imply that citizens' support for environmental policies is highly dependent on their trust in the government's capability to implement solutions and commitment to investments in those policies. Using novel survey data from Mexico City, we show that trust in the government is positively correlated with citizens' willingness to support an additional tax approximately equal to a days minimum wage to improve air quality and greater preference for government retention of revenues from fees collected from polluting firms. We find similar correlations using the perceived quality of public goods as a measure of government competence. These results provide evidence that mistrust can be an obstacle to better environmental outcomes.

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2020 Partnership Report: Partnerships in a Time of Transformation. Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003221.

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In 2020, the Inter-American Development Bank kicked off the new decade faced with a novel, unprecedented challenge: the COVID-19 pandemic. Fortunately, as the IDB Group sought to help the region's governments and companies navigate the social, economic, and health-related implications of this crisis, it did so with the support of a robust partnership network and a track record of collaborating with partners to amplify its impact. In 2020, the IDB Group was able to further leverage partnerships in this period of great transformation, continuing its efforts to advance the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and confront the new obstacles generated by the pandemic in partnership with governments, companies, philanthropic actors, academic institutions, and others. The pages of this report provide greater insight into these efforts, revealing partnerships to be an unrivaled tool for transforming challenges and uncertainty into opportunities for growth.

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Supporting Women Entrepreneurs in Tunisia. Oxfam IBIS, agosto de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7871.

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Mabrouka Hdaya is a craftswoman who has been producing bags and baskets for 20 years. Support from the Youth Participation and Employment (YPE) project helped her overcome the technical and financial obstacles that she has faced since 2018 when she started her entrepreneurial journey. YPE, in partnership with the Local Initiative and Development Forum (FIDEL), selected Mabrouka for training to improve her weaving and business management skills. As a result, she has become more confident and developed working relationships with other people in her trade. Her business was doing well until the COVID-19 pandemic affected markets. She is hopeful she will recover as soon as the markets re-open and national fairs re-start. In the meantime, she sells small quantities of her products through social media platforms and the FIDEL shop. This is the story of an entrepreneur who knows her way forward and is ready to fight uncertainties.

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Family Planning Programs for the 21st Century: Rationale and Design. Population Council, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh11.1016.

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Family planning improves health, reduces poverty, and empowers women. Yet, today, more than 200 million women in the developing world want to avoid pregnancy but are not using a modern method of contraception. They face many obstacles, including lack of access to information and health-care services, opposition from their husbands and communities, misperceptions about side effects, and cost. Family planning programs are among the most successful development interventions of the past 50 years. They are unique in their range of potential benefits, encompassing economic development, maternal and child health, educational advances, and women’s empowerment. Research shows that with high-quality voluntary family planning programs, governments are able to reduce fertility and produce large-scale improvements in health, wealth, human rights, and education. This book is a comprehensive resource for policymakers and donors. It makes the case for increased funding and support of voluntary family planning, and details how to design programs to operate both ethically and effectively.

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