Bibliografías temáticas / Surface cloud radiative effect

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Surface cloud radiative effect"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024
Última modificación: 19 de julio de 2025

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Surface cloud radiative effect"

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Kalisch, J., and A. Macke. "Radiative budget and cloud radiative effect over the Atlantic from ship based observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 2 (2012): 2011–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-2011-2012.

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Abstract. The aim of this study is to determine cloud-type resolved cloud radiative budgets and cloud radiative effects from surface measurements of broadband radiative fluxes over the Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, based on simultaneous observations of the state of the cloudy atmosphere a radiative closure study has been performed by means of the ECHAM5 single column model in order to identify the models ability to realistically reproduce the effects of clouds on the climate system. An extensive data base of radiative and atmospheric measurements has been established along five meridional cruis
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Kalisch, J., and A. Macke. "Radiative budget and cloud radiative effect over the Atlantic from ship-based observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 10 (2012): 2391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2391-2012.

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Abstract. The aim of this study is to determine cloud-type resolved cloud radiative budgets and cloud radiative effects from surface measurements of broadband radiative fluxes over the Atlantic Ocean. Furthermore, based on simultaneous observations of the state of the cloudy atmosphere, a radiative closure study has been performed by means of the ECHAM5 single column model in order to identify the model's ability to realistically reproduce the effects of clouds on the climate system. An extensive database of radiative and atmospheric measurements has been established along five meridional crui
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Lacour, A., H. Chepfer, N. B. Miller, et al. "How Well Are Clouds Simulated over Greenland in Climate Models? Consequences for the Surface Cloud Radiative Effect over the Ice Sheet." Journal of Climate 31, no. 22 (2018): 9293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0023.1.

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Using lidar and radiative flux observations from space and ground, and a lidar simulator, we evaluate clouds simulated by climate models over the Greenland ice sheet, including predicted cloud cover, cloud fraction profile, cloud opacity, and surface cloud radiative effects. The representation of clouds over Greenland is a central concern for the models because clouds impact ice sheet surface melt. We find that over Greenland, most of the models have insufficient cloud cover during summer. In addition, all models create too few nonopaque, liquid-containing clouds optically thin enough to let d
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Alkama, Ramdane, Patrick C. Taylor, Lorea Garcia-San Martin, et al. "Clouds damp the radiative impacts of polar sea ice loss." Cryosphere 14, no. 8 (2020): 2673–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2673-2020.

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Abstract. Clouds play an important role in the climate system: (1) cooling Earth by reflecting incoming sunlight to space and (2) warming Earth by reducing thermal energy loss to space. Cloud radiative effects are especially important in polar regions and have the potential to significantly alter the impact of sea ice decline on the surface radiation budget. Using CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) data and 32 CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) climate models, we quantify the influence of polar clouds on the radiative impact of polar sea ice variability. Our result
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Stapf, Johannes, André Ehrlich, Evelyn Jäkel, Christof Lüpkes, and Manfred Wendisch. "Reassessment of shortwave surface cloud radiative forcing in the Arctic: consideration of surface-albedo–cloud interactions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 16 (2020): 9895–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9895-2020.

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Abstract. The concept of cloud radiative forcing (CRF) is commonly applied to quantify the impact of clouds on the surface radiative energy budget (REB). In the Arctic, specific radiative interactions between microphysical and macrophysical properties of clouds and the surface strongly modify the warming or cooling effect of clouds, complicating the estimate of CRF obtained from observations or models. Clouds tend to increase the broadband surface albedo over snow or sea ice surfaces compared to cloud-free conditions. However, this effect is not adequately considered in the derivation of CRF i
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de Szoeke, Simon P., Sandra Yuter, David Mechem, Chris W. Fairall, Casey D. Burleyson, and Paquita Zuidema. "Observations of Stratocumulus Clouds and Their Effect on the Eastern Pacific Surface Heat Budget along 20°S." Journal of Climate 25, no. 24 (2012): 8542–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00618.1.

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Abstract Widespread stratocumulus clouds were observed on nine transects from seven research cruises to the southeastern tropical Pacific Ocean along 20°S, 75°–85°W in October–November of 2001–08. The nine transects sample a unique combination of synoptic and interannual variability affecting the clouds; their ensemble diagnoses longitude–vertical sections of the atmosphere, diurnal cycles of cloud properties and drizzle statistics, and the effect of stratocumulus clouds on surface radiation. Mean cloud fraction was 0.88, and 67% of 10-min overhead cloud fraction observations were overcast. Cl
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Byrne, Michael P., and Laure Zanna. "Radiative Effects of Clouds and Water Vapor on an Axisymmetric Monsoon." Journal of Climate 33, no. 20 (2020): 8789–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0974.1.

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AbstractMonsoons are summertime circulations shaping climates and societies across the tropics and subtropics. Here the radiative effects controlling an axisymmetric monsoon and its response to climate change are investigated using aquaplanet simulations. The influences of clouds, water vapor, and CO2 on the axisymmetric monsoon are decomposed using the radiation-locking technique. Seasonal variations in clouds and water vapor strongly modulate the axisymmetric monsoon, reducing net precipitation by approximately half. Warming and moistening of the axisymmetric monsoon by seasonal longwave clo
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Becker, Sebastian, André Ehrlich, Michael Schäfer, and Manfred Wendisch. "Airborne observations of the surface cloud radiative effect during different seasons over sea ice and open ocean in the Fram Strait." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 12 (2023): 7015–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7015-2023.

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Abstract. This study analyses the cloud radiative effect (CRE) obtained from near-surface observations of three airborne campaigns in the Arctic north-west of Svalbard: Airborne measurements of radiative and turbulent FLUXes of energy and momentum in the Arctic boundary layer (AFLUX, March/April 2019), Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD, May/June 2017), and Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate – Airborne observations in the Central Arctic (MOSAiC-ACA, August/September 2020). The surface CRE quantifies the potential o
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Harrop, Bryce E., and Dennis L. Hartmann. "The Relationship between Atmospheric Convective Radiative Effect and Net Energy Transport in the Tropical Warm Pool." Journal of Climate 28, no. 21 (2015): 8620–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0151.1.

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Abstract Reanalysis data and radiation budget data are used to calculate the role of the atmospheric cloud radiative effect in determining the magnitude of horizontal export of energy by the tropical atmosphere. Because tropical high clouds result in net radiative heating of the atmosphere, they increase the requirement for the atmosphere to export energy from convective regions. Increases in upper-tropospheric water vapor associated with convection contribute about a fifth of the atmospheric radiative heating anomaly associated with convection. Over the warmest tropical oceans, the radiative
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Scott, Ryan C., Dan Lubin, Andrew M. Vogelmann, and Seiji Kato. "West Antarctic Ice Sheet Cloud Cover and Surface Radiation Budget from NASA A-Train Satellites." Journal of Climate 30, no. 16 (2017): 6151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0644.1.

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Clouds are an essential parameter of the surface energy budget influencing the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) response to atmospheric warming and net contribution to global sea level rise. A 4-yr record of NASA A-Train cloud observations is combined with surface radiation measurements to quantify the WAIS radiation budget and constrain the three-dimensional occurrence frequency, thermodynamic phase partitioning, and surface radiative effect of clouds over West Antarctica (WA). The skill of satellite-modeled radiative fluxes is confirmed through evaluation against measurements at four Antarcti
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Tesis sobre el tema "Surface cloud radiative effect"

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Arouf, Assia. "Surface longwave cloud radiative effect derived from space lidar observations : application in the Arctic." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS173.

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Les nuages jouent un rôle important dans la régulation du bilan énergétique à la surface de la Terre. Par exemple, ils absorbent le rayonnement tellurique émis par la surface de la Terre et le réémettent vers la surface, réchauffant ainsi cette dernière. Ce réchauffement peut être quantifié au travers de l’effet radiatif des nuages (Cloud Radiative Effect (CRE)) infrarouge (LongWave (LW)) à la surface. Cependant, il n’est pas bien connu en tout point du globe et sa variabilité instantané et interdécennale est mal connue. En effet, il dépend fortement de la distribution verticale des nuages qui
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Marty, Christoph. "Surface radiation, cloud forcing and greenhouse effect in the Alps /." Zürich, 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13609.

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Schäfer, Michael, Eike Bierwirth, André Ehrlich, Evi Jäkel, and Manfred Wendisch. "Three-dimensional radiative effects in Arctic boundary layer clouds above ice edges." Universität Leipzig, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16651.

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Based on airborne spectral imaging observations, three-dimensional (3-D) radiative effects between Arctic boundary layer clouds and highly variable Arctic surfaces have been identified and quantified. A method is presented to discriminate sea ice and open water in cloudy conditions based on airborne upward radiance measurements in the visible spectral range. This separation simultaneously reveals that the transition of radiance between open water and sea ice is not instantaneous in cloudy conditions but horizontally smoothed. In general, clouds reduce the nadir radiance above bright surfaces i
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Viúdez, i. Mora Antoni. "Atmospheric downwelling longwave radiation at the surface during cloudless and overcast conditions. Measurements and modeling." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31841.

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Atmospheric downwelling longwave radiation is an important component of the terrestrial energy budget; since it is strongly related with the greenhouse effect, it remarkably affects the climate. In this study, I evaluate the estimation of the downwelling longwave irradiance at the terrestrial surface for cloudless and overcast conditions using a one-dimensional radiative transfer model (RTM), specifically the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART). The calculations performed by using this model were compared with pyrgeometer measurements at three different European places
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Spadanuda, Enrica. "Surface cloud radiative forcing from broadband radiation measurements on the Antarctic plateau." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10201/.

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Surface based measurements systems play a key role in defining the ground truth for climate modeling and satellite product validation. The Italian-French station of Concordia is operative year round since 2005 at Dome C (75°S, 123°E, 3230 m) on the East Antarctic Plateau. A Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) site was deployed and became operational since January 2006 to measure downwelling components of the radiation budget, and successively was expanded in April 2007 to measure upwelling radiation. Hence, almost a decade of measurement is now available and suitable to define a statisti
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Li, Xianming. "The effect of gas-surface interactions on radiative ignition of PMMA." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15888.

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Monteiro, Manuel Conceição Gonçalves. "Forçamento radiativo à superficie e no topo da atmosfera provocado por nuvens sobre a Região de Évora : Cloud radiative forcing to the surface and in the top of the atmosphere provoked for clouds on the region of Évora." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14850.

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Nesta tese investigou-se o papel desempenhado pelas nuvens no balanço radiativo local observado à superfície da Terra. Para tal foram determinados os forçamentos radiativos de pequeno comprimento de onda, de grande comprimento de onda e referentes à banda espectral total devido às nuvens. Recorrendo a imagens de satélite, determinou-se os forçamentos radiativos devido às nuvens, no topo da atmosfera. Foram consideradas as situações de cobertura total de nuvens, ou seja, correspondendo à nebulosidade máxima, N=8. O estudo foi feito de modo a poder contemplar situações distintas de cobertura de
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Xie, Yu. "The effect of ice crystal surface roughness on the retrieval of ice cloud microphysical and optical properties." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5970.

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The effect of the surface roughness of ice crystals is not routinely accounted for in current cloud retrieval algorithms that are based on pre-computed lookup libraries. In this study, we investigate the effect of ice crystal surface roughness on the retrieval of ice cloud effective particle size, optical thickness and cloud-top temperature. Three particle surface conditions, smooth, moderately rough and deeply rough, are considered in the visible and near-infrared channels (0.65 and 3.75 µm). The discrete ordinates radiative transfer (DISORT) model is used to compute the radiances for a se
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Voogt, James Adrian. "Validation of an urban canyon radiation model for nocturnal long-wave radiative fluxes and the effect of surface geometry on cooling in urban canyons." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27679.

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The urban canyon radiation model of Arnfield (1976, 1982) is validated using measurements of long-wave fluxes taken within a scale urban canyon constructed from concrete building blocks. A custom-designed traversing system allowed miniature radiometers to be automatically moved around the perimeter of a canyon cross-section thereby providing for the validation of individual model grid-points. Measured model input consists of surface temperatures obtained using fine wire themocouples, incident long-wave radiation at the canyon top, and emissivity of canyon materials. Tests were conducted to es
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Galloway, Christopher. "Non-radiative processes and vibrational pumping in surface-enhanced raman scattering : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1244.

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Libros sobre el tema "Surface cloud radiative effect"

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R, Frouin, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Analysis of long-term cloud cover, radiative fluxes, and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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R, Frouin, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Analysis of long-term cloud cover, radiative fluxes, and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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R, Frouin, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Analysis of long-term cloud cover, radiative fluxes, and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Marty, Christoph A. Surface radiation, cloud forcing and greenhouse effect in the Alps. 2000.

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Analysis of long-term cloud cover, radiative fluxes, and sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Krishnamurti, T. N., H. S. Bedi, and V. M. Hardiker. An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094732.001.0001.

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This book is an indispensable guide to the methods used by nearly all major weather forecast centers in the United States, England, Japan, India, France, and Australia. Designed for senior-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students, the book provides an introduction to global spectral modeling. It begins with an introduction to elementary finite-difference methods and moves on towards the gradual description of sophisticated dynamical and physical models in spherical coordinates. Topics include computational aspects of the spectral transform method, the planetary boundary layer phys
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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Surface cloud radiative effect"

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Randall, David A., Laura D. Fowler, and Donald A. Dazlich. "Cloud Effects on the Ocean Surface Energy Budget." In Climate Sensitivity to Radiative Perturbations. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61053-0_18.

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Dajuma, Alima, Siélé Silué, Kehinde O. Ogunjobi, et al. "Biomass Burning Effects on the Climate over Southern West Africa During the Summer Monsoon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_86.

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AbstractBiomass Burning (BB) aerosol has attracted considerable attention due to its detrimental effects on climate through its radiative properties. In Africa, fire patterns are anticorrelated with the southward-northward movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Each year between June and September, BB occurs in the southern hemisphere of Africa, and aerosols are carried westward by the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and advected at an altitude of between 2 and 4 km. Observations made during a field campaign of Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) (Knippertz et al., Bull Am Meteorol Soc 96:1451–1460, 2015) during the West African Monsoon (WAM) of June–July 2016 have revealed large quantities of BB aerosols in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) over southern West Africa (SWA).This chapter examines the effects of the long-range transport of BB aerosols on the climate over SWA by means of a modeling study, and proposes several adaptation and mitigation strategies for policy makers regarding this phenomenon. A high-resolution regional climate model, known as the Consortium for Small-scale Modelling – Aerosols and Reactive Traces (COSMO-ART) gases, was used to conduct two set of experiments, with and without BB emissions, to quantify their impacts on the SWA atmosphere. Results revealed a reduction in surface shortwave (SW) radiation of up to about 6.5 W m−2 and an 11% increase of Cloud Droplets Number Concentration (CDNC) over the SWA domain. Also, an increase of 12.45% in Particulate Matter (PM25) surface concentration was observed in Abidjan (9.75 μg m−3), Accra (10.7 μg m−3), Cotonou (10.7 μg m−3), and Lagos (8 μg m−3), while the carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratio increased by 90 ppb in Abidjan and Accra due to BB. Moreover, BB aerosols were found to contribute to a 70% increase of organic carbon (OC) below 1 km in the PBL, followed by black carbon (BC) with 24.5%. This work highlights the contribution of the long-range transport of BB pollutants to pollution levels in SWA and their effects on the climate. It focuses on a case study of 3 days (5–7 July 2016). However, more research on a longer time period is necessary to inform decision making properly.This study emphasizes the need to implement a long-term air quality monitoring system in SWA as a method of climate change mitigation and adaptation.
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Morcrette, Jean-Jacques. "The Role of Cloud-Radiative Interactions in the Sensitivity of the E.C.M.W.F. Model Climate to Variations in Sea Surface Temperature." In Climate Sensitivity to Radiative Perturbations. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61053-0_12.

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Dong, Peiming, Wei Han, Wei Li, and Shuanglong Jin. "Assessment of Radiative Effect of Hydrometeors in Rapid Radiative Transfer Model in Support of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Microwave Data Assimilation." In Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic and Hydrologic Applications (Vol. III). Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43415-5_15.

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Mishra, S. R., MD Shamshuddin, P. K. Pattnaik, and Subhajit Panda. "Thermal Radiative Flux Effect on Flow and Heat Transfer of CNTs-Water Nanofluid Through Convective Heated Riga Sensor Surface." In Biosensors: Developments, Challenges and Perspectives. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3048-3_11.

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Liou, K. N. "Radiative Transfer In Clouds." In Radiation and Cloud Processes in the Atmosphere. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195049107.003.0005.

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Abstract Clouds reflect, absorb, and transmit solar radiation. The amount of solar flux reflected, absorbed, and transmitted by clouds is a function of the optical depth, the geometry governing the sun, and the direction of detection. Under the planeparallel assumption, a number of the radiative transfer methodologies that have been introduced in Chapter 3 can be used to determine the radiative properties of clouds. As shown in various sections in that chapter, the fundamental radiative transfer equation has been developed for an ensemble of molecules and/or particulates. In the case of clouds, the basic scattering and absorption properties of cloud particles are determined by particle size distribution. Clouds can also reflect and transmit the thermal infrared (ir) radiation emitted from the surface and the atmosphere and, at the same time, emit ir radiation according to the temperature structure within them. Although Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive discussion of the transfer of irradiation in clear atmospheres, the general effects of scattering by cloud particles on ir radiation transfer have not been addressed.
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Emanuel, Kerry A. "Stratocumulus And Trade-Cumulus Boundary Layers." In Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195066302.003.0013.

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Abstract In Chapter 3 we explored the properties of dry convective boundary layers that form when there is a positive buoyancy flux from the surface. Under a variety of conditions, such boundary layers become deep and/or moist enough that clouds form within them. When this happens, the properties of the boundary layer are strongly altered by the latent heat released and absorbed when water changes phase and by the very strong effect of clouds on radiative transfer. In this chapter we explore the properties of boundary layers strongly influenced by clouds that are shallow enough that little precipitation is formed. Boundary layers with clouds may be classified into four groups, illustrated in Figure 13.1: foggy layers, cloud-topped mixed layers, trade­ cumulus layers, and elevated stratocumulus/mixed trade cumulus-strato­cumulus layers. These are discussed in the following sections. Fog is defined as cloud in contact with the surface. For the present purposes, we exclude from this definition cloud in contact with hills or mountains. Over land, fog may form at night as a consequence of radiative cooling of the surface. Heat is lost from the air radiatively and diffused downward into the surface by wind-induced turbulence. If the air near the ground is cooled to its dew-point temperature, condensation occurs, first near the ground and later at higher altitudes. Initially, the fog is thickest near the surface, with the cloud-water content falling off rapidly with altitude. If it does not achieve a thickness greater than a few meters by sunrise, it will remain in this state until absorption of sunlight by the surface and by the cloud itself raises the temperature enough to evaporate the cloud. Thin fog of this kind is not convective, because the cooling occurs from below.
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Liou, K. N., and Y. Gu. "Radiative Transfer in Cirrus Clouds: Light Scatting and Spectral Information." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0017.

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The importance of cirrus clouds in climate has been recognized in the light of a number of intensive composite field observations: the First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) I in October-November 1986; FIRE II in November-December 1991; the European experiment on cirrus (ICE/EUCREX) in 1989; Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effect Special Study (SUCCESS) in April 1996. Based on observations from the ground-based lidar and radar, airborne instrumentation, and satellites, cirrus clouds are typically located in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (Liou 1986). The formation, maintenance, and dissipation of cirrus clouds are directly associated with synoptic and mesoscale disturbances as well as related to deep cumulus outflows. Increases of high cloud cover have been reported at a number of urban airports in the United States based on surface observations spanning 40 years (Liou et al. 1990; Frankel et al. 1997). These increases have been attributed to the contrails and water vapor produced by jet airplane traffic. Satellite observations from NOAA polar-orbiting High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) using the CO2 slicing method (Wylie et al. 1994) also show that cirrus cloud cover substantially increased between 60° S and 60° N during a 4-year period from June 1989 to September 1993. Understanding the role of cirrus clouds in climate must begin with reliable modeling of their radiative properties for incorporation in climate models as well as determination of the global variability of their composition, structure, and optical properties. Development of the remote sensing methodologies for the detection and retrieval of the ubiquitous visible and subvisual cirrus clouds requires the basic scattering, absorption, and polarization data for ice crystals in conjunction with appropriate radiative transfer models. We present the fundamentals involving radiative transfer in cirrus clouds and review pertinent research. In section 13.1, an overview of the subject of light scattering by ice crystals is presented in which we discuss a unification of the geometric optics approach for large ice particles and the finite-difference time domain numerical solution for small ice particles, referred to as the unified theory. Section 13.2 presents radiative transfer in cirrus clouds involving two unique properties: orientation of nonspherical ice crystals and cloud inhomogeneity.
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Heymsfield, Andrew J., and Greg M. McFarquhar. "Mid-latitude and Tropical Cirrus: Microphysical Properties." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0008.

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Cirrus, a principal cloud type that forms at low temperatures in the upper troposphere, is composed almost always of ice crystals (Heymsfield and Miloshevich 1989) and on average cover about 20% of the earth's surface (Hartmann et al. 1992). The purpose of this chapter is to characterize the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds. The Glossary of Meteorology (Huschke 1970) defines cirrus clouds as detached clouds in the form of white, delicate filaments, or white or mostly white patches, which are composed of ice crystals. This cloud type forms primarily in the upper troposphere, above about 8km (25,000 feet), where temperatures are generally below -30° C. There are a number of types of cirrus clouds, with the most frequent ones occurring in layers or sheets with horizontal dimensions of hundreds or even thousands of kilometers. Because horizontal dimensions are much greater than vertical extent, this particular type of cirrus cloud is called cirrostratus. Cirrus can also form in a patchy or tufted shape, when the ice crystals are large enough to acquire an appreciable fall velocity (the rate at which ice crystals fall in the vertical) so that trails of considerable vertical extent may form. These trails curve irregularly or slant, sometimes with a commalike shape, as a result of changes in the horizontal wind velocity with height and variations in the fall velocity of the ice crystals. A wispy, layered cloud that forms at the top of a cumulonimbus cloud, termed an “anvil” because of its shape, is a cirrus that consists essentially of ice debris which spreads outward from the convective parts of the storm. Anvils do not include the white, dense portions of thunderstorms or the active convective column. Anvils can spread to form large, widespread cloud layers. Tropical cirrus clouds are thought to arise primarily from cumulonimbus clouds. Unlike the thin, wispy cirrus typifying mid-latitudes, the high altitudes and extensive lateral and vertical development that often characterize tropical cirrus impose substantial large-scale radiative effects in the atmosphere and at the earth's surface (Hartmann et al. 1992; Collins et al. 1996). The cirrus-like low-level ice clouds and ice fogs of the Arctic are not considered cirrus.
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Stephens, Graeme. "Cirrus, Climate, and Global Change." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0024.

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Understanding the climate of Earth and the way climate varies in time requires a quantitative understanding of the way water cycles back and forth between the atmosphere and at the Earth's surface. The exchanges of water between the surface and atmosphere establish the hydrological cycle, and it is the influence of this cycle on the energy budget of Earth that is central not only to understanding present climate but also to the prediction of climate change. Processes relating to the smallest of the reservoirs of water—namely, the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle—play an especially critical role in climate change. Water in vapor phase is the critical greenhouse gas (e.g., Chahine 1992) providing much studied feedbacks on climate forcing (Lindzen 1990; Rind et al. 1991; Stephens and Greenwald 1991; Inamdar and Ramanathan 1998; Hall and Manabe 1999). Water in the form of condensed, precipitation-sized particles is an important source of energy fueling circulation systems and is the fundamental supply of fresh water to life on Earth. Liquid water cloud droplets significantly modulate the radiative budget of the planet (e.g., Wielicki et al. 1995). Water that exists as ice particles suspended in the atmosphere is perhaps the smallest of the water reservoirs of the atmosphere, yet these ice crystals when distributed as part of large-scale cirrus clouds exert a disproportionate influence on the energy and water budgets of the planet. This chapter briefly speculates on the important ways cirrus clouds affect the Earth's climate. The topics discussed are central to what is referred to as the cloud-climate problem, which might be schematically represented in terms of the coupled processes represented in figure 20.1. The two most critical scientific questions associated with the cloud-climate problem are also stated in figure 20.1. Answers to these questions require a clearer understanding of how the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere governs cloud formation and evolution, how these clouds heat and moisten the atmosphere, and how this heating and moistening effect in turn feeds back to influence the dynamical and thermodynamical properties of the atmosphere.
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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Surface cloud radiative effect"

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Mansouri, Amir, Marzieh Mahdavi, Siamack A. Shirazi, and Brenton S. McLaury. "Investigating the Effect of Sand Concentration on Erosion Rate in Slurry Flows." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-06130.

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Abstract Oil produced from offshore reservoirs may contain sand particles. Sand particles in slurry flows impact pipeline walls and cause erosion damage. Therefore, predicting the erosion rate is very crucial to the oil industry. In order to gain a better understanding of the effect of sand concentration on erosion ratio, a series of submerged impinging jet tests was conducted. Total erosion ratio was calculated by measuring the weight loss. It was found that for 1 cP fluid viscosity, the erosion ratio decreases as sand loading increases, whereas for 15 and 20 cP fluid viscosities, erosion rat
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Chen, Larry, Nihal Obeyesekere, and Jonathan Wylde. "The Effect of Surfactant Additions on the Mechanism of Sulfur Corrosion Inhibition in Sour Systems." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3828.

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Abstract One of the most challenging tasks for corrosion control is the accelerated, localized corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of elemental sulfur in aqueous, high sour (>5% H2S mol%) gas environments. The accelerated attack occurs predominantly in the vicinity of sulfur particles that directly contact the metal surface1. It is very rare that a corrosion inhibitor will remain effective under such conditions, even at a very high dose rate. When elemental sulfur is in contact with H2S, various polysulfide species of the general formula H2Sx+1 (x ≥ 1) are formed. These polysulfid
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Ou, S. C., and K. N. Liou. "Remote Sounding of Surface Radiative Fluxes in Cirrus Cloudy Conditions." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1995.wb3.

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It has been long recognized that radiation and radiation perturbations play a critical role in the climate system (Liou 1992). Surface radiative fluxes are useful parameters for monitoring global change, for understanding of the effects of clouds on the radiation field, and for improving parameterization of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. Monitoring of the radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere has been one of the prime satellite programs for the last 30 years. However, monitoring radiative fluxes at the surface over the globe from space cannot be performed in a direct way at t
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Wacker, Stefan, Julian Gröbner, and Laurent Vuilleumier. "Trends in surface radiation and cloud radiative effect over Switzerland in the past 15 years." In RADIATION PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN (IRS2012): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4804859.

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Nagaraja Rao, C. R., and Nian Zhang. "Mt. Pinatubo volcanic aerosol effects on the remote sensing of sea surface temperature." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.fmm5.

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The stratospheric volcanic dust cloud resulting from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in June 1991 has adversely affected the retrieval of sea surface temperature from the upwelling infrared radiances (≈3.7,10.8, and 11.9 µm) measured by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer onboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellites. Correction algorithms to restore the capability of sea surface temperature retrieval during such volcanic dust episodes have been developed by combining model simulations of the radiative effects of volcanic aerosols with shipboard and buoy measurements of sea surface temperat
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Махотина, И. А., А. П. Макштас, И. И. Большакова, О. Л. Жукова, and О. Р. Сидорова. "INFLUENCE OF CLOUDINESS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE DRIFT AREA OF THE NORTH POLE - 41 STATION IN 2022-2023." In XXX Юбилейный Международный симпозиум Оптика атмосферы и океана. Физика атмосферы. Crossref, 2024. https://doi.org/10.56820/oao30d23.

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Показано, что в течение года наличие облачности, задерживая эффективное излучение, уменьшает выхолаживание снежно-ледяного покрова. Только в июле отраженное от верхней границы облаков коротковолновое излучение обусловливает охлаждение поверхности. Наибольшие отличия в температуре и удельной влажности воздуха при ясном и облачном небе наблюдаются у подстилающей поверхности, особенно в период полярной ночи. Влияние радиационного эффекта облачности (РЭО) на приземную температуру воздуха уменьшается летом, когда температура поверхности достигает значений, соответствующих температуре таяния снежно-
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Bisson, Scott E., and J. E. M. Goldsmith. "Measurements of Daytime and Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Profiles by Raman Lidar." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1995.thb1.

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One of the most important atmospheric constituents needed for climate and meteorological studies is water vapor. It plays an important role in driving atmospheric circulations through latent heat release and in determining the earth’s radiation budget, both through its radiative effects (water vapor is the major greenhouse gas) and through cloud formation. The vertical distribution of water vapor is particularly important because in addition to determining convective stability, radiative effects are also strongly altitude dependent. In fact, several one-dimensional radiative convective models1
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Davies, R. "Comparison of longwave and shortwave cloud effects on equilibrium surface temperature using a radiative-convective model and 12 years of MISR observations." In RADIATION PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN (IRS2012): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4804871.

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Eck, Thomas, and Dennis Dye. "A Simple Method of Estimating Photosynthetically Active Radiation at the Earth's Surface from Satellite." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.md11.

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A physically based method of estimating the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) incident at the earth's surface is described. Ultraviolet reflectivity, inferred from the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer (TOMS) onboard the polar orbiting Nimbus-7 satellite, is used to account for the effect of cloud albedo on the attenuation of PAR incident at the surface. The clear sky incident radiation for the PAR wavelengths (400-700 nm) is computed from the spectral model of Goldberg and Klein (1980). Monthly averages of incident PAR at the surface estimated from the satellite method differed from
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Dev, Soumyabrata, Shilpa Manandhar, Feng Yuan, Yee Hui Lee, and Stefan Winkler. "Cloud radiative effect study using sky camera." In 2017 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi.2017.8074899.

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Informes sobre el tema "Surface cloud radiative effect"

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Potter, G. L. The effect of horizontal resolution on cloud radiative forcing in the ECMWF model. PCMDI report No. 22. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/114640.

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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.

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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine
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Wilkowski. L51487 Predict the Interaction of Fracture Toughness and Constraint Effects for Surface Cracked Pipe. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010596.

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This report summarizes a program designed to quantify the disagreement between the standard t x 2t bend specimen and surface-cracked pipe data. The effect of untracked ligament length on upper-shelf toughness was also investigated. Ultimately, the findings will have application to pipeline girth welds. But in this first step, unwelded line-pipe steel specimens were used throughout this investigation. Obviously, weld metal specimen data would be more directly applicable to welded pipe. However, weld metal test data exhibit more scatter than base metal data (largely due to material non-homogenei
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Wehr, Tobias, ed. EarthCARE Mission Requirements Document. European Space Agency, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa.earthcare-mrd.2006.

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ESA's EarthCARE (Cloud, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer) mission - scheduled to be launched in 2024 - is the largest and most complex Earth Explorer to date and will advance our understanding of the role that clouds and aerosols play in reflecting incident solar radiation back into space and trapping infrared radiation emitted from Earth's surface. The mission is being implemented in cooperation with JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency). It carries four scientific instruments. The Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID), operating at 355 nm wavelength and equipped with a high-spectral resolution and dep
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Wicker, Louise, Ilan Shomer, and Uzi Merin. Membrane Processing of Citrus Extracts: Effects on Pectinesterase Activity and Cloud Stability. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568754.bard.

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The U.S. team studied the role of cations and pH on thermolabile (TL-PE) and thermostable (TS-PE), permeation in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, affinity to ion exchange membranes, mechanism of cation and pH activation, and effect on PE stability. An optimum pH and cation concentration exists for activity and UF permeation, which is specific for each cation type. Incomplete release of PE from a pectin complex resulted in low PE binding to cationic and anionic membranes. Incubation of PE at low pH increases the surface hydrophobicity, especially TL-PE, but the secondary structure of TL-PE is no
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DiDomizio, Matthew, and Jonathan Butta. Measurement of Heat Transfer and Fire Damage Patterns on Walls for Fire Model Validation. UL Research Institutes, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/hnkr9109.

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Fire models are presently employed by fire investigators to make predictions of fire dynamics within structures. Predictions include the evolution of gas temperatures and velocities, smoke movement, fire growth and spread, and thermal exposures to surrounding objects, such as walls. Heat flux varies spatially over exposed walls based on the complex thermal interactions within the fire environment, and is the driving factor for thermally induced fire damage. A fire model predicts the temperature and heat transfer through walls based on field predictions, such as radiative and convective heat fl
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