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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Taux de change – Europe"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 8 de febrero de 2022

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Taux de change – Europe"

Le Cacheux, Jacques y Lucrezia Reichlin. "Taux de change et prix des importations : le cas des automobiles en Europe". Revue de l'OFCE 27, n.º 1 (1989): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ofce.1989.1176.

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Kovacevic-Kojic, Desanka. "Plemeniti metali Srbije i Bosne i evropsko trziste - XIV-XV vijek". Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, n.º 41 (2004): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0441191k.

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(francuski) Cet article se propose, en se fondant sur le mat?riel conserv? dans les Archives de Dubrovnik (Raguse), d'offrir une vision plus compl?te de l'ampleur des exportations d'argent et d'or provenant de Serbie et d'argent provenant de Bosnie sur les march?s europ?ens, ainsi que de la fa?on dont ?taient organis?es ces exportations. En l'occurrence, la majeure partie des m?taux pr?cieux originaires de Serbie et de Bosnie atteignait les march?s m?diterran?ens, avant tout en Italie et principalement ? Venise, en transitant par Dubrovnik. Puis, depuis Venise, ils ?taient inject?s dans le syst?me d'?change du march? europ?en du Moyen Age.

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Garnier, Gaëlle, Endre György, Kees Heineken, Milena Mathé, Laura Puglisi, Savino Ruà, Agnieszka Skonieczna y Astrid Van Mierlo. "A wind of change? Reforms of Tax Systems since the launch of Europe 2020". Reflets et perspectives de la vie économique LIII, n.º 2 (2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rpve.532.0075.

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Bénassy-Quéré, Agnès, Sophie Béreau y Valérie Mignon. "Taux de change d'équilibre". Revue économique 60, n.º 3 (2009): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.603.0657.

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Blot, Christophe, Paul Hubert y Rémi Odry. "Taux de change euro/dollar". Revue de l'OFCE 155, n.º 1 (2018): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.155.0335.

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Artus, Patrick, Eric Bleuze y Philippe Ducos. "La formation des taux d'intérêt en Europe". Économie & prévision 90, n.º 4 (1989): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecop.1989.5126.

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Cotis, Jean-Philippe y Ferhat Mihoubi. "L'hystérésis du taux de chômage en Europe". Économie & prévision 92, n.º 1 (1990): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecop.1990.5164.

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Hissler, Sébastien. "Les taux d'intérêt aident-ils à prévoir les taux de change ?" Économie & prévision 178-179, n.º 2 (2007): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecop.178.0159.

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Hissler, Sébastien. "Les taux d'intérêt aident-ils à prévoir les taux de change ?" Économie & prévision 178, n.º 2 (2007): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecop.2007.7650.

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Sabiston, David R. "Le pass-through du taux de change". L'Actualité économique 77, n.º 3 (5 de febrero de 2009): 425–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602359ar.

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RÉSUMÉÀ la suite de la disparition du système de Bretton Woods, le taux de change flottant n’a pas joué son rôle prévu d’équilibrage; les balances commerciales des principales nations impliquées dans le commerce n’ont tout simplement pas répondu, selon les attentes, aux appréciations et dépréciations de la monnaie. La piètre valeur prophétique des modèles traditionnels de l’élasticité du taux de change a renouvelé l’intérêt dans le lien théorique entre les taux de change et les prix des biens commerciaux. Cet article présente une étude critique de la nouvelle documentation théorique et empirique portant sur lepass-throughdu taux de change dans le but de donner une ligne directrice aux recherches ultérieures.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Taux de change – Europe"

Vanelle, Valérie. "Stabilisation des taux de change et commerce européen". Bordeaux 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR40017.

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L'effondrement du regime de bretton woods a donne naissance a de nombreux travaux sur l'impact de la volatilite des taux de change sur le commerce. Peu d'entre eux ont toutefois cherche a voir si la stabilisation des changes, obtenue grace au mecanisme de change du sme, avait permis d'accroitre le commerce europeen (argument pourtant souvent mis en avant). Les crises de 1992-93 ont relance le debat. Dans ce travail, on ne cherche plus seulement dans quelle mesure la volatilite des changes est reellement nefaste pour le commerce, mais on se demande egalement si leur stabilisation est une alternative preferable. Une premiere partie montre l'importance de distinguer volatilite de court et de long terme. Apres une revue de la litterature, aussi bien theorique qu'empirique, nous concluons a un lien negatif significatif entre volatilite des changes et commerce meme s'il reste faible. Le probleme important de la mesure de la volatilite est aborde. Une etude econometrique centree sur les pays europeens et la volatilite de long terme est egalement effectuee. Dans une deuxieme partie, nous identifions des facteurs susceptibles d'attenuer cette relation negative (politique de + pricing-to-market ;, utilisation d'instruments de couverture, diversification des activites). Outre le fait d'expliquer la faiblesse de la relation empirique, de tels facteurs remettent en cause l'utilite meme de la stabilisation des changes. Nous examinons enfin le cout de la stabilisation pour les pays membres du sme. Au niveau interne, cela pourrait se traduire par un transfert de volatilite sur d'autres variables macro-economiques, un impact depressif sur la croissance ou un risque de change specifique a ce type de systeme. Au niveau externe, l'impact positif sur les echanges intra-zone pourrait engendrer un impact negatif au niveau du commerce avec le reste du monde, regit lui par un regime de flottement. Une etude rapide de l'impact de l'uem sur la volatilite Euro/Dollar s'inscrit dans la meme optique
Since the collapse ofbretton woods system, the impact of exchange rate volatility on international trade flows has been widely researched. However, few studies analysed whether exchange rate stabilization, achieved through the exchange rate mechanism of the ems, led to an increase in european trade (as it is often argued). The debate became topical again with the ems crisis in the early 1990s. In this study, we attempt not only to evaluate precisely the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade but we also examine whether stabilization is a better alternative. In the first part, we show that it is important to distinguish between short term and long term volatility. A survey of the empirical and theoretical literature leads us to conclude that there is a negative and statistically significant link between exchange rate volatility and trade, even though it is rather weak. The important problem of the measure of exchange rate volatility is examined. An econometric analysis, which focuses on european countries and long term volatility, is also conducted. In the second part, factors, susceptible of reducing this negative relation, are identified (the concept of pricing to market, the use of forward markets, the diversification of activities). Not only do they explain the weakness of the empirical relation but they also cast doubt on the utility itself of exchange rate stabilization. Finally, we examine the cost of stabilization for ems member countries. Internally, it could be expressed as a transfer of volatility to other countries' macroeconomic variables, detrimental impact on growth or as a specific exchange risk in this type of system. Externally, the positive impact on trade between ems members might generate a negative impact on trade between ems countries and the rest of the world which is ruled by floating exchange rates. A brief study of the impact of emu on Euro/Dollar volatility is also conducted

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Egert, Balazs. "Le taux de change réel dans la transition des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale : aspects théoriques et empiriques". Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100079.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'évolution du taux de change réel dans 5 pays d'Europe centrale et orientale en transition. La théorie de la parité de pouvoir d'achat ne nous permet pas d'analyser le taux de change réel d'équilibre. En revanche, le modèle Balassa-Samuelson fournit un outil d'analyse performant en introduisant le secteur des biens échangeables et le secteur des biens non-échangeables. Le modèle Balassa-Samuelson peut-être considéré en tant que modèle de détermination d'inflation structurelle ainsi que comme modèle de détermination du taux de change réel de long terme et d'équilibre. Les techniques de cointégration adaptées tant aux séries temporelles qu'aux données de panel sont employées pour tester l'effet Balassa-Samuelson. Même si l'effet Balassa-Samuelson est très présent dans les pays en transition, son impact sur l'inflation globale et sur le taux de change réel reste assez limité en raison de la construction de l'IPC. .
First, we study the Balassa-Samuelson effect in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. We use time series and panel cointegration techniques and show that the BS effect works reasonably well in the transition economies under study during the period from 1991:Q1 to 2001:Q2. However, we find that productivity growth does not fully translate into price increases because of the construction of the CPI indexes. We therefore argue that productivity growth won't hinder meeting the Maastricht criterion on inflation in the medium term. In addition, the observed appreciation of the CPI-deflated real exchange rate is found to be systematically higer compared with the real appreciation the Balassa-Samuelson effect could justify. .

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Sénégas, Marc-Alexandre. "Convergence des taux d'inflation et crises de change : enjeux et contraintes de la transition vers l'union économique et monétaire européenne". Bordeaux 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR40025.

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Ce travail apprehende l'occurence des crises de change de 1992-1993 comme le produit des modalites de la transition vers l'union economique et monetaire europeenne. Elle voit dans les imperatifs de la convergence des taux d'inflation un facteur d'instabilite des changes en europe. La demarche proposee s'organise autour de quatre chapitres, les deux premiers reposent sur l'examen empirique de deux experience (l'une aux etats-unis au debut du dix neuvieme siecle : l'autre concerne les realignements au sein du mecanisme de change europeen) sur la base des resultats degages de ces investigations, nous etablissons un cadre theorique en termes de theorie des jeux de politique monetaire pour mettre en evidence les problemes de comptabilite entre les imperatifs de la convergence des taux d'inflation et les contraintes qu'induit sur les politiques monetaires un regime de changes fixes asymetrique auquel le mecanisme s'est apparente entre 1987 et 1992-1993. Ces difficultes ont inflechi les vertus diciplinaires et les proprietes stabilisatrices du systeme
This work regards the occurrence of the 1992-1993 exchange rate crises as a product of the modalities of the transition towards european economic and monetary union. It considers that the requirements of inflation convergence have contribued to exchange rate instability in europe. The structure of the thesis rests upon four chapters. The first two deal with the empirical assessment of two experiences (the first one concerns the united states in early xixth century. The second one refers to the realignments in the european exchange rate mechanism). On the basis of the results we draw from the latter , we set a theoretical framework with game theoretic elements to put an emphasis on the consistency problems between the convergence requirements and the constraints induced by an asymmetric fixed exchange rate regime on monetary policy. These difficulties have influenced the disciplinary performances as well as its stabilisation properties

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Pham, Thuy Vân. "Ancrage nominal du taux de change et coûts de la désinflation : une estimation économétrique". Paris 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00198619.

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Nous avons établi une indication chiffrée des coûts réels issus des désinflations basées sur l'ancrage nominal du taux de change. Notre analyse s'est appuyée sur deux régions ayant recouru le plus souvent au taux de change comme instrument de lutte contre l'inflation élevée chronique ou l'hyperinflation : l'Amérique latine et l'Europe centrale et orientale. En général, la stratégie d'ancrage nominal par le change est efficace pour réduire le taux d'inflation. Cette efficacité est plus marquante en Europe centrale et orientale qu'en Amérique latine, où le bilan de désinflation reste mitigé. Quant à son impact: sur l'activité économique les résulIaIs obtenus sont moins évidents. En utilisant deux approches. Factuelle et économétrique nos estimations des ratios de sacrifice des deux régions indiquent que quelquesoit l'ancrage nominal, les coûts de la désinflation sont faibles, voire nuls. Il ressort, cependant. De notre étude, qu'il est difficile d'établir une relation entre les ratios de sacrifice et l'ancrage nominal du taux de change, dans la mesure où les résultats varient d'une méthode d'estimation à l'autre. L'hétérogénéité des ratios de sacrifice rend impossible la comparaison des coûts entre les pays, entre les régions et entre les stratégies d'ancrage nominal. Le choix d'une stratégie désinflationniste ne peut donc pas être basé sur l'analyse des ratios de sacrifice.

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Stanoeva, Guergana. "Régimes de change et performances économiques des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale". Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40039.

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L' objectif de la thèse est d' étudier la relation entre les régimes de change et la performance économique de dix pays d'Europe centrale et orientale (PECO) : la Bulgarie, l' Estonie, la Hongrie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie, la Pologne, la République tchèque, la Roumanie, la Slovaquie et la Slovénie. Cette relation est bidirectionnelle. D' abord, trois canaux de tansmission entre régimes de change et performance économique sont identifiés : crédibilité, variation et volatilité du taux de change sous des régimes différents. Ensuite, la relation performance économique - régime de change est analysée dans le contexte de l'objectif d'adhésion à la zone Euro. Selon les résultats, le régime de change affecte directement la performance économique nominale (stabilisation financière) via les effets de crédibilité. L'impact du régime de change sur la performance économique réelle (commerce extérieur) à travers les deux autres canaux de transmission est faible. Le degré de convergence nominale (critères de Maastricht) et réelle (critères de la théorie des Zones Monétaires Optimales, convergence des revenus) est ensuite évalué. Dans ce contexte, les facteurs de croissance et les réformes nécessaires sont alors identifiés. La performance des PECO est mesurée par rapport à celle de certains autres pays développés et émergents.

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Pham, Thuy Van. "Ancrage nominal du taux de change et coûts de la désinflation : une estimation économétrique". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00198619.

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Nous avons établi une indication chiffrée des coûts réels issus des désinflations basées sur l'ancrage nominal du taux de change. Notre analyse s'est appuyée sur deux régions ayant recouru le plus souvent au taux de change comme instrument de lutte contre l'inflation élevée chronique ou l'hyperinflation : l'Amérique latine et l'Europe centrale et orientale. En général, la stratégie d'ancrage nominal par le change est efficace pour réduire le taux d'inflation. Cette efficacité est plus marquante en Europe centrale et orientale qu'en Amérique latine, où le bilan de désinflation reste mitigé. Quant à son impact sur l'activité économique, les résultats obtenus sont moins évidents. En utilisant deux approches, factuelle et économétrique, nos estimations des ratios de sacrifice des deux régions indiquent que, quel que soit l'ancrage nominal, les coûts de la désinflation sont faibles, voire nuls. Il ressort, cependant, de notre étude, qu'il est difficile d'établir une relation entre les ratios de sacrifice et l'ancrage nominal du taux de change, dans la mesure où les résultats varient d'une méthode d'estimation à l'autre. L'hétérogénéité des ratios de sacrifice rend impossible la comparaison des coûts entre les pays, entre les régions et entre les stratégies d'ancrage nominal. Le choix d'une stratégie désinflationniste ne peut donc pas être basé sur l'analyse des ratios de sacrifice.

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Ellis, Joseph Michael. "Flat Tax Revolution?: Policy Change and Policy Diffusion in Eastern Europe". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/94739.

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Political Science
Ph.D.
Why have Eastern European states adopted flat tax policies? That is what this dissertation answers. This is a curious development given that flat tax policies were noticeably absent from the landscape of most of the world, including Eastern Europe. Fives cases of adoption are examined, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. I argue that two simultaneous processes occur in Eastern Europe that makes adoption viable. First, at the domestic level, the idea of the flat tax is held in esteem by a number of actors, specifically: elite carriers, tax and financial ministers, think tanks and right-wing political parties. They champion this idea to its adoption, or at the least, introduce the flat tax into the policy-making apparatus. Second, at the international level, policy diffusion of the flat tax is taking place. In other words, the experience of previous adopters impacts the decisions of future adopters. Examining both cognitive heuristics theory and rational learning I argue that there are "varieties of diffusion" during the diffusion of the flat tax. Additionally, though this dissertation concerns itself primarily with adoption, I also investigate two cases of non-adoption in Poland and Hungary. What is argued is "diffusion without adoption" occurs. The idea of the flat tax diffused, but the adoption was not politically, ideologically, and economically feasible.
Temple University--Theses

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Pansard, Fabrice. "Théorie et applications des zones cibles : le cas du système monétaire européen". Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE0010.

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Notre travail est concentre sur la theorie des zones cibles et ses applications au systeme monetaire europeen (s. M. E). Dans la premiere partie, nous presentons et mettons en perspective les modeles theoriques de zones cibles. Ils s'inscrivent dans le prolongement des travaux de krugman (1987, 1988). Sauf exception, ils mettent en evidence la presence d'anticipations stabilisatrices suscitees par la perspective d'une intervention future des autorites monetaires ainsi que le role du taux d'interet comme variable d'ajustement. A la lumiere des enseignements theoriques, nous menons dans la seconde partie une analyse du fonctionnement du s. M. E. Les etudes recentes suggerent la pertinence des modeles avec credibilite imparfaite. Plus precisement, les agents anticipent un realignement de parite centrale mais egalement un retour du taux de change au centre de la zone. Ces deux elements sont quantifiables et determinent la valeur du differentiel de taux d'interet. Ce resultat nous conduit a l'etude des determinants de la credibilite au sein du s. M. E. Une revue de la litterature suggere que la credibilite des parites du s. M. E est, soit independante des variables macro-economiques, soit reliee a ces variables mais de maniere instable. Cette derniere interpretation nous semble plus satisfaisante. Pour en tester la pertinence, nous menons une etude de la credibilite des parites vis-a-vis du deutschemark du franc, de la lire et du florin sur la periode allant de janvier 1980 a novembre 1993 (juillet 1992 pour la lire). Trois variables macro-economiques, definies en ecart par rapport a leurs homologues allemandes, sont retenues: la masse monetaire, le revenu reel et le niveau general des prix. Des resultats interessants sont obtenus. Tous d'abord, des tests de stabilite des coefficients nous permettent de montrer l'instabilite de ces derniers. Ensuite, l'estimation d'un modele a changements de regimes markoviens montre l'existence de deux regimes distincts pour le franc et le florin, mais le sens des relations est difficilement interpretable sur le plan economique.

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Razafindrabe, Tovonony. "« Pass-through » du taux de change et politique monétaire : application pour la zone Euro". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100035.

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La thèse explore la transmission des variations du taux de change aux prix d’importation, un phénomène que l’on appelle « pass-through » du taux de change. Ce dernier a été et sera au centre des débats économiques, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne la politique monétaire, car elle conditionne la propagation des différents chocs au niveau international. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons des données individuelles sur les firmes importatrices françaises qui nous ont été fournies à titre confidentiel par l’Institut National de la statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE) ainsi que de nouveaux indices de prix à l’importation, et non des indices de valeur unitaire, pour plusieurs pays de la zone Euro. A travers différentes approches, à la fois empirique et théorique, nous avançons quelques faits stylisés concernant les prix à l’importation et trouvons que le pass-through du taux de change est incomplet à court terme et complet à long terme. La transmission incomplète à court terme est surtout liée à l’existence du phénomène de rigidité nominale. De plus, nous montrons l’important rôle que joue la monnaie de facturation dans l’étendue du pass-through. En termes de politique monétaire, et à travers un modèle DSGE multi-pays, nous avançons que la rigidité nominale implique que l’impact d’une variation du taux de change sur la variation du prix à l’importation est faible et persistent. Combiné avec l’existence d’un biais de consommation de biens domestiques, l’impact sur la variation du prix à la consommation est fortement réduit, permettant ainsi aux autorités monétaires de poursuivre une politique de stabilisation de l’inflation avec peu d’action. D’autant plus que la stabilisation de l’écart à la loi du prix unique ne peut se faire qu’au détriment de l’écart de production
The thesis explores the transmission of exchange rate movements into import prices, the phenomenon known as “exchange rate pass-through”. This phenomenon is at the heart of open macroeconomics. For policy makers, it is an important issue when making appropriate decisions in terms of economic policy (in particular monetary policy and exchange rate regime). Analysis of the exchange rate pass-through is conducted using unpublished micro-data of import prices made available to us by the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic studies (INSEE) and new database of actual import price data, and not unit value indices, for several Euro-area countries. Using different both empirical and theoretical approaches, we provide some new stylized facts on import prices and show evidence in favor of incomplete pass-through in the short run but complete at the long run. Mainly, we argue that incomplete pass-through is the result of nominal import price rigidity. Moreover, we show the important role of the currency invoicing strategy of firms in determining the extent of exchange rate pass-through. In terms of monetary policy, we argue using a multi-country DSGE model, that nominal rigidity induces a persistent but lower impact of the exchange rate changes on import price inflation, which combined with the home consumption bias imply that the monetary authority could pursue a stable inflation target with less action. This is reinforced by the trade-off between output and law of one price gap stabilization generated by the new independent channel of monetary policy arising from incomplete ERPT assumption

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Hervé, Karine. "Une nouvelle approche du taux de change d'équilibre à partir des équations du commerce extérieur : une application aux grands pays industrialisés et aux nouveaux états membres de l'Union européenne". Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA131022.

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L'objet de cette thèse est de calculer des taux de change d'équilibre des principaux pays industrialisés (Etats-Unis, zone euro, Japon et Royaume-Uni) et des nouveaux états membres (NEM) de l'Union européenne (UE). A partir d'une analyse critique des théories du taux de change d'équilibre, nous privilégions, tout en l'enrichissant, l'approche par les équations du commerce extérieur. Les apports de la thèse se situent aux niveaux empirique et méthodologique. Premièrement, nous développons une méthode de calcul visant à respecter la contrainte sur les taux de change bilatéraux et à minimiser l'écart entre les cibles fixées ex ante et celles réalisées ex post. Deuxièmement, nous proposons des estimations d'élasticités du commerce extérieur tenant compte des asymétries à long terme entre pays ainsi que de la spécificité de la zone euro agrégée. Troisièmement, nous analysons et nous quantifions l'impact des soldes courants sur la mesure des taux de change d'équilibre au travers d'une application sur les nouveaux pays membres de l'UE. A l'issue de ce travail, nous montrons que les monnaies des grands pays industrialisés se caractérisent en 2003 par de forts mésalignements traduisant l'ampleur de leurs déséquilibres courants. En particulier, l'importance du déficit courant américain se reflète dans une forte surévaluation du dollar. Concernant les NEM, nous soulignons les risques d'une entrée rapide dans l'euro. En effet, il apparaît opportun que ces pays gardent une certaine marge de manœuvre en termes de déficits public et courant eu égard à leurs forts besoins d'investissement
The purpose of this PhD thesis is to estimate the equilibrium exchange rates for the major industrialised countries (the United States, the euro area, Japan and the United Kingdom) and the new Member States of the European Union (EU). Drawing on a critical analysis of the literature on equilibrium exchange rates, we focus on the approach based on trade equations and enrich it. The contribution of the thesis is both empirical and methodological. First, we develop a computation method that aims to adhere to the bilateral exchange rate constraint and minimise the gap between the target rates set ex ante and those observed ex post. Second, we estimate external trade elasticities that take due account of the long-term country asymmetries and of the specificities of the aggregated euro area. Third, we analyse and quantify the impact of current account balances on equilibrium exchange rates, using an application on the new EU Member States. We derive from this computation an analysis that highlights the large misalignments experienced by the nominal exchange rates of major currencies, which reflect the magnitude of the current account imbalances in these economies. The huge current account deficit of the United States has resulted in particular in a high overvaluation of the dollar. As far as the new EU Member States are concerned, the risks stemming from a rapid integration in the euro area should be highlighted. It seems therefore all the more appropriate that these countries keep some leeway with respect to their fiscal and current imbalances, given their huge financing needs

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Libros sobre el tema "Taux de change – Europe"

DeSerres, Alain. Les sources des fluctuations des taux de change en Europe et leurs implications pour l'union monétaire. Ottawa, Ont: Banque du Canada, 1994.

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Giovannini, Alberto. The debate on money in Europe. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1995.

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Aftalion, Florin. Les taux de change. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1985.

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Artus, Patrick. Economie des taux de change. Paris: Economica, 1997.

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Krueger, Anne O. La détermination des taux de change. Paris: Economica, 1985.

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Dagmara, Sienkiewicz, Avila Xavier y European Parliament. Directorate General for Research., eds. Taux de change et politique monétaire. Luxembourg: Parlement européen, 2001.

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Dohni, Larbi. Les taux de change: Déterminants, opportunités et risques. Bruxelles: De Boeck, 2004.

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Mengual, Jean-Philippe. Taux de syndicalisation et poids du syndicalisme en Europe. Paris: Éditions Edilivre-Aparis, 2011.

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Taux de change réel et compétitivité de l'économie guinéenne. Conakry, Guinée: Cellule d'étude de politique économique, 2006.

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Camara, Ginette. Taux de change réel et compétitivité de l'économie guinéenne. Conakry, Guinée: Cellule d'étude de politique économique, 2006.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Taux de change – Europe"

Jacobs, Otto H. y Christoph Spengel. "Changes of the effective average tax burden since 1995". En Effective Tax Burden in Europe, 65–70. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51036-6_6.

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Zolnikov, Tara Rava. "Europe". En Global Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change, 79–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01213-7_6.

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García-Martín, María, Cristina Quintas-Soriano, Mario Torralba, Franziska Wolpert y Tobias Plieninger. "Landscape Change in Europe". En Human-Environment Interactions, 17–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50841-8_2.

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Pink, Ross Michael. "Europe: UK, Italy, Greece". En The Climate Change Crisis, 217–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71033-4_9.

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Close, Paul. "Towards a Framework for Analysing Modern European Citizenship". En Citizenship, Europe and Change, 1–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23780-7_1.

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Close, Paul. "Citizenship, the State, the Nation-state and Nationality". En Citizenship, Europe and Change, 55–96. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23780-7_2.

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Close, Paul. "Citizenship, Migration, Asylum and Race-ethnicity". En Citizenship, Europe and Change, 97–137. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23780-7_3.

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Close, Paul. "Citizenship, Social Change and the Individual". En Citizenship, Europe and Change, 138–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23780-7_4.

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Close, Paul. "Individualism, Citizenship and the European Union". En Citizenship, Europe and Change, 187–230. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23780-7_5.

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Close, Paul. "Citizenship and the European Supra-state". En Citizenship, Europe and Change, 231–98. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23780-7_6.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Taux de change – Europe"

George, Jeff y David Massingham. "Moving Towards a Sustainable UK in an Environment of Austerity: Can We Wait Until the Midnight Hour?" En 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5410.

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The UK coalition government, elected in May 2010, has set out its stall to be, in the words of Prime Minister, David Cameron, “the greenest government ever”. To that end it has embarked on an ambitious programme of policy initiatives to address climate change and the wider sustainability agenda. These include: • Initiating a fundamental review of waste policy with a view to adopting a zero waste to landfill and increasing Energy from Waste (EfW) as a solution for residual wastes; • Leading calls within the European Union for an increase in pan-Europe greenhouse gas reduction and renewable energy targets for 2020, that, if adopted would have a profound and immediate impact on domestic targets; and • An electricity market reform package that will see the introduction of a floor price for carbon (in effect, a carbon tax) and new financial support mechanisms for the development of renewable energy.

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Sadchikov, Mihail Nikolaevich, Elena Vacheslavovna Pokachalova, Olga Yuryevna Bakaeva y Margarita Byashirovna Razgildieva. "Legal Support of State Tax Sovereignty: Paradigm Change". En XIV European-Asian Congress "The value of law" (EAC-LAW 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201205.055.

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Leontyev, Alexey y Galina Reshina. "Evaluation of vehicle taxation in the Republic of Latvia by the method of variant optimization using relative single indexes". En 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.012.

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The European Commission has evaluated the consequences of the Latvian tax reform in 2018 and declared that the set target of decreasing tax burden for people with low income was not reached, yet the tax reform continuing implementation caused even greater social stratification. The goal of the study was to develop method for determining the rational tax on vehicles based on criteria of fairness and efficiency using an analytical approach. To develop such a method for vehicle taxation, relative single indexes approach as a part of method of variant optimization was used based on relative fuel equivalent coefficient. To analyse the current situation in Latvia and show possible ways of improving it, scenario analysis (three controlling cases) and mathematical modelling by using the developed method were carried out. Analysis of the first controlling case showed that the current situation in Latvia's vehicle taxation policy is not efficient enough from the point of the combination of fairness and efficiency. To improve the situation and achieve zone of optimum (the third controlling case) it is possible to shift tax burden partially from local taxpayers to taxpayers with foreign-registered vehicles. To comply with the recommendation of the European Commission, it is also recommended to set fairness as a primary criterion and make the system more favourable to the taxpayer (when operating in the zone of optimum). It can be achieved by using annual mileage as a base to determine the tax. If recommendations would be implemented partially, it is possible to reach the state (the second controlling case), where vehicle taxation is becoming optimal, yet any change in tax rates or procedures separately will lead to ineffective or unfair solutions. Overall the developed method allows to analyse and forecast most of the changes in vehicle taxation.

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SCHUBERT, HILTMAR. "CLIMATE CHANGE—CONSEQUENCES FOR EUROPE". En International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 38th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812834645_0056.

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Wong, Norman. "Piloting Safety Cases To Support Decisive Management of Change". En Offshore Europe. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/26708-ms.

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Niemeyer, Irmgard, Florian Bachmann, André John, Clemens Listner y Prashanth Reddy Marpu. "Object-based change detection and classification". En SPIE Europe Remote Sensing, editado por Lorenzo Bruzzone, Claudia Notarnicola y Francesco Posa. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.830409.

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Kinnula, Marianne y Netta Iivari. "Empowered to Make a Change". En the FabLearn Europe 2019 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3335055.3335071.

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Javadi, Mohammad Saleh, Mattias Dahl y Mats Pettersson. "Change detection in aerial images using a Kendall's TAU distance pattern correlation". En 2016 6th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euvip.2016.7764604.

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Barrow, Ellen y Ian Tarplee. "Rigging the Odds Against Climate Change". En SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/186118-ms.

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Englert, Marion, Peter Hartmann y Steffen Reichel. "Optical glass: refractive index change with wavelength and temperature". En SPIE Photonics Europe, editado por Frank Wyrowski, John T. Sheridan, Jani Tervo y Youri Meuret. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2052706.

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Informes sobre el tema "Taux de change – Europe"

Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson y James Robinson. The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, diciembre de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9378.

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Langner, J., D. Simpson, C. Andersson, A. Baklanov, M. Engardt, G. Geels, J. Soares y M. Sofiev. Impact of climate change on surface ozone and nitrogen deposition in Europe. Nordic Council of Ministers, febrero de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2015-906.

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Philipov, Dimiter. Fertility in times of discontinuous societal change: the case of Central and Eastern Europe. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, junio de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2002-024.

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Klüsener, Sebastian, Brienna Perelli-Harris y Nora E. Sánchez Gassen. Spatial aspects of the rise of nonmarital fertility across Europe since 1960: the role of states and regions in shaping patterns of change. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, enero de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2012-005.

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Milek, Karen y Richard Jones, eds. Science in Scottish Archaeology: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, septiembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four key headings:  High quality, high impact research: the importance of archaeological science is reflected in work that explores issues connected to important contemporary topics, including: the demography of, the nature of movement of, and contact between peoples; societal resilience; living on the Atlantic edge of Europe; and coping with environmental and climatic change. A series of large-scale and integrated archaeological science projects are required to stimulate research into these important topics. To engage fully with Science in Scottish Archaeology iv these questions data of sufficient richness is required that is accessible, both within Scotland and internationally. The RCAHMS’ database Canmore provides a model for digital dissemination that should be built on.  Integration: Archaeological science should be involved early in the process of archaeological investigation and as a matter of routine. Resultant data needs to be securely stored, made accessible and the research results widely disseminated. Sources of advice and its communication must be developed and promoted to support work in the commercial, academic, research, governmental and 3rd sectors.  Knowledge exchange and transfer: knowledge, data and skills need to be routinely transferred and embedded across the archaeological sector. This will enable the archaeological science community to better work together, establishing routes of communication and improving infrastructure. Improvements should be made to communication between different groups including peers, press and the wider public. Mechanisms exist to enable the wider community to engage with, and to feed into, the development of the archaeological and scientific database and to engage with current debates. Projects involving the wider community in data generation should be encouraged and opportunities for public engagement should be pursued through, for example, National Science Week and Scottish Archaeology Month.  Networks and forums: A network of specialists should be promoted to aid collaboration, provide access to the best advice, and raise awareness of current work. This would be complemented by creating a series inter-disciplinary working groups, to discuss and articulate archaeological science issues. An online service to match people (i.e. specialist or student) to material (whether e.g. environmental sample, artefactual assemblage, or skeletal assemblage) is also recommended. An annual meeting should also be held at which researchers would be able to promote current and future work, and draw attention to materials available for analysis, and to specialists/students looking to work on particular assemblages or projects. Such meetings could be rolled into a suitable public outreach event.

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Saville, Alan y Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, junio de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.

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Dalglish, Chris y Sarah Tarlow, eds. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, septiembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.163.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  HUMANITY The Panel recommends recognition that research in this field should be geared towards the development of critical understandings of self and society in the modern world. Archaeological research into the modern past should be ambitious in seeking to contribute to understanding of the major social, economic and environmental developments through which the modern world came into being. Modern-world archaeology can add significantly to knowledge of Scotland’s historical relationships with the rest of the British Isles, Europe and the wider world. Archaeology offers a new perspective on what it has meant to be a modern person and a member of modern society, inhabiting a modern world.  MATERIALITY The Panel recommends approaches to research which focus on the materiality of the recent past (i.e. the character of relationships between people and their material world). Archaeology’s contribution to understandings of the modern world lies in its ability to situate, humanise and contextualise broader historical developments. Archaeological research can provide new insights into the modern past by investigating historical trends not as abstract phenomena but as changes to real lives, affecting different localities in different ways. Archaeology can take a long-term perspective on major modern developments, researching their ‘prehistory’ (which often extends back into the Middle Ages) and their material legacy in the present. Archaeology can humanise and contextualise long-term processes and global connections by working outwards from individual life stories, developing biographies of individual artefacts and buildings and evidencing the reciprocity of people, things, places and landscapes. The modern person and modern social relationships were formed in and through material environments and, to understand modern humanity, it is crucial that we understand humanity’s material relationships in the modern world.  PERSPECTIVE The Panel recommends the development, realisation and promotion of work which takes a critical perspective on the present from a deeper understanding of the recent past. Research into the modern past provides a critical perspective on the present, uncovering the origins of our current ways of life and of relating to each other and to the world around us. It is important that this relevance is acknowledged, understood, developed and mobilised to connect past, present and future. The material approach of archaeology can enhance understanding, challenge assumptions and develop new and alternative histories. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present vi Archaeology can evidence varied experience of social, environmental and economic change in the past. It can consider questions of local distinctiveness and global homogeneity in complex and nuanced ways. It can reveal the hidden histories of those whose ways of life diverged from the historical mainstream. Archaeology can challenge simplistic, essentialist understandings of the recent Scottish past, providing insights into the historical character and interaction of Scottish, British and other identities and ideologies.  COLLABORATION The Panel recommends the development of integrated and collaborative research practices. Perhaps above all other periods of the past, the modern past is a field of enquiry where there is great potential benefit in collaboration between different specialist sectors within archaeology, between different disciplines, between Scottish-based researchers and researchers elsewhere in the world and between professionals and the public. The Panel advocates the development of new ways of working involving integrated and collaborative investigation of the modern past. Extending beyond previous modes of inter-disciplinary practice, these new approaches should involve active engagement between different interests developing collaborative responses to common questions and problems.  REFLECTION The Panel recommends that a reflexive approach is taken to the archaeology of the modern past, requiring research into the nature of academic, professional and public engagements with the modern past and the development of new reflexive modes of practice. Archaeology investigates the past but it does so from its position in the present. Research should develop a greater understanding of modern-period archaeology as a scholarly pursuit and social practice in the present. Research should provide insights into the ways in which the modern past is presented and represented in particular contexts. Work is required to better evidence popular understandings of and engagements with the modern past and to understand the politics of the recent past, particularly its material aspect. Research should seek to advance knowledge and understanding of the moral and ethical viewpoints held by professionals and members of the public in relation to the archaeology of the recent past. There is a need to critically review public engagement practices in modern-world archaeology and develop new modes of public-professional collaboration and to generate practices through which archaeology can make positive interventions in the world. And there is a need to embed processes of ethical reflection and beneficial action into archaeological practice relating to the modern past.

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