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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Viruses Polymerase chain reaction"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de febrero de 2022

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1

Nazir, Iffat, Hafiz Zaid Mahmood, and Sana E Mustafa. "Polymerase chain reaction: a creative review." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 7, no. 4 (2020): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2020.07.00228.

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In molecular biology, a scientific technique PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is used to generate thousands to millions of copies of a single particular DNA sequences to amplify a single or few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude. For multiple applications, PCR is an ordinary and often vital practice used in medicinal and biological research labs and is used for diagnosis and investigation of multiple diseases. In PCR mainly three major steps are involved. Denaturation, annealing, and extension. PCR can be used to detect not only the human genome but also the genome of v

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2

Taylor, K., and C. G. Copley. "Detection of rodent RNA viruses by polymerase chain reaction." Laboratory Animals 28, no. 1 (1994): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367794781065861.

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3

Piiparinen, H., and A. Vaheri. "Genotyping of herpes simplex viruses by polymerase chain reaction." Archives of Virology 119, no. 3-4 (1991): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01310676.

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4

Shaw, Collie B., Neal Obermyer, Stephen J. Wetmore, George A. Spirou, and R. Wesley Farr. "Incidence of Adenovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 113, no. 3 (1995): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(95)70111-7.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the role of adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in the cause of chronic otitis media with effusion by use of the polymerase chain reaction for detection. The polymerase chain reaction has proved to be more sensitive and specific than viral cultures and immunoassays in the detection of viruses in other specimens. Adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus were chosen because these viruses have been the most commonly isolated viruses in middle ear effusions in studies using other techniques. The effusions (132 total) were sterilely collected from 88

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5

Bowles, Neil E., Jiyuan Ni, Debra L. Kearney, et al. "Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42, no. 3 (2003): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00648-x.

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6

Li, Ruhui, Sarbagh Salih, and Suzanne Hurtt. "Detection of Geminiviruses in Sweetpotato by Polymerase Chain Reaction." Plant Disease 88, no. 12 (2004): 1347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.12.1347.

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Geminivirus infection of sweetpotato (Ipomoea spp.) germplasm acquired from foreign regions is common. Graft inoculation of the indicator host, Ipomoea setosa, is the accepted detection method for these viruses, but the assay is laborious and requires up to 8 weeks. When infected sweetpotato is subjected to meristem tip culture to eliminate these viruses, the eradication rate is low. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection assay was developed for the detection of geminiviruses in a variety of sweetpotato cultivars. Different methods were evaluated to extract nucleic acids su

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7

Gjøen, K. V., and A. L. Bruu. "Specific detection of Coxsackie viruses A by the polymerase chain reaction." Clinical and Diagnostic Virology 8, no. 3 (1997): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0197(97)00017-2.

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8

Parra, B., and J. Slots. "Detection of human viruses in periodontal pockets using polymerase chain reaction." Oral Microbiology and Immunology 11, no. 5 (1996): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302x.1996.tb00183.x.

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9

Green, J., J. P. Norcott, D. Lewis, C. Arnold, and D. W. Brown. "Norwalk-like viruses: demonstration of genomic diversity by polymerase chain reaction." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31, no. 11 (1993): 3007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.31.11.3007-3012.1993.

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10

Sheikh Ali, Hanan M., A. I. Khalafalla, and A. H. Nimir. "Detection of camel pox and vaccinia viruses by polymerase chain reaction." Tropical Animal Health and Production 41, no. 8 (2009): 1637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9359-y.

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11

Overton, Timothy, Antony Lighten, and Phillip Bennett. "Polymerase chain reaction and its use in obstetrics." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 7, no. 3 (1995): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539500001297.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is composed of a deoxyribose backbone, the three position (3') of each deoxyribose being linked to the five position (5') of the next by a phosphodiester bond. At the two position each deoxyribose is linked to one of four nucleic acids; the purines adenine or guanine or the pyrimadines thymine or cytosine. Each DNA molecule is made up of two such strands in a double helix with the nucleic acid bases on the inside. The bases pair by hydrogen bonding, adenine (A) with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G). Deoxyribonucleic acid is replicated by separation of t

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12

Kenten, J. H., J. Casadei, J. Link, et al. "Rapid electrochemiluminescence assays of polymerase chain reaction products." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 9 (1991): 1626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.9.1626.

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Abstract We demonstrate the first use of an electrochemiluminescent (ECL) label, [4-(N-succimidyloxycarbonylpropyl)-4'-methyl-2,2'- bipyridine]ruthenium(II) dihexafluorophosphate (Origen label; IGEN Inc.), in DNA probe assays. This label allows rapid (less than 25 min) quantification and detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified products from oncogenes, viruses, and cloned genes. For the PCR, we used labeled oligonucleotide primers complementary to human papiloma virus and the Ha-ras oncogene. These samples were followed by ECL analysis or hybridization with specific, Origen-label

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13

Nefedchenko, Aleksey V., Svetlana V. Koteneva, Tatyana I. Glotova, and Alexander G. Glotov. "Detection of bovine pestiviruses by a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 65, no. 2 (2020): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-2-95-102.

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Introduction. Pestiviruses are the cause of reproductive problems, diseases of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of animals. Three species are important for cattle: Pestivirus A, B, and H. Fast and reliable methods of differentiation of these pathogens are currently needed.Aims and objectives of the study: the development of multiplex real time PCR for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of three viruses.Material and methods. The nucleotide sequences of the conserved regions of the 5´-UTR genes of pestiviruses A, B, and H served as a target.Results. The reaction showed hig

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14

Park, Sun-Whan, Ye-Ji Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Youngmee Jee, and WooYoung Choi. "One-Step Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction for Ebola and Marburg Viruses." Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 7, no. 3 (2016): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2016.04.004.

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15

Atmar, R. L., T. G. Metcalf, F. H. Neill, and M. K. Estes. "Detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using the polymerase chain reaction." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, no. 2 (1993): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.2.631-635.1993.

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16

Yamada, Akira, Jiro Imanishi, Etsuro Nakajima, Katsuhisa Nakajima, and Setsuko Nakajima. "Detection of Influenza Viruses in Throat Swab by Using Polymerase Chain Reaction." Microbiology and Immunology 35, no. 3 (1991): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1991.tb01555.x.

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17

Zhang, Wandong, and David H. Evans. "Detection and identification of human influenza viruses by the polymerase chain reaction." Journal of Virological Methods 33, no. 1-2 (1991): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(91)90017-t.

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18

Persing, David H., and Jorge Rakela. "Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of hepatitis viruses: Panacea or purgatory?" Gastroenterology 103, no. 3 (1992): 1098–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(92)90049-5.

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19

Arnal, Charlotte, Virginie Ferré-Aubineau, Bernard Besse, and Sylviane Billaudel. "Simplified reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction procedure with detection by microplate hybridization for routine screening of hepatitis A virus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 3 (1998): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w97-154.

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Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, using either nested or seminested primers, is used extensively for the detection of viruses in small quantities. However, existing methods are prone to false positive reactions. We report here an improved polymerase chain reaction technique based on the use of longer primers (39 nucleotides) with single-step amplification, applied to the detection of hepatitis A in low quantities. While the sensitivity of this technique (10 x the 50% tissue culture infective dose) is equivalent to that of existing methods, it is a simpler procedure, less time co

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20

Abraham, AM, M. Ramamurthy, M. Alexander, et al. "Comparison of a conventional polymerase chain reaction with real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of neurotropic viruses in cerebrospinal fluid samples." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 29, no. 2 (2011): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.81777.

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21

RICHARDS, GARY P. "Limitations of Molecular Biological Techniques for Assessing the Virological Safety of Foods†." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 6 (1999): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.6.691.

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Enteric viruses, including hepatitis A, Norwalk, and Snow Mountain viruses, Hawaii agent, and rotaviruses have been associated with outbreaks of foodborne illness. Classical culturing procedures are available for poliovirus; however, hepatitis A, Norwalk, and many of the other viruses and agents cannot be propagated in cell culture, therefore, molecular biological tools have emerged as a possible means to detect enteric viruses in foods and environmental samples. There are limitations however in the application of polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction th

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22

Soule, Hervé, Odile Genoulaz, Bénédicte Gratacap-Cavallier, et al. "Monitoring Rotavirus Environmental Contamination in a Pediatric Unit Using Polymerase Chain Reaction." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 6 (1999): 432–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501648.

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Rotavirus environmental contamination in a pediatric unit was investigated. Surfaces were swabbed, then viruses eluted, ultracentrifuged, and detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Of 55 samples, 25 (46%) tested positive. Rotavirus RNA was more prevalent on surfaces in direct contact with children (thermometers and play mats) than on other environmental surfaces (washbasins, door handles, etc). PCR has proved useful for monitoring rotavirus environmental contamination.

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23

Han, Ji Yoon, and Seung Beom Han. "Febrile Seizures and Respiratory Viruses Determined by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Test and Clinical Diagnosis." Children 7, no. 11 (2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7110234.

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Febrile seizure (FS) is a common benign seizure disorder of young children. Although upper respiratory tract infection is the cause of fever in most episodes of FS, studies to identify respiratory viruses using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) test have rarely been performed for children with FS. Medical records of children presenting with FS between January 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Respiratory viruses identified by a rapid influenza detection test and mPCR test were investigated, and their seasonal distribution and the association between viral identif

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24

Mettifogo, Elena, Luis F. N. Nuñez, Jorge L. Chacón, et al. "Emergence of Enteric Viruses in Production Chickens Is a Concern for Avian Health." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/450423.

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Several viruses have been identified in recent years in the intestinal contents of chickens and turkeys with enteric problems, which have been observed in commercial farms worldwide, including Brazil. Molecular detection of these viruses in Brazil can transform to a big threat for poultry production due to risk for intestinal integrity. This disease is characterized by severely delayed growth, low uniformity, lethargy, watery diarrhea, delayed feed consumption, and a decreased conversion rate. Chicken astrovirus (CAstV), rotavirus, reovirus, chicken parvovirus (ChPV), fowl adenovirus of subgro

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25

HENRICKSON, KELLY J., SUSAN HOOVER, K. SUE KEHL, and WEIMIN HUA. "National disease burden of respiratory viruses detected in children by polymerase chain reaction." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 23, Supplement (2004): S11—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000108188.37237.48.

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26

KURODA, Tomohisa, Shoji URUSHIBARA, Ikuko TAKEDA, Fusaharu NAKATANI, and Kazumi SUZUKI. "Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for Simultaneous Detection of Viruses in Gentian." Journal of General Plant Pathology 68, no. 2 (2002): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00013071.

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27

Esper, Suzan A., T. V. Grebennikova, M. G. Isaguliants, A. M. Hodorovich, and A. V. Syroeshkin. "Monitoring for premises contamination by viruses causing common infections in human." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 2 (2019): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-2-153-157.

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We have applied polymerase chain reaction and nested polymerase chain reaction to investigate the level of contamination of the surfaces in the work surface environment of a daily stationary (policlinics), laboratory of research institute and classrooms by influenza, adeno- and rotaviruses. Auditoriums were also assessed for the presence of influenza virus in the air probes. Influenza virus RNA was detected as well in two probes collected in the department of infectious diseases of the hospital (on the water tap handle and on the handle of liquid soap dispenser), as in several probes collected

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28

Kengne–Nde, Cyprien, Sebastien Kenmoe, Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji, and Richard Njouom. "Prevalence of respiratory viruses using polymerase chain reaction in children with wheezing, a systematic review and meta–analysis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0243735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243735.

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Introduction Wheezing is a major problem in children, and respiratory viruses are often believed to be the causative agent. While molecular detection tools enable identification of respiratory viruses in wheezing children, it remains unclear if and how these viruses are associated with wheezing. The objective of this systematic review is to clarify the prevalence of different respiratory viruses in children with wheezing. Methods We performed an electronic in Pubmed and Global Index Medicus on 01 July 2019 and manual search. We performed search of studies that have detected common respiratory

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29

Aksoy, F., A. Yenigun, R. Dogan, F. Yilmaz, O. Ozturan, and V. B. Yenigun. "Investigation of the role of major respiratory viruses in the aetiology of nasal polyps using polymerase chain reaction technique." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 4 (2014): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114000681.

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AbstractObjective:We aimed to identify the role of major respiratory viruses in the aetiology of human nasal polyps using polymerase chain reaction technique.Methods:Thirty patients with nasal polyps and a group of 20 healthy patients (control group) were included in this study. Mucosa was obtained from the polyps of patients with nasal polyposis and from the middle turbinate of the control group patients by means of biopsy. The samples were stored at −80 °C until molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction was carried out.Results:In the control group, the human coronavirus and human rhino

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30

Lin, Johnson, and Atheesha Singh. "Detection of human enteric viruses in Umgeni River, Durban, South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (2015): 1098–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.238.

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The prevalence of adenovirus (AdV), rotaviruses (RV) and enteroviruses (EV) in Umgeni River waters of Durban, South Africa was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively during April 2011 to January 2012 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nested PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR), as well as nested integrated cell culture PCR (nested ICC-PCR). The phylogenetic analysis of the adenovirus and enterovirus amplicons was also performed. The nested PCR results effectively detected the presence of AdV and EV in all water samples. The results of

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31

Ishibashi, Toshio, Hiroko Monobe, Masanobu Shinogami, Yuka Nomura, and Jun Yano. "Multiplex Nested Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction for Respiratory Viruses in Acute Otitis Media." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 112, no. 3 (2003): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940311200311.

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Because respiratory viruses play an important role in the causation and pathogenesis of acute otitis media (AOM), determining which virus has infected a child is important with respect to vaccines and antiviral drugs. In some instances, this information might be used to prevent the occurrence of AOM. We used a rapid, economical, and sensitive diagnostic system involving a multiplex nested reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to detect various respiratory viruses in clinical specimens of middle ear fluid (MEF) from children with AOM in our hospital. Multiplex RT-PCR wa

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32

Wolfaardt, M., C. L. Moe, and W. O. K. Grabow. "Detection of small round structured viruses in clinical and environmental samples by polymerase chain reaction." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (1995): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0644.

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Norwalk (NV) and other small round structured viruses (SRSVs) have been identified as common causes of gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of Norwalk gastroenteritis have been associated with contaminated drinking water and food such as oysters and salads. The cloning and sequencing of the NV genome has made it possible to detect NV and related viruses by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We applied RT-PCR to detect SRSVs in faecal specimens from two gastroenteritis outbreaks in South Africa, designated “Christmas” and “Grootbrak” and were able to detect SRSVs in all of the

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33

Cullen, Cheryl L., Deborah M. Haines, Marion L. Jackson, and Bruce H. Grahn. "Lack of Detection of Feline Leukemia and Feline Sarcoma Viruses in Diffuse Iris Melanomas of Cats by Immunohistochemistry and Polymerase Chain Reaction." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14, no. 4 (2002): 340–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400414.

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Diffuse iris melanoma was confirmed by light-microscopic examination in 10 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded globes from 10 cats. To determine if feline leukemia virus or a replication defective feline leukemia virus, feline sarcoma virus, was present in these anterior uveal melanomas, immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for feline leukemia virus were utilized. Immunohistochemical staining for feline leukemia virus glycoprotein 70 was performed on all 10 tumors using an avidin–biotin complex technique. The DNA was extracted from each specimen and a 166-base pair region of the fe

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34

Park, YR, EM Kim, YJ Lee, SG Yeo, and CK Park. "Multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for differential detection of H5, N1, and N8 genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 4 (2017): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/179/2016-vetmed.

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Rapid and differential diagnosis of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5 is essential for the effective prevention and control of outbreaks caused by this pathogen. In this study, we describe a one-step multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (mRRT-PCR), using H5-, N1-, and N8-specific primers and probes, for differential detection of two HPAIVs (H5N1 and H5N8) and other H5-subtype AIVs. Using the mRRT-PCR assay, we were able to detect H5N1, H5N8, and other H5-subtype AIVs in a one-tube reaction, with high specificity; furthermore, using an in

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35

ROSENFIELD, SORAYA I., and LEE-ANN JAYKUS. "A Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for the Detection of Foodborne Viruses†." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 10 (1999): 1210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.10.1210.

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A multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was developed for the simultaneous detection of the human enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk virus (NV). Poliovirus type 1 (PV1) was chosen as a model for the human enterovirus group. Three different sets of primers were used to produce three size-specific amplicons of 435 bp, 270 bp, and 192 bp for PV1, NV, and HAV, respectively. RT-PCR products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, and amplicon identity was confirmed by Southern transfer followed by DNA hybridization using nonradio-active, di

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36

Wong, Mark V. M., Syed A. Hashsham, Erdogan Gulari, Jean-Marie Rouillard, Tiong Gim Aw, and Joan B. Rose. "Detection and characterization of human pathogenic viruses circulating in community wastewater using multi target microarrays and polymerase chain reaction." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 4 (2013): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.322.

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Sewage pollution remains the most significant source of human waterborne pathogens. This study describes the detection and characterization of human enteric viruses in community wastewaters using cell culture coupled with multiple target microarrays (with a total of 780 unique probes targeting 27 different groups of both DNA and RNA viruses) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Over a 13-month sampling period, RNA viruses (astroviruses and enteroviruses) were more frequently detected compared to DNA viruses (adenoviruses, particularly type 41 and BK polyomavirus). Overall, many more vir

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37

Venkatesan, Gnanavel, Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan, Revaniah Yogisharadhya, Amit Kumar, and Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash. "Differentiation of sheeppox and goatpox viruses by polymerase Chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism." Virologica Sinica 27, no. 6 (2012): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12250-012-3277-2.

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Islam, Aminul, Bruce Harrison, Brian F. Cheetham, Timothy J. Mahony, Peter L. Young, and Stephen W. Walkden-Brown. "Differential amplification and quantitation of Marek’s disease viruses using real-time polymerase chain reaction." Journal of Virological Methods 119, no. 2 (2004): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.03.006.

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Singh, Rudra P. "Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of viruses from plants and aphids." Journal of Virological Methods 74, no. 2 (1998): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00074-3.

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40

Bariana, H. S. "Detection of Five Seedborne Legume Viruses in One Sensitive Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Test." Phytopathology 84, no. 10 (1994): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-84-1201.

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Leisova-Svobodova, Leona, and Katerina Karlova-Smekalova. "Detection of Garlic Viruses Using SYBR Green Real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction." Journal of Phytopathology 159, no. 6 (2011): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2011.01790.x.

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42

Goriacko, Pavel, Lisa Saiman, and Philip Zachariah. "Antibiotic Use in Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Viruses Detected by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 37, no. 5 (2018): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000001775.

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Yoshii, Masaaki, Yoshihiro Kaku, Yosuke Murakami, Mitsugu Shimizu, Kanako Kato, and Hidetoshi Ikeda. "Polymerase Chain Reaction–based Genetic Typing of Japanese Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16, no. 4 (2004): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870401600417.

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Jothikumar, N., P. Khanna, S. Kamatchiammal, and Paul Murugan. "Rapid Detection of Waterborne Viruses Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction and a Gene Probe." Intervirology 34, no. 4 (1992): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000150281.

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Maneekarn, Niwat, Kouichi Morita, Mariko Tanaka, et al. "Applications of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Identification of Dengue Viruses Isolated from Patient Sera." Microbiology and Immunology 37, no. 1 (1993): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1993.tb03177.x.

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Post, J. Christopher, Gregory J. White, Eric M. Liederman, et al. "Analysis of Adult Otitis Media: Polymerase Chain Reaction versus Culture for Bacteria and Viruses." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 107, no. 1 (1998): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949810700103.

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Recent studies using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have identified bacterial and viral genomic sequences in culture-negative pediatric middle ear effusions. To evaluate this technique in adults, 19 effusions were analyzed to compare bacterial and viral culture and PCR detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and adenovirus. Effusions from 4 subjects positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were analyzed by PCR for HIV virus. Three of 19 effusions were culture-positive for bacteria, and 0 of 19 for viruses. Fifteen of 19 effusions were P

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Zientara, S., C. Sailleau, S. Moulay, A. Wade-Evans, and C. Cruciere. "Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the detection of African horse sickness viruses." Journal of Virological Methods 53, no. 1 (1995): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(94)00175-g.

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Campbell, Wayne P., and Cinnia Huang. "Detection of California serogroup viruses using universal primers and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction." Journal of Virological Methods 53, no. 1 (1995): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(94)00176-h.

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49

Zanoni, R., U. Pauli, and E. Peterhans. "Detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis- and maedi-visna viruses using the polymerase chain reaction." Experientia 46, no. 3 (1990): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01951776.

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50

Tang, Ya-bing, Da Xing, De-bin Zhu, and Jin-feng Liu. "An improved electrochemiluminescence polymerase chain reaction method for highly sensitive detection of plant viruses." Analytica Chimica Acta 582, no. 2 (2007): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.021.

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