Bibliografías temáticas / Water use Households

Índice

Artículos de revistas
Tesis
Libros
Capítulos de libros
Actas de conferencias
Informes

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Water use Households"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 11 de febrero de 2022

Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros

Elija tipo de fuente:

Consulte las listas temáticas de artículos, libros, tesis, actas de conferencias y otras fuentes académicas sobre el tema "Water use Households".

Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.

También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.

Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Water use Households"

Harriden, K. "Water Diaries: generate intra-household water use data – generate water use behaviour change". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2013): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.015.

Texto completo

Resumen

With the current ‘water crisis’ essentially a crisis in water management, the need to clearly understand domestic water use is critical. In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the need to manage demand in all water sectors. However, demand mechanics at the intra-household scale are not well understood, with many utilities adopting a ‘command and control’ mentality rather than engaging with household water users, their water use knowledge and behaviours. This paper describes the Water Diary, a method to generate intra-household water use data, as a tool to promote water use behaviour change through sensitising users to their water behaviours and practices. Anecdotal evidence, of participants' increased water use sensitisation encouraging behaviour change, received following each of three Water Diary surveys (2007–2009), was quantified in 2010 with questionnaires and interviews of 40% of households that participated in the Water Diary surveys. The interviews revealed only three households did not become more aware of their water use and all but four recorded water use behaviour change, consequent to Water Diary participation. Requiring a high level of householder participation, water diary keeping can sensitise householders to their water use, to the point of enduring behaviour change.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Suwal, Bhim Raj, Jane Zhao, Aditi Raina, Xun Wu, Namrata Chindarkar, K. C. Bal Kumar y Dale Whittington. "Households' preferences for water tariff structures in Kathmandu, Nepal". Water Policy 21, S1 (26 de agosto de 2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.079.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract Despite being politically sensitive, water tariffs are frequently administered without information about households' preferences for tariff structures. In this paper we examine the tariff preferences of 1,500 households in Kathmandu, Nepal. We first use a bivariate probit model to examine stated preferences for (1) an increasing block tariff (IBT) and (2) a positive fixed charge. We find that household preferences for IBTs and fixed charges are not easily explained by household socioeconomic and water use characteristics. Second, we ask respondents what they think a fair water bill would be for a randomly assigned quantity of water. We model the responses as a function of both quantity and household socioeconomic and water use characteristics. While households support a water tariff that results in a household's water bill increasing as a household's water use increases, we do not find evidence that households support an increasing, nonlinear relationship between water use and a household's water bill. Our results suggest that respondents desire affordable piped water services and water bills that are calculated fairly for everyone. Because the notion of fairness in Kathmandu varies, utility managers may have considerable latitude in choosing a tariff structure that focuses on other objectives, such as cost recovery, revenue stability, and economic efficiency.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Chen, Yvonne Jie, Namrata Chindarkar y Jane Zhao. "Water and time use: evidence from Kathmandu, Nepal". Water Policy 21, S1 (13 de julio de 2019): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.082.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract In this paper, we examine the effect of private tap water reliability on time spent on water collection and total water consumption among urban households in Kathmandu, Nepal. Although the majority of households in Kathmandu are connected to a private tap, they experience intermittent water supply. We link a unique time diary dataset collected between 2014 and 2015 to household water consumption and tap water reliability data. Our empirical analyses demonstrate that improved reliability of private tap water connection (PWC), measured as self-reported reliability and an objective measure of ‘probability of getting tap water in the next hour’, leads to increased time spent on water collection. Households with more reliable PWC also consume more water overall and from their own taps. Further investigation demonstrates that when private taps became more reliable, households substituted water collected from outside the household, such as water from public taps and public wells, with water from their own private taps. Our results proved robust to additional specification checks.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Gazzinelli, Andréa, Márcia Christina C. Souza, Iara Nascimento, Ilcéia Ribeiro Sá, Matilde Meire Miranda Cadete y Helmut Kloos. "Domestic water use in a rural village in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with an emphasis on spatial patterns, sharing of water, and factors in water use". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 14, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1998000200003.

Texto completo

Resumen

This paper examines the relationship between domestic water use and socioeconomic, environmental, and spatial parameters at the household level in a small rural village in northern Minas Gerais State. Five methods are used direct observation, household interviews, self-reporting by households, regression analysis, and statistical mapping. Results show that water use is characterized by 1) generally low but widely fluctuating values per person per day, 2) sharing of water sources between households, 3) the use of multiple sources by individual households, 4) avoidance of heavily contaminated stream sites, and 5) predominance of socioeconomic factors in water use. Households owning their own water supply used, on average, 25.3 liters per person/day and those without a supply 9.0 l, with higher use of the local streams among the latter. Water use varied spatially. The socioeconomic factors house quality, latrine ownership, type of water source, and a utility index were significantly correlated with water use. Implications of these simple household water sources and the more deficient sanitary facilities for potential water-borne disease transmission are briefly discussed and suggestions made for further improvements. This study confirms the appropriateness of the application of direct observation, interview, and microgeographical methods for quantitative water use studies.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Jacob, Boniphace y Method Kazaura. "Access to Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Maasai in Tanzania". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, n.º 4 (7 de abril de 2021): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0134.

Texto completo

Resumen

ABSTRACTSafe water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) are among key components to prevent and control waterborne diseases such as cholera, schistosomiasis, and other gastrointestinal morbidities in the community. In 2018, there was cholera outbreak in Ngorongoro district that was fueled by inadequate and unsafe water as well as poor sanitation and hygiene. We used an analytical cross-sectional study first to determine the proportion of households with access to WaSH and second to assess factors associated with coverage of household’s access to WaSH. Methods included interviewing heads of the household to assess the availability of safe drinking water, use of unshared toilet/latrine by household members only, and the availability of functional handwashing facility. Eight percent of households had access to WaSH. Access to household’s WaSH was positively associated with household’s monthly income, education of heads of the household, and water use per person per week. To control water-related morbidities, there is a need to improve access to reliable safe drinking water, expand alternatives of households to earn more incomes, and enhance proper sanitation and hygiene services to rural areas and marginalized groups like the Maasai of Ngorongoro in Tanzania.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Israel, Debra K. "Impact of Increased Access and Price on Household Water Use in Urban Bolivia". Journal of Environment & Development 16, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 58–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496506298190.

Texto completo

Resumen

Using the 1994 Bolivian Integrated Household Survey, this study analyzes the equity implications of urban water sector reform including both increased water prices and increased access to piped water. Household water expenditures are examined by income decile, and low-income households are found to spend a higher percentage of income on water than high-income households. However, households purchasing from private water vendors could benefit from obtaining piped water, because regression analysis shows that on average, these households spend more on water than those with piped water inside their buildings or yards. This differential was the greatest in the city of Cochabamba, which also had the largest percentage of households purchasing from private water vendors. To understand the equity impact of water reform, the effects on both prereform users of piped water and those without access to piped water must be considered.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Sempewo, Jotham Ivan, John Mushomi, Martin Dahlin Tumutungire, Ronald Ekyalimpa y Peter Kisaakye. "The impact of COVID-19 on households’ water use in Uganda". Water Supply 21, n.º 5 (12 de febrero de 2021): 2489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.044.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract The unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 necessitated the promotion of better hygiene practices to curb the spread of the virus. Better hygiene requires that households have a stable supply of water. However, little is known about the predictors of changes in water use in emergency situations such as COVID-19 in Uganda. This study uses data from a cross-sectional survey to examine the changes in the quantities of water used by 1,639 Ugandan households due to COVID-19. This article also explores the factors that are associated with changes in water use. The month March 2020 is used in this study as a cut-off because this is the month in which the government implemented a lockdown to curb the spread of the virus. Results indicate that most households had an increase in the quantity of water used after March 2020 when compared with the period before March 2020. Household characteristics that were associated with a change in the quantity of water used were age, sex, education, main occupation of household head, household size and region of residence. The results can be used to inform the prediction and demand modelling of household water use for improved water interventions for equitable water supply during emergencies.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Barrett, Greg y Margaret Wallace. "Characteristics of Australian urban residential water users: implications for water demand management and whole of the system water accounting framework". Water Policy 11, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2009): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.061b.

Texto completo

Resumen

Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Household Expenditure Survey for 1998/99, are used to investigate the characteristics of households with a high per capita water use in Canberra, Australia's capital city. The results indicate that higher per capita water use is a function of household size (with large households achieving economies of size by sharing water consuming resources) and household income (with wealthy individuals using more water per capita). Linking these findings to Australian Bureau of Statistics projections of shrinking household size, the authors conclude that the resultant decline in household efficiency will drive up the demand for water, unless offset by demand management policies that focus not just on consumer behaviour (e.g. water restrictions) but also on the water efficiency of housing and domestic water-using appliances.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

GC, Raj K., Shyam Ranganathan y Ralph P. Hall. "Does Rural Water System Design Matter? A Study of Productive Use of Water in Rural Nepal". Water 11, n.º 10 (23 de septiembre de 2019): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101978.

Texto completo

Resumen

In Nepal, rural water systems (RWS) are classified by practitioners as single-use domestic water systems (SUS) or multiple-use water systems (MUS). In the rural hills of Nepal, subsistence farming communities typically use RWS to support income-generating productive activities that can enhance rural livelihoods. However, there is limited research on the extent of existing productive activity and the factors enabling these activities. This paper examines the extent of water-related productive activities and the factors driving these activities based on a study, undertaken between October 2017 to June 2018, of 202 households served from five single-use domestic water systems and five multiple use water systems in the mid-hills of Nepal. The research found that a majority (94%) of these households engaged in two or more productive activities including growing vegetables and horticulture crops, raising livestock, and producing biogas and Rakshi (locally-produced alcohol), regardless of the system design, i.e., SUS vs. MUS. Around 90% of the households were engaged in productive activities that contributed to over 10% of their mean annual household income ($4,375). Since the SUS vs. MUS classification was not found to be a significant determinant of the extent of productive activity, the households were reclassified as having high or low levels of productive activity based on the quantity of water used for these activities and the associated earned income. A multinomial logistic regression model was developed to measure the relative significance of various predictors of high productive activity households. Five dominant predictors were identified: households that farm as a primary occupation, use productive technologies, are motivated to pursue productive activities, have received water-related productive activity training, and have received external support related to productive activities. Whereas MUS are designed for productive activity, nearly every household in SUS communities was involved in productive activities making them ‘de-facto’ MUS. These results challenge the current approach to rural water provision that views SUS and MUS as functionally different services.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Banda, B. M., S. Farolfi y R. M. Hassan. "Estimating water demand for domestic use in rural South Africa in the absence of price information". Water Policy 9, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 2007): 513–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.023.

Texto completo

Resumen

The paper applies the travel cost method (TCM) to estimate the value that rural households in the Steelpoort sub-basin of South Africa place on river and collective tap water. While the TCM calculations are based on the opportunity cost of the time household members spend on water collection, the resulting welfare values are close in magnitude to the estimates obtained using a contingent valuation method (CVM) on the same sample. The paper shows that in the absence of price data, the TCM provides satisfactory estimates of benefits where direct estimation of demand elasticity would otherwise be impossible. According to both methods, households consuming river water attribute higher value to the resource than collective tap users. The income elasticity of the trip generating function is much higher than that of the opportunity cost of time (price), implying that household's water use behaviour would be more responsive to factors affecting household income than to price incentives. Comparing the estimated values with actual operating and maintenance cost of water provision in the study area suggests that policies promoting cost-covering water tariffs have a potential to succeed.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Más fuentes

Tesis sobre el tema "Water use Households"

Ntshingila, Sincengile Nokubonga. "Domestic water uses and value in Swaziland a contingent valuation approach /". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02192007-171458.

Texto completo

Resumen

Thesis (M. Sc.(Agric))(Agricultural Economics)--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-95). Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Yohannes, Gebre Michael. "The use, maintenance and development of soil and water conservation measures by small-scale farming households in different agro-climatic zones of Northern Shewa and Southern Wello, Ethiopia /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Krantz, Helena. "Matter that matters : A study of household routines in a process of changing water and sanitation arrangements". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Dept. of Water and Environmental Studies, Univ, 2005. http://www.ep.liu.se/diss/arts_science/2005/316/index.html.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Barnett, Matthew J. "A Multilevel Analysis of Social, Built, and Natural Drivers of Household Water Use in Northern Utah". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524163716518209.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Breyer, Elizabeth Yancey. "Household Water Demand and Land Use Context: A Multilevel Approach". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1670.

Texto completo

Resumen

Urban water use arises from a mix of scale-dependent biophysical and socioeconomic factors. In Portland, Oregon, single-family residential water use exhibits a tightly coupled relationship with summertime weather, although this relationship varies with land use patterns across households and neighborhoods. This thesis developed a multilevel regression model to evaluate the relative importance of weather variability, parcel land use characteristics, and neighborhood geographic context in explaining single-family residential water demand patterns in the Portland metropolitan area. The model drew on a high-resolution panel dataset of weekly mean summer water use over five years (2001-2005) for a sample of 460 single-family households spanning an urban-to-suburban gradient. Water use was found to be most elastic with respect to parcel-scale building size. Building age was negatively related to water use at both the parcel and neighborhood scale. Half the variation in water use can be attributed to between-household factors. Between-neighborhood variation exerted a modest but statistically significant effect. The analysis decomposed household temperature sensitivity into four components: a fixed effect common to all households, a household-specific deviation from the fixed effect, a separate extreme heat effect, and a land use effect, where lot size exaggerated the effect of temperature on water use. Results suggested that land use planning may be an effective non-price mechanism for long-range management of peak demand, as land use decisions have water use implications. The combined effects of population growth, urbanization, and climate change expose water providers to risk of water stress. Modeling fine-grain relationships among heat, land use, and water use across scales plays a role in long-range climate change planning and adaptation.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Tellez, Sanchez Sarita Lucia. "Household Water Filter Use Characterization in Rural Rwanda: Signal Interpretation, Development and Validation". PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3026.

Texto completo

Resumen

Access to safe drinking water is an important health factor in many developing countries. Studies have shown that unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation practices leads to diarrheal disease, which is one of the leading causes of death of children under five in developing countries. Provision and proper use of household water filters have been shown to effectively improve health. This thesis is focused on the refinement and validation of algorithms for data collected from pressure transducer sensors that are used in household water filters (the Vestergaard Frandsen LifeStraw Family 2.0) deployed in Rwanda by the social enterprise DelAgua Health. Statistical and signal processing techniques were used to detect the use of the LifeStraw water filters and to estimate the amount of water filtered at the time of usage. An algorithm developed by Dr. Carson Wick at Georgia Institute of Technology was the baseline for the analysis of the data. The algorithm was then refined based on data collected in the SweetLab at Portland State University, which was then applied to field data. Laboratory results indicated that the mean error of the improved algorithm is 11.5% as compared with the baseline algorithm mean error of 39%. The validation of the algorithm with field data yielded a mean error of 5%. Errors may be attributed to real-world behavior of the water filter, electronic noise, ambient temperature, and variations in the approximation made to the field data. This work also presents some consideration of the algorithm applied to soft-sided water backpacks.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Parker, Joanne. "Assessing the sensitivity of historic micro-component household water-use to climatic drivers". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14939.

Texto completo

Resumen

Anthropogenic climate change is arguably the greatest challenge of modern times posing significant risks to natural resources and the environment. Socio-economic change, severe droughts, and environmental concerns focus attention upon sustainability of water supplies and the ability of water utilities to meet competing demands worldwide. The 2012 Climate Change Risk Assessment identified water security as one of the most significant climate threats facing the UK. It is now recognised that household water demand management could offer a low regret adaptation measure (both financially and environmentally) given large uncertainties about future climate and non-climatic pressures. This thesis uses Anglian Water Services (AWS) Golden 100 dataset to explore the climate sensitivity of historic micro-component water-use. This work contributes to a larger integrated assessment of the South-East England water system under the EPSRC Adaptation and Resilience to a Changing Climate Coordination Network (ARCC CN). The Golden 100 is a metered record of 100 households daily water consumption by basin, bath, dishwasher, external, kitchen sink, shower, WC and washing machine use. The archive also includes socio-economic information for each household, dates of the year and daily time series of observed minimum temperature, maximum temperature, sunshine hours, soil moisture deficit, concurrent, and antecedent rainfall amounts. The methodology developed within this research provides a portable approach to error trapping, formatting and mining large, complex water sector datasets, for exploring the relative sensitivities of micro-component metered water-use to weather/non-weather variables. This research recognises both the importance of the choice to use a micro-component and the volume used. As such, logistic and linear generalised regression techniques are employed to explore the relative sensitivity of these two aspects of water-use to climatic and non-climatic variables. The 2009 UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) projections and climate analogues are then used to bound a climate sensitivity analysis of the most weather-sensitive micro-components using temperature and rainfall scenarios for the 2050s and 2080s. This research provides empirical evidence that the most weather sensitive micro-components are external and shower water-use. A key contribution of this research to existing knowledge is the non-linear response of likelihood and volume of external water-use to average air temperatures. There is an abrupt increase in the likelihood of external water-use on days above ~15??C. Climate sensitivity analysis further suggests that by the 2080s, under a hotter/drier climate, average unmetered households could be 8% more likely to use external-water and expend ~9 litres more per day during the summer. For the same parameters, high water users (defined here as the 90th percentile) could consume ~13 litres more external water per day. Importantly, this research has re-affirmed the relative importance of behavioural drivers of water-use as manifested by pronounced day of week and bank holiday signatures in both the likelihood and volume of use statistics. As such, this prompts future studies and water management efforts to consider the impact of behavioural drivers as well as climate. It must be recognised that the small sample size of the Golden 100 combined with the Hawthorn effect, self-selection and sample biases in factors such as socio-economic status, billing method and occupancy rate all limit the sample representativeness of the wider population. As such, any predictions based on the data must be treated as illustrative rather than definitive. Furthermore, the results are probably specific to the demographic and socio-economic groups comprising the sample. Nonetheless, this research sheds new light into water-use within the home thereby adding value to a dataset that was not originally collected with household-level, weather-related research in mind.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Vanderzwaag, Jason Corey. "Use and performance of BioSand filters in Posoltega, Nicaragua". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/738.

Texto completo

Resumen

An evaluation of BioSand Filters, a method of Household Water Treatment, was conducted in Posoltega, Nicaragua, with objectives of determining the long-term filtration efficiency and the rate of sustained use. Field methods included microbial and turbidity water quality testing and interviews with filter users regarding the operation, maintenance and perceptions towards the filters. Of the 234 BioSand Filters installed in 1999 and 2004, only 24 were found to still be in operation. The average filtration efficiency was found to be 98% for total coliforms, 96% for E. coli and 88% for turbidity. Statistically significant effects on filtration efficiency were detected for the source contamination, the inverse of the flow rate, and the standing depth of water over the sand. A follow-up laboratory QA/QC procedure was undertaken to validate the field methods, which consisted of membrane filtration (MF) with m coliBlue24 growth media, and SolarCult dipslides. It was found that MF with m coliBlue24 produced useful reproducible results, and is an appropriate method for conducting field water quality testing. The dipslides were found to be an appropriate tool for testing source water quality and assessing the applicability of BioSand Filters, and may be an appropriate tool for local health representatives to promote safe water practices within the community. However, the dipslides should not be used as a presence / absence test for drinking water due to the high limit of detection. The low rate of sustained use (10%) is mostly a result of the structural failure of the concrete walls of the filter, in particular for those filters from 2004. Anecdotal evidence suggests insufficient quality control during the construction. The filtered water and the stored post-filtered water did not meet the WHO guidelines for safe drinking water on account of the presence of E. coli. Also identified were improper maintenance practices and unsafe storage of post-filtered water. These problems could have been addressed through the development of a holistic water system approach, such as the World Health Organization Water Safety Plan.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Matikinca, Phikolomzi. "Exploring impacts and effectiveness of the City of Cape Town’s interventions on household water use practices during the drought". Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31599.

Texto completo

Resumen

The occurrence of water crises in many parts of the world raises the need to consider more efficient and sustainable consumption of water resources. As such, many cities have prioritised water demand management strategies, which are based on price and non-price mechanisms. The literature shows no consensus as to which of these measures are most effective for managing residential water demand. To understand the impact and effectiveness of these mechanisms, there is a need to understand how people respond to them. This requires understanding materials, meanings and competences (skills and know how) that people have, which constitute elements of social practice. In 2017 and 2018, the City of Cape Town (CoCT) ramped up their price and non-price mechanisms to encourage people to save water in response to a severe drought. These mechanisms included water restrictions, increased water tariffs, and the Day Zero communication campaign. However, little is known about how effective these measures were at encouraging people to save water. There is no clear documentation of how the public understands, interprets and incorporates these mechanisms into their own household water use practices. This study explores the impacts and effectiveness of the City of Cape Town’s price and non-price mechanisms on household water use practices during the water crisis. Using information obtained through semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals living in houses where they paid their water bills, a version of social practice theory is used as a lens to understand how respondents interpreted and responded to these mechanisms when it comes to residential water use practices. This allows for an assessment of which of the CoCT’s actions are more effective in achieving sustainable water use practices. Results show that price mechanisms (water tariffs) were considered to be ineffective and did not encourage people to save water. Non-price mechanisms (water restrictions and Day Zero communication campaign) were seen as having more impact on respondents, encouraging water conservation behaviour; especially when it comes to household indoor water use activities related to hygiene. Compared to other studies which have used estimates for the water demand function, this study conducted interviews directly with households on the impact of the mechanisms. This enabled this study to explain how and why household water use practices change in response to these measures. Such qualitative information is important and contributes to a field that often uses quantitative data to suggest whether price or non-price mechanisms are effective.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Jeffreys, Kendralyn G. "A Survey of Point of Use Household Water Treatment Options for Rural South India". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/190.

Texto completo

Resumen

Contaminated drinking water is one of the major health challenges facing people in the developing world. The country of India leads the world in under age five mortality due to diarrheal disease, which is attributed to water and food contamination. While the Indian government has made progress in expanding access to improved water sources in the last decade, the microbiological quality of the water is unpredictable. Point of use household water treatment systems can provide clean drinking water for people who do not have access to a clean water source. This report examines five non-electrical point of use household water treatment options which have been extensively field-tested and could potentially be used in rural, South Indian villages: chlorine disinfectant, chlorine-flocculant sachets, ceramic filters, biosand filters and solar disinfection. A case study of a village in Andhra Pradesh is presented that highlights the factors to consider when introducing a new POU technology into a community.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Más fuentes

Libros sobre el tema "Water use Households"

Reicher, Philippe. Water resources use and management issues for the Peace, Athabasca and Slave River basins: Results of the household and stakeholders surveys January to April, 1995. Edmonton: Northern River Basins Study, 1995.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Maurice, Clark Robert y Goodrich James A, eds. Point-of-use/point-of-entry for drinking water treatment. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1992.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Fryer, Julie. The complete guide to water storage: How to use gray water and rainwater systems, rain barrels, tanks, and other water storage techniques for household and emergency use. Ocala, Fla: Atlantic Pub. Group, 2012.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Bickford, Tammy M. Bacteriological quality of ground water used for household supply, Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Lemoyne, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Bickford, Tammy M. Bacteriological quality of ground water used for household supply, lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Lemoyne, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, National Water-Quality Assessment Program, 1996.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

van Koppen, Barbara. Gender and Water. Editado por Ken Conca y Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.10.

Texto completo

Resumen

This chapter “lifts the roof of the household” across the irrigation and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sub-sectors in agrarian low- and middle-income settings. Focusing on age-old intersections between gender, class, and agrarian technology, the chapter explores how colonial conquest was served by the ideology of the male breadwinner‒ female housewife as a divide-and-rule process to vest control over people, land, and water. After independence, the same ideology enabled top-down services in both sub-sectors and also marginalized women. This is contrasted with implications of global policy commitments to gender-equal households for the water sector. In particular, evidence of the multiple-use water services (MUS) approach is examined. This inclusive, people-driven water services approach meets both women’s and men’s multiple domestic and productive needs. Overcoming the same administrative silos in human rights frameworks, a gender-equal human right to water for livelihoods is proposed.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Durham (Ont. : Regional municipality). y Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation., eds. Household guide to water efficiency. Ottawa: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2000.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Samiha, El-Katsha, ed. Women, water, and sanitation: Household water use in two Egyptian villages. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press, 1989.

Buscar texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Más fuentes

Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Water use Households"

Saravanan, V. S., Mehmood Ul-Hassan y Benjamin Schraven. "4.4 Irrigation water management in Uzbekistan: analyzing the capacity of households to improve water use profitability". En Restructuring land allocation, water use and agricultural value chains, 253–74. Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737002974.253.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Bamou Tankoua, Lydie. "Determinants of Access, Use and Sustainability of Improved Water Sources by Households in Cameroon". En Sustainable Development in Africa, 427–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74693-3_23.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Ndesanjo, Ronald Boniphace, Ida Theilade y Martin Reinhardt Nielsen. "Pathways to Enhance Climate Change Resilience among Pastoral Households in Northern Tanzania". En African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2591–609. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_128.

Texto completo

Resumen

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the pathways to enhance resilience to increased climate variability and directional change among pastoral households in Simanjiro District in Northern Tanzania. The study used household survey and rainfall and temperature data. Results indicate increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation trends over the past four decades. Also, extreme climatic events, particularly drought, have become more frequent. Food and water insecurity are key factors causing an increased household vulnerability. Increased climate change-induced malaria prevalence poses additional health risks. Household adaptive strategies include livelihood diversification and migration. Local institutions are instrumental in enhancing climate change resilience at the local level. We conclude that livelihood diversification and migration are key pathways to enhancing households’ climate change resilience.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Kliučininkas, Linas, Viktoras Račys, Inga Radžiūnienė y Dalia Jankūnaitė. "Collective Versus Household Iron Removal from Groundwater at Villages in Lithuania". En Sustainable Water Use and Management, 91–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12394-3_5.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Warziniack, Travis, Robert G. Haight, Denys Yemshanov, Jenny L. Apriesnig, Thomas P. Holmes, Amanda M. Countryman, John D. Rothlisberger y Christopher Haberland. "Economics of Invasive Species". En Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 305–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_14.

Texto completo

Resumen

AbstractWhile the subset of introduced species that become invasive is small, the damages caused by that subset and the costs of controlling them can be substantial. This chapter takes an in-depth look at the economic damages non-native species cause, methods economists often use to measure those damages, and tools used to assess invasive species policies. Ecological damages are covered in other chapters of this book. To put the problem in perspective, Federal agencies reported spending more than half a billion dollars per year in 1999 and 2000 for activities related to invasive species ($513.9 million in 1999 and $631.5 million in 2000 (U.S. GAO 2000)). Approximately half of these expenses were spent on prevention. Several states also spend considerable resources on managing non-native species; for example, Florida spent $127.6 million on invasive species activities in 2000 (U.S. GAO 2000), and the Great Lakes states spend about $20 million each year to control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) (Kinnunen 2015). Costs to government may not be the same as actual damages, which generally fall disproportionately on a few economic sectors and households. For example, the impact of the 2002 outbreak of West Nile virus exceeded $4 million in damages to the equine industries in Colorado and Nebraska alone (USDA APHIS 2003) and more than $20 million in public health damages in Louisiana (Zohrabian et al. 2004). Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) cause $300–$500 million annually in damages to power plants, water systems, and industrial water intakes in the Great Lakes region (Great Lakes Commission 2012) and are expected to cause $64 million annually in damages should they or quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis) spread to the Columbia River basin (Warziniack et al. 2011).

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Reetsch, Anika, Didas Kimaro, Karl-Heinz Feger y Kai Schwärzel. "Traditional and Adapted Composting Practices Applied in Smallholder Banana-Coffee-Based Farming Systems: Case Studies from Kagera and Morogoro Regions, Tanzania". En Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 165–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_8.

Texto completo

Resumen

AbstractIn Tanzania, about 90% of the banana-coffee-based farming systems lie in the hands of smallholder farmer families. In these systems, smallholder farmers traditionally add farm waste to crop fields, making soils rich in organic matter (humus) and plant-available nutrients. Correspondingly, soils remained fertile during cultivation for over a century. Since the 1960s, the increasing demand for food and biofuels of a growing population has resulted in an overuse of these farming systems, which has occurred in tandem with deforestation, omitted fallows, declined farm size, and soil erosion. Hence, humus and nutrient contents in soils have decreased and soils gradually degraded. Inadequate use of farm waste has led to a further reduction in soil fertility, as less organic material is added to the soils for nutrient supply than is removed during harvesting. Acknowledging that the traditional use of farm waste successfully built up soil fertility over a century and has been reduced in only a few decades, we argue that traditional composting practices can play a key role in rebuilding soil fertility, if such practices are adapted to face the modern challenges. In this chapter, we discuss two cases in Tanzania: one on the traditional use of compost in the Kagera region (Great African Rift Valley) and another about adapted practices to produce compost manure in the Morogoro region (Uluguru Mountains). Both cases refer to rainfed, smallholder banana-coffee-based farming systems. To conclude, optimised composting practices enable the replenishment of soil nutrients, increase the capacity of soils to store plant-available nutrients and water and thus, enhance soil fertility and food production in degraded banana-coffee-based farming systems. We further conclude that future research is needed on a) nutrient cycling in farms implementing different composting practices and on b) socio-economic analyses of farm households that do not successfully restore soil fertility through composting.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Wang, Zhenchen y Andrea Capiluppi. "A Specialised Social Network Software Architecture for Efficient Household Water Use Management". En Software Architecture, 146–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23727-5_12.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Chen, Yuan-sheng, Lu Li, Lei Jiang, Caitlin Grady y Xin-hui Li. "The Impact of Urban Water Use on Energy Consumption and Climate Change: A Case Study of Household Water Use in Beijing". En The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 169–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2013_222.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Sushma y Chandra Shekhar Sanwal. "Ill Effects of Untreated Household Grey Water used in Agricultural Irrigation". En Multidimensional Approaches to Impacts of Changing Environment on Human Health, 247–61. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003095422-13.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

DeMessie, Bluyé. "Sustainable Water Cleaning System for Point-of-Use Household Application in Developing Countries To Remove Contaminants from Drinking Water". En ACS Symposium Series, 285–317. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2015-1206.ch014.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Water use Households"

Yamaguchi, Hideki, Hikaru Morita, Hitoshi Asano y Yoshinori Hisazumi. "A Cogeneration System for an Apartment Building Using Distributed Heat Storage Technology". En ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55366.

Texto completo

Resumen

In order to spread economically viable distributed generation systems for apartment buildings, it is essential to develop an efficient and low-cost heat supply system. We are developing a new cogeneration system (Neighboring CoGeneration system: NCG). The key concept of this system is to install a heat storage unit with a hot water supply and a room heating function at each household and to connect heat storage units by a single-loop hot water pipe. In this study, a simulator was developed to reproduce the dynamic performance of the NCG system that combined cogeneration with solar heat for 50 households, and the environmental load reduction effects of the system were evaluated on the condition that heat supply to all households was ensured. It showed that the gas engine system reduced the primary energy use by 18% in a year. Meanwhile, the SOFC system reduced the primary energy use by 29%.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Panthalookaran, Varghese y Neeraj Nair. "On Design of a Buoyancy-Driven Solar Combi-System for Simultaneous Production of Drinking Water and Hot Water". En ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62239.

Texto completo

Resumen

The nexus between availability of solar energy and nonavailability of drinking water is well known. Drinking water scarcity is prevalent in regions where sun shines heavily, which provides an ideal condition for exploiting available solar insolation to produce potable water. When combined with the production of hot water, it could lead to the optimum use of solar energy. The same system can be preferentially used to produce drinking water during hot and dry summer and hot water in cold and wet winter. The current paper describes a work in progress to design a solar combi-system that meets the drinking water and hot water needs of small households in coastal India. The solar distillation operates based on an open humidification-dehumidification cycle. Efficient solar combi-collectors are used to produce hot and dry air and hot water simultaneously. The hot air blasts into the evaporation chamber, which consists of structures to optimize evaporation of the hot water. This allows enhanced humidification of dry air. The condensation chamber efficiently dehumidifies or condenses the saturated air to yield distilled water. The water thus produced is made potable with proper mineralization. A hot water heat store preserves hot water to be fed into the evaporator as well as to the hot water pipeline. The combi-system planned for a small household with approximately 10 liters of drinking water requirement per day and proportionate hot water requirement. The complete system is designed to be driven entirely by the buoyancy forces, without any moving parts.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Dubey, Swapnil. "Study of Different Types of Water Heating Systems - Under Living Lab Conditions". En ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3944.

Texto completo

Resumen

Abstract In Singapore, roughly 20% of the energy consumed by households is used for water heating and almost all the energy consumed by conventional electric water heaters. One of the significant potential energy saving opportunities lies in using energy-efficient water heating appliances. Recently, there has been a move towards energy-saving design and the use of natural refrigerants over fluorocarbons. Unlike conventional electric storage water heaters, which use electricity to heat water directly, heat pump storage water heaters use electricity only to operate a pump that circulates refrigerants around the system. This refrigerant collects heat from the surrounding atmosphere and transfers it to the water. CO2 heat pumps have low global warming potential when compared to other refrigerants based heat pumps, has zero ozone depletion potential, inexpensive, non-flammable, generate high temperature. In this project, a comparative analysis of three different water heater types has been presented based on real-time usage and living-lab conditions under the tropical climate of Singapore. These three types are: 1. Electrical heater storage type 2. Hybrid heat pump with auxiliary electrical heating water heater 3. CO2 heat pump water heater without auxiliary heating Study found significant energy saving using CO2 heat pump compared to other water heating system and also better for environment.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Ball, Aaron K., Chip W. Ferguson, Frank T. Miceli y Evelyn Baskin. "Residential Water Heating Dehumidifier (WHD) With Devoted Dehumidification". En ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79241.

Texto completo

Resumen

A new a dual-service dehumidifier water heater (WHD) appliance is being researched and developed by the authors. Prior research on a similar appliance, a heat pump water heater (HPWH), has demonstrated the unit’s increased performance and energy saving, and through collaboration, significant progress has been made toward developing the WHD into a potentially marketable product. The primary energy use in residential households is space conditioning (49%), and the second major energy use is hot water consumption. In DOE’s 2004 Buildings Data Book, 15.5 percent of residential energy utilization is consumed by water heating (DOE 2004, Table 1.2.3). The two major types of residential water heaters are direct gas fired (~55%) and electric resistance (~45%) (DOE 2004, Appliance Magazine 2005). The maximum efficiency of a standard electric resistance water heater is 1 (100%), and progress has been made to increase the efficiency of the current standard heaters to approximately 95 percent (DOE 2004, Table 5.10.6), which is roughly the maximum available with today’s technology. However, if the standard system is replaced by a Heat Pump Water Heater (HPWH), the performance can be increased by 140 percent (Zogg and Murphy 2004). The WHD operates as a HPWH while heating water and as a dedicated dehumidifier when water heating is not necessary. This paper presents the general design and laboratory testing results of a WHD. Preliminary performance data reveal coefficient of performances (COP) of approximately 2.2 during water heating. Further, market analysis has revealed that a potential need for this new technology is in regions with high humidity (Ashdown et al. 2004). These regions are primarily in the Northeast, Southeast and some coastal areas of the U.S. Current HPWH units do not have dedicated dehumidification and have a very small share of the residential water heat market. Of the 9.55 million residential water heaters sold in 2003 only about 2,000 of them were HPWHs (DOE 2004, Table 5.10.15).

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Bonilla García, Diego Ramón, Alejandro Adolfo Lambert Arista y Ramsés Vega Castellanos. "Design of a Data Acquisition System for Temperatures Monitoring in Thermal Envelope and Water Consumption in Housing". En ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65480.

Texto completo

Resumen

This work describes the design, construction and test of a data acquisition system which performs the real-time monitoring and recording of temperatures in thermal envelope and water consumption in households. This system allows diagnosis and assessment of efficient use of water and a thermal report for electric efficiency purposes. The prototype was subjected to comparative tests with commercial instruments that were used during the project of collaboration with Universidad Autonoma of Baja California and Dennis engineering. The project was developed for energy-efficient housing prototypes for the middle market residential of Mexicali, localized at the state of Baja California in Mexico. At first case, a high gain or loss of heat causes significant increases of important loads as the refrigerator and air conditioning owing to their increment in operation times. Many efficiency energy projects make use of traditional systems for temperature monitoring, whose characteristics exceed the requirements for this type of application and they present economic disadvantages, which can be solved with virtual acquisition systems. Two virtual instruments in LabVIEW were developed which allow real-time acquisition, analysis and recording, with flexible viewing by the user of temperatures and volume of water consumed. Also automatically save data in excel files by specific times. This system can diminish the cost of a conventional temperature monitoring system with 8 acquisition channels approximately in a 50%, keeping precision and accuracy required for this type of applications. The dispositive has the flexibility for monitoring other variables for energy audit, and currently is being tested for climate and electric power parameters.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Woods, D’Angelo R. y James S. Hammonds. "Heating System Supervisory Control for Residential Energy Conservation". En ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90360.

Texto completo

Resumen

For most households space heating and domestic hot water production constitute the largest portion of energy consumption, which for a typical home space and water heating can comprise over 60% of the total energy usage. Therefore significant energy savings can be accomplished by using energy sources and systems for heating more efficiently. An approach discussed in this work uses system controls to better manage available resources and balance user comfort with efficient use of energy systems. In this work the results of a supervisory control approach applied to residential heating system are presented. The control system is characterized by a supervisory unit that controls the subsystems. The subsystems of this analysis include a thermal source and an energy storage unit. Dynamic thermal system control is demonstrated using a real-time, pseudo-hardware-in-the-loop test bench. The results show the potential reduction of energy consumption through advanced control implementation.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Lakeh, Reza Baghaei, Daniel Andrade, Kyle Miller, Mohammad Masoud Modabernia, Thuan John Nguyen, Justine Nguyen, Elbon Flanagan et al. "Design and Testing of a Solar-Driven Wastewater Treatment Unit for Off-Grid Applications". En ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87090.

Texto completo

Resumen

The decline of surface water sources along with periodic droughts has introduced new challenges for the state of California. In order to keep up with the increasing demand for water, the state is heavily relying on imported water from the north to Southern California as well as importing water from the Colorado River. The imported water has a large carbon footprint due to using grid power for water transport. Water reuse (reclaimed) is considered as one of the solutions to reduce the dependency of state on imported water. The research team at Cal Poly Pomona, is developing an off-grid solar-powered greywater treatment system for non-potable use in single households. Greywater is the drained water from bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines; not including wastewater from toilets or kitchen sinks. Treating greywater on-site can provide significant water savings, and can reduce the carbon footprint of desalination using solar panels. The developed system is comprised of a three-stage treatment train: micro-filtration, solar-driven reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. The end product of the project is capable of reclaiming 90–100 gallons of water per day which is about 60% of residential greywater waste. The system removes large suspended particles (particles of dirt, food, etc.) as well as organic and inorganic dissolved contaminants. It is demonstrated that the system can provide a permeate quality that agrees with recommended guidelines for reclaimed water. The system has a recovery rate of up to 62%.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

NOVIKOVA, Anastasija, Lucia ROCCHI y Vlada VITUNSKIENĖ. "CONSUMERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR AGROECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN LITHUANIA: FIRST RESULTS FROM A CHOICE EXPERIMENT PILOT SURVEY". En Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.113.

Texto completo

Resumen

The paper focuses on the presentation of the construction of the research path for eliciting willingness to pay for agroecosystem services through choice experiments in Lithuania. This paper reports on use of a survey-based choice modelling method where repetitive choice situations about alternatives of agri-environmental schemes are created, for revealing how inhabitants of Lithuania value public goods, created in agroecosystems (wildlife populations, quality of drinking water and the formation and improvement of agricultural landscape); the attitudes of the residents of Lithuania concerning the maintenance of these environmental services in the countryside; to elicit Lithuanian households' WTP and the demand for abovementioned services. Two pilot surveys were implemented between 2015 June – July in order to test and improve the choice experiment questionnaire. The result of these surveys showed that the questionnaire is accepted and well understood by the respondents. The results of the modelling shows that all the attribute coefficients are significant and the signs are as expected, positive for the environmental attributes and negative for the price attribute; moreover the model fits well and could be used for the massive survey.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Ferreira, Ana C. M., Francisco Madureira, Manuel L. Nunes, Celina P. Lea˜o, Senhorinha F. C. F. Teixeira, Jose´ C. F. Teixeira y Lui´s B. Martins. "Development and Evaluation of a Micro-Cogeneration Prototype for Residential Applications". En ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39192.

Texto completo

Resumen

Combined heat and power (CHP) units use heat that would otherwise be wasted in a conventional power plant, and may reach an overall efficiency above 90% (LHV), which is well above to the 40% achieved by reference plants. This paper presents the design and development of a micro-cogeneration prototype (<6kWe) for single family households. The unit is based on a commercially available internal combustion engine (ICE) and generator, optimized and modified to be fuelled by natural gas, coupled to a two-step exhaust heat recuperating system. The work starts with the thermodynamic analysis of the ICE operating cycle and the assessment of thermal energy that can be recovered from the exhaust gases and through the engine cooling system. The analysis included the study of gas-mixture composition, combustion, heat loss to engine walls and water-vapor mass transfer. The main innovation is the exhaust gases heat recovery system, developed in two stages. The first stage consists on a direct heat exchanger where water is heated by direct contact with hot jets of exhaust gases, while the second stage heat exchanger involves further cooling of the saturated gases and condensation of evaporated water. The results showed the potential for significant gains in engine performance. The effective thermal power recovered in the recuperating system is reasonable, since the CHP system is able to produce 6.58 kWe of electrical energy and 11.16 kW of thermal energy.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Şengül, Seda y Çiler Sigeze. "The Consumption Expenditure of Households in Turkey: Demand System Estimation with Pseudo Panel Data". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00709.

Texto completo

Resumen

In this study, micro data sets obtained by 2005 and 2009 Household Budget Surveys compiled by Turkish Statistical Institute were used to estimate the parameters of household consumption demand and calculate the income-demand elasticities of consumer goods. Total expenditures of the households in this data set delivered into the following 12 different categories of goods and services. The expenditure share of these different categories of goods and services is the dependent variable of this model. In addition, the total household expenditure, the squared total household expenditure, the household size adjusted in accordance with the OECD equivalence scale and the logarithms of squared household size are the independent variables used in the study. The Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE) is used to estimate the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QAIDS) so as to determine the demand parameters of the main commodity groups. The principal result of the study is that the consumption elasticities of the food and nonalcoholic beverages, housing, water, electricity, fuel, clothing and footwear, furniture and house appliances, communications, alcoholic beverages, cigarette and tobacco expenditure are less than 1. Therefore, it can be said that these commodity groups are considered to be mandatory goods. On the other hand, the consumption elasticities of the health, transportation, education services, entertainment and culture, restaurants, hotels, patisseries are more than 1. Thus, these commodity groups are considered to be luxury goods. In this regard, the study concludes that Turkey is considered to be a developing country in terms of the consumption characteristics.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Informes sobre el tema "Water use Households"

Lutz, J. D., Xiaomin Liu y J. E. McMahon. Modeling patterns of hot water use in households. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), noviembre de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/451216.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Lutz, James D., Xiaomin Liu, James E. McMahon, Camilla Dunham, Leslie J. Shown y Quandra T. McCure. Modeling patterns of hot water use in households. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821315.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Breyer, Elizabeth. Household Water Demand and Land Use Context: A Multilevel Approach. Portland State University Library, enero de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1669.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Tellez Sanchez, Sarita. Household Water Filter Use Characterization in Rural Rwanda: Signal Interpretation, Development and Validation. Portland State University Library, enero de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3021.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Mehrotra, Santosh. Monitoring India’s National Sanitation Campaign (2014–2020). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.011.

Texto completo

Resumen

In 2011, India had more phone users (around 54 per cent of households) and television access (33 per cent) in rural areas than people with access to tap water (31 per cent) and toilet facilities (31 per cent), according to Census 2011. This clearly indicates the failure of government programmes to change the centuries-old practice of defecation in the open. This neglect of safe sanitation has had catastrophic outcomes in terms of human well-being. This case study is an analysis of the latest central government Swachch Bharat Mission - Gramin (Clean India Mission - Rural) (or SBM-G), which has achieved much greater success than any hitherto government effort in providing access to and use of toilets, especially in rural areas where the need is greatest. However, any conception of achieving ODF status, or free of open defecation, in a village (or any limited geography) is more than merely building toilets. The Sanitation Learning Hub commissioned case studies of sanitation campaigns in both India and Nepal, drawing out the lessons learnt for other countries wishing to implement similar initiatives. Both case studies focus on how target setting and feedback and reporting mechanisms can be used to increase the quality of campaigns.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Bernales, Rona P. y Ilene S. Basitan. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Dog Owners Regarding Rabies and Dog Bites in Bicol Region. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), enero de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2790.

Texto completo

Resumen

This study was conducted in selected provinces of Bicol Region from April 2015 to May 2015 to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of dog owners regarding rabies and dog bites. A purposive sampling was used in selecting the respondents of the study. Frequencies were tabulated for all variables. Of the 1,200 respondents, 2,193 dogs were recorded making a 2:1 ratio of dogs to householders in this particular study. Among these dogs 58% were vaccinated against rabies. The majority of the ones taking care of the dogs were female (57.3%) but the primary owner (62.9%) was the head of the family. Only 34.7% of the respondents knew that it is their duty to get their pets vaccinated against rabies. Around one-fourth (20.7%) admitted that someone in their household had been bitten by a dog but most respondents (62.5%) did nothing to the dog. The majority (57.7%) of the bite victims were youths (1-14 years old) and almost all (82.7%) of the wound bites were washed with soap and water. Television (44.9%) was the primary source of knowledge about rabies. The majority of participants (67.3%) said that humans are the main end-hosts that can be infected with rabies. Salivation or drooling (42.7%) and craziness (34.2%) were the main signs cited as behaviour of rabid dogs while craziness (40.2%) and hydrophobia or fear of water (25.4%) were cited for rabid humans. Most (33.9%) do not know the source of rabies but the majority (61.8%) believe that vaccination is the main preventive measure against rabies. The majority of participants (63%) reported that the local ordinances regarding rabies in their locality is about the Local Anti-Rabies Act and almost all (93.2%) admitted that vaccination is the most common anti-rabies program of the government.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart y Jane Wilbur. How to Talk About Incontinence: A Checklist. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.006.

Texto completo

Resumen

Incontinence is the medical term used to describe the involuntary loss of urine or faeces. Women, men, girls, boys and people of all genders, at any age, can experience incontinence. A person with incontinence can experience leakage occasionally, regularly or constantly; and leakage can happen at any time, day or night. A person may also experience leakage of urinary or faecal matter due to not being able to get to the toilet in time or not wanting to use the toilet facilities available. This is known as social, or functional, incontinence. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) understanding of incontinence is still in its early stages: the term ‘incontinence’ may not be known, knowledge of the condition is rare, and the provision of support is lacking. Those who experience incontinence may face stigma due to having the condition, and this may affect their willingness or confidence to talk about it. There is a need to better understand incontinence in LMICs, and how best to support people living with the condition to improve their quality of life. This requires having conversations with individuals that experience the condition, and with individuals who care for those who do: they will have the lived experiences of what it means to live with incontinence practically, emotionally and socially for them and their families. Living with incontinence can have a range of impacts on the people living with it and their carers. These include increased stress and distress; additional needs for water and soap; and restricted ability to join in community activities, school or work. Living with incontinence can also lead to a range of protection issues. The potential challenges that people face may be quite diverse and may vary between people and households. The checklist below, and corresponding page references to ‘Incontinence: We Need to Talk About Leaks’ can be used to increase your understanding of incontinence and the options available to support people living with the condition; and provide guidance on how to have conversations to understand how best to support people living with incontinence in your area.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart y Wilbur Jane. How to Talk About Incontinence: A Checklist. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.012.

Texto completo

Resumen

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Sturzenegger, Germán, Cecilia Vidal y Sebastián Martínez. The Last Mile Challenge of Sewage Services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Editado por Anastasiya Yarygina. Inter-American Development Bank, noviembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002878.

Texto completo

Resumen

Access to piped sewage in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) cities has been on the rise in recent decades. Yet achieving high rates of end-user connection between dwellings and sewage pipelines remains a challenge for water and sanitation utilities. Governments throughout the region are investing millions in increasing access to sewage services but are failing in the last mile. When households do not connect to the sewage system, the full health and social benefits of sanitation investments fail to accrue, and utilities can face lost revenue and higher operating costs. Barriers to connect are diverse, including low willingness to pay for connection costs and/or the associated tariffs, liquidity and credit constrains to cover the cost of upgrades or repairs, information gaps on the benefits of connecting, behavioral obstacles, and collective action failures. In contexts of weak regulation and strong social pressure, utilities typically lack the ability to enforce connection through fines and legal action. This paper explores the scope of the connectivity problem, identifies potential connection barriers, and discusses policy solutions. A research agenda is proposed in support of evidence-based interventions that have the potential to achieve higher effective sanitation coverage more rapidly and cost-effectively in LAC. This research agenda must focus on: i) quantifying the scope of the problem; ii) understanding the barriers that trigger it; and iii) identifying the most cost-effective policy and market-based solutions.

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Bacteriological quality of ground water used for household supply, Lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri964212.

Texto completo

Los estilos APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Ofrecemos descuentos en todos los planes premium para autores cuyas obras están incluidas en selecciones literarias temáticas. ¡Contáctenos para obtener un código promocional único!