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Meyerhoff, Hauke S. Linking perceptual animacy to visual attention: An investigation of detection efficiency and attentional bias for chasing objects among distractors kumulative Dissertation. s.n.], 2013.
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Langer, Ellen J. Xue xi, jiu shi yi zhong xiang shou: Ni ye ke yi ba xue xi he gong zuo bian cheng "wan le" de dai ming ci. Ren ben zi ran wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2006.
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Summerfield, Christopher, and Tobias Egner. Attention and Decision-Making. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.018.
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This chapter reviews formal models of the decision process in humans and other primates, and discusses divergent accounts of how attention might intervene to bias or facilitate judgements about sensory stimuli. The review covers established decision-theoretic models, such as signal detection theory and serial sampling models, and other computational accounts that draw upon psychophysical and neurobiological mechanisms of early vision. It considers whether such decisions are limited by attentional capacity, or by noise, as suggested by normative models of choice. The authors revisit a debate concerning whether attention acts to boost inputs, enhance activity, or reduce noise. Finally, the authors consider the relationship between attention and expectation in perceptual decision-making.
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Nobre, Anna C. (Kia), and Gustavo Rohenkohl. Time for the Fourth Dimension in Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.036.
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This chapter takes attention into the fourth dimension by considering research that explores how predictive information in the temporal structure of events can contribute to optimizing perception. The authors review behavioural and neural findings from three lines of investigation in which the temporal regularity and predictability of events are manipulated through rhythms, hazard functions, and cues. The findings highlight the fundamental role temporal expectations play in shaping several aspects of performance, from early perceptual analysis to motor preparation. They also reveal modulation of neural activity by temporal expectations all across the brain. General principles of how temporal expectations are generated and bias information processing are still emerging. The picture so far suggests that there may be multiple sources of temporal expectation, which can bias multiple stages of stimulus analysis depending on the stages of information processing that are critical for task performance. Neural oscillations are likely to provide an important medium through which the anticipated timing of events can regulate neuronal excitability.
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McCrory Calarco, Jessica. Seeking Attention. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634438.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 examines social class differences in children’s efforts to seek attention from teachers. Regardless of social class, students wanted—even craved—attention. Middle-class and working-class students differed in the types of behaviors for which they sought attention and the strategies they used to get teachers’ attention. Middle-class students sought attention for their unique talents, skills, and experiences, and they did so in overt ways. Working-class students instead sought attention primarily for their commonalities with and helpfulness to others. They also did so in more oblique ways and only when it was clear that teachers had time to provide attention. Those class differences in attention-seeking had meaningful consequences. Through their more frequent and more difficult to ignore bids for attention, and through their success in persuading teachers to grant those requests, middle-class students had more opportunities to share stories with, receive validation from, and make personal connections with their teachers.
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Stokes, Mark, and John Duncan. Dynamic Brain States for Preparatory Attention and Working Memory. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.032.
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This chapter considers how dynamic brain states continuously fine-tune processing to accommodate changes in behavioural context and task goals. First, the authors review the extant literature suggesting that content-specific patterns of preparatory activity bias competitive processing in visual cortex to favour behaviourally relevant input. Next, they consider how higher-level brain areas might provide a top-down attentional signal for modulating baseline visual activity. Extensive evidence suggests that working memory representations in prefrontal cortex are especially important for generating and maintaining biases in preparatory visual activity via modulatory feedback. Although it is often proposed that such working memory representations are maintained via persistent prefrontal activity, the authors review more recent evidence that rapid short-term synaptic plasticity provides a common substrate for maintaining the content of past experience and the rules for guiding future goal-directed processing.
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Beck, Diane M., and Sabine Kastner. Neural Systems for Spatial Attention in the Human Brain. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.011.
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Spatial attention has been studied for over a half a century. Early behavioural work showed that attending to a location improves performance on a variety of tasks. Since then substantial progress has been made on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these effects. This chapter reviews the neuroimaging literature, as well as related behavioural and single-cell physiology studies, on visual spatial attention. In particular, the chapter frames much of the work in the context of the biased competition theory of attention, which argues that a primary mechanism of attention is to bias competition among stimuli in the visual cortex in favour of an attended stimulus that, as a result, receives enhanced processing to guide behaviour. Accordingly, the authors have organized this chapter into two related sections. The first summarizes the effects of attention in the visual cortex and thalamus, the so-called ‘site’ of attention. The second explores the relationship between attention and fronto-parietal mechanisms which are thought to be the ‘source’ of the biasing signals exerted on the visual cortex.
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Jecker, Nancy S. Ending Midlife Bias. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949075.001.0001.
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We live at a time when human lifespans have increased like never before. As average lifespans stretch to new lengths, how does this impact the values we hold most dear? Do these values change over the course of our ever-increasing lifespans? Ending Midlife Bias argues that at different life stages, different values emerge as central. During early life, caring and trust matter more, given human vulnerability and dependency. By early adulthood, growing independence provides a reason to value autonomy more. Later in life, heightened risk for chronic disease and disability warrants focusing on maintaining capabilities and keeping dignity intact. Part I (Chapters 1–5) sets forth a conceptual framework that captures these shifting life stage values. Chapter 1 argues against the privileging of midlife values (midlife bias) and explains why population aging lends urgency to identifying values for later life. Chapters 2 and 3 introduce dignity as a central concern for older adults and argue that respecting dignity requires supporting central human capabilities. Chapter 4 explores the metaphor of life as a story, which serves as a corrective for midlife bias by keeping attention on the whole of life. Chapter 5 sets forth principles for age group justice. Part II (Chapters 6–12) turns to practical concerns, including geriatric and pediatric bioethics (Chapter 6); caregiving by family members, migrant workers, and robots (Chapters 7 and 8); ageism in clinical trials, healthcare allocation, and mandatory retirement (Chapter 9); and ethics at the end-of-life (Chapter 10). The closing chapters explore the future of population aging (Chapter 11) and make a pitch for life stage sensitive moral theory (Chapter 12).
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van Schalkwyk, Gerrit I., and Wendy K. Silverman. Anxiety Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.20.
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Anxiety disorders are highly common in children and adolescents and are associated with significant impairment. This group of disorders includes a broad range of specific diagnoses that often co-occur. Well-established assessment measures exist to facilitate accurate differential diagnosis and characterization of anxiety disorders. Evidence-based treatments also are available. Cognitive behavior therapy has a uniquely broad and robust evidence base, although newer treatments such as attention bias modification training and parent accommodation interventions are the source of growing attention. Current research in the field includes attempts at understanding the basic nature of anxiety disorders, the development of new treatments, and innovative approaches to addressing the key challenge of limited access to treatment.
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Valle-Ruiz, Lis, and Andrew Wymer, eds. Unmasking White Preaching. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978737471.
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This book examines the impact of white racialization in homiletics. The first section, Racial Hegemony, interrogates the white, colonial bias of Euro-American homiletical practice, pedagogy, and theory with particular attention to the intersection of preaching and racialization. The second section, Resistance and Possibilities, contributes diverse critical homiletical approaches emerging in conversation with racially-minoritized scholarship and racially subjugated knowledge and practice. By reading this book, preachers and professors of preaching will encounter alternative, non-dominant homiletical pathways toward a more just future for the church and the world.
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DeRose, Keith. How Do We Know that We’re Not Brains in Vats? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199564477.003.0007.
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In this chapter the contextualist Moorean account of how we know by ordinary standards that we are not brains in vats (BIVs) utilized in Chapter 1 is developed and defended, and the picture of knowledge and justification that emerges is explained. The account (a) is based on a double-safety picture of knowledge; (b) has it that our knowledge that we’re not BIVs is in an important way a priori; and (c) is knowledge that is easily obtained, without any need for fancy philosophical arguments to the effect that we’re not BIVs; and the account is one that (d) utilizes a conservative approach to epistemic justification. Special attention is devoted to defending the claim that we have a priori knowledge of the deeply contingent fact that we’re not BIVs, and to distinguishing this a prioritist account of this knowledge from the kind of “dogmatist” account prominently championed by James Pryor.
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Carlson, Matt. Journalists Fight Back: Newsweek and the Koran Abuse Story. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252035999.003.0004.
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This chapter follows the controversy caused by a small Newsweek item in which an unnamed source alleged an upcoming military report would contain charges of Koran desecration by interrogators at Guantanamo Bay. The story gained attention after government officials blamed a number of deadly riots in Afghanistan directly on Newsweek. When the magazine's unnamed source rescinded the allegation, Newsweek retracted its claims. The magazine was attacked for not properly corroborating the unnamed source's accusations, which produced broader charges of journalists using anonymity to further an antimilitary bias. However, the journalistic community responded to escalating Bush administration criticism of Newsweek by chastising the administration for its own poor intelligence record leading up to the Iraq War and by turning attention to the previously underreported treatment of Guantanamo Bay detainees.
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Collica-Cox, Kimberly. Women Corrections Executives. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978738850.
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Within corrections, women have made notable impacts in policy, cultural changes, and leadership, yet they have received little attention and study. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, this book fills that gap, examining women in corrections executive positions—their motivations, successes, and challenges. From initial entry into corrections work through their careers, interviews with members of the Association of Women Executives in Corrections (AWEC) reveal their motives for promoting, their career trajectories, and the challenges they faced in a male dominated environment, such as gender bias, perceptions of leadership effectiveness, and difficulty maintaining work-life balance.
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Schliesser, Eric. Society and Political Taxonomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690120.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses some of Adam Smith’s more important economic and political categories. It argue that it is misleading to understand Smith as a methodologic individualist. In particular, it argues that “society” is a crucial category in Smith’s political philosophy. But unlike the Stoicizing interpretation of Smith, this chapter argues that for Smith a society is not by definition harmonious. In particular, there is inherent class conflict between wage-earning and profit-seeking classes. Smith also diagnoses other sources of faction and pays particular attention to social orders. In addition, this chapter introduces Smith’s the nature of status quo bias when contemplating political change.
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Marquart, James, and Chad Trulson. Understanding the Contours of Prison Disciplinary Procedures. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.35.
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This essay reviews the evolution of US procedures for detecting and investigating crimes and other rule infractions committed by inmates during confinement, their apprehension, determination of guilt, and opportunities for appeal. Special attention is paid to due process considerations and how these procedures have evolved since the inmate rights movement. The importance and effectiveness of disciplinary review boards are discussed. Possible biases in these procedures and inmates’ perceptions of bias are also considered in terms of how they might influence cynicism toward legal authority. An overview of possible sanctions imposed upon determinations of guilt is provided along with discussion of how these sanctions vary across facilities based on crowding and other resource constraints.
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Albert, Craig Douglas. Gender Issues in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Migration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.189.
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Until recently, the role of women in nationalism and governance has received little scholarly attention, perhaps because men have historically exercised near exclusive control over nations and states. This is ironic because it is women who create the nation/state. The intersection between gender and nationalism can be broken down into three categories. The first category is women as biological reproducers of the nation. The second category includes women participating centrally in the ideological reproduction of the collectivity and as signifiers of ethnic/national differences. The third category involves the idea of gendered militaries and gendered wars. Women also affect the structure and power relations in the international arena as victims of various international crimes that have traditionally gone unnoticed because of the bias towards male dominance. One example is mass rape. National identity created through the construction of woman as nation allows women to be a target of war. The idea that women are symbols of national territory and identity makes targeting them a main tactic used by enemy groups. In the area of human rights, most conceptions stem from Western visions, which do not always mesh with local, tribal, or non-Western citizens. For women's rights truly to exist, human rights focus must change because it has been constructed with a male bias and understanding.
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Belissa, Marc. War and Diplomacy (1792–95). Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.024.
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‘War and Diplomacy’ . . . The first term has had a lot more attention from historians than the second as if the period that begins with the declaration of war on 20 April 1792 and ending with the Peace of Basel in 1795 was fully determined by the implacable nature of the struggle between revolutionary France and monarchist Europe. This bias—making revolutionary diplomacy the ghost of historiography—is itself determined by the idea that ‘the diplomatic game of the revolutionary period is marked as something artificial and ephemeral’ in the words of Jacques Godechot in 1956. If one believes historiography, it is war and not diplomacy which is the dominant reality of the 1792–95 period. Is there even a ‘revolutionary diplomacy’ or a ‘Republican’ one?
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Plantinga, Carl. The Personal and the Political. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867133.003.0009.
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This chapter describes the “personalistic bias” argument against taking characters as moral agents, and argues that although the argument identifies a real concern, to fail to see fictional characters as moral agents does more harm than good. The most salient objection against taking fictional characters as moral agents is that it distracts viewers from politics, institutions, systems, and contexts. The chapter argues that the personal is political, in that the representation of a fictional character can become a “public mythology” with significant cultural influence. Paying attention to characters as moral agents is also important because the representation of individual characters in a narrative context elicits emotions in relation to narrative paradigm scenarios, and those emotional responses have significant cultural importance.
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9780197756225 and Robert P. Friedland. Ninety-Nine Lessons in Critical Thinking. Oxford University PressNew York, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197756218.001.0001.
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Abstract There is a danger that key factors in the development of young doctors and scientists are being lost because of the unremitting competition for their attention created by a continuous avalanche of information. The needs of the patient may be lost because of a focus on data and the electronic medical record. Key features of scientific problems may similarly be lost through extensive focus on methods and the monumental growth of the literature. Critically, medical and scientific insights are frequently lost because questions have not been properly identified and the many forms of bias have interfered with clinical and scientific judgment. This book presents 99 ways in which the capacity for observation, attention, understanding, and compassion can be enhanced. Using stories from the author’s experience and from the literature, methods for focusing attention and enhancing the awareness of preconceived ideas and other biases are presented. Young doctors and scientists face the difficult task of acquiring a vast amount of information. Attention to human evolution and how it has influenced the way the brain works provides valuable guidance in developing skills of selective attention and critical thinking. The needs of the patient and of the scientific matters at hand must not be lost in competition with the vast amount of data that the internet provides. Young doctors and scientists must learn how to be aware of how they think and how they can enhance their observational skills and judgment to become more effective professionals.
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Overholtzer, Lisa. Mesoamerica—Aztec Figurines. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.014.
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Aztec ceramic figurines are ubiquitous small finds in central Mexican domestic contexts. As expressive miniature representations of humans, animals, and temples that were distributed through an extensive market system, they provide a window into Aztec worldviews, regional economies, and the household realm. Yet they have received relatively scant archaeological attention, likely because of disciplinary bias toward the monumental and imperial. This chapter reviews this small but compelling corpus of research, identifying a series of six approaches that are loosely chronologically arranged: (1) defining Aztec figurines, (2) figurines as types and as representations of deities, (3) figurines in household ritual, (4) figurine production and exchange, (5) figurines and social identity, and (6) figurine materialities. This analysis also identifies challenges that remain, including a lack of published catalogues of figurine collections, and insufficient detailed contextual excavations of houses where figurines were produced and consumed.
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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. Multiracials and Civil Rights. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479830329.001.0001.
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Commanding greater public attention is the idea that discrimination against multiracial (racially-mixed) people is a distinctive challenge to the enforcement of civil rights law. This perspective is based upon the belief that multiracials experience racial discrimination in a unique manner that makes it necessary to reformulate traditional civil rights law. Multiracials and Civil Rights, based upon a close examination of many multiracial discrimination legal cases in a variety of equality law contexts, demonstrates the fallacy and danger of that conjecture. The book elucidates the distinction between the presumed exceptional space that multiracial persons are rhetorically imagined to occupy in the public discourse, and the binary non-white versus white realities they actually experience when targeted for discrimination. Rather than point to a need for a shift away from the existing civil rights laws, the cases instead indicate the need for further support of the current structures. The book concludes that multiracial discrimination cases are helpful in highlighting the continued need for attention to white supremacy and for fortifying the focus of civil rights law on racial privilege and the lingering legacy of bias against non-whites.
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Holmes, Craig. The Individual Benefits of Investing in Skills. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.17.
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This chapter considers returns to the individual from investing in skill. It describes the earnings and employment outcomes of people who have completed different levels of formal education across different countries, and goes on to consider the possible causal mechanisms at work. The methodology for estimating wage returns is critically discussed. Whilst much attention has been devoted to considering ability bias, other issues have received less attention. In particular qualifications or amounts of time spent studying are imperfect proxies for skills produced. Furthermore estimates from wage regressions are almost invariably interpreted through the lens of human capital theory -- the existence of a wage premium indicates that the productivity has increased due to the educational investment. Alternative interpretations are considered. These include the possibility that the premium represents a reward for obtaining a job on a fixed distribution of jobs -- in other words winning a positional competition race. Such possibilities raise several concerns. These include under-utilisation, both of general skills and of skills acquired through work-based training programmes, low marginal returns relative to average returns, and a widening and more risky distribution of payoffs.
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Bovens, Mark, and Anchrit Wille. Remedying Diploma Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790631.003.0009.
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How can we remedy some of the negative effects of diploma democracy? First, we discuss the rise of nationalist parties. They have forced the mainstream political parties to pay more attention to the negative effects of immigration, globalization, and European unification. Next we discuss strategies to mitigate the dominance of the well-educated in politics. We start with remedies that address differences in political skills and knowledge. Then we discuss the deliberative arenas. Many democratic reforms contain an implicit bias towards the well-educated. A more realistic citizenship model is required. This can be achieved by bringing the ballot back in, for example, by merging deliberative and more direct forms of democracy through deliberative polling, corrective referendums, and more compulsory voting. The chapter ends with a discussion of ways to make the political elites more inclusive and responsive, such as descriptive representation, sortition, and plebiscitary elements.
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Yelle, Robert A. Semiotics. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.15.
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Within those disciplines pursuing semiotic approaches to religion, recent decades have been characterized by a shift toward the pragmatic and performative dimensions of discourse. Roman Jakobson’s analysis of the poetic function of language has been extended to ritual, which in some cases deploys poetry to enhance rhetorical performance. The metricalization of ritual often constructs indexical icons that mirror and converge with real-world events that ritual seeks to bring about. The ability of the sign to figure something absent intersects with the general problem in religion concerning how (and whether) to represent transcendence. Semiotics is shifting attention from universalizing and formalist approaches to a study of cultural and historical differences, including differences in semiotic or linguistic ideologies. The semiotic ideology of modernity reflects an inheritance from Protestant iconoclasm: a bias against metaphysical and poetic language. Differences in semiotic ideology were on display in various colonial encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples.
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Haque, Omar Sultan, Alicia Lu, Daniel Wu, Lisa Cosgrove, and Harold J. Bursztajn. Curing Financial Conflicts of Interest in Psychiatric Professional Organizations. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.56.
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Most of the attention to the problem of financial conflicts of interest (FCOI) in psychiatry has centered on the actions of individuals. But what if the problem is much larger, and has infected entire organizations? Using the conceptual, and normative framework of “institutional corruption,” we describe how organized psychiatry has developed values, norms, and practices that have undermined its public health mission. Specifically, we argue that institutionalized FCOI have distorted the evidence base upon which psychiatric research, diagnosis, and treatment depends. We argue that current strategies such as simple transparency of commercial ties and “managing” FCOI are insufficient and vulnerable to gamesmanship. Following the IOM’s most recent (2011) recommendations for preventing bias when there are academic–industry relationships, we offer ideas for responding to the ethical and intellectual crisis in psychiatry, and emphasize the importance of training practitioners to think critically when assessing the evidence base of industry-sponsored research.
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Grossman, Kathryn M., and Bradley Stephens. Les Misérables. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.15.
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One of Britain’s most profitable musical exports, Les Misérables has captivated audiences worldwide with its mix of stirring spectacle and high emotion. Critical response has, however, been deeply divided. Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg’s ‘megamusical’ has often been accused of trivializing the mammoth nineteenth-century novel by Victor Hugo on which it is based, reducing Hugo’s epic of social injustice to populist sentimentalism. To challenge the cliché of the inferiority of adaptations and the bias towards ‘high art’ that such criticism generates, this essay specifies the relationship between Hugo’s global bestseller and the world’s longest-running musical. This connection has received much less scholarly attention than the fame of each work would suggest. By exploring their affiliation within the contexts of both Hugo’s Romanticism and the libretto’s collaborative development from Paris to London, a revealing likeness is identified that clearly underpins the success of the ‘show of shows’.
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Bloch, Michael H. Natural History and Long-Term Outcome of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0005.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often a chronic condition. Convergent evidence suggests that early-onset and adult-onset disease are importantly distinct: early-onset OCD is more highly genetic, has a male bias, and is more often associated with tic disorders and attention deficit disorder. Adult-onset OCD has an equal male–female ratio and is more often associated with anxiety and depression. Long-term follow-up studies from before institution of effective treatments suggest that a minority of individuals with adult-onset OCD remit, and many have persistent severe symptoms. There are few analogous studies of patients with childhood-onset OCD. Prognosis has improved over the past 30 years with the development of effective, evidence-based pharmacotherapy and psychotherapies. More recent long-term follow-up studies of both adult-onset and pediatric-onset OCD suggest remission rates of up to 50%. Refractory illness nevertheless remains an important clinical problem.
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Gooday, Graeme, and Daniel Jon Mitchell. Rethinking ‘Classical Physics’. Edited by Jed Z. Buchwald and Robert Fox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696253.013.25.
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This article discusses the reasons for rethinking ‘classical physics’, building upon Richard Staley’s historical enquiry into the origins of the distinction between ‘classical’ and ‘modern physics’. In particular, it challenges Staley’s thesis that ‘classical’ and ‘modern physics’ were invented simultaneously by Max Planck at the Solvay conference in 1911, arguing instead that the emergence of these notions took place separately over a period that reached as late as the 1930s. The article first considers how the identification of the ether as a key feature of classical physics has drawn historians’ attention towards its changing metaphysical fortunes during the nineteenth century. It then describes the connections between physics and industry that are obscured by the theoretical bias of any dichotomy between ‘classical’ and ‘modern physics’. Finally, it highlights continuity in the field of French experimental physics by focusing on three comparative case studies dealing with electrocapillarity, electromagnetic waves, and X-rays.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Research and development. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0029.
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This chapter covers the spectrum of routine monitoring, audit, service evaluation, and formal research. Routine monitoring is an essential task for all mental health professionals, and techniques to make it more palatable are explored, including using routine data for clinical supervision and monitoring team targets. Regular audit is described as an essential tool for logical service development and quality improvement. In the discussion of research, the importance of choosing the correct methodology and of paying attention to detail are stressed. In community psychiatry, sampling bias, regression to the mean, and the Hawthorne effect pose important risks. The hierarchy of research methods is outlined with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) at the top, preferably with either single- or double-blinding. Careful statistics and systematic reviews support evidence-based practice. In addition to experimental quantitative trials, there is a place for cohort and case control trials, as well as for qualitative trials to generate hypotheses.
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Fuentecilla, Jose V. The War of Words. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037580.003.0009.
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This chapter details the continuous lobbying and organizing efforts of political exiles as well as their efforts to draw attention to their anti-Marcos and anti-martial law rhetoric. Reflecting their bias for a free press and scorn for the controlled press in the Philippines, the major U.S. media consistently gave the exiles favorable coverage. By and large, the exiles had won the media war in the United States against the regime. The generally critical attitude of the U.S. media acutely troubled Mrs. Marcos. She summoned the American ambassador, Michael Armacost, to express her husband's “anxieties about his upcoming [1982] visit to the USA.” The regime countered as best as it could. During the first year of martial law, it ran colorful multipage spreads in influential U.S. business magazines such as Fortune and Business Week. The message: there was a new, much better investment climate in the country, and it was a safe tourist destination.
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Bryan, Craig J. Rethinking Suicide. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190050634.001.0001.
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This book presents a critical evaluation of conventional wisdom and traditional assumptions about suicide, with particular attention focused on the assumed centrality of mental illness. It argues that suicide prevention efforts have disproportionately emphasized mental health-focused solutions, notably access to treatment and crisis services, based on research studies that are susceptible to bias and faulty interpretations of research findings. Instead of viewing suicide as a mental health issue, suicide should instead be seen as a “wicked problem” that defies ordinary solutions. Wicked problems cannot be definitively solved or eliminated by conventional solution-oriented thinking, and require process-based thinking that may, in some cases, defy or contradict many of our long-held assumptions about suicide. To flesh out this alternative approach to suicide prevention, the book interweaves historical accounts and personal stories with explanations of scientific findings to illustrate the limitations of widely-used practices and introduce alternative perspectives that could catalyze a paradigm shift in how we think about and prevent suicide.
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Kinnear, Karen L. Women in Developing Countries. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216037125.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book provides a much-needed survey of the discrimination and violence against women in developing countries, and identifies the literature and resources available about this topic. Because of improvements in communication technologies, the West has become increasingly aware of horrific examples of ongoing discrimination and violence against individual women in developing countries. As a result, more attention is being paid to the gender bias and hardship that women in developing countries face in their everyday lives, and the importance of these women in economic development and the alleviation of poverty is starting to be recognized. Women in Developing Countries: A Reference Handbook addresses topics like the status of women in developing countries; their access to education, health care, and the political process; their legal status; the extent to which they are considered property; female genital mutilation and other harmful practices; and other timely issues. This book also provides statistical information, data on selected nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other organizations set up to improve the lives and advance the status of women, and sources of further information in print and nonprint media.
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Norah, Gallagher, and Shan Wenhua. 2 Scope And Definition. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law:iic/9780199230259.003.002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is relevant for a particular arbitration case only when the case falls within its scope of application. Normally the scope of application of a treaty includes four aspects: subject matter (ratione materiae), covered persons and entities (ratione personae), territorial application, and temporal application. The Chinese BITs are not an exception to this but they do, however, raise some special, perhaps unique, questions. This chapter deals with the four aspects on the scope of application, with special attention to those issues with “Chinese characteristics”. It also deals briefly with the issue of investment admission, which has been left, by and large, within the discretion of the host state.
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Lerner, Adam B. From the Ashes of History. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197623589.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This book theorizes collective trauma as a foundational force in international politics—a shock to political cultures that can both make and break international institutions. Though scholars of international relations and related disciplines have historically paid outsize attention to the onset of mass violence, as well as the changes it causes in the balance of power or security calculations, far less attention has been paid to its indirect longer-term impacts, particularly as they manifest as collective trauma. This book argues that collective trauma can not only shape the divisions between “us” and “them” that constitute the international system but also frame logics of interaction over the course of generations. The first half of the book develops a theoretical framework for understanding collective trauma as an emergent phenomenon, outlining both how it translates from individual to social (and vice versa) and how it interacts with diverse political conditions and competing priorities. The second half turns to three historical cases examining colonialism as collective trauma in post-independence India, the Holocaust’s constitutive role in Israeli foreign policy imaginaries, and the influence of the post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis on the US global war on terror. Taken together, these cases demonstrate collective trauma’s foundational role in international politics, as well as the larger potential benefits of a “trauma turn” for the international relations discipline. This reorientation, the book demonstrates, is particularly vital as scholars work to combat the discipline’s Western bias and better account for the legacy of structural injustice and oppression.
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Gidlow, Liette. Taking the Long View of Election 2008. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036606.003.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This introductory chapter examines the political context in which Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Sarah Palin launched their bids for national office, paying attention to the civil rights and feminist movements of the past that has since shaped their 2008 campaigns for president. But all of this history—the centuries of the political exclusion of white women and African American women and men; the struggles and setbacks as they created places for themselves in civic life as citizens, voters, party leaders, and elected officials; shifting political values and the changing fortunes and identities of the Democratic and Republican parties—shaped the conduct and meaning of the 2008 election. Yet the chapter contends that their successes in 2008 were hardly simple American success stories—while these candidates were breaking barriers, they also were juggling the familiar tasks of a presidential bid.
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Gabrielle, Kaufmann-Kohler, and Rigozzi Antonio. 5 The Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199679751.003.0005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Building upon the discussion on the validity and effects of arbitration agreements in chapter 3, this chapter examines the rules governing the jurisdiction of arbitral tribunals. It addresses a number of questions arising from the arbitral tribunal’s and the courts’ review of arbitral jurisdiction, from the implications of the principle of competence-competence to jurisdictional objections and the effects of parallel proceedings. Special attention is given to topics such as the so-called negative effect of competence-competence, the arbitration-specific lis pendens rule established in Article 186(1) bis PILA and the res judicata effect of prior arbitral or judicial decisions on jurisdiction. The chapter’s final section discusses anti-suit and anti-arbitration injunctions.
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Swann, Karen. Lives of the Dead Poets. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284184.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Biography has played an important role in the canonization of Keats, Shelley, and Coleridge. Each archive is saturated with stories of the life prematurely cut off or, in Coleridge’s case, of promise wasted in indolence; with reminiscences of contemporaries who describe subjects singularly unsuited to this world; and with stranger materials—death masks, bits of bone, locks of hair, a heart—preserved by circles and then sometimes circulating more widely, often in tandem with bits of the literary corpus. Especially when it centers on the early deaths of Keats and Shelley, biographical interest tends to be dismissed as a largely Victorian and sentimental phenomenon that we should by now have put behind us. And yet a line of verse by these poets can still, willy-nilly, trigger associations with biographical detail in a way that sparks pathos and produces intimations of prolepsis or fatality, even in readers suspicious of such effects. Biographical fascination—the untoward and involuntary clinging of attention to the biographical subject—is thus “posthumous” in Keats’s evocative sense of the term, its life equivocally sustained beyond its period. This book takes seriously the biographical fascination that has dogged the posthumous lives of the prematurely arrested figures of Keats, Shelley, and Coleridge. Arising in tandem with a sense of the threatened end of poetry’s allotted period, biographical fascination opens us to poetry’s modes of survival from the time of the romantic period, when it began to receive the first of its many death sentences, into our own present.
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Schmitz, Hans Peter. Transnational Human Rights Networks: Significance and Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.354.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Transnational human rights networks refer to a form of cross-border collective action that seeks to promote compliance with universally accepted norms. Principled transnational activism began to draw sustained scholarly attention after the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the creation of a new type of information-driven and impartial transnational activism, embodied in organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. Scholarship on transnational human rights networks emerged during the 1990s within the subfield of International Relations and as a challenge to the state-centric and materialist bias of the field. In their 1998 book Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink describe the key role that transnational human rights groups play in global affairs. Focusing on rights-based activism, Keck and Sikkink show how transnational advocacy networks (TANs) can influence domestic politics. The concept of TANs is dominated by the purposeful activism of nongovernmental organizations and driven by shared principles, not professional standards. A number of studies have challenged the core assumptions about the effectiveness of principled human rights activism, arguing that international support plays no significant role compared to the autonomous efforts of domestic activists. One way to overcome these challenges and criticisms is for the transnational activist sector, as well as other types of non-state actors, to move beyond the principles/interests dichotomy and take a closer look at the internal dynamics of participant NGOs.
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Johnson, L. Syd M. The Ethics of Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190943646.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Disorders of consciousness (DoCs) raise difficult and complex questions about the value of life for persons with impaired consciousness, the rights of persons unable to make medical decisions, and our social, medical, and ethical obligations to patients whose personhood has frequently been challenged and neglected. Recent neuroscientific discoveries have led to enhanced understanding of the heterogeneity of these disorders and patients, and focused renewed attention on the disturbingly high rate of misdiagnosis. This book examines the entanglement of epistemic and ethical uncertainty in DoCs and other medical contexts, and how they interact to create both epistemic and ethical risks. Philosopher and bioethicist L. Syd M Johnson pulls together multiple threads—the ontological mysteries of consciousness, medical uncertainty about unconsciousness, ableist bias, withdrawal of treatment in neurointensive care, and the rarely questioned view that consciousness is essential to personhood and moral status. Johnson challenges longstanding bioethical dogmas about DoC patients, and argues for an ethics of uncertainty for contexts where there is a need for decisive action in the presence of unavoidable uncertainty. The ethics of uncertainty refocuses ethical inquiry concerning persons with DoCs, placing less emphasis on their contested personhood, and more on inductive risk and uncertainty, on respect for autonomy, and especially on epistemic justice, and the duties of privileged epistemic agents. It is an approach with applications beyond brain injury, encouraging an expansive and humane approach that enables surrogate decision makers facing fraught, complex, risky choices to fulfill their obligations as moral and epistemic agents.
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LeBaron, Genevieve, ed. Researching Forced Labour in the Global Economy. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266472.001.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
By most accounts, forced labour, human trafficking, and modern slavery are thriving in the global economy. Recent media reports — including the discovery of widespread trafficking in Thailand's shrimp industry, forced labour in global tea and cocoa supply chains, and the devastating deaths of workers constructing stadiums for Qatar's World Cup— have brought once hidden exploitation into the mainstream spotlight. As public concern about forced labour has escalated, governments around the world have begun to enact legislation to combat it in global production. Yet, in spite of soaring media and policy attention, reliable research on the business of forced labour remains difficult to come by. Forced labour is notoriously challenging to investigate, given that it is illegal, and powerful corporations and governments are reluctant to grant academics access to their workers and supply chains. Given the risk associated with researching the business of forced labour, until very recently, few scholars even attempted to collect hard or systematic data. Instead, academics have often had little choice but to rely on poor quality second-hand data, frequently generated by activists and businesses with vested interests in portraying the problem in a certain light. As a result, the evidence base on contemporary forced labour is both dangerously thin and riddled with bias. Researching Forced Labour in the Global Economy gathers an interdisciplinary group of leading scholars to tackle this problem. It provides the first, comprehensive scholarly account of forced labour's role in the contemporary global economy and reflections on the methodologies used to generate this research.
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Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando. They Suffered under Pontius Pilate. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781978719309.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although, according to the Christian Gospels, three men were crucified ca. 30 CE outside Jerusalem under the prefect Pontius Pilate, both popular wisdom and mainstream scholarship focus solely on the fate of a single man. The story is indeed told, once and again, as if only Jesus of Nazareth had been the target of Roman repression, as if only his suffering were worthy of attention, and as if the other men crucified at Golgotha had nothing to do with him. The present book forcefully argues that, from an epistemological and even an ethical perspective, this is an odd and worrying state of affairs: the prevailing approach entails one-sided oversight of significant information, betrays a strong bias, and prevents us from grasping the meaning of the episode, thus making no sense from the standpoint of ancient historians. The event which requires being elucidated is not Jesus’ crucifixion, but the whole episode of the execution by the Roman authorities of at least three men. Who were the other men crucified at Golgotha? Were they actually unconnected to the self-styled “king of the Jews”, as the evangelists want us to believe? Why did the Roman prefect crucify all of them together, in the same place at the same time? And why are we told that Jesus’ cross was placed in the middle of the others? Taking seriously into account the extent of the implausible elements in the Passion accounts, the collective nature of the crucifixion, and the politics of Roman Palestine, They Suffered under Pontius Pilate: Jewish Anti-Roman Resistance and the Crosses at Golgotha provides fresh and consistent answers to these and many other pressing questions, offering a genuinely historical reconstruction. The conclusions obtained challenge many well-rooted assumptions, unveil Jesus’ story as a collective enterprise, have far-reaching implications for the history of Judaism under the Principate, and compel us to critically rethink the beginnings of Christianity.
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Esterik, Penny Van. Food Culture in Southeast Asia. Greenwood Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400652462.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Southeast Asian cuisines, such as Thai, have become quite popular in the United States even though immigrant numbers are low. The food is appealing because it is tasty, attractive, and generally healthful, with plentiful vegetables, fish, noodles, and rice. Food Culture in Southeast Asia is a richly informative overview of the food and foodways of the mainland countries including Burma, Thailand, Lao, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Malaysia, and the island countries of Singapore, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Students and other readers will learn how diverse peoples from diverse geographies feed themselves and the value they place on eating as a material, social, and symbolic act. Chapter 1, Historical Overview, surveys the archaeological and historical evidence concerning mainland Southeast Asia, with emphasis on the Indianized kingdoms of the mainland and the influence of the spice trade on subsequent European colonization. Chapter 2, Major Foods and Ingredients, particularly illuminates the rice culture as the central source of calories and a dominant cultural symbol of feminine nurture plus fish and fermented fish products, local fresh vegetables and herbs, and meat in variable amounts. The Cooking chapter discusses the division of labor in the kitchen, kitchens and their equipment, and the steps in acquiring, processing and preparing food. The Typical Meals chapter approaches typical meals by describing some common meal elements, meal format, and the timing of meals. Typical meals are presented as variations on a common theme, with particular attention to contrasts such as rural-urban and palace-village. Iconic meals and dishes that carry special meaning as markers of ethnic or national identity are also covered. Chapter 6, Eating Out, reviews some of the options for public eating away from home in the region, including the newly developed popularity of Southeast Asian restaurants overseas. The chapter has an urban, middle-class bias, as those are the people who are eating out on a regular basis. The Special Occasions chapter examines ritual events such as feeding the spirits of rice and the ancestors, Buddhist and Muslim rituals involving food, rites of passage, and universal celebrations around the coming of the New Year. The final chapter on diet and health looks at some of the ideologies underlying the relation between food and disease, particularly the humoral system, and then considers the nutritional challenges related to recent changes in local food systems, including food safety.
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Márquez-Peláez, Sergio, Juan Antonio Blasco-Amaro, and Mª José Aguado-Romeo. Incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation (an update). AETSA Área de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía, Fundación Progreso y salud. Consejería de Salud y Familias. Junta de Andalucía, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52766/kpnf6027.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background This report responds to a need to update the available information about incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) previously published in 2014 which, based on 14 case series and 1 cohort study, concluded that this type of transplants could be a therapeutic option with survival, graft and patient outcomes, adequate and similar to a compatible living-donor kidney transplant, however, these report only included ABO-incompatible information. Objective The purpose of the report is to provide updated evidence on effectiveness and safety in terms of graft survival and survival of patients undergoing incompatible LDKT. Method To answer the question a systematic review of the literature was carried out, by updating the structured searches of the previous existing report. The selection of the references was carried out first by title and abstract. Next, the full-text papers were selected by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, defined a priori, by a single researcher. In the same way, we proceeded to extract the data from the articles finally selected, and their synthesis in tables similar to those of the previous report, with special attention to the HLA incompatibility LDKT data, since no information was collected in the previous report. Results From 232 localized references, 35 papers on incompatible LDKT have finally been included, 16 with information on HLAi transplant patients and 19 with ABO incompatible transplant patients. In all cases, case series with or without a control group and a very limited number of patients were treated, only 1 study registered more than 1000 patients undergoing incompatible LDKT in 22 centers (Orandi et al. 2014) in the case of HLAi. The information on graft survival in patients undergoing HLA-incompatible LDKT at 1 year is between 90 % (Laftavi et al. 2011) and 100 % (Blumberg et al. 2013; Yamanaga et al. 2013), while the data recorded over five years survival were lower, from 69 % (Couzi et al. 2015) to 94.7 % (Jakson et al. 2015). The 1-year patient survival registered was found between 90.5 % by Sharif et al. 2014 and 100 % (Blumberg et al. 2013 and Laftavi et al. 2011). The 5-year patient survival recorded is in the range of 59.2 % (in one of the subgroups described by Orandi et al. ) when the other HLAi subgroup does offer similar figures to the rest of the studies, around 86 % survival and the 5-year value provided by Kim et al. which registered 95.8 %. In general, for LDKT with ABO incompatibility, the results of the previous review from 2012 are maintained, with a 1-year graft survival in ABOi-type living donor kidney transplants recorded in up to 8 of the 19 included studies and one 84 % minimum (Bachmann et al. 2018). For patient survival at 1 year, it is 100 % or very close in all the studies on ABOi and figures are high, but somewhat lower, for patient survival at five years (between 92 % of Melexopoulus et al. and 97.7 % from Subramanian et al.). Conclusions There is great variability in the information presented by the studies, so that it make difficult to group together. The quality of the evidence is very limited, as these are case series studies with a high risk of bias, many without a control group, and others with comparative cohort results (historical retrospectives). However, the results shown are consistent and the claims of the previous 2012 report are maintained. Graft survival and patient survival for patients undergoing HLA-incompatible LDKT are high and comparable to values offered by ABOi transplants and ABO compatible transplants. In the studies on LDKT with ABOi data, the results collected on both survival variables maintain the statements of the previous report, remaining at high values. A single localized study about economic efficiency aspects was carried out in the United States, the authors conclude that the LDKT can be an efficient option in terms of cost per QALY, although this conclusion is not directly transferable to our National Health System.