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1
Phuong, Nguyen Duy. "Nguyen dynasty's implementation of international responsibility in the South China Sea (1802 - 1884)". Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 9, nr 2 (27.02.2025): 2331–40. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i2.5075.
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The South China Sea is one of the largest seas in the world. Vietnam owns up to 30% of the area of this sea. The Nguyen Dynasty unified the country and managed a large territory not only on land but also extending into the South China Sea in the 19th century. Inheriting the previous dynasties’ sea and island organization and management experience, the Nguyen Dynasty not only focused on protecting the national sovereignty of seas and islands but also demonstrated its increasing international responsibility. Having reviewed ancient documents, especially the Imperial Records of the Nguyen Dynasty (Châu bản Triều Nguyễn), and built upon the research achievements of domestic and foreign authors, while simultaneously applying two main historical research methods (historical and logical methods) along with other methods (systematic, analytical, synthetic, and comparative methods), the article focuses on analyzing and objectively evaluating the actions that demonstrate the international responsibility of this dynasty for peace and maritime safety in the South China Sea. In addition, it also shows that the Nguyen Dynasty made significant efforts in addressing maritime security challenges with many countries in the region and the world, as well as the relationship between national interests and international interests at that time.
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Hanh, Nguyen Thi My. "The anti-piracy activities of the Nguyen Dynasty in the South China Sea, 1802–1858". International Journal of Maritime History 31, nr 1 (luty 2019): 50–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418824965.
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Following the traditions of the preceding feudal dynasties, efforts were made by the Nguyen Dynasty (Vietnam) to prevent piracy and ensure security and marine safety in the South China Sea during the first half of the nineteenth century. The Nguyen Dynasty directed its energies towards national interests and showed an elevated level of international awareness and responsibility, especially at the beginning of the successful cooperation with Qing Dynasty (China) to resolve this widespread problem. This article examines the attempt of the Nguyen Dynasty to suppress the raiding and looting of pirates in the South China Sea, and its important achievements in this difficult and dangerous work. Addressing this non-traditional security problem also helped confirm the Nguyen Dynasty’s possession of islands within the South China Sea, including the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.
3
Nguyen Duy, Phuong, i Duoc Pham Dinh. "Finding and using the talent recommendation under the Nguyen dynasty (1802 – 1884)". Journal of Science Social Science 67, nr 3 (lipiec 2022): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2022-0044.
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In conclusion, talent recommendation was a policy commonly used by Vietnamese feudal dynasties, as well as the talent recruitment examinations; in order not to miss talented people who for some reason didn’t take the exams and led a secluded life. During the Nguyen Dynasty, this policy was used quite effectively by which many talented people to be named as Nguyen DangTuan, Than Van Quyen, Phan Huy Chu, and Nguyen Tri Phuong were recommended. This policy with its advantages and drawbacks will open up useful experiences for current staff management.
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Sanmuang, Sarinpat, Nongnuch Phoomalee i Preechawut Apirating. "Patterns Symbols in Auspicious Animal Decorate in the Imperial City of Hue, Socialist Republic of Vietnam". International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, nr 3 (28.07.2023): 672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1587.
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The Imperial City of Hue, the capital city of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), was the last dynasty in the feudal era that ruled Vietnam for 143 years. Emperor Gia Long ascended the throne ruling the Kingdom of Vietnam, choosing Hue as the capital city and building the Imperial City of Hue for the Nguyen Dynasty. The construction took 27 years. Emperor Gia Long adopted a system of governance and Confucian concepts to rule Vietnam. The emperor was likened to the Son of Heaven and sent to rule the human world. It was then necessary to create a living space that resembled heaven. The Imperial City of Hue was modeled after the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, to ensure that the royal palaces of the Imperial City of Hue were as marvelous as the Chinese Forbidden City. It also reflects the royal authority of the Vietnamese monarchy following the Chinese monarchy. According to the Cultural Diffusion theory, Vietnam has been culturally influenced by China through the architecture of the Imperial City of Hue, which emphasizes the uniqueness of its important strategic city location; suitable topographic features containing rivers, mountains, and sea as natural defenses against external invasions, and the uniqueness of the Vietnamese capital and the Imperial City of Hue, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam during the Nguyen Dynasty.
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Nguyen, Dinh Co, Xuan Hiep Tran i Tuan Binh Nguyen. "Vietnam and Siam: from Friendship to Confrontation (1802–1835)". Przegląd Nauk Historycznych 23, nr 2 (30.12.2024): 175–95. https://doi.org/10.18778/1644-857x.23.02.07.
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The article presents and explains the changing process of relations between Vietnam and Siam in the early 19th century during the rule of the first two kings of the Nguyen Dynasty, Gia Long and Minh Mang. Due to inherited factors from the past and internal problems, Vietnam and Siam always maintained friendly relations during the first two decades of the nineteenth century, even supporting each other against external threats. However, each side had its own goals and was taking steps to strengthen its position in the region. The malevolence in the relations between the Nguyen court and the Chakri dynasty began to grow gradually, culminating in the reigns of King Minh Mang (Vietnam) and King Rama III (Siam).
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Pham, Manh Duc, i Chien Ngoc Do. "Memorial Tombs – special cultural heritage in the context of compound burials of Nguyen Dynasty aristocracy in Southern parts of Vietnam in Medieval and Post-Medieval Times Pham Duc Manh". Science and Technology Development Journal 18, nr 1 (31.03.2015): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i1.1045.
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This paper introduces Memorial Tombs in the context of memorial compound tomb types for the aristocrat of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802- 1945) in Southern Vietnam in The Medieval and Post-Medieval Time. This type was of rare tangible and intangible cultural heritage at the time (1.5%). These heritage assets are very valuable because they are associated with historical figures – “state founders, meritorious officials” in country expansion time “The Great South Unification (Dai Nam Nhat thong)”. In addition to the typical complex of mausoleums in Southern Vietnam (Nguyen Huu Canh, 1650-1700; Le Van Duyet, 1763-1832; Le Van Phong, Truong Tan Buu, 1752-1827 or Tran Van Hoc, Phan Tan Huynh, Huynh Van Tu, and "Sir Nhieu Loc"), the authors studied Vo Tanh mausoleum at both Hoang De (emperor) and Gia Dinh (emperor) citadels, and the mausoleum of his warmates related to the last and biggest-scaled sea fight between the Nguyen dynasty’s army and the Tay Son insurgent army on Thi Nai lagoon in 1801 (Vo Di Nguy, 1745-1801; Ngo Tung Chau; Thu Ngoc Hau, etc.). In our opinion, the presence of memorial tomb types of Vo Tanh and his warmates – historic-cultural-artistic heritage sites of national/provincial levels in Southern Vietnam relating the honoring of heroes who “wholeheartedly served the King, defended the country, saved the people” in the history of country expansion “Towards the South” in medieval and post-medieval times. They contribute to the moulding of prominent features of the comtemporary Southerners’ personality. Those historical stories of the Southern heroes are preserved and worshipped by their descendants bearing in mind the Vietnamese way of life “praising the bridge carrying one over” and pay homage to ancestors for their nation-building service.
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Tran, Mai Thi. "The maritime defense activities under the Nguyen dynasty (1802-1884)". Science and Technology Development Journal 17, nr 1 (31.03.2014): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i1.1247.
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The Emperor Minh Mang once affirmed: “The governance of nation should focus on ethical practice and danger-matter consideration. These two things are indispensable. Now I conduct copper-shipbuilding, take advantage of the important coastal areas to build plants, preserve those ships when needed”. Not only Emperor Minh Mang but the Nguyen Emperors from Gia Long to Thieu Tri and Tu Duc were highly aware of the country’s territorial waters defense. The Nguyen Dynasty’s marine considerations including the monitoring and defending were expressed through practical activities: building a strong navy, developing maritime defense systems; promulgate regulations like “tuan duyen chuong trinh”, “tuan thuyen quy thuc” and “tuan duong xu phan le”… The maritime defense activities under Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1884) and the lessons learned from these activities will help us “know the past, find the future” and acquire insightful practical values also.
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Quyet, Luu Van. "The use local people as officials of Southern Administrations in the early period of Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1832)". Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 5, nr 1 (18.04.2021): 900–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v5i1.644.
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Southern Vietnam is the central region of the Nguyen Dynasty. It occupies an important position in national defense and foreign affairs. The region has had the huge economic potential and can create a breakthrough for Vietnam's economic development up to now. However, due to the historical conditions and geographical location, political upheaval was tremendously popular during the period of the Nguyen Lords and early Nguyen Dynasty. Besides, the economic factors of international trade and the development of commodity production (specific social foundations) were high above the national standard. As a result, the central government had to use a special method of selecting and using local officials/mandarins. The officials selected must have been good in ``handling the statecraft'', who could understand and have/had a process of living and working in the South. As two eminent political kings, Gia Long and Minh Mang applied flexible measures, not taking the aristocratic nature of candidates very seriously. Both kings completely removed the ``hereditary'' regime, not following the Confucian model as in the North and the Central regions in selecting and using mandarins in the local government apparatus. This policy helped the Nguyen Dynasty build a dedicated, competent service bureau in the region. The policy is an exception in the history of recruiting mandarins under the Confucian perspective in the country/Vietnam, and to a certain extent, it has successfully promoted local socio-economic development. This paper aims to argue that it is difficult to apply a unified but rigid policy in Vietnam on issues related to the locality and that Southern Vietnam always demands more special attention in state policies.
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Fedorin, Andrei. "«Continuation of the Complete Collection of the Historical Notes of Dai Viet» and Its Unfortunate Fate". Problemy dalnego vostoka, nr 4 (2023): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120027152-8.
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The text of the “Continuation of the complete collection of the historical notes of Dai Viet” available for us is a fundamental source of the history of ancient and medieval Vietnam covers the events in this country from ancient times to 1675.Meanwhile the canonical text of this chronicle, distributed in the form of xylographsin the late 18 century, brought the description up to 1740.However, as a result of a significant revision of its final part carried out for political reasons under the first emperors of the Nguyen dynasty (1802-1945)the canonical text was drastically reduced, and the description of the last 65 years (1676-1740) was excluded from it altogether. At the same time, not a single complete xylograph of the original text of the chronicle, as it was formed in the 18th century, has reached our time. The article describes the history of the creation of this chronicle, its fundamental differences from Chinese sources, which certainly served as a model for it, primarily by highlighting its didactic function as the main one. As a result, this "unified history textbook" has always been an important part in the training system of Vietnam's medieval bureaucracy, its text was very stable and changed only for political reasons (during the transition to power of a new dynasty), most often due to significant reduction. This article is devoted to the questions of how is itpossible to at least partially restore the original version of the source and his lost text for the period from 1676 to 1740.
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Anh, Nguyên Thê. "The Vietnamese Monarchy under French Colonial Rule 1884–1945". Modern Asian Studies 19, nr 1 (luty 1985): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0001458x.
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In the epilogue to his memoirs, Bao-Dai, the last sovereign of the Nguyên Dynasty, wrote:In ancient Vietnamese society, the social system is embodied in the person of the emperor, through whom everything religious is done, down to the lowest village level. But, if he sanctifies this act by prescribing or controlling it, he does not assume it. On the contrary, the Vietnamese ideal is that of a sovereign wise enough to reign without stirring, ‘with his hands hanging and his clothes loose…’.
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Le, Thi-Ha, Phuong Dang i Trinh Bui. "Towards Sustainable Products and Services: The Influences of Traditional Costumes in Promoting Sustainable Fashion". Sustainability 16, nr 22 (10.11.2024): 9800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16229800.
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Recent research in Sustainability has gained increasing attention within the past years, particularly regarding methods and approaches for designing sustainable products and services to address environmental and societal challenges. However, there has been limited exploration of incorporating cultural materials into the design process, which could enhance the cultural sustainability of products and services. This article aims to investigate the potential of integrating traditional royal costumes into fashion design to foster sustainability values and behaviours in contemporary society. A descriptive study focused on the Nhat Binh robe; a formal dress worn by noblewomen of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802–1945). The findings reveal that this traditional costume is rich in visual elements, offering a wealth of inspiration for fashion designers. However, existing products and services have yet to fully leverage the emotional and visual aspects of this unique cultural material. To creatively and sustainably preserve and promote traditional cultural values, this study proposes a model for incorporating traditional cultural materials into fashion design through co-design activities. This model emphasizes close collaboration between designers, artisans, and fashion consumers, with the goal of safeguarding traditional cultural values while advancing sustainable fashion. By fostering collaboration among them, the model has the potential to encourage a sense of ownership and emotional connection to the products, enriching consumer experiences. It not only addresses existing gaps in the use of cultural elements in fashion design but also positions designers to play a pivotal role in the future of sustainable fashion.
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Sprey, Ilicia J. "The Vietnam Central Coastline and the Emergent Nguyễn State, c. 1500-1700: Port, Coastline, Hinterland Interrelations". Asian Review of World Histories 5, nr 1 (29.06.2017): 69–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12773/arwh.2017.5.1.069.
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This study, building upon earlier works published from 2011 to the present, focuses on sixteenth through eighteenth century Cochinchina’s upstream-downstream networked relations and how they contributed to the re-development of the region’s economy and consequently its political and social development, with particular emphasis on its coastal ports and related trade under the Nguyễn. These relations revolve around tightly connected interactions among diverse groups including long-term resident diasporic Fujian merchant communities, newly introduced Chan Buddhist monks, maritime-based Chinese pro-Ming piratical syndicates, local Cham raiding cohorts, and the alien Nguyễn clan who in 1600 claimed political authority over the Vietnamese littoral’s central coastal region (Trung Bộ) and extended central lands (Miền Trung). The partnerships the Nguyễn established with each of these groups (merchants, monks, pirates, upstream and downstream multiethnic communities) enabled the major ports of Đà Năng, and particularly, of Hội An, to thrive and produce the income needed to support both the Nguyễn bureaucracy and its military conquest of the southern third of the littoral. Over the course of the seventeenth and into the eighteenth centuries, the Nguyễn co-opted the cultural, spiritual, and maritime-based power and influence exercised by each of each these groups in an initial effort to fulfill its dynastic ambitions that remained unfulfilled until 1802. This work moves beyond other regional studies by using the approach proposed in Michael Pearson’s writings regarding the Indian Ocean ports-of-trade littoral and extending them eastward, to the further edges of the Indian Ocean borderless world, and applying them to the complex interactions of the Vietnamese littoral populations-coastal urban and hinterland - as they contributed to the development of the central Vietnamese littoral’s ports-of-trade and of Nguyễn authority and power in this era.
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Gordienko, Elena. "Vietnamese Tutelary Spirits (Thành Hoàng): History Of the Cult and its Current State". Человек и культура, nr 5 (maj 2022): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2022.5.38950.
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This article discusses the cult of the tutelary spirits (thành hoàng) in Vietnam. These are spirits venerated as patrons of villages, rural communities and urban areas in Vietnam are expected to protect area against calamities, disasters, epidemics, wars, etc. These are mythical, historical and pseudo-historical characters who have merits to the area and its inhabitants. The veneration of them is rooted in the traditional culture. It is an integral part of the Vietnamese folk religion (tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam). The spirits of the area are included in the pantheon of numerous deities and spirits (thần) worshipped by the Vietnamese nowadays despite the anti-religious policy of the Communist Party of Vietnam (in the second half of the 20th century). The article describes reconstruction of the history of the cult and a description of its current state. The milestones of its development are considered: the formation of the cult during the Late Lê dynasty (1428–1788), development trends during the Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1945), which included the period of colonization of Vietnam by the French, the decline of the cult in the second half of the 20th century in socialist Vietnam, the revival of the cult and the entire religious system with the beginning of economic reforms and the democratization of public life in the 1980-90s, and finally, the modern flourishing of the cult and the features of its adaptation to modern conditions. The definition of the historical forms of the cult allows to identify the dynamics in its development and describe the inevitable transformations of the cult in the 21st century, which often are not realized by the bearers of culture, who perceive the cult as an ancient unchanging tradition. The cult has not previously been studied by Soviet and Russian orientalists. I propose the first systematic description of the history of the cult and an assessment of its current state.
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Hang, Ngo Thi Minh. "Education of French Colonialists with Ethnic Minorities in Cochinchine in the period 1862-1945". Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, nr 4 (6.12.2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i4.605.
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In the beginning of the article, we presented the picture of ethnic minorities in Cochinchina and the educational policy of the Nguyen Dynasty to ethnic minorities in Cochinchine before the French colonial invasion as well as the process of invasion and process of imposing a new educational model of French colonialists in Cochinchina. In the main content, the author presents educational policies in general and French policies for ethnic minorities in Cochinchine in particular, expressed in documents and decrees of colonial authorities on goals, manner and measures to be taken. The article also reorganized the implementation of French educational policies in practice for the ethnic minority areas in Cochinchine during the French colonial period, such as the opening of schools, classes, and the process of organizing activities of the French school system, class and results achieved in areas with a large ethnic minority population. The author made the comments and assessments about the results and limitations of the educational policy for ethnic minorities of the French colonialists in Cochinchina from 1862 to 1945.
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Phung, Thi Thanh Xuan. "The study on tea drinking culture in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea and the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam". Science and Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v7i4.867.
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Tea is not only good for health as well as the mind, and a spiritual drink that enlightens people, but also contributes to developing culture and art in each country. If the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea favored the culture of "whisked tea" (點茶法), using powdered tea as in the Song Dynasty, then in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, the culture of "leaf tea" as in the Ming Dynasty ascended. During the Joseon Dynasty, the art of tea drinking declined and disappeared with the policy of “Supressing Buddhism Revering Confucianism” (崇儒抑佛). However, Zen tea masters and late Joseon Confucian scholars still drank tea and wrote poetry about tea, which revived the Joseon art of tea ceremony and helped it be passed to these days. It can be said that the Korean art of tea drinking today is inherited by Zen masters and Confucian scholars of the Joseon period. Compared to the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) - the last feudal dynasty of Korea lasting more than 500 years, Vietnam experienced many dynastic changes in history with the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1910) as the Vietnam's last feudal dynasty. With the idea of understanding the tea culture in the last feudal dynasties of the two countries, the author focuses on the tea culture of the late Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) of Korea and the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945) of Vietnam. The study focuses on analyzing and comparing the similarities and differences between the tea drinking cultures of the two dynasties from a historical perspective. This paper consists of the three main parts (1) an overview of the tea drinking culture of the Joseon period, (2) an overview of the Nguyen dynasty’s tea drinking culture, and (3) a comparison of the tea drinking culture through tea products and tea enjoyment space (tea room) of the two dynasties. This study uses the method of synthesizing and analyzing domestic and international scholars’ papers, the historical-cultural interdisciplinary research method, and the comparative method to clarify the three above- mentioned issues.
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Trần, Đức Anh Sơn. "New Insights on Phap Lam Hue (Hue Painted Enamels) under the Nguyen Dynasty". Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Đông Á 2, nr 4 (15.01.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.59907/daujs.2.4.2023.278.
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Among the cultural heritage of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945) in Hue, the former royal capital of Vietnam, phap lam Hue (Hue painted enamels) stands out. Phap lam Hue is architectural, pottery and art objects with copper core body coated with layers of enamels in different colors. Due to their high resistance to external forces as heat and rain and the passage of time, these enamels were used to adorn roof tops and ridges of royal palaces. They also appeared in decorative panels depicting scenery, flowers and vegetation, birds and literary works on wall panels between upper and lower roofs of palaces, or on gates in royal palaces and tombs in Hue. The study of phap lam Hue has been carried out over the past 20 years, but until now researchers have not established a consensus on several issues such as: Which type of technique does phap lam Hue belong to? Is it called phap lam or phap lang?[1] Even the question whether phap lam Hue were manufactured in Hue, Vietnam, or elsewhere in Asia is still controversial. New documented objects, observations and study trips to museum collections in Europe and China during the last years make it possible to give further information about phap lam Hue. [1] In Chinese, this kind of material is call 琺瑯 (falang in pinyin, phap lang in Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). However, from the Nguyen Dynasty time (1802-1945, the Vietnamese was used the term phap lam (琺 ) instead of phap lang (琺瑯).
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Van Kim, Nguyen, i Tran Xuan Thanh. "The Border Policy of the Nguyen Dynasty as Seen from Pham Than Duat's Work “Hung Hoa Summary”". VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies 38, nr 4 (18.12.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1116/vnupam.4419.
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In the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), inheriting the knowledge and legacy of the previous dynasties, the Hue court was always interested in the management of the border areas, particularly Hung Hoa, the northwest border region with a geo-strategic position of the country. Based on the study of the life and career of Pham Than Duat (1825-1885) and his works, especially “Hung Hoa Summary”, the article focuses on clarifying the context, approach, and content of the geographic work, which has a rich and valuable scientific information content.
The real-world experiences Pham Than Duat had while adhering to the imperial court's directives as a Tuan Giao chief magistrate in the province of Hung Hoa during roughly two years (1855–1866) revealed his feeling of responsibility and dignity as a mandarin-intellectual–passionate patriot. In order to carry out his responsibilities and make insightful management judgments, he carefully examined the area's geography, residents, and cultural customs. His initiatives and programs not only help to maintain peace in the Hung Hoa region, one of the more ethnically diverse and politically difficult regions, but they also help to inspire locals to pursue personal and professional growth. encourage communication and interaction between ethnic groups in border regions. Because of the thoughts and contents it expresses, any scientists use the Hung Hoa summary as a valuable reference for researching remote locations, especially those in the Northwest of Vietnam during the nineteenth century.
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Nguyễn, Thị Oanh, i Thị Minh Trần. "Responding to epidemics: the case of the Nguyễn Dynasty, focusing on the period 1802–1883". International Journal of Asian Studies, 19.09.2024, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591424000275.
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Abstract In the past, Vietnam was impacted by numerous epidemics, particularly during the Nguyễn Dynasty from 1802 to 1883. Based on data from the Đại Nam Thực Lục (1961) (The Veritable Records of the Great South), this article investigates the frequency and nature of these epidemics, identifies the types of common diseases at that time, and explores the underlying causes of these outbreaks. The study further examines the Nguyễn Dynasty's strategies for managing these health crises. During these outbreaks, the dynasty faced significant challenges, with frequent epidemics leading to high death rates, widespread social disruption, and economic decline. The dynasty's primary preventive measures, heavily reliant on spiritual practices like prayer, highlight the limited medical understanding at the time and the constraints of its socio-political framework. However, there was a progressive shift towards the incorporation of Western medical innovations, particularly in the vaccine approach to treat diseases like smallpox. This transition not only marked a critical evolution in the local healthcare approach but also set the stage for more systematic medical advancements in Vietnam during the colonial period (1884–1945).
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Nguyen, Ngoc Huyen. "Irrigation in the western region of Cochinchina under the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1867)". Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Science and Humanities, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v5i4.671.
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In the first half of the 19th century, when regional relations had many fluctuations, the Nguyen Dynasty implemented the resolute policies to protect the Southwest border and dug canals along the border to defend the territory. The responsibility and obligation to protect the sovereignty of the military force were strictly regulated in the Gia Long Code completed in the 11th Gia Long year (Lunar year 1812). The Nguyen Dynasty made the total land recording directory of the entire Luc Nam Ky province (1836), established and consolidated the administrative organization, and completed the social management apparatus from the village (commune) to the intermediate local administrative unit between a district and a commune, district, and province. In addition to the administrative apparatus, the Theravada Buddhist pagoda of the Khmer, cultural institutions, and folk beliefs of the Vietnamese were formed and operated: the tutelary deity temple, the Taoist temple, and the Mahayana Buddhist pagoda. The institutions, cultural facilities, and folk beliefs help calm people's minds, stabilize society, and contribute to the exercise of Vietnam's sovereignty over new lands. The digging of canals, embankment of roads, and development of water and road transport such as Thoai Ha canal (1817), Vinh Te canal (1819-1824), and Vinh An canal (1843-1844) created artificial moats combined with natural ones to protect the territory. Facing the invading force of the French colonialists, the Nguyen Dynasty gradually ceded the provinces of Cochinchina to the French in 1862, 1867, and 1874 although this showed the inability of the Nguyen Dynasty, legally, especially in the international legal sense, these treaties are evidence of Vietnam's indisputable territorial sovereignty over the land of Cochinchina. France could not sign a treaty dividing part of a country's territory if the country did not have sovereignty over that territory, which proved the ingenious leadership of the Nguyen Dynasty at that time, specifically King Minh Mang. Although he was in Phu Xuan capital (Hue), he extended his power to the whole country, carried out a drastic administrative reform, and reorganized the entire state apparatus under the Nguyen Dynasty. Thanks to that, Dai Nam became a country that unified administrative territories and rituals from the exercise of sovereignty over the islands in the South China Sea.
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Hien, Duong The. "The System of Strategic Defense Facilities along the Bassac River Belonged to Vietnam under the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1859)". International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 6, nr 09 (13.09.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i9-16.
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Bassac river was an important arterial river in the Nguyen dynasty’s defensive policy in the Southwestern frontier region in the early nineteenth century. As a result, the Nguyen dynasty attempted to create a significant strategic defense base system of interconnected nature that extended from the frontier to the interior. This article focuses on clarifying the strategic military base system along the Bassac river path, which flows through the Southwestern provinces and had numerous key strongholds to ensure the Nguyen dynasty’s national security from 1802 to 1859.
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Vu, Nga Thi. "Policies by Nguyen Dynasty towards military mandarins and soldiers stationed at Tran Tay Citadel based on its Royal records (1835-1841)". Science and Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v7i4.886.
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After nearly two centuries of separation, at the beginning of the 19th century (1802), Dai Viet was reunified under the rule of the Nguyen Dynasty. This was also a period when our country’s territorial boundaries expanded, with many annexed regions, especially during the reigns of King Minh Menh. Tran Tay Citadel was one of the farthest frontier regions in the Southwest, annexed to our country's territory by King Minh Menh in 1835. In order to govern this new land, during the course of 6 years from the 15th ruling year of Minh Menh (1835) to the 1st ruling year of Thieu Tri (1841), in addition to deploying a strong military force here to suppress the uprisings from local people and at the same time counteract invasions from the neighboring countries, the Nguyen Dynasty implemented policies not only to ensure the well-being but also to boost the military mandarins and soldiers’ morale, helping them confidently complete their tasks. Serving military mandarins and active-duty soldiers were regularly granted allowances (either annually or monthly) in the form of rice or land, based on their rank or military classification. When directly executing their duties, the mandarins and soldiers also received allowances based on the nature of the assigned tasks. Those military mandarins and soldiers, who faced misfortunes during service or in combat, such as illness, injuries, deaths, or natural disasters, received support from the royal court.
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YamadA, Hiroki, Shigeru Satoh, Shigeo Tanaka, Yukihiro Hirai, Susumu Kawahara i Keisuke Sugano. "Methodology for Establishing the Appropriate Protected Area based on the Analysis of Old Drawings In case of Gia Long Mausoleum, Hue". Restauro Archeologico 30, nr 1 (3.02.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rar-14350.
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This paper focused on the first imperial Mausoleum of the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam, Emperor Gia Long (reigned 1802-20), which is one of the components of the World Heritage property [Complex of Hué Monuments]. The paper discussed the relationship between the Gia Long Mausoleum (after this GLM) and its territory from the aspects of "Shan-Shui design", "water management system suitable to tropical monsoon climate" and "symbiosis with local com- munities". This study also revealed that the current protected area is only a tiny part of the area that Gia Long planned by deciphering an old drawing which expresses the ideal worldview of Gia Long and an old map which shows the forbidden area in that era. These research findings contribute to expanding and deepening the OUV of GLM, which was not fully taken into account when the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1993 and provide a basis for establishing the appropriate protected area of GLM.