Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Alternance verbale”

En español, la alternancia predicativa (tener granos en la cara / tener la cara con granos) difiere de la alternancia locativa (cargar el heno en el camión / cargar el camión con heno) en tres aspectos relevantes: (i) argumentos verbales, (ii) estructura eventiva y (iii) relación semántica entre el significado verbal de la variante de locado y el significado verbal en la variante de locación. Por otra parte, el tipo de construcciones propio de la alternancia predicativa no solo se combina con verbos estativos, sino también con verbos aspectualmente dinámicos, incluidos los más representativos de la alternancia locativa. En conclusión, sostenemos que la alternancia predicativa constituye un tipo de diátesis verbal distinto e independiente de la alternancia locativa.

Con el objetivo de caracterizar el funcionamiento sincrónico del marcador deverbal "mira" en muestras pertenecientes al español coloquial europeo —extensibles al español estándar—, este artículo examina las distintas propiedades discursivas, gramaticales, semánticas, prosódicas y pragmáticas a partir de los siguientes criterios: significado procedimental adquirido, existencia/inexistencia de rasgos verbales, dependencia/independencia prosódica y sintáctica, grado de fosilización, posición, estructura informativa, tipo de intervención, alternancia/no alternancia con la variante "mire" y paráfrasis con ciertos marcadores verbales —fosilizados y no fosilizados— u otros conversacionales sin ese origen verbal. Los resultados indican que es posible distinguir una gramaticalización parcial o completa. En la primera, ese proceso no ha culminado y el marcador puede actuar, en una fase intermedia, como conector interactivo, y, en otra avanzada, como conector intensificativo. Cuando ese proceso se ha completado, "mira" se desprende de sus rasgos verbales y se comporta como un operador de respuesta si adquiere un valor interjectivo o como un operador intensificativo cuando ejerce la función de un cuantificador externo que incide sobre el adjetivo. With the aim of characterizing the synchronous functioning of the deverbal marker "mira" in samples belonging to colloquial European Spanish—extensible to standard Spanish—, this article examines the various discursive, grammatical, semantic, prosodic, and pragmatic properties based on the following criteria: acquired procedural meaning, existence/non-existence of verbal features, prosodic and syntactic dependence/independence, degree of fossilization, position, informational structure, type of intervention, alternation/non-alternation with the variant "mire" and paraphrasing with certain verbal markers—both fossilized and non-fossilized—or other conversational markers without that verbal origin. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish between partial or complete grammaticalization. In the former, this process has not concluded, and the marker can act, in an intermediate phase, as an interactive connector, and, in a more advanced phase, as an intensifying connector. When this process is complete, "mira" sheds its verbal features and behaves as a response operator if it acquires an interjective value or as an intensifying operator when it functions as an external quantifier affecting the adjective.

El estudio se centra en el componente verbal de las construcciones indefinidas con dar la gana y dar gana. Los resultados apuntan a que dar la gana se expandió morfológicamente a otros tiempos verbales; mientras que dar gana presenta en el español contemporáneo un descenso en los tiempos verbales en los que aparece. Se concluye que la primera se fijó en las construcciones indefinidas volviéndose productiva, y la segunda no. Asimismo, en los resultados se observa una alternancia entre el indicativo y el subjuntivo. El hecho se asocia a la distinción entre específico y no específico.

Le rôle de la langue maternelle en cours de langue seconde constitue de fait un objet d’étude plus important qu’auparavant. D’autres recherches ont été menées pour « cerner les échanges verbaux entre deux ou plusieurs personnes amenées à rédiger ensemble un même texte (Miled, 1998 : 98) ». En étudiant la rédaction conversationnelle d’un texte argumentatif par deux étudiantes du premier cycle universitaire, nous focalisons notre analyse, par le biais d’une approche descriptive, sur l’effet des alternances codiques sur les interactions verbales et donc sur le déroulement de la tâche d’écriture. Abstract The role of native language in the second language courses represent in fact a more important object of study than before, other research were undertaken to ‘’ identify verbal exchanges between two or many persons brought to write together the same text ( Miled, 1998:98)’’. By studying conversational writing of an argumentative text by two undergraduate students, we focus our analyses through a descriptive approach, on the effect of codic alternations on verbal interactions and therefore on the progress of the writing tasks.

Cette contribution examine l’apport sémantique de la préposition à dans les cas d’alternance des verbes contredire, parer, satisfaire, toucher et viser. Ces verbes peuvent se construire soit avec un objet direct soit avec un objet indirect introduit par la préposition à. S’inscrivant dans le cadre théorique de la Grammaire Cognitive définie par Langacker (2008), cette étude montre que la différence de sens observée entre la construction directe et indirecte du verbe peut être attribuée au sémantisme abstrait de la préposition à : l’expression d’un but abstrait pour parer et viser, l’expression d’une localisation abstraite pour contredire et satisfaire et les deux sens pour le verbe polysémique toucher.

En este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de las formas plenas de los posesivos (mío, tuyo, suyo) que en el español rioplatense y venezolano alternan con argumentos verbales preposicionales (se acuerda de mí ~ se acuerda mío). A partir de una muestra de 1173 verbos, se identificaron en Twitter 164 predicados que admiten el complemento posesivo (CPos) con función argumental. Dichos posesivos tónicos tienen en común el hecho de alternar con el complemento de régimen preposicional (CR), bajo la forma preposición + pronombre personal, y de expresarse con el género no marcado en la primera, segunda y tercera persona del singular. Además de admitir un argumento interno preposicional, los verbos que participan en la alternancia CR ~ CPos designan, en su mayoría, procesos mentales, en los que pueden participar complementos argumentales con rasgos de persona. Los posesivos no solo satisfacen esta condición deíctica, sino también la relacional, un rasgo compartido con la preposición de caso genitivo de, con el que suele alternar. Los datos permiten comprobar, además, que el fenómeno se extiende a predicados que seleccionan complementos introducidos por a y en, si bien dentro del ámbito del CR. Se señalan, como posibles factores de extensión analógica, la alternancia preposicional (de ~ en) y el contenido léxico de los predicados.

Résumé Dans cet article, nous abordons l’analyse d’une variété de processus faisant partie de la morphologie verbale de l’arabe marocain (AM). Notre analyse s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique du gouvernement et du charme (Kaye, Lowenstamm et Vergnaud, 1985). Un des objectifs de cette théorie et de notre analyse est de montrer qu’une règle arbitraire n’est pas le moyen le plus efficace pour l’expression de beaucoup de phénomènes phonologiques. À notre avis, ces phénomènes peuvent être déduits à partir de l’interaction de principes universaux avec les valeurs paramétriques de la langue en question. En particulier, nous montrons que la structure syllabique de l’AM ainsi que la nature de son système vocalique rend compte d’une variété impressionnante de phénomènes observés dans cette langue : épenthèse et syncope, des alternances voyelle haute - semi-voyelle, dégémination, etc.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar e analisar o uso corrente de formas verbais em enunciados nos quais a expectativa de uso seria de formas do presente do subjuntivo, mas, efetivamente, acabam sendo produzidas outras formas morfológicas. Tal expectativa baseia-se na distinção dos modos, considerando que o indicativo mostra, em geral, posicionamento de certeza do falante em relação a seu dizer e o modo subjuntivo revela um posicionamento de incerteza. Limitamos nossa análise às formas verbais do indicativo e do subjuntivo no tempo presente. Os dados apresentados são todos registros de fala de indivíduos em situação não monitoradas, ou seja, são fragmentos de conversas espontâneas. Para quem tem uma expectativa de uso, nos enunciados da língua, de formas verbais ora no presente do indicativo, ora no presente do subjuntivo, a escuta de enunciados registrando o presente do indicativo, por exemplo, em substituição ao presente do subjuntivo chama a atenção. A troca, em alguns registros de fala, é respaldada pelo conteúdo semântico do verbo e/ou por formas adverbiais em coocorrência com o verbo no presente do indicativo. Mas não se limita a essas possibilidades.r

El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una descripción gramatical exhaustiva para un conjunto de construcciones formadas por un verbo y un SP subcategorizado encabezado por la preposición con (e.g. discutir con). Concretamente, nuestra propuesta se centra en estudiar y describir de un modo más preciso los diferentes SSPP (con) que acompañan a verbos, según puedan considerarse Argumentos o Predicados y, más excepcionalmente, Adjuntos. Para ello empleamos una metodología descriptivista que permita incorporar herramientas teóricas de corte formal al análisis de dichas construcciones, más especialmente la posibilidad de configurar cláusulas reducidas a partir del contraste SP (con/sin). Los resultados de esta descripción y su correspondiente análisis tienen su reflejo en una clasificación de expresiones encabezadas por la preposición con que toma como base caracterizadora las particularidades léxico-sintácticas de los núcleos verbales a los que se asocian. En este sentido, hemos querido discriminar el estatus sintáctico de los distintos SSPP (con) en función de su naturaleza subcategorizada o no seleccionada, distinción que pondrá el foco en aquellas que constituyen un argumento regido o expresan ´estado`/´situación`. Así, también formarán parte de este paradigma clasificatorio verbos que seleccionan régimen alterno (a partir de SSPP (con) y CD/CI) y otros que alternan sintagmas preposicionales encabezados por a/con. Finalmente, han sido incluidos usos que presentan alternancia verbal y adjetival, lo que permite establecer interesantes contrastes en relación con la selección argumental que ejercen verbos y adjetivos como simpatizar/simpático sobre SSPP (con). Del mismo modo, verbos terminativos y verbos no subcategorizadores de régimen ofrecen asociaciones gramaticales opuestas respecto de la aparición de sintagmas encabezados por con. En definitiva, con este estudio pretendemos ofrecer una clasificación léxico-sintáctica de verbos que se combinan con SSPP (con) que tenga en cuenta no solo el significado conceptual del verbo, sino también su Estructura Argumental, su comportamiento sintáctico y el estatus léxico-sintáctico del SP, así como las posibles alternancias preposicionales.

Cette thèse en Sciences du Langage se situe dans le cadre de la morphologie verbale historique et étudie le devenir des alternances de bases au présent de l’indicatif en français. Le cadre global est celui d’une étude linguistique associant description du système verbal du français et histoire des représentations du français, et ce dans une diachronie longue, dans la mesure où certains changements sont très anciens et d’autres sont le fait de la période médiévale, tandis que d’autres datent de l’époque moderne.Nous avons décrit le fonctionnement des paradigmes verbaux en synchronie et en diachronie, tout en définissant les concepts fondamentaux utilisés. Nous sommes ainsi revenue sur la notion de « verbe régulier » et de « verbe irrégulier » d’un point de vue historique. Nous avons distingué l’alternance de bases verbale et la variation phonologique de la base. Nous nous sommes arrêtée sur l’analogie, mécanisme d’alignement fondamental dans l’évolution du système verbal, qui peut jouer à l’intérieur du paradigme ou d’un ensemble de paradigmes du même verbe avec notamment l’extension d’une des bases au détriment de l’autre, comme celle la base aim- à tous les tiroirs et en P4 / P5 de l’indicatif présent du verbe aimer, AF amer. Par ailleurs, aux 16e et 17e siècles, où subsistaient encore de nombreuses hésitations, les grammairiens et remarqueurs ont joué un rôle de descripteur et prescripteur de la langue que nous avons essayé de cerner.Pour mener à bien cette étude, nous avons constitué un corpus de 27 verbes représentant plusieurs types d’alternances verbales, comme treuve/trouvons et aime/amons qui a donné 312 250 occurrences brutes en contexte dans Frantext de l’ancien français à 1799. Les verbes ont été regroupés selon leur alternance de départ pour une étude systématique des fréquences et autres paramètres, afin de comprendre pourquoi des verbes qui présentaient des alternances identiques en ancien français n’ont pas connu le même aboutissement en français moderne, et tenter de déterminer les facteurs favorisant le maintien de l’alternance de bases ou, au contraire, les facteurs qui favorisent l’extension d’une des deux bases verbales au présent de l’indicatif.Finalement, de multiples paramètres ont pu jouer dans les transformations et les normalisations des paradigmes verbaux au présent de l’indicatif : la fréquence d’emploi d’une forme, d’une base ou d’un paradigme, l’appartenance d’un verbe à une famille morphologique, l’analogie intra et interparadigmatique et la prescription linguistique aux 16e et 17e siècles. Nous proposons une hiérarchie des critères
This thesis in Linguistics is part of a study of historical verbal morphology and examines the evolution of alternation of verbal stems in the French present tense. The overall framework is that of a linguistic study combining a description of the French verbal system and the history of representations of French language, in a long diachrony context, as certain changes are very old, and others are the result of the medieval period, while some others date from the modern period.We described the functioning of verbal paradigms in synchrony and diachrony, while defining the fundamental concepts used. We thus redefinied the notion of ‘regular verb’ and ‘irregular verb’ from a historical point of view. The alternation of verbal stems and the phonological variation of the verbal stem have been distinguished. We analysed the concept of analogy, a fundamental alignment mechanism in the evolution of the verbal system, that can play a role within a paradigm or a set of paradigms of the same verb, in particular with the extension of one of the verbal stems to the detriment of the other, such as the aim stem - in all the tenses and in P4/P5 of the present tense of the verb aimer (to love), Old French amer. Moreover, in the 16th and 17th centuries, when there was still a lot of hesitation, grammarians and Remarqueurs played a role as descriptors and prescriptors of the language, rôle that we have tried to define.To carry out this study, we compiled a corpus of 27 verbs representing several types of verbal alternation, such as treuve/trouvons (to find) and aime/amons (to love), which yielded 312,250 raw occurrences in context in the Frantext corpus, from Old French to 1799. The verbs were grouped according to their initial alternation for a systematic study of frequencies and other parameters, in order to understand why verbs with identical alternations in Old French did not have the same outcome in modern French. We also tried to determine the factors favouring the maintenance of the verbal alternation or, on the contrary, the factors favouring the extension of one of the two verbal stems in the present tense.Finally, we observed several parameters may have played a part in the transformations and standardisation of verbal paradigms in the present tense: the frequency of use of a form, verbal stem or paradigm, whether a verb belongs to a morphological family, the intra and interparadigmatic analogy, and linguistic prescription in the 16th and 17th centuries. A hierarchy of criteria has been proposed

Orientadores: Anna Christina Bentes da Silva, Josane Moreira de Oliveira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta tese investiga a expressão de modalidades típicas do subjuntivo em duas sincronias do português: século XVI (dados de GANDAVO, 1556) e contemporaneidade (dados de Muriaé-MG e de Feira de Santana-BA). Utilizam-se dos pressupostos teóricos e procedimentos metodológicos da Sociolingüística Quantitativa (LABOV, 1972, 1994) e analisam-se os contextos de tempo presente das sentenças completivas, adverbiais e relativas. Nesse trabalho, aventa-se a hipótese central de que em diversas fases do português, o fenômeno do uso do subjuntivo não esta apenas relacionado a co-ocorrencia do indicativo e do subjuntivo, como costumam abordar na literatura sociolinguistica (cf. BIANCHET, 1996; MEIRA, 2006; FAGUNDES, 2007, dentre outros), mas também a realização de estruturas alternativas, a saber: sentenças que se apresentam com a forma verbal nominalizada, no gerúndio, no infinitivo, elíptica ou no futuro condicional. Aventa-se, também, a hipótese de que o português falado no solo mineiro esteja manifestando uma etapa mais avançada do processo de variação linguística. Mas especificamente, no caso do uso do presente do subjuntivo, assume-se a hipótese de que construções com a forma verbal no presente do subjuntivo não estejam tão frequentes no vernáculo mineiro como esta no baiano, fato que se manifesta pela recorrência, em índices mais altos, dos usos do presente do indicativo e de estruturas alternativas nos dados de Muriaé-MG. Para, assim, caracterizar o fenômeno em estudo, busca-se verificar a atuação de fatores estruturais e sociais na co-ocorrência indicativo/subjuntivo e no uso de estruturas alternativas, bem como, identificar os aspectos sintáticos e semânticos apresentados por essas estruturas. Em conclusão encontra-se exposto o que pode ser sintetizado nas seguintes palavras: a expressão das modalidades típicas do subjuntivo apresenta nas duas sincronias pontos em comum e características díspares. Eis os pontos afins: alto índice de uso de estruturas alternativas (em torno de 70%), exceto em contexto de sentenças relativas; co-ocorrência indicativo/subjuntivo, sobretudo em contexto de adverbiais e relativas. Referente aos pontos díspares, cada quadro sincrônico do fenômeno apresenta-se impar em relação a atuação de fatores estruturais e sociais. Com isso, atesta-se, assim, a validade da hipótese de que o fenômeno do não-uso do subjuntivo encontra-se em estagio mais avançado na amostra mineira do que na baiana.
Abstract: This thesis investigates the expression of typical modalities of the subjunctive in two synchronies of the Portuguese: century XVI (data of GANDAVO, 1556) and contemporarily (data from Muriae-MG and Feira de Santana-BA). The estimated theoreticians and methodological procedures of the Quantitative Sociolinguistics use themselves of (LABOV, 1972, 1994) and analyze the contexts of present time of the completive, adverbial and relative clauses. In this work it is suggested the central hypothesis of that in diverse phases of the Portuguese, the phenomenon of the use of the subjunctive is not only related to the co-occurrence of the indicative and the subjunctive, as they used to considered in sociolinguistics literature (cf. BIANCHET, 1996; MEIRA, 2006; FAGUNDES, 2007, amongst others), but also to the realization of alternative structures, namely, sentences which present themselves with the verbal forms nominalizated, in the gerund, in the infinitive, elliptical or in the conditional future. It also suggests the hypothesis of that the Portuguese said in the "mineiro" area is revealed a stage more advanced of the process of linguistic variation. But specifically, in the case of the use of the present of the subjunctive, it is assumed hypothesis of that constructions with the verbal form in the present of the subjunctive are not so frequent in vernacular "mineiro" as it is in the "baiano", fact which manifests by the recurrence, in higher levels, of the uses of the present of the indicative and alternative structures in the data of Muriae-MG. For, thus, characterizing the phenomenon in studying, it is tried to verify the performance of structural and social factors in co-occurrence of indicative/subjunctive and the use of alternative structures, as well as identifying the syntactic and semantic aspects that characterize these structures. In conclusion, it is displayed what it can be synthesized in the following words: the expression of the typical modalities of the subjunctive presents in common in the two synchronies points and different characteristics. Here it is the similar points: high index of use of alternative structures (around 70%), except in context of relative sentences; co-occurrence of the indicative/ subjunctive, over all in context of adverbial and relative clauses. Referring to the points, we can affirm that each synchronous set of the phenomenon is presented odd in relation to the performance of structural and social factors. With this, it is certified, thus, the validity of the hypothesis of that the phenomenon of the not-use of the subjunctive is found in a more advanced stage in the "mineiro" sample of than in the "baiano" one.
Doutorado
Linguistica
Doutor em Linguística

Libreville capitale du Gabon est une ville cosmopolite comme toutes les villes africaines. De nombreuses langues se partagent un même espace donné. Toutefois, deux langues se démarquent : le français, la langue officielle du pays et le fang, la langue ethnique de nos familles gabonaises. Elles parlent ces deux langues, donc bilingues, même si ces deux codes linguistiques sont maîtrisés différemment ; ce qui a pour effet des situations d’exolinguisme dans leurs interactions verbales familiales. Les enfants ayant une compétence plus grande que leurs parents, ils joueront le rôle de « locuteur fort », tout en préservant la « face » de leurs parents. Notre thèse se propose par cette étude microsociolinguistique, d’analyser l’utilisation de deux codes linguistiques par un groupe qui revendique une identité forte, de voir comment elle se traduit précisément chez ces familles gabonaises et de ressortir les représentations et les attitudes vis-à-vis de ces deux langues
Libreville is the first city in Gabon; this town is as much as cosmopolitan such as any modern African cities. So, many languages are spoken due to the area and various ethnic cultures and people living within the region. Nevertheless, two languages have been predominant among them: The French Language in one hand which is the official and administrative language of the Country, and the other hand, the most spoken local language the fang.The Gabonese family speaks both of these two languages, then that makes them bilingual even if these two have different linguistics codes, so cause a proper way of mastering them technically, then it brings out the phenomenon of Exolinguistics in their oral interaction and communication. Having a greater capability than their parents, children play a role of strong speaker while at the same time keeping the shame away for their parents.At last, our study and research are all about to analyse the use of two linguistics codes shared by a group of people that claims a strong identity and also precisely how the behaviours and attitudes are affected in Gabonese families facing their bilingual side

Orientador: Rosa Attie Figueira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: O presente trabalho buscou interpretar os erros na aquisição de verbos com alternância vocálica na fala de M (gravada semanalmente, de 1,06 a 3,06), a luz dos processos metafóricos e metonimicos, propostos por De Lemos (1992). De acordo com esta proposta, o erro é visto como produto de relações que se estabelecem na fala da criança. Algumas descrições sobre a alternância vocálica dos verbos do português são abordadas no Capitulo 11. Delas conclui-se que as explicações para as alternâncias são de base fonológica ou morfológica. Não há consenso a respeito disso entre os autores. Ao que parece, a alternância pode ser considerada como um ítem em variação no português. As explicações oferecidas pelos autores tentam cercar esta fato. A realidade é que as descrições encaram a lingua como produto e não como processo, que é o que se busca contemplar em aquisição da linguagem Neste capitulo, conclui-se que a lingua é heterogênae está em constante movimento, também no caso da alternância vocâlica. No Capitulo 111 foram resumidos alguns estudos de diferentes posições teóricas, que do alguma forma, contribuiram para o estudo do tema. Em primeiro lugar, abordou-se o trabalho de Perroni Simões (1976), que chegou a propor quo a aquisição destes verbos se daria pela aplicação do uma regra gramatical. Em 1977. esta autora e Stoel-Gammon levantaram a hipótese, de que a aquisição da 1a. pessoa seria derivada a partir da 3a. pessoa do singular, tomada como forma básica. Os erros com os verbos de alternância vocálica foram interpretados como evidância para esta hipótese. Tal hipótese foi mais tarde sustentada por Bybee (1985), que buscou nos dados do aquisição da linguagem, a confirmação para sua hipótese sobro a organização de paradigmas. Ainda neste capitulo, o modelo de Karmiloff-Smith (1986) foi lembrado, pois propõe um tratamento para a aquisição da morfologia. Por último, a proposta sócio-interacionista foi apresentada desde a definição dos processos dialógicos até a proposta dos processos metafóricos e metonimicos, descritos por De Lemos (1992). No Capitulo IV, a análisa dos erros com verbos de alternância vocálica na fala de M foram interpretados como sendo uma ressignificação da fala do outro na fala da M, via processo metafórico e metonimico. A dependência da fala do outro está marcada pela manutenção da abertura da vogal do radical, tal como é na 3a. pessoa, revelando a semelhança com a fala do outro, ao mesmo tempo em que ocorre uma substituição, pela marcação de /o/ desinencial. Observou-se que esta forma hibrida passou a ocupar o mesmo ambiente sintático antes ocupado pelas formas em 3a. pessoa. Neste sentido. o paradigma inicial de M começa a se estabelecer por meio de relações do semelhanças e diferenças em relação à fala do outro. As considerações finais estão esboçadas no Capitulo V
Abstract: The present work tried to interpret the mistakes on vocalic alternation verbs in M's speech (recorded weckly fron 1;06 to 3;06), by metaphorical and matonymical proposed by De Lemos (1992). According to this proposal, the mistake is understood like product of relations that are established on child speech. Some descriptions about Portuguese vocalic alternation verbs are approached in chapter 11. By those, it was possible to conclude that the explanations to the alternations are phonological and morphological anes. There is no consense about that among the authors. It seems that alternation can be considered like a variation item in Portuguese. The explanation uffered by the authors tried to approach this fact. The reality is that those descriptions ccnceive languaqe as a product and not as a process, that is what is contempled in lanquage acquisiticn. In this chapter it is concluded that language is heterogeneous and it is in constant movement; also in the case of vocalic alternation. In Chapter III some studies, from different theorical positions were summarized, what in some way, contributed to the study of the theme. Firstly, the work of Perroni Simões (1976) was approached, who has proposed that the acquisition of these verbs would happen by the apliccation of a grammatical rule. In 1977, this author and Stoel-Gammon brought up tha hypothesis that the acquisitiun of the first person was derived by the third person of singular, assumed as the basic form. The mistakes on vocalic alternation verbs were interpreted as an evidence for such hypothesis. This hypothesis was lately supported by Bybee (1985), who searched on language acquisition data the confirmation to her hypothesis about paradigms organization. Still in this chapter, the Karmiloff-Smith's (1986) model was recalled, because it suggests a treatment to morphology acquisition. At last, a social-interacionist proposal was presented from the dialogue processes definition up to the metaphorical and metonymical processes proposal described by De Lemos (1992). In chapter IV, the anaIysis of the mistakes on vocalic alternation verbs on M's speech were interpreted as a ressignification of the other's speech on the M's by metaphorical and methonymical processes. The dependence on the other's speeeh is marked by the maintenence of the opening of the root vowel as it is in the third person, revealing the similaritv with the other's speech, at the same time that occurs a substitution by the /0/ desinencial mark. It was remarked that this hybrid form was turned to occupy the same syntatic environment first accupied by the third person forms. In this way, the initial M's paradigm becomes to be established by the relations of similiarites and differences concerned to the other's speech. The final considerations are on chapter V
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística

Zusammenfassung Der Forschungsgegenstand der Dissertation ist die multidimensionale Variation bei den unakkusativischen Bewegungsverben gehen und kommen im Gebrauch. Diese Variation erfolgt nämlich auf struktureller Ebene durch das Phänomen der Diathesenbildung und auf interaktionellfunktionaler Ebene durch die verbal und/oder gestisch realisierte Person- und/oder Lokaldeixis. Ziel der Studie ist die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen der strukturellen und interaktionellen Variation bei gehen und kommen und dem jeweiligen Produktionskontext, der seinerseits einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die kognitiven Prozesse des Sprechers ausübt. In diesem Sinne wird die jeweilige Wahl eines kommunikativen Mittels gegenüber einem anderen zu einer subjektiven Perspektive. Der Produktionskontext betrifft hier zwei Aspekte: die jeweils verwendete thematische Entfaltung (ergebnis- und erlebnisbezogenen Narrationen, objekt- und ereignisbezogenen Deskriptionen sowie Argumentationen) einerseits und den stilistisch-individuellen Faktor. Die Daten stammen aus einem Korpus gesprochener Sprache mit Produktionen auf Deutsch als Muttersprache und im audiovisuellen Format, was seinerseits die Behandlung der Multimodalität in dieser Studie zur Variation je nach Kontext ermöglicht. Die Sprachproduktionen wurden transliteriert und anschließend lemmatisiert, um die Repräsentativität der analysierten gehen- und kommen-Prädikate zu gewährleisten. Bei der Ermittlung von diathetischer (i. S. v. struktureller) und deiktischer (i. S. v. interaktioneller) Alternanz betrifft die methodologische Strategie jeweils zwei Analysen. Der Ermittlung von diathetischer Alternanz liegt eine syntaktisch-semantische Analyse einerseits zugrunde. Dabei warden der Satzbauplan jedes Prädikats, die semantische Rolle jeder Ergänzung und die entsprechende Prädikatsklasse (Handlungen, Aktivitäten, Zustände und Vorgänge) bestimmt. Anhand von dieser Information ist es möglich, die Diathesen von gehen und kommen durch die semantisch dynamischen Prädikate ohne eine Agens-Rolle an der Subjekt-Stelle zu lokalisieren (Ein- und Ausschaltung der Agens-Rolle im Satzbauplan von gehen und kommen als Indikator für strukturelle Variation). Die Ermittlung von deiktischer Alternanz setzt andererseits eine Origo-Analyse zur Bestimmung von Person- und/oder Lokaldeixis bei denselben realisierten Prädikaten voraus. Das audiovisuelle Format der analysierten Daten ermöglicht darüber hinaus das Lokalisieren von nicht nur verbal, sondern auch von gestisch realisierter Person- und/oder Lokaldeixis. Durch eine solche Origo-Analyse lokalisiert man die deiktisch realisierten Prädikate, bei denen die Sprecher- oder die Hörer-Figur vom Produktionskontext referentiell als räumlicher Referenzpunkt (Origo als ‚ich-hier’) am Prädikat teilnehmen. Das referentielle (Nicht-)Vorkommen des Sprechers oder des Hörers bei einem realisierten Bewegungsprädikat stellt den Indikator zur interaktionellen Variation dar. Durch die Kombination der ermittelten strukturellen und interaktionellen Variation mit dem Produktionskontext, d. h. mit dem textthematischen und dem stilistisch-individuellen Faktor kann man beobachten, dass der stilistisch-individuelle Faktor diathetische und deiktische Variation bei allen Probanden begünstigt. Die Betrachtung derselben Daten nach dem textthematischen Faktor zeigt dagegen eine Tendenz zur Perspektivenkonsistenz bzgl. der diathetischen und der deiktischen Alternanz bei jeder thematischen Entfaltung. Darüber hinaus begünstigt der Faktor der thematischen Entfaltung sehr exklusive Distributionen in Bezug auf die beobachteten Analyseeinheiten, d. h. Satzbauplan, semantische Rollen, Prädikatsklasse, Deixisdimension sowie die mediale Kodierung der Deixis. Dementsprechend kommen bspw. die diathetischen Varianten von gehen und kommen ausschließlich bei den deskriptiven Texten vor, während diese unter Betrachtung des stilistischindividuellen Faktors bei allen Probanden dokumentiert werden. Der Faktor der thematischen Entfaltung ist somit restriktiver bzgl. des Vorkommens von Variation als der individuelle Faktor, der direkt an die kognitiven Prozesse des jeweiligen Sprechers, d. h. an die Sprechersubjektivität gebunden ist, was mit dem Vorkommen von variierenden Strukturen in mehreren Fällen in Verbindung zu stehen scheint. Diese Beobachtungen lassen darauf schließen, dass nicht alle Faktoren des Produktionskontextes in gleichem Maße zur Variation beitragen. Die hohe Anzahl an deiktisch realisierten Prädikaten deutet nicht nur darauf hin, dass die interaktionelle Variation sehr beschränkt ist. Vielmehr spricht dies dafür, dass die analysierten Bewegungsprädikate aus einer vorwiegend intrinsischen Perspektive realisiert wurden. Der hohe Deixisgebrauch ist auch in allen thematischen Entfaltun en zu dokumentieren, sogar auch in den ergebnisbezogenen Narrationen (i. S. v. Erörterungen) und den objektbezogenen Deskriptionen, die theoretisch eine eher extrinsische Perspektive begünstigen sollten.
The present investigation focuses on structural and multimodal-interactional variation in use of the German dynamic verbs “gehen” and “kommen”. In this regard, production context plays an important role, since it interacts with the speaker’s cognitive processes. Thus, the choice of a concrete communicative variant leads in each case to a subjective perspective. The main goal of this study is to look for interrelations between respectively diathetical (structural) and deictic (multimodal-interactional) variation and the production context, represented in this study by thematic development and the stilistic-individual factor. The study data were extracted from an oral language corpus of audiovisual records. It consists of 35 productions and 7 speakers (5 productions per speaker). Each of these 5 productions corresponds to a thematic development (objective and subjective narrations, procedural and object oriented descriptions and argumentations). All records were transcribed and lemmatised to ensure sufficient representativeness of each dynamic predicate in all thematic developments (157 realizations for “gehen” and 121 realizations for “kommen”). In order to pursue the research goal, a methodological strategy based on a two-level analysis was developed. On the one hand, the structural analysis involves recognizing and classifying units of analysis, such as sentence structure (“Satzbauplan”) of each predicate, semantic role of each complement subcategorized by the verb (“Ergänzung”), and predicate class (actions, activities, processes, and states), which leads to exploration of the syntactic-semantic predicate relations. This allows distinction between prototypical use of “gehen” and “kommen” (dynamic actions/activities with explicit agent as grammatical subject) and their non prototypical diathetical variants (dynamic actions with non agentive subject, and blocked yet implicit agent). On the other hand, the multimodalinteractional analysis focuses on the referential capacity of the same gehen and kommen predicates. It involves the verbal and/or gestural identification of the origin or reference point (‘me-here’) in such a predicate with the speaker or hearer as entities of the production context of each used predicate. This eventual identification forms the basis for the distinction between deictic or not deictic dynamic predicates. The combination of studied diathetical and deictic variation with the aspect of thematic development and the stilictic-individual factor shows that the textual context aspect tends to perspective consistancy. This consistancy regarding structural and multimodal-interactional variation is observed in all thematic developments, which neutralizes the distinction between objective and subjective narrations on the one hand, and procedural and object oriented descriptions on the other hand. The textual aspect also favours a very restrictive distribution of the observed units of analysis. Thus, diathetical predicates are only observed in descriptions. In contrast to this, the stilictic individual factor, which is tightly bound to the cognitive processes of the same speaker, is not so restrictive and favours therefore the occurrence of variation in more cases. This finding allows to conclude that not all production context aspects contribute to variation occurrence to the same extent.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão
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Análise da influência do receptor GABAB no desenvolvimento da tolerância rápida ao etanol em camundongos, no teste do rota-rod. Os animais foram treinados diariamente, durante cinco dias, no aparelho do rota-rod, até que atingissem linha de base mínima para serem selecionados para os testes. No dia dos testes, a velocidade de queda (rpm/min) do animal, do eixo giratório do aparelho, foi registrada antes da administração de drogas, e comparada àquela registrada durante os experimentos. Foram estudados os efeitos do tratamento prévio com três drogas: o (-baclofeno, agonista GABAB; o CGP36742 e o CGP56433, antagonistas GABAB. O (-)baclofeno impediu o desenvolvimento da tolerância rápida de forma dependente da dose, mas os resultados com doses mais elevadas foram prejudicados pelos efeitos miorrelaxantes da droga. Tanto o CGP36742 quanto o CGP56433 facilitaram o desenvolvimento da tolerância rápida de forma dose-dependente. No entanto, a administração posterior de (-) baclofeno impediu total ou parcialmente essa facilitação pelo CGP36742, e não impediu os efeitos do CGP56433 na maioria das doses testadas. Finalmente, uma possível interação farmacocinética, entre as drogas utilizadas no estudo e o etanoi foi excluída através da dosagem da alcoolemia, que não revelou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as amostras encaminhadas para análise. Em conclusão, os resultados desse estudo sugerem o envolvimento do receptor GABAB no desenvolvimento da tolerância rápida aos efeitos do etanol. Sugere-se que este desenvolvimento tenha ocorrido, possivelmente, através da menor ou maior modulação do complexo NMDA, levando à inibição ou à facilitação de mecanismos ligados aos processos de aprendizagem e memória. receptor GABAB tolerância etanol (-)baclofeno CGP36742 CGP56433 NMDA aprendizagem memória.

Libreville capitale du Gabon est une ville cosmopolite comme toutes les villes africaines. De nombreuses langues se partagent un même espace donné. Toutefois, deux langues se démarquent : le français, la langue officielle du pays et le fang, la langue ethnique de nos familles gabonaises. Elles parlent ces deux langues, donc bilingues, même si ces deux codes linguistiques sont maîtrisés différemment ; ce qui a pour effet des situations d’exolinguisme dans leurs interactions verbales familiales. Les enfants ayant une compétence plus grande que leurs parents, ils joueront le rôle de « locuteur fort », tout en préservant la « face » de leurs parents. Notre thèse se propose par cette étude microsociolinguistique, d’analyser l’utilisation de deux codes linguistiques par un groupe qui revendique une identité forte, de voir comment elle se traduit précisément chez ces familles gabonaises et de ressortir les représentations et les attitudes vis-à-vis de ces deux langues
Libreville is the first city in Gabon; this town is as much as cosmopolitan such as any modern African cities. So, many languages are spoken due to the area and various ethnic cultures and people living within the region. Nevertheless, two languages have been predominant among them: The French Language in one hand which is the official and administrative language of the Country, and the other hand, the most spoken local language the fang.The Gabonese family speaks both of these two languages, then that makes them bilingual even if these two have different linguistics codes, so cause a proper way of mastering them technically, then it brings out the phenomenon of Exolinguistics in their oral interaction and communication. Having a greater capability than their parents, children play a role of strong speaker while at the same time keeping the shame away for their parents.At last, our study and research are all about to analyse the use of two linguistics codes shared by a group of people that claims a strong identity and also precisely how the behaviours and attitudes are affected in Gabonese families facing their bilingual side

Ce travail est une étude du vocalisme radical du verbe latin, dans une perspective tout à la fois synchronique et diachronique. Il s'agit de démêler les apophonies productives en latin de celles qu'il a directement pu hériter de l'indo-européen-l'objet de ce travail est d'établir une série de classes apophoniques reposant sur la notion de " palier ", car l'étude de l'apophonie radicale du verbe latin est essentiellement un travail sur l'absence. Au terme de cette analyse, il apparaît que la clef du système verbale latin se trouve dans son lexique nominal, par la " dégrammaticalisation lexicale" d'anciens participes en *-tó- et de dérivés primaires en *-tí- ou en *-tú-
This work examines Latin verb root vocalism, through both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. Specifically examined will be inability of spontaneous Latin apophonic patterns to merge with Latin reflexes of P. I. E. Apophonic patterns encountered in the Latin language. Through the process of following specific stages, several new apophonic patterns encountered in the Latin language. Through the process of following specific stages, several new apophonic classes are constructed, this due, in large part, to the fact that the study of Latin verb root apophony mostly involves filling gaps. Henceforth, it appears that the key to the Latin verbal system lies in the nominal system itself, considering the fact that fossilized *-tó- participles and * -tí- or * -tú-. Primary derivatives have undergone what we may call “lexical degrammaticalisation” in Latin

Cette recherche a pour objet l'enseignement de l'oral en langue française au Liban, dans deux secteurs éducatifs différents (public et privé), et dans une société plurilingue où les différences sociales, les pratiques langagières et religieuses ne sont pas uniformes. Quels sont les paramètres qui déterminent l 'enseignement / apprentissage de l'oral et ses variations au Liban ? Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous avons construit un corpus complexe constitué de 6 séances d'oral observées dans deux écoles libanaises (publique et privée) soit primaire et collège en France. De plus, nous avons effectué des entretiens semi-directifs avec des enseignantes, des apprenants ainsi qu'avec les directeurs des deux établissements scolaires. Nous avons de même invité les apprenants à remplir des fiches langagières pour faire apparaitre leur religion, leur origine, leur niveau social et culturel ainsi que leur histoire et leurs représentations des langues. Nous avons traduit et transcrit, puis analysé les données recueillies, en mobilisant des outils d'investigation pluriels, fédérés par l'engagement dans une démarche sociolinguistique et didactique de l'oral. Il s'agira de démontrer que multiples sont les facteurs qui influent sur l'enseignement/ apprentissage de l'oral en français au Liban et qu'ils varient d'un contexte à un autre. Notre recherche débouche sur des propositions de formation pour les enseignants libanais, pour qui l'enseignement de l'oral est encore un domaine très nouveau
This research investigates the teaching of the oral French language in Lebanon, in public and private educational sectors, as well as in the multilingual society where social classes, Ianguage and religious practices are diverse. The thesis problem is the following: What are the parameters that determine the teaching / leaming of the oral language in Lebanon? In order to answer this question,à study composed of 6 oral teaching sessions was done in public and private primary schools in Lebanon. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers, students and school directors; students were also asked to fill out language-cards to determine their religion, origin,social class and cultural levels, as well as their thought about languages. The researcher translated,transcribed and analyzed the data collected using various investigative tools. It demonstrated that many factors influence the teaching / learning of the oral French Ianguage in Lebanon .. In conclusion, the researcher suggested various training for the Lebanese teachers

En français contemporain, l’hésitation dans le choix entre être et avoir comme auxiliaire dans les formes verbale composées (par ex. le passé composé) de certains verbes intransitifs (par ex. tomber), surtout dans des variétés non standards du français, démonte clairement l’écart qui existe entre le français normé et le français oral quotidien. Cette hésitation, voire l’incertitude, dans le choix de l’auxiliaire n’est pas une particularité arbitraire ou aléatoire de la langue contemporaine; elle s’inscrit plutôt dans une tendance diachronique et pan-romane que l’on a pu observer dans la langue française depuis son émancipation du latin. Notre étude, qui se fonde sur la théorie de la grammaticalisation, propose une analyse du discours grammatical de 1500 – époque où sont apparues les premières grammaires du français – jusqu’à 1789 avec la Révolution française, signalant le moment où la langue se serait stabilisée et aurait adopté sa forme moderne. Nous divisons les trois siècles de notre étude en quatre périodes distinctes, déjà bien établies dans les études historiques. Ce sont : - Le XVIe siècle (1530-1599) - La première moitié de la période classique (1600-1650) - La deuxième moitié de la période classique (1651-1715) - Le Siècle des lumières (1716-1789) Pour chacune des quatre périodes, l’analyse se fait en trois temps. Premièrement, nous recensons les grammairiens, les lexicographes et les essayistes qui se sont prononcés, soit explicitement, soit implicitement, sur l’emploi des auxiliaires être et avoir dans les formes verbales composées (FVC). Nous identifions, là où cela est possible, le dialecte maternel de chaque auteur et son modèle d’usage. Deuxièmement, nous résumons les observations et les commentaires sur l’emploi des auxiliaires dans les FVC formulés par chaque auteur, y compris les tentatives d’explication quant à la variation dans le choix de l’auxiliaire. Finalement, nous rapportons la description de l’emploi des auxiliaires dans les FVC proposée par des historiens de la langue française pour la période en question. Notre étude nous permet de confirmer, en ce qui concerne les FVC, certaines tendances déjà reconnues dans la langue française et d’en identifier d’autres. Également, nous avons pu repérer, voire circonscrire des facteurs qui ont eu une influence sur le choix, tels les verbes plus sensibles à l’alternance, les grammairiens dont l’autorité s’est imposé plus que d’autres ou avant les autres dans l’établissement de la norme sur ce point, les contextes sociaux dans lesquels le débat a eu lieu et la période pendant laquelle les préoccupations sur ce choix était les plus intenses.
In contemporary French, the hesitation in the choice between être and avoir as an auxiliary verb in compound verb forms (i.e. the passé composé) of certain intransitive verbs (i.e. tomber), especially in non-standard varieties of French, clearly demonstrates the gap that exists between normative French and everyday spoken French. This hesitation, or uncertainty, in the choice of the auxiliary is not an arbitrary or random characteristics of contemporary French; it falls squarely within a diachronical and cross-Romance trend that can be observed in the French language since its emancipation from Latin. This study, which is based on Grammaticalisation Theory, is an analysis of grammatical discourse from 1500 - the era when the first grammars of French appeared - to 1789 and the French revolution, a period when the language is said to have been standardised and its modern form established. The three centuries that this study covers are divided into four distinct periods, already well established by previous historical studies. These periods are : - The 16th century (1530-1599) - The first half of the Classical Period (1600-1650) - The second half of the Classical Period (1651-1715) - The Enlightenment (1716-1789) For each of these four periods, there are three levels of analysis. First, we identify the grammarians, lexicographers and essayists who, explicitly or implicitly, express their views on the use of the auxiliaries avoir and être in compound verbs forms, as well as, where possible, their native dialect and the model of French (usage) they promote. Second, we summarize the observations and commentaries of each author on the choice of auxiliary in compound verb forms, including any attempts to explain the variation attested during the period. Finally, we look at the description, for each period, of the use of auxiliaries in compound verb forms put forward by historians of the French language. Our study has allowed us to confirm certain established trends related to auxiliary use in compound verb forms in French and to identify others. As well, we identify, or define, the factors that influence auxiliary selection, such as the verbs most likely to alternate between the two auxiliaries, the grammarians who had the greatest influence or who set the groundwork for establishing the norm for this grammatical point, the social contexts in which the grammatical debate took place and the periods during which the concern over auxiliary selection was the most intense.

Chapter 8 concludes that the book has achieved the aim formulated in its introduction. It has explained why wa- has two formal variants (wə- and way-) in the Masoretic text; it has clarified the status of the short yiqṭol (with both past and jussive meanings) as a separate verbal morpheme distinct from long yiqṭol; how long yiqṭol was distinguished from short yiqṭol; why qaṭal came to alternate with the inherited wayyiqṭol; why wa-qaṭal acquired imperfective meanings and came to alternate with the inherited long yiqṭol (< *yaqtulu); and finally it has clarified the linguistic reality behind wa- in the ‘consecutive tenses’. As a corollary it is concluded that the term ‘consecutive’ is uncalled for in the grammatical description of Classical Biblical Hebrew

R&#233;sum&#233; La pr&#233;sence d&#8217;au moins deux langues dans un espace d&#233;termin&#233; affecte incontestablement le comportement langagier des locuteurs qui y vivent. Les cons&#233;quences du bi-plurilinguisme dans les parlers urbains africains s&#8217;appr&#233;cient diff&#233;remment selon les contextes sociolinguistiques des espaces concern&#233;s. Nous nous int&#233;ressons ici au ph&#233;nom&#232;ne de l&#8217;alternance codique chez les marchands-ambulants &#224; Dakar. Au-del&#224; de la d&#233;finition de Gumperz (1989), c&#8217;est celle de Hamers et Blanc (1983), int&#233;grant la notion de strat&#233;gie de communication, qui nous semble plus appropri&#233;e quant &#224; notre vis&#233;e descriptive de l&#8217;alternance des codes linguistiques : &#171; une strat&#233;gie de communication utilis&#233;e par des locuteurs bilingues entre eux ; cette strat&#233;gie consiste &#224; faire alterner des unit&#233;s de longueur variable de deux ou plusieurs codes &#224; l&#8217;int&#233;rieur d&#8217;une m&#234;me interaction verbale&#187;. Si l&#8217;alternance, qui sera distingu&#233;e de l&#8217;emprunt gr&#226;ce aux &#171; contraintes d&#8217;&#233;quivalence &#187; de Poplack (1988), intervient sans que les locuteurs aient conscience de leurs pratiques sp&#233;cifiques, leur but principal &#233;tant de se faire comprendre ; si les formes concern&#233;es deviennent r&#233;guli&#232;res, alors l&#8217;alternance codique devient un ph&#233;nom&#232;ne social significatif auquel il faut d&#233;crire le fonctionnement. Pour ce faire, nous avons proc&#233;d&#233; &#224; l&#8217;observation participante &#224; travers les march&#233;s de Dakar pour recueillir le mat&#233;riau linguistique qui nous permettra de d&#233;crire l&#8217;alternance codique fran&#231;ais-langue(s) nationale(s) comme sociolecte bas&#233; sur ce que nous aurons appel&#233; : figement interlinguistique.

This chapter focuses on gendered verbal dynamics in selected American independent cinema. Male and female characters are found to resist internalised ideals of gendered speech, both in relation to cinema and society more generally. Their dialogue, including in voice-overs, offers more nuanced representations of what type of speech is ‘appropriate’ for males or females, revealing a refusal to divide characters’ verbal styles on the basis of gendered stereotypes. The language of male characters is found to advance a complex representation of vulnerable and expressive masculinity. They are allowed to remain silent, to voice their deepest feelings, or to verbally align themselves with homosexuality and alternate forms of masculinity. Through speech that is considered ‘unruly’ or ‘unladylike’, female characters are also found to have a verbal freedom that is at odds with more conservative estimations of female film dialogue. Partly through profane language and an unrepentant discussion of sexuality, women in American independent cinema can break away from the norms for how women tend to speak in more mainstream cinema. Case studies include women’s verbal victories in Whit Stillman’s Love & Friendship (2016).

This paper discusses the vowel alternation in verbal stems of the Surgut dialect of Khanty in comparison with the alternation in nouns. The low vowels in verbal stems alternate with the high vowels of the corresponding row. Mid long vowels in both nominal and verbal stems demonstrate an irregular alternation: they either do not alternate at all, like high vowels, or alternate like low vowels. Three types of alternations are revealed: three different long vowels are represented in the forms of the present, past and imperative: for example, the long back low rounded vowel [o] alternates in the past tense with [u], and in the imperative mood ‒ with [y]. Other vowels form alternating pairs, which are distributed differently in different verb forms. Two different long vowels are used in the forms of the present tense, on the one hand, and in the forms of the past tense and imperative mood, on the other hand. In the stems with short vowels, the forms of the present and past tense of the indicative are opposed to the forms of the imperative. Unlike nouns, where only long vowels are allowed to alternate, in verbs short vowels also participate in the alternation. Long vowels alternate with long ones, and short vowels alternate with short ones.

Gothic is a null subject language. The binder of an anaphor can be a null subject. Binding requires asymmetrical c-command. Possessive sein- can be a syntactic or discourse anaphor. Gothic may attest the beginning of the Germanic two-reflexive system. The simple reflexive, without silba (self), is productive in anticausative structures. Verbal prefixes alter meaning, lexical, or grammatical aspect. Ga- has numerous other functions, including definiteness and temporal completion. The nonpast participle functions as a relative clause substitute and in absolute constructions. In the absence of switch reference, infinitives are the norm with modal and control verbs and purposives after verbs of motion (otherwise + du). The accusative with a participle or infinitive can be a matrix object or embedded subject. Accusative and infinitive depends on case from the matrix verb. The infinitive is usually wisan (to be) as an expansion of a small clause. Relative clauses require the complementizer ei (that). Verbs whose complements are factual or realizable are typically in the indicative. Those that do not allow a full range of independent tenses in the complement clause, or whose complements are not realized, are only potentially realized, or deal with possible worlds or alternate states of reality, trigger a shift to the optative, which has a number of independent uses as well.

This chapter recounts the story of a non-meditating veterinarian who underwent a kind of transformation of attitudes after she emerged from a triggered alternate state experience. Six months later she also experienced a life-changing, auditory verbal hallucination. Inner word thoughts are common in the general population. White matter connectivities service “the Human Connectome.”

Cette recherche porte sur l&#8217;alternance codique dans la production orale des futurs enseignants en classe de fran&#231;ais langue &#233;trang&#232;re (FLE. L&#8217;&#233;tude vise &#224; examiner comment les futurs enseignants d&#233;ploient l&#8217;alternance codique comme strat&#233;gie de communication orale au cours de FLE. Pour effectuer ce travail, notre &#233;tude adopte une approche mixte, quantitative et qualitative, d&#8217;analyse des donn&#233;es. Les instruments utilis&#233;s pour la collecte des donn&#233;es comprennent questionnaire et l'enregistrement audiovisuel. La population cible de notre &#233;tude comprend 77 apprenants de l&#8217;&#201;cole Normale Sup&#233;rieure de Somanya au Ghana. Les r&#233;sultats de l&#8217;analyse quantitative nous servent d&#8217;indices pour appr&#233;hender l&#8217;intensification de l&#8217;emploi alternatif des deux langues (fran&#231;ais et anglais) dans la production orale. Par ailleurs, l&#8217;articulation des deux approches, macro et micro, nous permet de mettre en valeurs les fonctions que rev&#234;t l&#8217;alternance codique aussi bien dans le discours &#233;pilinguistique des locuteurs que dans leurs pratiques langagi&#232;res r&#233;elles. L&#8217;&#233;tude montre &#233;galement que l&#8217;alternance codique est une fa&#231;on de parler, qui contribue chez nos enqu&#234;t&#233;s, d&#8217;une part au d&#233;veloppement du r&#233;pertoire verbal en interaction et am&#232;ne &#224; une convergence codique. D&#8217;autre part, elle remplit plusieurs fonctions en tant que strat&#233;gie stylistique et fonctionne comme une ressource permettant de r&#233;guler les tours de parole en interaction.

Abstract A common theme in the literature on VSO languages is the claim that clause initial predicates are verbal heads (Emonds 1980, McCloskey 1991, Koopman and Sportiche 1991, among others). This claim, however, poses problems for a number of VSO languages: Irish, for instance, allows complex nominal predicates to occupy the same position as verbal heads (as noted by Carnie 1995); and Quiaviní Zapotec, the language examined in this chapter, also allows verbs and phrasal expressions to appear interchangeably in certain syntactic contexts. This work will propose an alternate analysis for the derivation of VSO word order that accounts for the non-head-like behavior of predicates in VSO languages: VP remnants, rather than verbal heads, raise to pre-subject position. Subjects and objects base-generated within VP raise into their respective agreement projections, while the VP, which itself contains traces of these arguments, raises to clause initial position. (The non-head-like behavior and morphological patterning of predicates in other VSO languages have recently prompted other researchers to reach similar conclusions independently; see Massam, this volume, and Rackowski and Travis, this volume).

Abstract In this chapter we shall examine another case of rather long-standing variation in Canadian French, with special reference once again to the French spoken in the province of Ontario. The variable belongs to the area of verbal morphology and involves the alternate forms of aller ‘to go’ and s’en alter ‘to go, leave’ in the Isg. indicative present (vais, vas, and m’as), in both their main verb and auxiliary functions. The historical part of the study will show that a comparative examination of sociolinguistic data on contemporary Canadian French and other colonial varieties of French (including French-based creoles) can, owing to their conservative nature, provide insights into the popular French of the pre-colonial period (i.e. allow one to reconstruct unattested forms like m’as) about which still relatively little is known.

We set forth two analytic frameworks — one pertaining to sequences of steps in a discourse AND one to common attention — to which triggers have specific relations. The framework pertaining to discourse sequences can be outlined as follows. A simplex morpheme or larger construction can be lexicalized to require either an inner or an outer sequence, which in turn can be either a single-actor or a cross-actor sequence. An interaction sequence, then, is an outer cross-actor sequence in which two collocutors alternate steps in the sequence. The steps of an interaction sequence can be either all overt or in part covert, and overt steps can be either all verbal actions or in part nonverbal actions. A step can in turn consist of a sequence of overt or covert components.