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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Amino acids Metabolism Disorders”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 28 stycznia 2023

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1

Smith, Douglas W. 1961. "The lysinuric protein intolerance phenotype : amino acid transport in cultured skin fibroblasts." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65416.

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Fu, Katherine. "Isolation of human BCAD gene and analysis of putative BCAD deficiency." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68175.

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The 2-methylbranched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (BCAD) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the third reaction in isoleucine and valine metabolism, the oxidation of 2-methylbutyryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA, respectively. BCAD deficiency would result in the accumulation of branched chain acyl-CoAs or their derivatives. Three patients with a putative defect in BCAD have been reported. This study consists of a molecular examination of one such patient as well as the characterization of the BCAD gene. In Northern blot analysis of human fibroblast RNA, the BCAD cDNA hybridized to two RNA specie

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3

Campeau, Eric. "Molecular genetics of biotin-dependent enzymes : mutation analysis, expression and biochemical studies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0019/NQ55308.pdf.

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4

Dumas, Richard. "The intracellular localization of holocarboxylase synthetase." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0018/MQ55050.pdf.

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5

Dupuis, Lucie. "Molecular basis of biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27309.

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Multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD) results from a decreased activity of holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) which is responsible for the biotinylation of the four biotin-dependent carboxylases found in humans. The disease can be treated with pharmacologic doses of oral biotin (biotin-responsiveness). The cDNA for HCS contains a biotin-binding domain deduced by analogy with the sequence and crystal structure of the E. coli BirA biotin ligase. E. coli birA$ sp-$ mutations causing biotin-auxotrophy all localize to this region. Of six point mutations I have identified in MCD patients, four localiz

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6

Léon, Del Rio Alfonso. "Molecular genetics of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29074.

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The objective of this thesis was to determine the molecular basis of neonatal multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD) produced by an impairment in holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) activity and the origin of the biotin-responsiveness that characterizes this disease. To determine HCS activity, I developed a peptide substrate and used the biotinylation system of E: coli to determine its properties. C-terminal fragments of the $ alpha$ subunit of human propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC-$ alpha$) were expressed in E. coli and site-directed mutagenesis was used to define the residues required for biotiny

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7

Vicanek, Caroline Michaela. "Expression studies on the shortbranched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SBCAD) gene." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22824.

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Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SBCAD), a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACD) family of enzymes, catalyzes the oxidation of branched chain fatty acids and the branched chain amino acids isoleucine and valine. This research project focuses on expression studies of the SBCAD gene. Northern blot analysis detected two SBCAD mRNA species of 2.7 and 6.5 kb in various human tissues and cell types. A single 4.1 and 2.0 kb SBCAD message was detected in rat and pig tissues, respectively, revealing a species difference in SBCAD mRNA size. Studies of human and rat SBCAD tissue-specific

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8

Hamadeh, Mazen Jamal. "Methods for detecting abnormal adaptation to protein restriction in humans with special reference to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36948.

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Postprandial urea production in subjects with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) on conventional insulin therapy is normal when the previous diet is high in protein, but there is an incomplete adaptive reduction in urea production following protein restriction. To evaluate the nutritional implications of restricted protein intake in human diabetes mellitus, it is first necessary to establish a reliable method to measure changes in urea production and amino acid catabolism in response to changes in dietary protein intake. We therefore tested (1) the accuracy of the urea production rate

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9

Miller, John H. IV. "A NEW APPROACH TO DRIED BLOOD SPOT ANALYSIS FOR NEWBORN SCREENING USING HIGH RESOLUTION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2906.

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The primary purpose of newborn screening is to quickly identify children that are at risk of having a specific disorder in order to start treatment, prevent early death and reduce the chances of permanent physical or mental damage. The current and widely accepted approach used for identification of metabolism disorders involves a flow injection analysis with mass spectrometry detection of acylcarnitines and amino acids. Although this approach is widely accepted and has shown to be sufficient for identification of multiple metabolism disorders the method is not fully quantitative and results

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10

Showiheen, Salah Ali A. "Metabolomics profiling of amino acids metabolism in osteoarthritis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/123249/1/Salah%20Ali%20A_Showiheen_Thesis.pdf.

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The researcher studied the role of amino acid metabolism in osteoarthritis progression. The study suggests that this abnormal amino acid metabolism aids in the development of the disease. This data further suggests that amino acids could be potential circulatory markers for diagnosing OA and therapeutic strategies of amino acids supplementation could be considered as a potential treatment.

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11

Ebikeme, Charles E. "Amino acid transporters and amino acid metabolism in trypanosoma brucei brucei." Connect to e-thesis, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/55/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.<br>Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references.

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12

Rhodes, Jeremy David. "The metabolism of sucrose and amino acids by aphids." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317579.

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13

Hou, Chunsheng 1968. "Sulfur amino acid catabolism in a piglet model." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78381.

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A model was developed in growing piglets to study the use of urinary total sulfur excretion as an indicator of sulfur amino acid (SAA) catabolism and the nitrogen (N)/sulfur (S) balance ratio as an indicator of non-protein SAA storage. The recovery of administrated methionine as urinary total S over 48 hours was 106% in well-nourished piglets, but only 69% in protein malnourished piglets. The N/S balance ratio of protein malnourished piglets was lower than that of well-nourished piglets, and this ratio further decreased after methionine administration. We conclude that in a protein maln

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14

Bruce, C. I. "Metabolism of preformed amino acids by rumen bacteria in vivo." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376397.

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15

Fieldhouse, Robin. "Synthesis of amino acids involved in the regulation of glutamine metabolism." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308447.

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16

Lowpetch, Kreingkrai. "Versatile stereospecific synthesis of amino acids and studies of their metabolism." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405712.

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A very versatile chemioenzymatic synthesis of stereospecifically labelled amino acids first developed in our laboratory has been altered and improved so that only chemical steps are involved. Unlike the original synthesis, monodeuteriated compounds can be obtained so that isotope effects can be clearly identified. The synthesis has been used to prepare (2R,3R)-[3-2H1]-p-chloroalanine, (2R,3S)-[3-2H1]-p-chloroalanine, (2S,3R)[ 3}Hd-p-chloroalanine and (2S,3S)-[3-2Hd-p-chloroalanine. The first two compounds were incubated with D-amino acid aminotransferase, and the second two compounds were incu

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17

Zhang, Yongfang. "Amino acid metabolism and requirement in teleost during their early life stages and implications in fish formulated diets." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1199374737.

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18

Suliman, Mohamed Elsaeid M. "Sulfur amino acids and their metabolites in patients with renal failure : relation to nutritional status and cardiovascular disease /." Stockholm, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-628-4604-3/.

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19

Doyle, Alison. "The uptake and metabolism of sulphur compounds by saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/730.

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20

Roussel, Guenièvre. "The effects of amino acid deprivation on iron metabolism in Caco-2 cells." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=229800.

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21

Chotechuang, Nattida. "The role of amino acids in liver protein metabolism under a high protein diet : identification of amino acids signal and associated transduction pathways." AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/61/09/98/PDF/Thesis_Nattida_CHOTECHUANG_last_version.pdf.

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La consommation d'un régime hyper protéique (HP) améliore l'homéostasie glucidique, le gain de poids, l'adiposité, en réduisant le tissus adipeux blanc et la taille des adipocytes. Les adaptations métaboliques dues à l'augmentation de l'apport protéique sont au moins caractérisées, au niveau du foie, par la diminution de la lipogenèse et l'augmentation de la conversion des acides aminés (AA) en glycogène. Cependant, le rôle des acides aminés dans le contrôle de ces adaptations métaboliques et des voies de transduction responsables de la transmission du signal " acides aminés " n'ont pas encore

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22

Miniaci, Sandra A. "Maternal dietary glucose restriction and its effect on amniotic fluid amino acid composition." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/MQ44224.pdf.

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23

Sritharan, Venkataraman. "Studies on amino acids metabolism in mycobacteria grown in vitro and in vivo." Thesis, University of Hull, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327911.

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24

Day, Priscilla Elly Liwawa. "The transfer and metabolism of glucose and amino acids by the human placenta." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377713/.

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25

Williams, Helen. "The transport and cardioprotective action of glutamate and aspartate in isolated ventricular myocytes." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299276.

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26

Arvin, Babak. "Neuroprotection against excitotoxic cell damage in rat striatum and hippocampus." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278696.

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27

Lawrie, Charles Alexander. "The effects of saccharin on the metabolism of amino acids by the gut flora." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316353.

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28

Cavalcanti, João Henrique Frota. "Energy metabolism in Arbidopsis thaliana: TCA cycle evolution, amino acids degradation and alternative pathways." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8359.

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Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-08-18T17:50:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6874332 bytes, checksum: 3e055e6f18562c6805d6dba9dcef9c86 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T17:50:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6874332 bytes, checksum: 3e055e6f18562c6805d6dba9dcef9c86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-17<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais<br>Mitocondrias vegetais estão envolvidas em vários processos chaves da célula, vão além da produção de energica, tais como morte celular programada,

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29

Digby, Janet Elizabeth. "The roles of different adipose deposits in glutamine metabolism following feeding fasting and exercise in the guinea-pig." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388305.

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30

Levin, Eran, Marshall D. McCue, and Goggy Davidowitz. "Sex differences in the utilization of essential and non-essential amino acids in Lepidoptera." COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625497.

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The different reproductive strategies of males and females underlie differences in behavior that may also lead to differences in nutrient use between the two sexes. We studied sex differences in the utilization of two essential amino acids (EAAs) and one non-essential amino acid (NEAA) by the Carolina sphinx moth (Manduca sexta). On day one post-eclosion from the pupae, adult male moths oxidized greater amounts of larva-derived AAs than females, and more nectar-derived AAs after feeding. After 4 days of starvation, the opposite pattern was observed: adult females oxidized more larva- derived A

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31

Yoder, Peter Samuel. "Evaluation of amino acid transport and protein metabolism in the mammary gland of dairy cattle." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100897.

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Improving our understanding of milk protein production regulation and AA transport is important for successfully formulating diets for AA and improving N efficiency. The objectives were to study protein synthesis regulation and AA transport using in vitro and in vivo models. In the first experiment, the objective was to evaluate the ability of five distinct AA profiles and balancing Lys to Met ratio to 3:1 to stimulate protein translation. No single AA profile uniquely stimulated phosphorylation of translational machinery related proteins suggesting identification of a single optimal AA pro

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32

Chronis, Demosthenis. "Sulfur metabolism in Glycine max [L.] Merr characterization of serine acetyletransferase and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4483.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on May 1, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Bundy, Rafe. "Use of lactose ['1'5N'1'5N]ureide to quantify colonic salvage of urea-nitrogen." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241906.

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34

Oliveira, Daniela Mara de. "Mapeamento e caracterização do domínio ativatório da Troponina T." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-19112014-165958/.

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A regulação dependente de Ca2+ da atividade ATPásica da acto-miosina em concentrações fisiológicas de actina, tropomiosina e troponina ocorre exclusivamente na presença de troponina T (TnT). Nosso grupo demonstrou que um polipeptídeo correspondente aos primeiros 191 aminoácidos da TnT ativa a atividade ATPásica da acto-miosina na presença de tropomiosina e na ausência das outras duas subunidades do complexo troponina (TnI/TnC). Com o objetivo de mapear e caracterizar esse domínio ativatório da TnT, construímos fragmentos de TnT correspondentes às regiões compreendidas entre os resíduos de amin

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35

Dadalt, Julio Cezar. "Balanço de nutrientes e digestibilidade ileal dos aminoácidos de alguns ingredientes, na presença de multi-carboidrase e fitase, usando leitões recém-desmamados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-17122015-141929/.

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Na maioria dos estudos de digestibilidade de aminoácidos em suínos usam-se animais de peso igual ou superior a 20 kg, isso se deve a menor dificuldade na implantação de cânulas íleo-cecais e a melhor recuperação pós-cirúrgica na fase do crescimento. No entanto, avaliar ingredientes com leitões mais jovens torna-se importante, visto que há limitações fisiológicas do trato gastrointestinal nesse período que podem afetar o seu desenvolvimento. Assim, 175 leitões desmamados, divididos em 7 ensaios experimentais com 25 animais cada, foram usados para determinar o balanço de nutrientes e da energia,

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36

Farshidfar, Farnaz. "Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle metabolism in an Alzheimer mouse model." IOS Press, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31212.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, is a global issue affecting about 24 million individuals. Because AD is a systemic pathology, dementia is not the only leading factor contributing to loss of independence in AD patients. AD may also impair skeletal muscle metabolism and function. Creatine (CR) supplementation may enhance skeletal muscle hypertrophy/mass and function in sarcopenia and muscular dystrophies, but has yet to be studied in AD. This study examined the effect of oral CR on muscle metabolism in a triple-transgenic (3xTg) AD mouse model. Twenty-f

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37

Wilton, Joanne Carroll. "The effect of ammonia upon the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids in the liver of growing steers offered silage." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329337.

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38

Oke, Benjamin Olukayode. "Quantitative evaluation of digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids from gastrointestinal tract of ruminants /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487675687174414.

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39

Zhong, Yi. "Glucose and Amino Acid Metabolism and Non-invasive Assessment ofHuman Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis in Vitro." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case159709482941269.

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40

Satarug, Soisungwan. "Responses of skeletal muscle protein turnover and amino acid concentration to unloading, denervation and immobilization." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184308.

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The effects of denervation, non-weight bearing (unloading) or immobilization on hindlimb muscle growth, protein and amino acid metabolism were studied. In the first 3 days after denervation or unloading, atrophy of the soleus was caused by a suppression of protein synthesis and an acceleration of protein degradation. Thereafter, further atrophy, up to 6 days was due to depressed protein synthesis only. The changes in both protein synthesis and degradation in the first three days accounted for 69% and 65%, respectively, of the total loss of protein and mass in 6 days of unloaded or denervated s

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41

Weiwei, Dai. "Amino acids regulate hepatic intermediary metabolism-related gene expression via mTORC1-dependent manner in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3042/document.

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Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons utilisé la truite arc-en-ciel, un poisson carnivore et modèle potentiellement pertinent du diabète, pour étudier des mécanismes de régulation du métabolisme intermédiaire hépatique par les nutriments (acides aminés (AA) et le glucose). Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés aux voies de signalisation de l’insuline et des acides aminés (Akt et mTORC1). Grâce à l’utilisation de rapamycine, un inhibiteur pharmacologique de mTORC1, nous avons montré que l'activation de mTORC1 stimule l'expression de gènes de la lipogenèse, de la glycolyse et du catabolis

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42

Fild, Deborah S. "The effects of oral arginine supplementation on growth hormone, arginine, and somatomedin levels during energy restriction in male weight lifters." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11242009-020056/.

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Radkov, Atanas D. "UNVEILING NOVEL ASPECTS OF D-AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN THE MODEL BACTERIUM PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA KT2440." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/67.

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D-amino acids (D-AAs) are the α-carbon enantiomers of L-amino acids (L- AAs), the building blocks of proteins in known organisms. It was largely believed that D-AAs are unnatural and must be toxic to most organisms, as they would compete with the L-counterparts for protein synthesis. Recently, new methods have been developed that allow scientists to chromatographically separate the two AA stereoisomers. Since that time, it has been discovered that D-AAs are vital molecules and they have been detected in many organisms. The work of this dissertation focuses on their place in bacterial metabolis

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44

Westman, Bo. "Studies of ischemia and reperfusion in muscle and liver on glutathione and amino acid metabolism in man /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-406-8/.

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45

Hawkins, Colleen E. "The effects of oral supplementation of the amino acid arginine on body composition and muscle function during energy restriction in male weight lifters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41598.

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Manufacturers of amino acid supplements claim that they can act as natural stercoids. Eighteen experienced male weight lifters were studied to test this hypothesis for the amino acid arginine.<br>Master of Science

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46

Steeves, Tracey Elizabeth 1968. "The in vitro produced cow embryo : factors affecting development and metabolism." Monash University, Centre for Early Human Development, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8992.

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Santos, Celio Xavier da Costa dos. "Oxidação de urato e tirosina por peroxinitrito. implicações para o desenvolvimento de sequestradores e biomarcadores de peroxinitrito." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-18092018-154812/.

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Peroxinitrito (ONOO- + ONOOH), o produto da rápida reação do óxido nítrico com o ânion radical superóxido, tem recebido muita atenção como possível mediador dos efeitos deletérios associados a uma superprodução de •NO. O peroxinitrito é um potente oxidante que é capaz de oxidar e nitrar várias biomoléculas por mecanismos que contribuímos para esclarecer no decorrer desta tese. Especificamente, estudamos a oxidação de urato e tirosina por peroxinitrito. Demonstramos que o urato é oxidado por peroxinitrito a alantoina, aloxana e ao radical aminocarbonila. Como a reação direta entre urato e

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Wang, Shiping. "Peptides as amino acid sources for the synthesis of secreted proteins by mammary tissue explants and cultured mammary epithelial cells." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39137.

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Silva, Alexsandro Macedo. "O perfil metabolômico de aminoácidos como biomarcador de consumo alimentar, estado nutricional e alterações metabólicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-03012019-165549/.

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Introdução - A metabolômica permite determinar padrões de variação dos metabólitos entre indivíduos doentes e não doentes, com ou sem ingestão de um determinado alimento ou dieta. Compreender a relação entre metabólitos e doenças metabólicas pode ajudar a combater obesidade e doenças crônicas. Objetivo - Investigar a associação entre o perfil metabolômico de aminoácidos, a ingestão dietética e o estado nutricional em adultos participantes do Inquérito de Saúde no município de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos - Foram avaliados dados de 168 indivíduos. A análise metabolômica para identificação de 21 a

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Gruenbaum, Shaun E. "The Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Glutamate Metabolism and Seizure Modulation in a Rat Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy." Thesis, Yale University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10783448.

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<p> Elevations in extracellular glutamate in the brain are implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological conditions, including mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. The underlying mechanisms of this elevation are not completely understood, however, and there are no effective methods that reduce the elevation or limit its neurotoxic effects. Glutamate is normally cleared from the extracellular space and replenished in axon terminals by a series of compartmentalized processes collectively known as the glutamate-glutamine cycle. A critical step of the cycle is the conversion of glutamate to glu

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