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1

Burnip, G. M., I. C. Harvey, D. Voice, and M. Braithwaite. "New host association for Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum on Cedrus atlantica." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6866.

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Wood boring larvae considered to be Sirex wood wasp were found together with its symbiot the pathogenic Amylostereum fungi associated with ca 20 dead and dying cedar trees at a Christchurch golf club MAF Biosecurity New Zealand was contacted because it was thought that the Sirex was possibly a species not present in New Zealand such as Sirex juvencus or Urocerus gigas (both high impact forest pests) since the single Sirex species present here (Sirex noctilio) had not previously been recorded attacking Cedrus sp (cedar) in New Zealand or elsewhere Furthermore if the Sirex was a recent incursion
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Wooding, Amy L., Michael J. Wingfield, Brett P. Hurley, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Peter de Groot, and Bernard Slippers. "Lack of fidelity revealed in an insect–fungal mutualism after invasion." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0342.

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Symbiont fidelity is an important mechanism in the evolution and stability of mutualisms. Strict fidelity has been assumed for the obligate mutualism between Sirex woodwasps and their mutualistic Amylostereum fungi. This assumption has been challenged in North America where the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio , and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum , have recently been introduced. We investigate the specificity of the mutualism between Sirex and Amylostereum species in Canada, where S. noctilio co-infests Pinus with native Sirex nigricornis and its mutualist, Amylostereum chaillet
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Baxter, A. P., I. H. Rong, and A. L. Schutte. "Amylostereum areolatum (Aphyllophorales: Stereaceae) in South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 61, no. 6 (December 1995): 352–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30558-5.

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Tabata, Masanobu, and Yasuhisa Abe. "Amylostereum laevigatum associated with a horntail, Urocerus antennatus." Mycoscience 40, no. 6 (December 1999): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02461032.

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Ryan, Kathleen, Jean-Marc Moncalvo, Peter de Groot, and Sandy M. Smith. "Interactions between the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and two bark beetle-vectored fungi." Canadian Entomologist 143, no. 3 (June 2011): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n11-001.

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AbstractThe woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. is invading North American forests, where it will interact with a large guild of pine-inhabiting beetles and their associated fungi. The woodwasp's obligate fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Fries) Boidin (Stereaceae), plays an essential role in the wasp's larval development but is expected to be a poor competitor in the presence of fungi vectored by co-occurring insects. We examined the outcomes of competitive interactions between A. areolatum and two fungal species vectored by bark beetles, Leptographium wingfieldii Morelet (Ophiostomataceae) and
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van der Nest, M. A., E. T. Steenkamp, B. Slippers, A. Mongae, K. van Zyl, J. Stenlid, M. J. Wingfield, and B. D. Wingfield. "Gene expression associated with vegetative incompatibility in Amylostereum areolatum." Fungal Genetics and Biology 48, no. 11 (November 2011): 1034–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2011.08.001.

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Tabata, Masanobu, and Yasuhisa Abe. "Amylostereum laevigatum associated with the Japanese horntail, Urocerus japonicus." Mycoscience 38, no. 4 (December 1997): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02461682.

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Fitza, Katrin N. E., Masanobu Tabata, Natsumi Kanzaki, Koki Kimura, Jeff Garnas, and Bernard Slippers. "Host specificity and diversity of Amylostereum associated with Japanese siricids." Fungal Ecology 24 (December 2016): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2016.08.005.

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Tabata, Masanobu, Thomas C. Harrington, Wei Chen, and Yasuhisa Abe. "Molecular phylogeny of species in the genera Amylostereum and Echinodontium." Mycoscience 41, no. 6 (December 2000): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02460925.

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Wilson, A. D., N. M. Schiff, D. A. Haugen, and E. R. Hoebeke. "First Report of Amylostereum areolatum in Pines in the United States." Plant Disease 93, no. 1 (January 2009): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-1-0108a.

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The wood decay fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidin, native to Eurasia and North Africa (4), is the mycosymbiont of several siricid woodwasps including Sirex noctilio Fabricius, a major pest of pines in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa where it has been introduced. Adult females of S. noctilio are effective vectors of arthrospores (hyphal fragments) of the fungus, stored internally within mycangia in the abdomen, which are injected with the eggs and a phytotoxic mucus into the outer sapwood of coniferous tree hosts during oviposition. The toxin is translocated upwa
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Slippers, B., M. J. Wingfield, T. A. Coutinho, and B. D. Wingfield. "Population structure and possible origin of Amylostereum areolatum in South Africa." Plant Pathology 50, no. 2 (April 2001): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00552.x.

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Vasiliauskas, Rimvydas, and Jan Stenlid. "Vegetative compatibility groups of Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii from Sweden and Lithuania." Mycological Research 103, no. 7 (July 1999): 824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756298007862.

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VASILIAUSKAS, RIMVYDAS, JAN STENLID, and IBEN M. THOMSEN. "Clonality and genetic variation in Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii from northern Europe." New Phytologist 139, no. 4 (August 1998): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00240.x.

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Slippers, Bernard, Michael J. Wingfield, Brenda D. Wingfield, and Teresa A. Coutinho. "Relationships among Amylostereum Species Associated with Siricid Woodwasps Inferred from Mitochondrial Ribosomal DNA Sequences." Mycologia 92, no. 5 (September 2000): 955. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761590.

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Vasiliauskas, R. "Spread of Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii decay in living stems of Picea abies." Forestry 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/72.2.95.

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Slippers, Bernard, Michael J. Wingfield, Brenda D. Wingfield, and Teresa A. Coutinho. "Relationships among Amylostereum species associated with siricid woodwasps inferred from mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences." Mycologia 92, no. 5 (September 2000): 955–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2000.12061239.

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Caetano, Isis A. L., E. Erin Morris, and Ann E. Hajek. "Growth of the Sirex-parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola on the white rot fungus Amylostereum." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 134 (February 2016): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2015.12.009.

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Erin Morris, E., Ann E. Hajek, Elliott Zieman, and David W. Williams. "Deladenus (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) reproduction on species and strains of the white rot fungus Amylostereum." Biological Control 73 (June 2014): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.03.002.

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Morris, E. E., A. Jimenez, S. J. Long, D. W. Williams, and A. E. Hajek. "Variability in growth of Deladenus siricidicola on strains of the white rot fungus Amylostereum areolatum." BioControl 57, no. 5 (March 18, 2012): 677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-012-9447-1.

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van der Nest, Magriet A., Bernard Slippers, Jan Stenlid, Pieter M. Wilken, Rimvis Vasaitis, Michael J. Wingfield, and Brenda D. Wingfield. "Characterization of the systems governing sexual and self-recognition in the white rot homobasidiomycete Amylostereum areolatum." Current Genetics 53, no. 6 (April 15, 2008): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-008-0188-8.

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Margrete Thomsen, Iben, and Jorgen Koch. "Somatic compatibility in Amylostereum areolatum and A. chailletii as a consequence of symbiosis with siricid woodwasps." Mycological Research 103, no. 7 (July 1999): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756298007783.

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Bergeron, M. J., R. C. Hamelin, I. Leal, C. Davis, and P. de Groot. "First Report of Amylostereum areolatum, the Fungal Symbiont of Sirex noctilio, on Pinus spp. in Canada." Plant Disease 92, no. 7 (July 2008): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1138a.

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Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidin (Russulales: Stereaceae) is a white rot fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with several woodwasps including Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). The vectored fungus together with a phytotoxic mucus, both injected during oviposition by the female S. noctilio, rapidly weaken the host tree, rendering it susceptible to larval development (3). Host trees of A. areolatum include species of Pinus (mainly), Abies, Larix, and Picea and Cryptomeria japonica and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Fungal Databases [online]; USDA). The siricid woodwasp is native
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MARTÍNEZ, ANDRÉS S., VALERIA FERNÁNDEZ-ARHEX, and JUAN C. CORLEY. "Chemical information from the fungus Amylostereum areolatum and host-foraging behaviour in the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides." Physiological Entomology 31, no. 4 (November 2006): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2006.00523.x.

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Leal, I., B. Foord, C. Davis, P. de Groot, X. O. Mlonyeni, and B. Slippers. "Distinguishing isolates of Deladenus siricidicola, a biological control agent of Sirex noctilio, from North America and the Southern Hemisphere using PCR–RFLP." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 6 (June 2012): 1173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-058.

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The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius, along with its obligate symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin, is amongst the most damaging invasive species to many commercial pine plantations. The most effective biocontrol agent for management of this woodwasp has been the nematode Deladenus siricidicola Bedding. Before this agent can be used in North America, answering key questions about its interaction with native siricids and other strains of the nematode is essential, as would be the need to track its spread after release. The aim of this study was to develop tools to d
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van der Nest, M. A., B. Slippers, E. T. Steenkamp, L. De Vos, K. Van Zyl, J. Stenlid, M. J. Wingfield, and B. D. Wingfield. "Genetic linkage map for Amylostereum areolatum reveals an association between vegetative growth and sexual and self-recognition." Fungal Genetics and Biology 46, no. 9 (September 2009): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2009.06.002.

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Mlonyeni, X. Osmond, Michael J. Wingfield, Jaco M. Greeff, Brenda D. Wingfield, and Bernard Slippers. "Genetic diversity of Amylostereum areolatum , the fungal symbiont of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in South Africa." Forest Pathology 48, no. 6 (June 11, 2018): e12449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12449.

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He, Shuang-Hui, and Hai-Jiao Li. "Amylostereum orientalesp. nov. (Basidiomycota, Russulales) and first report ofA. areolatumin China based on morphological and molecular characters." Nordic Journal of Botany 31, no. 6 (November 11, 2013): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.01756.x.

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Slippers, B., B. D. Wingfield, T. A. Coutinho, and M. J. Wingfield. "DNA sequence and RFLP data reflect geographical spread and relationships of Amylostereum areolatum and its insect vectors." Molecular Ecology 11, no. 9 (September 2002): 1845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01572.x.

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Faal, Hajar, Dong H. Cha, Ann E. Hajek, and Stephen A. Teale. "A double-edged sword: Amylostereum areolatum odors attract both Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and its parasitoid, Ibalia leucospoides." Fungal Ecology 54 (December 2021): 101108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101108.

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Nogal-Prata, Sandra, Nitaro Maekawa, Toshinori Matozaki, Margarita Dueñas, María P. Martín, and M. Teresa Telleria. "Based on DNA sequences of ITS and rpb 2, Amylostereum orientale is reported for the first time in Japan." Mycoscience 58, no. 3 (May 2017): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2016.12.005.

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Olatinwo, Rabiu O., Timothy D. Schowalter, Daniel Doucet, Susan Bowman, Wood C. Johnson, and Jeremy D. Allison. "Intergenic Spacer Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Genotyping Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereacea) Symbionts of Native and Non-native Sirex Species." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz058.

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Abstract In North America Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin is a fungal symbiont associated with both the non-native Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and less commonly the native Sirex nigricornis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) woodwasps. The relationship between S. noctilio and A. areolatum constitutes a serious threat to pine plantation in the southern hemisphere. Studies have shown evidence of exchange of symbionts between non-native and native Sirex species. Our objectives were 1) to identify and assemble a panel of rDNA intergenic spacer–single nucleotid
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Hurley, B. P., H. J. Hatting, M. J. Wingfield, K. D. Klepzig, and B. Slippers. "The influence of Amylostereum areolatum diversity and competitive interactions on the fitness of the Sirex parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola." Biological Control 61, no. 3 (June 2012): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.02.006.

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Fu, Ningning, Jiaxing Li, Ming Wang, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Genes Identification, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Laccases from Amylostereum areolatum Provides Molecular Basis of Laccase Bound to Lignin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 22, 2020): 8845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228845.

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An obligate mutualistic relationship exists between the fungus Amylostereum areolatum and woodwasp Sirex noctilio. The fungus digests lignin in the host pine, providing essential nutrients for the growing woodwasp larvae. However, the functional properties of this symbiosis are poorly described. In this study, we identified, cloned, and characterized 14 laccase genes from A. areolatum. These genes encoded proteins of 508 to 529 amino acids and contained three typical copper-oxidase domains, necessary to confer laccase activity. Besides, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulation of
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Castrillo, Louela A., Ann E. Hajek, Juan A. Pajares, Iben M. Thomsen, György Csóka, Shawn C. Kenaley, Ryan M. Kepler, Paula Zamora, and Sergio Angeli. "Multilocus genotyping of Amylostereum spp. associated with Sirex noctilio and other woodwasps from Europe reveal clonal lineage introduced to the US." Fungal Biology 119, no. 7 (July 2015): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2015.03.004.

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Morris, E. Erin, S. Patricia Stock, Louela A. Castrillo, David W. Williams, and Ann E. Hajek. "Characterisation of the dimorphic Deladenus beddingi n. sp. and its associated woodwasp and fungus." Nematology 20, no. 10 (2018): 939–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003188.

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Summary A new dimorphic species of Deladenus isolated from Sirex californicus from Washington, USA, is described as D. beddingi n. sp. Evolutionary relationships of the new species with other Deladenus species were assessed using multilocus sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships derived from analyses of mtCO1 and ITS showed D. beddingi n. sp. to be genetically distinct from other North American Deladenus parasitising Sirex. Molecular analyses indicated that D. beddingi n. sp. is a member of the D. siricidicola species complex, which also includes undescribed native Deladenus from Sirex cyaneus
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Bergeron, Marie-Josée, Isabel Leal, Brett Foord, Grace Ross, Chuck Davis, Bernard Slippers, Peter de Groot, and Richard C. Hamelin. "Putative origin of clonal lineages of Amylostereum areolatum, the fungal symbiont associated with Sirex noctilio, retrieved from Pinus sylvestris, in eastern Canada." Fungal Biology 115, no. 8 (August 2011): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.009.

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Olatinwo, Rabiu, Jeremy Allison, James Meeker, Wood Johnson, Douglas Streett, M. Catherine Aime, and Christopher Carlton. "Detection and Identification of Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereaceae) in the Mycangia of Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Central Louisiana." Environmental Entomology 42, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 1246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/en13103.

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Nielsen, Charlotte, David W. Williams, and Ann E. Hajek. "Putative source of the invasive Sirex noctilio fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, in the eastern United States and its association with native siricid woodwasps." Mycological Research 113, no. 11 (November 2009): 1242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012.

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Wang, Lixiang, Chunchun Li, Juan Shi, Chengcheng Li, Jiale Li, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Incidental Fungi in Host Trees Disrupt the Development of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Symbiotic Fungus and Larvae." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz314.

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Abstract The woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is an exotic pest of Pinus L. in the southern hemisphere and North America, and it is an emerging threat in northeastern China. Adult woodwasps have numerous insect competitors for oviposition substrates, and developing larvae must compete for resources with other subcortical invaders. Its mutualistic fungus Amylostereum areolatum (Fr.) Boidon, is less competitive than many other fungal colonists present in pine ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of incidental, host-colonizing fungi on the growth and development of woodwasp larvae a
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Matsumoto, Takeshi, and Shigeho Sato. "Oviposition Preference and Reproductive Success of Xeris spectrum on Logs Inoculated with a Fungal Symbiont Amylostereum laevigatum of Wood Wasps." Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 97, no. 5 (2015): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4005/jjfs.97.238.

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Gao, Chenglong, Lili Ren, Ming Wang, Zhengtong Wang, Ningning Fu, Huiying Wang, Xiaochen Wang, et al. "Proteo-Transcriptomic Characterization of Sirex nitobei (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Venom." Toxins 13, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080562.

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The wood-boring woodwasp Sirex nitobei is a native pest in Asia, infecting and weakening the host trees in numerous ecological and commercial coniferous forest plantations. In China, hosts of S. nitobei are diverse, so the pest has spread to several provinces of China, resulting in considerable economic and ecological damage. During female oviposition, S. nitobei venom along with arthrospores of the symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum or A. chaetica is injected into host trees, and the combination of these two biological factors causes the death of xylem host trees. The presence of venom a
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Gao, Tai, and Juan Shi. "The Potential Global Distribution of Sirex juvencus (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) under Near Current and Future Climatic Conditions as Predicted by the Maximum Entropy Model." Insects 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030222.

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Wood wasp species in the genus Sirex are known pests of forestry. They cause significant economic losses due to their impacts on plant health and wood quality. S. juvencus (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America, is known to negatively impact forestry, infesting Picea, Pinus, Larix, Abies, Cupressus, and Pseudotsuga species. This pest destroys plants by depositing eggs, mucus, and its obligate mutualistic fungus, Amylostereum areolatum. Its obligate mutualistic fungus is to provide nutrition for S. juvencus larva. Despite its extensive distribution range
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Li, D., J. Shi, M. Lu, L. Ren, C. Zhen, and Y. Luo. "Detection and Identification of the Invasive Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) Fungal Symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereacea), in China and the Stimulating Effect of Insect Venom on Laccase Production by A. areolatum YQL03." Journal of Economic Entomology 108, no. 3 (April 22, 2015): 1136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov072.

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Whitney, R. D., R. L. Fleming, K. Zhou, and D. S. Mossa. "Relationship of root rot to black spruce windfall and mortality following strip clear-cutting." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-194.

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Root and butt rots are often implicated as causal factors influencing windfall and mortality of residual trees following partial cutting. Measurements of decay at stump level (i.e., the upward extension of root rot) were made on cross-sectional discs taken from windfallen and standing dead 100- to 130-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) near Nipigon in northwestern Ontario. Subsequently, causal fungi were identified using laboratory culturing procedures. The incidence and amount of decay in windfallen trees within leave strips following alternate strip clear-cutting was higher th
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López, Sofía N., Alina G. Greslebin, Silvia B. González, and María Belén Pildain. "Efecto del potencial agua y de la defensa primaria del hospedante sobre el crecimiento de Amylostereum areolatum y A. chailletii, simbiontes fúngicos de los sirícidos, y estudio de la micobiota asociada a la madera de coníferas en Patagonia argentina." Bosque (Valdivia) 34, no. 2 (August 2013): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-92002013000200005.

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"Amylostereum areolatum. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, October (August 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20210038254.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fries) Boidin (Agaricomycotina: Russulales: Stereaceae). Hosts: conifers. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (South Africa), Asia (China, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Ningxia, Japan), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England), North America (Canada, Ontario, USA, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont), Oceania (Austr
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Fu, Ningning, Ming Wang, Lixiang Wang, Youqing Luo, and Lili Ren. "Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Fungal Symbiont of Sirex noctilio, Amylostereum areolatum: Revealing the Biology of Fungus-Insect Mutualism." mSphere 5, no. 3 (May 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msphere.00301-20.

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ABSTRACT Amylostereum areolatum is the symbiotic fungus of the Eurasian woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, a globally invasive species. The mutualistic symbiont is associated with the woodwasp, assisting the damage process and providing nutrition for its insect partners. Colonization and growth of A. areolatum have essential impacts on the development and spread of S. noctilio, though the mechanism of interaction between the two has been poorly described. In this study, the first genome of this symbiotic fungus was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The assembled A. areolatum genome was 57.5 Mb (54.5
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Li, Jiale, Chengcheng Li, Ming Wang, Lixiang Wang, Xiaobo Liu, Chenglong Gao, Lili Ren, and Youqing Luo. "Gut Structure and Microbial Communities in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and Their Predicted Contribution to Larval Nutrition." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (April 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.641141.

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The European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is a major invasive quarantine pest that attacks and kills pine trees outside of its native range. Insect gut structure and gut microbiota play crucial roles in various life activities. Despite a few reports in nutrition and survival, an extensive study on the S. noctilio larval gut microbiome is lacking. We studied the gut structure using a stereo microscope and used high throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions to investigate gut microbiota in different developmental stages o
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