Rozprawy doktorskie: „Animal domestication”

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Girdland-Flink, Linus. "Investigating patterns of animal domestication using ancient DNA". Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7734/.

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Animal domestication is a continuous but nonlinear evolutionary process that follows different paths (trajectories) of human-animal relationships. These paths vary in structure and intensity over time and include processes like human intentionality (such as control and taming of wild animals), directed selection on behavioral and phenotypic traits and characters, human-mediated movement of domestic herds across space (migration), wild-domestic admixture, and adaptation. Because domestic animals are continuously shaped through complex interaction of these processes, gaining a better understanding of where, when and how these took place helps clarifying human prehistory and the practice and process of domestication. Studies of modern and ancient DNA (aDNA) have recently disentangled the history of several domestic species. These studies have often shown that domestication processes were far more complex than previously thought, often encompassing more than one independent domestication event, and continuously shaped by migration and admixture. Importantly, ancient DNA studies have convincingly demonstrated that inferring the past (for example, where, when and how domestication and selection took place) from the present (modern contemporary domesticates) is biased by comparatively recent events such as modern breed formation. Ancient DNA is therefore a key component in the reconstruction of where, when and how animal domestication took place. This thesis aims to shed new light on pig and chicken domestication by analysing ancient DNA extracted from archaeological specimens from Europe and the Near and Middle East. First, I find that pig domestication took place over a much wider temporal and geographical range than previously thought, and secondly that the current reference framework for inferring where and when pigs were domesticated (wild boar mitochondrial phylogeography) must be revised. In addition, I find that genetic variation in modern domestic chickens, to a great extent, is the result of recent rather than ancient events of admixture and strong human driven selection. Overall, these finds strengthen the presumption that genetic signatures in modern contemporary populations often provide misleading estimates of their ancient history. Across genes and species, therefore, this thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of using ancient DNA for resolving a range of different aspects of human prehistory and animal domestication.

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2

Rittinger, Madi. "The Effects of Domestication on Aggression in Fish". Ohio Dominican University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oduhonors1494230931148878.

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Gublin, épouse Diquelou Amérina. "L'animal et la technique : Etude comparée des processus de domestication". Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1577.

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L'objet de cette thèse était de déterminer les influences relatives de l'identité des acteurs de la relation homme/animal. L'identité de l'animal est modifiée par l'environnement technique humain et modifie l'homme à son tour. La relation homme/animal apparaît alors comme un système dynamique, caractérisé à la fois par l'origine culturelle de l'humain et par l'espèce animale. Une étude de terrain, en Guyane française, a permis de préciser que moins la domesticité d'une espèce était ambiguë, plus son statut affectif était stable et fort d'une culture à l'autre, et que sa charge symbolique influençait fortement sa relation avec l'homme. C'est donc à l'interface du fantasme humain de l'animal et de son identité naturelle que se construit la relation. L'adéquation entre désir humain et potentiel de l'espèce façonne la relation et en détermine l'issue. L'étude des relations homme/animal peut dès lors être considérée comme un outil particulièrement efficace de caractérisation culturelle
The aim of this thesis was to determine the actors’ relative influences in the human/animal relationship. The animal's identity changes when placed in the human technical environment The human, in return, is also modified. The human/animal relationship is thus a dynamic system, determined by the human cultural origin as well as by the animal's species. A study, done in French Guyana, shows that the less the domesticity of a species is ambiguous, the more its emotional status is stable and strong within the culture; the study also shows that the symbolic power of the animal strongly influences the relationship. It is therefore at the interface between human phantasm of the animal and the animals own natural identity, that the relationship is built. The adequacy between human desire and the potential of the animal species mould the relation and determine the outcome. Ln conclusion, the study of human/animal relationships could be considered as a useful tool in culture characterization

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Nazarian-Trochet, Marlène. "Recherches sur les chasses étrusques, latines et italiques : une préhistoire des chasses romaines ?" Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100023.

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La chasse est l’un des sujets dominant l’iconographie étrusque dès l’émergence des premières représentations figurées. S’intégrant au décor des armes et parures des premières élites protohistoriques, elle s’enrichit bientôt de nouveaux modèles importés des cultures proche-orientales et helléniques dont elle intègre à la fois le bestiaire et les schémas de mise en scène. Cette prédominance des scènes cynégétiques invite à se poser la question de leur utilisation symbolique, sur le mobilier comme sur les monuments publics et privés commandés par les aristocraties étrusques, et conduit à s’interroger sur la place de la chasse dans une « idéologie du pouvoir » dont nous ne possédons que des témoignages figurés. Un large cadre d’étude allant du VIIIè au IVè siècle av. J.-C. permettra de saisir les mutations de ce thème, parallèlement aux changements sociaux et politiques traversés par les différentes cités. Plus largement c’est une imagerie traitant du rapport entre l’homme et l’animal comprenant des chasses animalières, des scènes d’élevage, voire des exemples d’apprivoisement d’animaux sauvages, qui sera prise en compte pour tenter de saisir l’importance du thème de la maîtrise du monde animal en Etrurie. La singularité de la culture étrusque semble en effet s’exprimer par l’importance quantitative et la variété de ce type de représentations qui trouve un accueil favorable sur le mobilier comme dans les monuments funéraires. La chasse, qu’elle revête une dimension réaliste, héroïque, mythique ou funéraire est donc l’objet d’une mise en scène importante à des fins idéologiques ou rituelles. La confrontation entre le corpus étrusque et d’autres répertoires, empruntés au monde grec mais aussi aux autres cultures du territoire italique, latine et lucanienne notamment, invite ainsi à repenser la question de la symbolique de la chasse dans l’imaginaire de l’Italie préromaine, avant que ne se développent les chasses spectacles romaines
Hunting is one of the dominant subjects of Etruscan iconography as soon as the first figurative representations emerged. It fitted perfectly in the scenery of weapons and the jewellery of the first protohistoric elites. Furthermore, hunting was quickly enhanced by new methods coming from Middle Eastern and Hellenic cultures, in which the bestiary and the staging patterns are both included. This predominance in hunting scenes tempts to make us wonder about their symbolic use, on the furniture or on the private and public monuments ordered by Etruscan aristocrats. It also arouses our interest about the place of hunting in an “ideology of power” of which we only have figurative testimonies. Thus, the long period studied –from the VIIIth to the IVth century B.C.- will allow us to understand the various mutations of this topic, as well as the social and political changes through the different city-states. More broadly, an imagery about the relationship between humans and animals- including animal hunts, farming scenes and even the taming wild animals- will be taken into account to try to understand the relevance of the topic of mastery of wild animals in Etruria. Indeed, the singularity of the Etruscan culture seems to be expressed through the various and numerous representations usually seen on furniture as well as funerary monuments. Hunting, be it with a realistic, heroic, mythic or funerary dimension is thus the object of an important staging for ideological or ritual purposes. The consideration of the Etruscan corpus against other collections- taken from the Greek civilisation but also from other cultures such as Italic, Latin or Lucanian- encourages us to reconsider the question of the symbolic of hunting in the imaginary of this pre-Roman Italy, before the Roman hunt performances had developed

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Wirén, Anders. "Correlated selection responses in animal domestication : the behavioural effects of a growth QTL in chickens". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Zoologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73987.

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Studying animal domestication offers an opportunity to understand the mechanisms of evolution. Domestication is associated with a change in selection pressures; selection for production traits is introduced, and animals are faced with larger and denser social groups. It is not unexpected then that domestication produces a simultaneous change in a number of traits, both physiological and behavioural. This correlated change in traits, e.g. egg production and social behaviour has been termed the “domestic phenotype”. However, it has been shown that selection for one trait alone among the many associated with the domestic phenotype can lead to simultaneous changes in others. This may be a result of such traits being inherited together because of pleiotropy or close linkage of several genes affecting different traits. A chicken growth QTL has previously been found in an intercross between White Leghorn layers (WL) and their main wild ancestor, the red junglefowl (RJF). This QTL has also been found to influence explorative and social behaviours. This thesis aims to characterize this QTL further with respect to social and emotional behaviours, and tries to clarify whether pleiotropy or linkage is responsible for the many observed effects. This is done using behavioural phenotyping, genetic marker genotyping, QTL- and gene expression analysis of an intercross line between RJF and WL, and to some extent of the parental RJF and WL lines themselves. The results show that domestication in these chickens has led to increased social tolerance to unfamiliar conspecifics and a tendency to a decrease in the propensity of chickens to explore the environment, and that these effects are partly explained by the previously described growth QTL. The results also indicate that close linkage of genes, rather than pleiotropy, may be responsible for the multiple effect of the QTL, as different traits to some extent seem to be influenced by different areas within the larger QTL region. This information, in combination with that of other studies and with existing and upcoming genetic research techniques, may be used in the design of future breeding programs that take animal behaviour and welfare as well as production traits into account. Findings like these may also be of use in directing research in human psychiatric genetics.

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KraÌˆtli, Saverio. "Cows who choose domestication : generation and management of domestic animal diversity by WoDaaBe pastoralists (Niger)". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444014.

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Augustsson, Hanna. "Ethoexperimental studies of behaviour in wild and laboratory mice : risk assessment, emotional reactivity and animal welfare /". Uppsala : Dept. of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/v174.pdf.

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Villagecenter, Sharon M. "Effects of domestication on behavior in clonal lines of hatchery-reared rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss". Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/s_villagecenter_072108.pdf.

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Jones, Rebecca Kate. "Transitions to animal domestication in Southeast Asia: Zooarchaeological analysis of Cồn Cổ Ngựa and Mán Bạc, Vietnam". Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143610.

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The domestication of plants and animals was a pivotal process that significantly affected and shaped the trajectory of human history. However, this transition is still poorly understood in many parts of the world. For Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), most researchers believe this transition was initialised by a migration of agricultural groups that spread from the Yangtze into MSEA following rivers and the coastline (Bellwood and Oxenham 2008; Matsumura et al. 2008; 2011). This hypothesis posits that these migrant populations brought domesticated crops and animals into the region and lived alongside indigenous hunter-gatherer groups. This thesis analyses the transition from hunting and gathering to domestication by comparing the taphonomic and taxonomic characteristics of the faunal assemblages of Cồn Cổ Ngựa (CCN) and Mán Bạc (MB) in northern Vietnam. Both sites were selected as they sit on either side of the presumed hunter-gatherer (CCN) and agricultural (MB) subsistence transition in Vietnam and have the potential to show crucial societal changes. Since CCN and MB are burial sites, human-animal interactions at the sites have the potential to portray the belief systems and ontology of the people. The ultimate aim was to contextualise CCN and MB within the framework of subsistence change in Southeast Asia (SEA) and determine how and whether human behaviour and human-animal relationships developed during this purported transitional phase in the Mid Holocene. A clear and perceivable shift in the faunal composition between CCN and MB was found, and this transition can be confidently attributed to the introduction of domesticated animals around 4,000 cal. BP to northern Vietnam. Further, results from the principal component analysis of sites throughout SEA showed that the relative proportions of certain taxa can be useful in separating hunter-gatherer and agricultural based sites across the region, as well as revealing outliers based on localised environments and/or choice. It was emphasised that this transition from ‘hunting to farming’ was by no means clear-cut. MB still had a strong emphasis on hunting wild taxa and fishing, and these permeable cultural-economic boundaries are also perceivable in other SEA sites. However, this thesis suggests that domestic and wild animals probably imbued different meanings and significance. Further, both CCN and MB were not ‘simply middens’ reflecting what people ate, rather they pose intriguing insights into human-animal interactions. At both sites there is a perceivable change in the engagement with animals and the landscape that, this thesis argues, involved a reconceptualising of this relationship.

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Dudognon, Carole. "Entre chasse et pastoralisme, l'art rupestre de la région d'Arica-Parinacota (Chili)". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20041/document.

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A l’extrême nord du Chili, dans la région d’Arica-Parinacota, ce travail de recherche, axé sur l’étude de trois abris ornés (Vilacaurani, Incani et Anocariri), vise à mettre en évidence les étapes de la transformation culturelle et socio-économiques des populations andines en lien avec le processus de la domestication animale. Entre 2800 et 3800 m dans le piémont andin, l’implantation humaine semble correspondre à l’écosystème de certaines espèces, telles que le guanaco et le taruca, abondamment chassées pendant les périodes les plus anciennes. Les plus importants témoignages, actuellement connus, de cette occupation se retrouvent au cœur d’abris sous roche ou sur de larges panneaux à travers d’imposantes fresques polychromes. Les artistes ont mis l’accent sur la figure animale, principalement les camélidés de genre lama (guanaco et lama) et sur la représentation de scènes variées telles la chasse, le piégeage ou encore la pâture. Ces représentations sont significatives, car elles évoquent des possibles phases de la domestication des camélidés qui a débuté autour de 6000 BP dans les Andes centrales (Wings, 1986 ; Wheeler et al., 1977 ; Lavallée et Julien, 1980 ; Lavallée et al., 1995) débouchant sur le développement des sociétés pastorales et d’une économie de production dans les hautes terres andines. Pourtant, les mécanismes de cette transformation restent encore mal connus. Cette recherche offre une nouvelle lecture des manifestations artistiques comme source première d’information pour comprendre la transition socio-économique et culturelle des populations des hautes terres. A travers l’étude des scènes picturales et l’imposant système de superposition des figures, nous sommes en mesure de décrire le glissement progressif, autant sur le plan technique que symbolique, et les étapes transitoires qui caractérisent le passage d’une économie principalement fondée sur la chasse à une économie pastorale
In the far north of Chile, in the region of Arica-Parinacota, this research, centered on the study of three decorated shelters (Vilacaurani, Incani and Anocariri), aim at highlighting the socioeconomic and cultural stages of the transformation of the Andean populations in connection with the process of the animal domestication. Between 2800 and 3800 m in Andean Piedmont, the human settling seems to correspond to the ecosystem of certain species such as the guanaco and the taruca abundantly hunted during the most ancient periods. The most important testimonies of this activity, so far known, are found at the heart of shelters or on wide panels through impressive polychromatic frescoes. The artists put the accent on the animal figure, mainly Camelidae of the genus Lama (guanaco and llama) and on the representation of varied scenes such hunting, capture or grazing. These representations are significant because they evoke possible phases of the Camelid’s domestication which began around 6000 BP in the central Andes (Wings, 1986 ; Wheeler et al., 1977 ; Lavallée et Julien, 1980 ; Lavallée et al., 1995) which result in the development of the pastoral societies and the economy of production in the Andean highlands. Nevertheless, mechanisms working in this transformation remain badly known. This research offers a new reading of the artistic manifestations as first source of information to understand the socioeconomic and cultural transition of the populations in the highlands. Through the study of the pictorial scenes and the impressive system of overlapping of figures, we are capable of describing the progressive sliding, both on the technical plan and the symbolism, and the transitory stages which characterize the passage of an economy mainly based on hunting to a pastoral economy

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Monticelli, Patrícia Ferreira. "Comportamento e comunicação acústica em cobaias e em preás". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-24052006-134117/.

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Este é um estudo comparativo do comportamento e da comunicação acústica de cobaias Cavia porcellus - e de preás C. aperea - duas espécies muito próximas, uma com uma história recente de domesticação (há 6.000 anos nos Andes) e a outra selvagem. Inclui três etapas: (1) a elaboração de um etograma e a comparação entre cobaias e preás quanto à freqüência e duração dos comportamentos exibidos em contextos sociais particulares (encontros entre fêmeas, entre machos e entre macho e fêmea); (2) a categorização e análise sonográfica comparativa da estrutura dos sinais sonoros; e (3) a comparação entre espécies quanto ao uso dos chamados através de um estudo do comportamento do emissor e de um receptor, no momento anterior e subseqüente à emissão. Encontramos diferenças entre as espécies nas três etapas. (1) Cobaias exibiram mais comportamentos de contatos e sexuais; preás exibiram mais comportamentos de exploração. (2) Das emissões registradas, uma não foi exibida por cobaias. Analisamos 4 delas estatisticamente e todas revelaram diferenças estruturais entre espécies. (3) Houve diferença no uso do sinal de alerta e no nível de resposta eliciado por alguns sinais. Os resultados são discutidos principalmente como efeitos da domesticação. A seleção de animais maiores pode ter alterado a morfologia do trato vocal das cobaias, produzindo as mudanças na estrutura dos chamados. Ainda, com o relaxamento de seleção natural, por conta da proteção oferecida pelo cativeiro, características menos favoráveis podem ter sido mantidas e ganhado proporção na população. Como resultado, a espécie domesticada produz e reage menos aos sinais de alerta, gasta menos tempo com comportamentos de atenção ao meio e ganha tempo para os comportamentos socais e reprodutivos.
This is a comparative study of behavior and acoustic communication of wild (Cavia aperea) and domestic (C. porcellus) cavies. Animals were observed in the laboratory in three social situations (female-female, male-male and female-male pairings) and the following steps were performed: (1) comparison of the frequency and duration of behaviors, in both species; (2) description and comparison of the sonografic parameters of acoustic signals emitted by individuals of both species; and (3) identification of antecedent and subsequent behavioral contexts of such signals as an approach to the understanding of their social function. C. porcellus exhibited more contact and sexual categories of behaviors than C. aperea; C. aperea explored more than C. porcellus. Signal repertoire was almost the same (one, out of 7 calls was exclusively emitted by C. aperea). Statistical analysis revealed significant structural differences between species in four of the calls. Differences were also found in the context of use of alert vocalization and in the level of response elicited by some signals. Interspecific differences found may be partially attributed to domestication. Selection for meet production may have altered guinea pigs vocal tract and may have brought changes in acoustic signals structure. The absence of predatory pressure and the less demanding conditions of captivity may have favored the expression of some traits, such as the performance of long courtship bouts. The domestic cavies C. porcellus are less prone than the wild ones to emit and to respond to alert signals, spend less time with exploratory and patrolling and spend more time with social and reproductive interactions.

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Alves, Michaela de Freitas Rosa [UNESP]. "Comportamento de casais Rhynchotus rufescens em cativeiro: relação com imobilidade tônica e eficiência reprodutiva". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96506.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:18:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_mfr_me_jabo.pdf: 1255601 bytes, checksum: 5f096f375b64c40a07d696bb093210d0 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A dificuldade da produção da perdiz está relacionada à baixa fertilidade dos ovos, relacionado, entre outras coisas, à baixa adaptação destas aves ao cativeiro, que impossibilita a expressão de seu comportamento selecionado durante milhares de gerações nas condições naturais. O objetivo foi estudar a relação do comportamento de casais com a eficiência reprodutiva, determinada pela produção de ovos, ovos férteis e perdigotos saudáveis, bem como com o tempo de imobilidade tônica, durante a estação reprodutiva. Este trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, abordou-se aspectos biológicos e ecológicos da espécie, e de sua domesticação. No segundo capítulo, analisou-se o comportamento de casais com e sem postura. Os dados mostram que as aves dos boxes sem postura não formaram casais, uma vez que não apresentaram comportamentos reprodutivos e nem comportamentos agonísticos relacionados aos rituais de cópula. Os comportamentos de perseguir e de ser seguido foram exclusivos de machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. No terceiro capítulo, discutiu-se a relação do comportamento com o tempo de imobilidade tônica (IT) das aves. Os comportamentos mais frequentes foram os mesmos, independente do tempo em IT. Aves com curta IT não apresentaram comportamentos relacionados à corte, mas apresentaram a mesma frequência de monta que as aves com longa IT. No quarto capítulo, comparou-se os comportamentos entre casais com alta e baixa eficiência reprodutiva. Os dados desse capítulo mostram que fêmeas de casais com baixa eficiência reprodutiva ameaçam mais os machos enquanto em casais de alta eficiência os machos ameaçam mais que as fêmeas
The difficulty of Red-winged Tinamus (Rhynchotus rufescens) production is related to the low fertility rate of eggs resulting from, among other things, the inability of these birds to adapt to captivity. This prevents the expression of their standard behavior selected for thousands of generations under natural conditions. The objective of this thesis was to study the relationship between the behavior of couples and their reproductive efficiency, determined by egg production, fertile eggs and healthy Red-winged Tinamus, as well as the tonic immobility time during the breeding season. This work was divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, we discuss biological and ecological aspects of the species, and their domestication. In the second chapter, we study the behavior of couples with and without posture, using birds with long tonic immobility. The data show that the birds from the boxes without oviposition did not form couples, since there were no reproductive behaviors or agonistic behaviors related to mating rituals. The behavior of chasing and being followed were unique to males and females, respectively. In the third chapter, we discuss the relationship between behavior and time of tonic immobility (TI). The most frequent behaviors were the same regardless of the TI time. Birds with short TI did not show courtship related behaviors, but had the same mount frequency as the breeding birds with long TI. In the fourth chapter, we made a comparison between the behavior of couples with high and low reproductive efficiency. The data in this chapter show that female with low reproductive efficiency threaten more males while in couples with high efficiency the males threaten more than females

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Alves, Michaela de Freitas Rosa. "Comportamento de casais Rhynchotus rufescens em cativeiro : relação com imobilidade tônica e eficiência reprodutiva /". Jaboticabal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96506.

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Orientador: Isabel Cristina Boleli
Banca: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz
Banca: Janaína Della Torre da Silva
Resumo: A dificuldade da produção da perdiz está relacionada à baixa fertilidade dos ovos, relacionado, entre outras coisas, à baixa adaptação destas aves ao cativeiro, que impossibilita a expressão de seu comportamento selecionado durante milhares de gerações nas condições naturais. O objetivo foi estudar a relação do comportamento de casais com a eficiência reprodutiva, determinada pela produção de ovos, ovos férteis e perdigotos saudáveis, bem como com o tempo de imobilidade tônica, durante a estação reprodutiva. Este trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, abordou-se aspectos biológicos e ecológicos da espécie, e de sua domesticação. No segundo capítulo, analisou-se o comportamento de casais com e sem postura. Os dados mostram que as aves dos boxes sem postura não formaram casais, uma vez que não apresentaram comportamentos reprodutivos e nem comportamentos agonísticos relacionados aos rituais de cópula. Os comportamentos de perseguir e de ser seguido foram exclusivos de machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. No terceiro capítulo, discutiu-se a relação do comportamento com o tempo de imobilidade tônica (IT) das aves. Os comportamentos mais frequentes foram os mesmos, independente do tempo em IT. Aves com curta IT não apresentaram comportamentos relacionados à corte, mas apresentaram a mesma frequência de monta que as aves com longa IT. No quarto capítulo, comparou-se os comportamentos entre casais com alta e baixa eficiência reprodutiva. Os dados desse capítulo mostram que fêmeas de casais com baixa eficiência reprodutiva ameaçam mais os machos enquanto em casais de alta eficiência os machos ameaçam mais que as fêmeas
Abstract: The difficulty of Red-winged Tinamus (Rhynchotus rufescens) production is related to the low fertility rate of eggs resulting from, among other things, the inability of these birds to adapt to captivity. This prevents the expression of their standard behavior selected for thousands of generations under natural conditions. The objective of this thesis was to study the relationship between the behavior of couples and their reproductive efficiency, determined by egg production, fertile eggs and healthy Red-winged Tinamus, as well as the tonic immobility time during the breeding season. This work was divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, we discuss biological and ecological aspects of the species, and their domestication. In the second chapter, we study the behavior of couples with and without posture, using birds with long tonic immobility. The data show that the birds from the boxes without oviposition did not form couples, since there were no reproductive behaviors or agonistic behaviors related to mating rituals. The behavior of chasing and being followed were unique to males and females, respectively. In the third chapter, we discuss the relationship between behavior and time of tonic immobility (TI). The most frequent behaviors were the same regardless of the TI time. Birds with short TI did not show courtship related behaviors, but had the same mount frequency as the breeding birds with long TI. In the fourth chapter, we made a comparison between the behavior of couples with high and low reproductive efficiency. The data in this chapter show that female with low reproductive efficiency threaten more males while in couples with high efficiency the males threaten more than females
Mestre

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Fallahshahroudi, Amir. "Domestication Effects on the Stress Response in Chickens : Genetics, Physiology, and Behaviour". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-137350.

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Animal domestication, the process where animals become adapted to living in proximity to humans, is associated with the alteration of multiple traits, including decreased fearfulness and stress response. With an estimated population of 50 billion, the domesticated chicken is the most populous avian species in the world. Hundreds of chicken breeds have been developed for meat and egg production, hobby or research purposes. Multidirectional selection and the relaxation of natural selection in captivity have created immense phenotypic diversity amongst domesticates in a relatively short evolutionary time. The extensive phenotypic diversity, existence of the wild ancestor, and feasibility of intercrossing various breeds makes the chicken a suitable model animal for deciphering genetic determinants of complex traits such as stress response. We used chicken domestication as a model to gain insights about the mechanisms that regulate stress response in an avian species. We studied behavioural and physiological stress response in the ancestral Red Junglefowl and one of its domesticated progenies, White Leghorn. An advanced intercross between the aforementioned breeds was later used to map genetic loci underlying modification of stress response. The general pattern of the stress response in chickens was comparable with that reported in mammals, however we identified distinctive differences in the stress modulatory pathways in chickens. We showed that changes in the expression levels of several stress modulatory genes in the brain, the pituitary and the adrenal glands underlie the observed modified stress response in domesticated chickens. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, several QTL underlying stress induced corticosterone, aldosterone and baseline dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were detected. As a next step, we combined QTL mapping with gene expression (eQTL) mapping and narrowed two QTL down to the putative causal genes, SERPINA10 and PDE1C. Both of these genes were differentially expressed in the adrenal glands of White Leghorn and the Red Junglefowl, had overlapping eQTL with hormonal QTL, and their expression levels in the adrenal glands were correlated with plasma levels of corticosterone and al-dosterone. These two genes thus serve as strong candidates for further functional investigation concerning modification of the stress response during domestication. This dissertation increase the knowledge about genetics and physiology of the stress response in an avian species and its modification during domestication. Our findings expand the basic knowledge about the stress response in chicken, which can potentially be used to improve welfare through appropriate genetic selection.

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Messaoudi, Baya. "Bêtes et bêtise : l'animalité dans l'oeuvre de Sartre". Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080030/document.

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Étudier l’animalité dans l’œuvre de Sartre, c’est rencontrer l’auteur là où nous ne l’attendions pas. C’est aussi découvrir sa philosophie hors d’elle-même, c’est-à-dire dans des sujets considérés depuis longtemps comme minoritaires, tels que ceux qui se rapportent à l’animal. À vrai dire, Sartre ne pose pas dans des termes clairs le problème de l’animalité, que ce soit en philosophie ou en littérature. Cette question accompagne plutôt le discours fondamental que le philosophe porte sur l’homme et la liberté. S’attachant à définir l’homme dans sa relation à l’autre, Sartre ne cesse de toucher, de près ou de loin, à la place que l’animal domestique occupe auprès de son maître. L’animal est-il alors une force symbolique, donc une question qui n’est posée que de biais, ou peut-il se concevoir comme un thème philosophique sérieux ? Nous pouvons effectivement mettre l’animalité à l’épreuve de la pensée sartrienne. Pour dire les choses plus clairement, cette recherche consiste à démontrer que l’animal est un être lié de façon complexe à l’homme et suscite des interrogations existentielles
Studying the animal in Sartre's work is meeting the author where we were not expecting. It was also discovered his philosophy out of itself, that is to say, in subjects long considered a minority, such as those relating to the animal. Indeed, Sartre does not arise in clear terms the problem of the animal, either in philosophy or literature. This question rather accompanies the fundamental discourse that the philosopher is about rights and freedom. Endeavoring to define man in his relationship to the other, Sartre continues to touch, directly or indirectly, in the place that occupies the pet to his master. The animal then it is a symbolic strength, so a question that is asked only obliquely, or can it be seen as a serious philosophical theme? We can actually put the animal to the test of Sartre's thought. To put it more clearly, this research is to demonstrate that the animal is to be intricately linked to man and raises existential questions

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Furnari, Nina. "Corte intra e interespecífica em cobaias (Cavia porcellus) e preás (Cavia aperea)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-01092006-175910/.

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O preá Cavia aperea é tido como um dos representantes atuais da espécie ancestral a partir da qual se originou a cobaia Cavia porcellus por meio de um processo de domesticação iniciado há cerca de 6000 anos. A comparação entre estas espécies constitui um modelo interessante para o estudo dos efeitos comportamentais da domesticação, além de ter implicações para a compreensão da taxonomia destas espécies. Nosso objetivo foi descrever e comparar o comportamento de corte em cobaias e preás em pares intraespecíficos e verificar, através de pareamentos interespecíficos, eventuais barreiras reprodutivas provenientes da domesticação. Pares intra e interespecíficos foram submetidos a dois experimentos, um a curto prazo em ambiente de sala-teste e outro a longo prazo em ambiente semi-natural, nos quais registrou-se os episódios de interação e as categorias comportamentais exibidas na interação entre os sujeitos. Encontrou-se diferenças significativas entre os pares intra e interespecíficos (taxa e duração da interação), assim como entre cobaias e preás (cobaias interagiram, cortejaram-se e exploraram-se mais do que preás, estes se mostraram mais ativos e exploradores do meio). As diferenças revelam possíveis efeitos do processo de domesticação. Os pares interespecíficos também diferiram significativamente entre si, de forma assimétrica: enquanto machos preás cortejaram fêmeas cobaias e copularam com estas (menos, contudo, do que no caso das fêmeas coespecíficas), machos cobaias praticamente não cortejaram fêmeas preás provavelmente por causa dos altos níveis de agressão destas. Nossos resultados demonstram a existência de barreiras comportamentais entre as duas espécies, devidas provavelmente à domesticação, capazes de gerar um isolamento reprodutivo parcial.
The wild cavy (Cavia aperea) is considered as one of the current exemplars of an ancestor species which through domestication processes starting six thousands years ago originated Cavia porcellus, the guinea pig. A formal comparison between the two species (Cavia aperea and Cavia porcellus), constitutes not only an interesting model for an investigation of the effects of domestication on behaviour, but also it may contribute to a taxonomic understanding of the two species. The aim of the study was to describe and compare the courtship behaviour exhibited by wild cavies and guinea pigs within intraspecific couples. In addition, arranging interspecific couples, we aimed to verify possible reproductive barriers which could be a consequence of the domestication processes. Intraspecific and interspecific couples took part in two experiments: the first was a short term experiment undertaken in a non-natural testing environment; the second was long term and conducted in a semi-natural environment. Interactive episodes were observed and a range of behavioural categories demonstrated by the individuals during interactions were registered. Significant differences were found between intra and interspecific couples (frequency and duration of the interactions) as well as between wild cavies and guinea pigs. Whilst the latter interacted and explored themselves more as well as showing more courtship behaviour, the former instead were more active towards exploring their environment. These differences suggest possible effects of the domestication processes. Furthermore, there were also significant asymmetrical differences among the interspecific couples themselves: whilst male wild cavy showed courtship behaviour towards the female guinea pigs and even mated with them. However, less than when compared to their behaviour towards female wild cavies. Male guinea pigs mostly did not court female wild cavies; this was mainly attributed to the female wild cavies showing high levels of aggression. The results account for the existence of behavioural barriers between the two species, which are probably due to the domestication process and can well generate partial reproductive isolation.

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Peck-Janssen, Shannon Marie. "Animal Husbandry at Tell el Hesi (Israel): Results from Zooarchaeological and Isotopic Analysis". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001437.

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Catagnano, Valentina. "Aproximación morfométrica y paleogenética al estudio de la variabilidad de canis l. familiaris en la península ibérica desde el neolítico hasta época romana y su contextualización en el ámbito del mediterráneo occidental". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400000.

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En el presente trabajo se aborda la problemática de la variabilidad de Canis l. familiaris en la Península Ibérica en un marco cronológico que abarca desde el Neolítico hasta la época romana y su contextualización en el ámbito del Mediterráneo occidental. Un aspecto novedoso que se aporta es la aplicación y integración de dos metodologías distintas: la Arqueozoología y la Paleogenética. En los primeros capítulos se detallan las principales teorías sobre el origen biológico del perro, su dinámica de domesticación y sus usos, y se presenta un resumen de los hallazgos más significativos de cánidos en la Península Ibérica y en el Mediterráneo occidental, enmarcados en la cronología mencionada. Seguidamente, se presentan los resultados del análisis arqueozoológico de los restos de cánidos procedentes del yacimiento neolítico de Serra de Mas Bonet (Vilafant, Gerona), del yacimiento calcolítico de Camino del Molino (Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia), de los contextos arqueológicos ibéricos de Can Xercavins (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona) y Mas Castellar (Pontós, Gerona), del yacimiento griego de Ampurias (L'Escala, Gerona) y del tardorromano de El Mallols (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona). El análisis biométrico y estadístico de los restos de cánidos ha permitido incidir en la variabilidad morfométrica a de esta especie de forma sincrónica y diacrónica en la Península Ibérica. A partir de estos análisis, se ha documentado desde época calcolítica una elevada variabilidad de morfotipos, lo cual permitiría suponer una manipulación antrópica de la especie desde la Prehistoria. Un aspecto remarcable, ha sido la identificación de restos de Canis lupus en la necrópolis en cueva de Camino del Molino, siendo estos los primeros restos de lobo documentados en este tipo de contexto arqueológico. Respecto a la talla de los cánidos, en cambio, se ha registrado un aumento progresivo que culmina en la edad del Hierro, mientras que en época romana se detecta una amplia variabilidad que incluye perros de tamaño hipermétrico a hipométrico. Con el objetivo de evaluar si la dinámica de la variabilidad documentada en la Península Ibérica es un fenómeno de tipo local se ha llevado a cabo un análisis comparado con los restos de cánidos procedentes del área Mediterráneo occidental. La dinámica observada en las áreas geográficas analizadas argumentaría la evidencia de modelos similares de gestión y selección de la especie. De forma integrada se han realizado análisis genéticos sobre algunos de los restos de cánidos recuperados en los conjuntos objeto de estudio directo. Se han aplicado dos técnicas de análisis del DNA: la secuenciación tradicional por Sanger y la Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Los objetivos principales han sido alcanzar una caracterización fenotípica (color de la capa, tamaño, sexo) de los individuos y confirmar la clasificación taxonómica de los ejemplares atribuidos al lobo a través del estudio arqueozoológico. Los resultados han puesto de manifiesto la potencialidad y al mismo tiempo los limites de la aplicación de los estudios genéticos a los restos arqueológicos debido principalmente a su estado de conservación. Por último, se presentan en una visión unitaria las principales contribuciones aportadas por el presente estudio a la cuestión de variabilidad morfométrica de Canis l. familiaris, se propone una integración de los resultados arqueozoológicos y genéticos y se incide sobre los aspectos los metodológicos proponiendo un modelo de análisis basado en nuevos procedimientos analíticos multidisciplinares en el campo de la Bioarquelogía.
In the present work we have approached the issue of the variability of Canis l. familiaris in the Iberian Peninsula from the Neolithic to the Roman Age and its contextualization in the Western Mediterranean area. To tackle this problematic, we have decided to follow a new methodology consisting in the application and integration of Zoorchaeology and Palaeogenetics. In the first chapters we discuss the principal theories on the biological origin of the dog, its dynamics of domestication and its uses and we point out the most important canids' findings of the Iberian Peninsula and the western Mediterranean area, from the given chronology. Following that, we present the results of the zooarchaelogical analysis of the canid remains proceeding from the Neolithic site of Serra de Mas Bonet (Vilafant, Gerona), the Chalcolithic site of Camino del Molino (Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia), the archaeological Iberian contexts of Can Xercavins (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona) and Mas Castellar (Pontós, Gerona), the Greek site of Ampurias (L' Escala, Gerona) and the late Roman one of El Mallols (Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona). Biometrics and statistcs allowed us to investigate the morphometric variability through both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The study revealed that from the Chalcolithic era dogs present a high variability of morphotypes, which would suggest an incipient human selection of the species since the Prehistory. The identification of specimens of Canis lupus in the burial Cave of Camino del Molino has been a remarkable aspect, being the first case of wolf remains recorded in an archaeological context. Regarding the size of the canids, on the other side, it has been registered a progressive increase that culminates in the Iron Age, whereas in Roman Age a wide variability that includes dogs from hypermetric to hypometric size is recorded. In order to assess if the dynamic of variability documented in the Iberian Peninsula it's based on local patterns, we carried out a comparative analysis with the dog biometric data recollected from the remains recovered in the Western Mediterranean area. The dynamics observed in the geographical analysed areas would argue the evidence of similar models of management and selection of the species. We also carried out genetic analyses on some of the samples recovered in the site object of direct study. Two technics of DNA analysis have been applied: the Sanger sequencing method and the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The principal aim of the study has been to reach a phenotypic characterization (colour of coat, size, sex) of the individuals and confirm the taxonomical classification of the specimens we identify as wolf applying zooarchaeological criteria of determination. The results demonstrate both the potential and the limits of the application of genetics to the archaeological remains mainly due to their preservation. Finally, we present in an unitary vision both the principal contributions by the present study to the question of morphometric variability of Canis l. familiaris and an integration of zooarchaeological and genetic results, and we discuss on the methodological aspects of the investigation proposing a model of analysis based on new analytical multidisciplinary approach in the field of Bioarchaeology.

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Dudognon, Carole. "Entre chasse et pastoralisme, l'art rupestre de la région d'Arica-Parinacota (Chili)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20041.

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A l’extrême nord du Chili, dans la région d’Arica-Parinacota, ce travail de recherche, axé sur l’étude de trois abris ornés (Vilacaurani, Incani et Anocariri), vise à mettre en évidence les étapes de la transformation culturelle et socio-économiques des populations andines en lien avec le processus de la domestication animale. Entre 2800 et 3800 m dans le piémont andin, l’implantation humaine semble correspondre à l’écosystème de certaines espèces, telles que le guanaco et le taruca, abondamment chassées pendant les périodes les plus anciennes. Les plus importants témoignages, actuellement connus, de cette occupation se retrouvent au cœur d’abris sous roche ou sur de larges panneaux à travers d’imposantes fresques polychromes. Les artistes ont mis l’accent sur la figure animale, principalement les camélidés de genre lama (guanaco et lama) et sur la représentation de scènes variées telles la chasse, le piégeage ou encore la pâture. Ces représentations sont significatives, car elles évoquent des possibles phases de la domestication des camélidés qui a débuté autour de 6000 BP dans les Andes centrales (Wings, 1986 ; Wheeler et al., 1977 ; Lavallée et Julien, 1980 ; Lavallée et al., 1995) débouchant sur le développement des sociétés pastorales et d’une économie de production dans les hautes terres andines. Pourtant, les mécanismes de cette transformation restent encore mal connus. Cette recherche offre une nouvelle lecture des manifestations artistiques comme source première d’information pour comprendre la transition socio-économique et culturelle des populations des hautes terres. A travers l’étude des scènes picturales et l’imposant système de superposition des figures, nous sommes en mesure de décrire le glissement progressif, autant sur le plan technique que symbolique, et les étapes transitoires qui caractérisent le passage d’une économie principalement fondée sur la chasse à une économie pastorale
In the far north of Chile, in the region of Arica-Parinacota, this research, centered on the study of three decorated shelters (Vilacaurani, Incani and Anocariri), aim at highlighting the socioeconomic and cultural stages of the transformation of the Andean populations in connection with the process of the animal domestication. Between 2800 and 3800 m in Andean Piedmont, the human settling seems to correspond to the ecosystem of certain species such as the guanaco and the taruca abundantly hunted during the most ancient periods. The most important testimonies of this activity, so far known, are found at the heart of shelters or on wide panels through impressive polychromatic frescoes. The artists put the accent on the animal figure, mainly Camelidae of the genus Lama (guanaco and llama) and on the representation of varied scenes such hunting, capture or grazing. These representations are significant because they evoke possible phases of the Camelid’s domestication which began around 6000 BP in the central Andes (Wings, 1986 ; Wheeler et al., 1977 ; Lavallée et Julien, 1980 ; Lavallée et al., 1995) which result in the development of the pastoral societies and the economy of production in the Andean highlands. Nevertheless, mechanisms working in this transformation remain badly known. This research offers a new reading of the artistic manifestations as first source of information to understand the socioeconomic and cultural transition of the populations in the highlands. Through the study of the pictorial scenes and the impressive system of overlapping of figures, we are capable of describing the progressive sliding, both on the technical plan and the symbolism, and the transitory stages which characterize the passage of an economy mainly based on hunting to a pastoral economy

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Lindberg, Julia. "Exploring Brain Gene Expression i Animal Models of Behaviour". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8177.

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Oliveira, Guilherme Antunes de. "Pensar nos bichos : afetos e políticas da proteção animal". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8873.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
As an ethnography about interspecific relationships – between humans and animals – in urban contexts, this dissertation aims to reflect about the actions related to the management and protection of animal life within institutional and domestic scopes. From the contact with activist groups in two cities in the state of São Paulo it was possible to observe situations that alternate between containment and propitiation measures and their consequent interferences in a conviviality supported by the principle of animal protection. Government and activism – as well as the perceptions and conceptions of the domestic animal resulting from their respective actions – allow a theoretical and methodological reflection on the binomial established between culture and nature, when they reveal conflicts and possible ambivalences of animal protection, situated between control and hosting measures that, consequently, are linked to affectivities and legal issues. Ethical arguments, contained in laws and public policies, as well as the appeal to the sensitive dimension, eventually triggered by activism, also provide subsidies to understanding other concepts - such as welfare and animal rights – and these interspecific relationships mediated by emotions and reason, both tangents to the moral condition of the animal as part of a predominantly human socius.
Como uma etnografia acerca de relações interespecíficas – entre humanos e animais – em contextos urbanos, este trabalho visa refletir sobre as ações envolvidas na gestão e tutela da vida animal no âmbito institucional e doméstico. A partir do contato com grupos ativistas em dois municípios paulistas, foram observadas situações que se alternam entre medidas de contenção e de propiciação e suas consequentes interferências num convívio amparado pelo princípio da proteção aos animais. Tanto o poder público como o ativismo – bem como as percepções e concepções sobre o animal doméstico resultantes de suas respectivas ações – possibilitam uma reflexão de ordem teórico-metodológica do binômio estabelecido entre cultura e natureza, ao apresentarem os conflitos e as possíveis ambivalências da proteção animal, situados entre medidas de controle e de acolhimento e, por conseguinte, imbricados a afetividades e juridicidades. Argumentos éticos, presentes em legislações e em políticas públicas, e o apelo à dimensão do sensível, eventualmente acionado pelas atividades militantes, também fornecem subsídios à compreensão de outros conceitos – como bem-estar animal e direitos animais – e dessas relações interespecíficas mediadas por emoções e razões, ambas tangentes à condição moral do animal enquanto parte de um socius predominantemente humano.

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Alcàntara, Fors Roger. "Aportacions de la microestructra òssia i la biomecànica a l’estudi de la domesticació animal i pràctiques ramaderes inicials al Mediterrani oriental i occidental (10000-4000 cal BC)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669775.

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El procés de domesticació animal es defineix a partir del control que els humans exerciren sobre determinades poblacions d’animals salvatges per tal d’adaptar-los a les pròpies necessitats. Els efectes a llarg termini de tot aquest procés són les espècies domèstiques que explotem avui en dia, però a curt termini, les diferències entre els espècimens salvatges i aquests primers domèstics eren mínimes. Des de l’arqueozoologia, un dels focus d’atenció principal en l’estudi de les societats passades és entendre aquesta interacció entre humans animals i, per aquest motiu, es busca cada cop més caracteritzar les primeres poblacions domèstiques no només per la seva condició biològica, que encarà tardarà en aparèixer, sinó per a partir de les conseqüències fisiològiques de les noves condicions de vida definides per la seva condició d’animal domèstic, controlat. En aquesta proposta s’avalua la idoneïtat d’utilitzar les propietats d’adaptació i remodelació del teixit ossi en resposta als estímuls mecànics com una eina vàlida per caracteritzar les pautes i hàbits de mobilitat de les poblacions animals i, amb això, a partir de l’anàlisi de poblacions animals domèstiques, definir el seu règim d’explotació, gestió i manteniment i ús especialitzat. Així mateix es consideren els efectes de les diverses estratègies de gestió i explotació sobre la salut i el desenvolupament d’alteracions òssies de les poblacions d’animals domèstics com una mesura de la intensitat, o de la intensificació de les pressions selectives i d’explotació dels grups humans. La proposta es desenvolupa a partir de dues àrees geogràfiques que representen els dos caps del procés de domesticació, des de l’inici i consolidació de les pràctiques ramaderes que es desenvolupa al sud-oest asiàtic fins a la pràctica d’estratègies ramaderes ja plenament consolidades al nord-est de la península ibèrica. Arqueozoologia, biomecànica i paleopatologia ens ajuden, amb aquest treball, a caracteritzar les primeres evidències de domesticació a orient i a casa nostra.
The process of animal domestication is defined based on the control that humans exert on certain populations of animals to adapt them to their exclusive productive needs. Long term effects of this process are the domestic species that we are currently exploiting, but on a short span of time, the differences between wild specimens and the first domesticates are minimal. One of the main objectives of archaeozoology when studying past societies is to understand this human-animal interactions. With this in mind, an increasing trend in characterizing first domestic populations not only by their biological condition, which will not appear until some generations have passed, but by the physiological consequences of the new life conditions defined by their domestic, controlled status. In this proposal we evaluate the use of bone adaptation and remodelling properties in response to mechanical stimuli as a valid tool to characterize mobility patterns and habits of animal populations. Implementation of this principles to the study of domestic populations should help define their management and exploitation strategies. The effects of different management and exploitation strategies on health and the development of pathological alterations on bone surface is also taken into consideration as a means of intensity, or intensification, of human selective and exploitation pressures. This study focuses on two geographical areas that represent two sides of a long process, from the beginning and development of husbandry practices which takes place in the levant, to the adoption of fully consolidated husbandry strategies in the north-east of the Iberian peninsula. Archaeozoology, biomechanics and paleopathology join efforts in characterizing the first evidences of domestication in Southwest Asia and in our homeland.

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Navarrete, Belda Vanessa. "Domesticación animal y primeras prácticas ganaderas en el noreste peninsular (5500-4500 cal BC). Integración de los análisis bioquímicos en arqueozoología". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461194.

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En el presente trabajo de tesis doctoral se aborda la problemática de la dinámica del proceso de domesticación animal y las prácticas ganaderas iniciales en el extremo más occidental del área mediterránea a lo largo del intervalo temporal que abarca entre el 5.500-4.700 cal ANE. El objetivo principal de la tesis se aborda a partir del estudio de una muestra significativa de yacimientos neolíticos situados en el noreste de la Península Ibérica. Se ha evaluado con esta tesis doctoral los principales modelos explicativos planteados en torno a los orígenes del neolítico en la Península Ibérica, prestando especial atención a las hipótesis y explicaciones formuladas sobre el proceso de domesticación animal y practicas ganaderas iniciales. A partir de los nuevos datos aportados con el estudio de una muestra significativa de yacimientos neolíticos del área del noreste peninsular se ha analizado la información existente bajo el prisma de la tafonomía, demostrando la importancia de considerar no solo la composición de los conjuntos de restos de fauna, sino su grado de representatividad histórica. La contextualización de los nuevos datos obtenidos a nivel peninsular y europeo, con un énfasis especial en el área mediterránea, ha aportado documentos significativos sobre las implicaciones que tuvieron la adopción y cría de rebaños de las cuatro principales especies domésticas. Los análisis efectuados han permitido constatar la explotación polivalente de los diferentes tipos de producciones animales, la plena integración de los ciclos agrícola y ganaderos, la práctica de estrategias ganaderas tanto intensivas como extensivas y la existencia de explotaciones ganaderas permanentes en zonas elevadas del Pirineo durante el Neolítico Inicial, documentos todo ellos que obligan a replantear algunas de las asunciones que han guiado hasta la actualidad el debate sobre los orígenes del Neolítico. A nivel metodológico, el método seguido contempla como novedad de manera integrada los procesos analíticos desarrollados en el marco de la disciplina arqueológica, arqueotafonómica, arqueozoológica y biomolecular. Esta aproximación ha permitido documentar, caracterizar y evaluar los procesos de trabajo vinculados a la explotación y gestión de los animales domésticos durante el Neolítico Inicial. La integración de los análisis de isotopos estables ha supuesto una aportación significativa al estudio de la gestión ganadera, y ha permitido caracterizar las estrategias implementadas en la alimentación de los primeros animales domésticos. Los resultados ponen en evidencia la rápida adaptación de los animales domésticos a los ambientes peninsulares, documentándose la practica una estrategia ganadera plenamente consolidada caracterizada por la posibilidad de modelar la estructura demográfica de los rebaños, la productividad de las especies y las capacidades de adaptación alimentaria de los animales dependiendo de características fisiológicas y etológicas de cada especie. La interpretación de los resultados muestra que la adopción de las técnicas ganaderas no es un proceso lineal ni homogéneo a inicios del Neolítico en la Península Ibérica. La documentación de modalidades regionales pone en relieve la importancia y magnitud del estudio de la domesticación animal y practicas ganaderas iniciales en el marco del proceso de neolitización en esta área geográfica.
In the present doctoral PhD thesis the problematic of the dynamics of the process of animal domestication and the initial husbandry practices in the most western part of the Mediterranean area throughout the temporal interval that covers between 5,500-4,700 cal ANE is addressed. The main objective of this research is approached from the study of a significant sample of Neolithic sites located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. The main explanatory models proposed about the origins of the Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula have been evaluated with this doctoral thesis, focusing on the hypotheses and explanations formulated about the process of animal domestication and initial livestock practices. Based on the new data provided by the study of a significant sample of Neolithic sites in the northeastern peninsular area, the existing information has been analyzed from a taphonomical perspective, pointing out the importance of considering not only the composition of the faunal remains, but also its degree of historical representativeness. The contextualisation of the new data obtained at peninsular and European level, with a special emphasis on the Mediterranean area, has provided significant documents of the implications of adoption and herding of the four main domestic species. The analyzes carried out have shown polyvalent exploitation of the different types of animal production, full integration of the agricultural and livestock cycles, practice of intensive and extensive livestock strategies and existence of permanent livestock farms in the high areas of the Pyrenees during the Early Neolithic. All these documents force us to rethink some of the assumptions that have guided the debate on the origins of agriculture and pastoralism. At a methodological level, it is to be note as a novelty that the method implemented integrated several analytical processes developed within the framework of archaeological, archaeo-taphonomical, archaeozoological and biomolecular disciplines. This approach has allowed to document, characterize and evaluate the work processes linked to the exploitation and management of domestic animals during the Early Neolithic period. The integration of stable isotope analysis has involved contributing in a significant manner to the study of livestock management, allowing to characterize the strategies implemented in the feeding of the first domestic animals. Results show the rapid adaptation of domestic animals to peninsular environments. Indeed, the practice of a fully consolidated livestock strategy characterized by the possibility of modeling the demographic structure of the herds, the productivity of the species and the food adaptation capacities of the animals depending on physiological and ethological characteristics of each species, has been documented. Therefore, results allow to interpret that the adoption of livestock techniques was a non-linear, non-homogenous process at the beginning of the Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula. The documentation of regional modalities highlights the importance and magnitude of the study of animal domestication and initial livestock practices in the framework of the neolithization process in this geographical area.

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Lade, Quentin. "Histoire des problématisations biologiques de la mémoire par la biographie d’un animal scientifique : l’aplysie : une enquête historique et ethnographique sur la biologie moderne, des stations marines aux neurosciences". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7136.

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Cette thèse est le fruit d’une enquête historique et anthropologique sur les sciences de la vie. Il s’agit de questionner les sciences sous l’angle de la matérialité des pratiques, comme un ensemble d’activités et d’institutions caractéristiques de l’époque moderne. Pour cela, nous avons retracé le parcours scientifique d’un animal singulier, un mollusque marin : la limace aplysie. Le choix d’un tel animal a été guidé par l’importance particulière accordée à l’aplysie par une partie de la communauté des neurobiologistes durant la seconde moitié du XXème siècle. La limace est alors devenue célèbre auprès des biologistes et même au-delà du monde scientifique, après que le neurobiologiste Eric Kandel se soit approprié l’animal pour en faire le modèle phare de ses recherches sur la mémoire à l’échelle des neurones, durant environ un demi-siècle. Le succès de ses travaux, rarement égalé dans son champ de recherche, sera récompensé par le prix Nobel en 2000. Notre histoire commence néanmoins au XVIème siècle, nous décrivons ainsi comment l’aplysie est devenue un objet d’étude pour l’histoire naturelle, puis un animal scientifique pour la biologie naissante. Nous nous focalisons enfin principalement sur la transformation de l’aplysie en un modèle pour la neurobiologie. Nous retraçons ainsi le parcours de domestication de l’aplysie, dont les étapes correspondent à la domestication de la nature par les sciences de la vie, et reflètent les évolutions de la modernité industrielle. En parallèle de ce travail historique, rédigé à partir de sources écrites, des ouvrages scientifiques, des autobiographies et de nombreux articles publiés dans des revues spécialisées, nous avons aussi mené une enquête de terrain selon la méthode de l’observation participante. Pour réaliser cette ethnographie, nous avons passé six mois environ dans un laboratoire de neurobiologie à Bordeaux, auprès de scientifiques dont les recherches sur l’aplysie prolongent et renouvellent celles initiées par Kandel dans les années 1960
This thesis is a historical and anthropological investigation on life sciences. It investigates sciences from the perspective of the materiality of practices, as a set of practices and institutions that characterizes the modern period. To this end, we have retraced the scientific trajectory of a singular animal, a marine mollusk : the sea slug Aplysia. The choice of such an animal was motivated by the peculiar importance attached to Aplysia by many neurobiologists during the second half of the 20th century. The sea slug became famous to biologists and beyond the scientific world, when the neurobiologist Eric Kandel chose it as the flagship model for his researches on memory at the neural and molecular scale, during half a century. The great success of his work, rarely equaled in his field of research, was rewarded by the Nobel Prize in 2000. Nevertheless, our narrative begins in the sixteenth century. We describe how Aplysia became an object of study for natural history, then a scientific animal for nascent biology. Finally, we focus on the transformation of Aplysia into a model organism for neurobiology. Then we retrace the course of the domestication of Aplysia, which reflects the domestication of nature by life sciences embedded in industrial modernity.In parallel with this historical account based on written sources, scientific books, autobiographies and numerous articles published in specialized journals, we also conducted a field survey using the participant observation method. To conduct this ethnography, we spent about six months in a neurobiology laboratory in Bordeaux, with scientists whose researches on Aplysia extend and renew those initiated by Kandel in the 1960s

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25

Everett-Fry, Rachel. "It's a Good Life If You Don't Weaken: Taking Care of a Small Farm In Ontario". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42085.

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Small-scale animal agriculture is a fruitful site for examining the relationships among humans, animals, and the land. This thesis endeavours to show what practices are constitutive of these relationships and, moreover, that establishing the “right” relationships between them are ethical concerns with both analytical and ecological import. Basing myself on fieldwork consisting of participant observation, informal interviews, and filmmaking on a small farm in Ontario, I argue that: dominion is the position from which the farm is cared for; that maintaining the farm is both reproductive and generative of the ethical subject; and that the indeterminacies involved in this maintenance might be resolved or unresolved depending on one’s position in regard to the local farming tradition.

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Josephson, Seth Joshu josephson. "Beastly Traces: The Co-Emergence of Humans and Cattle". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515025660373023.

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Hata, Milene Elissa [UNESP]. "Efeitos genéticos e ambientais sobre o tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens)". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92555.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O medo é uma característica comportamental importante em espécies domesticadas e pode ser incluído no programa de seleção, pois responde à seleção artificial e tem conseqüências importantes ao bem estar e desempenho das aves domésticas. A reação de medo pode ser avaliada pelo tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica (IT), que é o período em que o animal fica em estado catatônico induzido manualmente pelo homem. Quanto menos tempo permanecer neste estado, menor é o medo do animal e mais adaptado este se mostra a viver em cativeiro. A característica IT é bem representativa do nível de medo do indivíduo e também pode estar relacionada com a relação heterófilo/linfócito (H/L). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar efeitos de ambiente e estimar parâmetros genéticos da característica tempo de permanência em IT de perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens) criada no ambiente de cativeiro. A análise realizada pelo método dos quadrados mínimos revelou a influência da época de nascimento dentro de geração e o peso corporal, sendo que animais mais pesados permaneceram maior tempo em IT (b = 0,32 ± 0,14g, p<0,05). O método de máxima verossimilhança restrita possibilitou a estimação do coeficiente de herdabilidade da característica IT, apresentando valor igual a 0,29 evidenciando influência do ambiente sobre o tempo de permanência em IT. Contudo, a seleção pode ser eficiente para alterar as médias desta característica
Fear is an important behavior trait in domesticated species and can be included in the selection program, and have important consequences to the welfare and performance of poultry. The fear reaction can be measured by the time spend in tonic immobility (TI), which is the period where the animal stays in catatonic state induced by human hand. The less time remaining in this state, smaller is the fear of the animal and it shows more adapted to living in captivity. The trait IT is well representative of the level of fear of the individual and may also be related to the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of environment and estimate the genetic characteristic of tonic immobility time in Red-winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) hosed in captivity environment. The method of least squares analysis resulted the influence of season within generation and body weight, whose heavier animals showed longer period in IT (b = 0.32 ± 0.14 g, p <0.05). The restricted maximum likelihood method was applied to estimate heritability of TI with value of 0.29 indicating environmental influence However, the selection can be effective to change the means of this trit

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Cabalion, Sarah. "Le "système domesticatoire" touareg (Tagaraygarayt, Niger)". Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0498.

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Cette thèse contribue à l'anthropologie de la domestication animale et à la connaissance du monde touareg à travers l'analyse des actions domesticatoires en vigueur au sein de la confédération de la Tagaraygarayt (Azawagh, Niger). Il n'existe pas d'animal domestique en soi, mais des actions de l'homme sur l'animal, qui produisent de la domestication et entretiennent un état de domesticité. Ces actions sont intimement liées aux rapports qu'entretiennent les hommes entre eux, constituant un système. Ce travail analyse donc la place accordée par les Touaregs à chaque animal domestique, et dévoile les rapports entre identités animales et identités sociales. Il se situe à la croisée de l'anthropologie sociale et culturelle, de l'anthropologie de la domestication animale, de l'anthropologie de l'alimentation et de l'ethnozootechnie. L'ordre politique, la structure sociale et la parenté sont explorés, afin de discuter des catégories classificatoires et des contructions idéologiques à l'oeuvre chez les Touaregs. L'ensemble des produits et des services tirés des animaux (lait, viande, énergie, comportements) est inventorié. Les caractéristiques de la consommation des animaux domestiques dans cette région Touarègue sont ensuite exposées sous la forme d'une matrice, dans laquelle apparaissent le privilège accordé à l'utilisation des animaux vivants , et la spécialisation ou la polyvalence de certaines espèces. Le point de vue de l'homme-producteur est finalement examiné, c'est-à-dire les moyens mis en oeuvre pour que les animaux survivent en tant qu'individus, et en tant qu'espèces. Les techniques ne se limitant pas aux objets, leur composante cognitive est soulignée
This thesis contributes to the anthropology of animal domestication and to the knowledge of the Tuareg world through the analysis of domesticating actions in force in the Tagaraygarayt confederation (Azawagh, Niger). There is no domestic animal as such, but a continuous process of domesticating actions of man over animals which produce and maintain a state of domesticity. These actions are intimately connected to the way in which men relate to one another and display a systemic character. My work therefore analyzes the position given to each domesticated animal by the Tuareg, and unveils the relations between animal and social identities. It places itself at the crossroad of social and cultural anthropology, anthropology of animal domestication, anthropology of food and ethnozootechnology. The political order, the social structure and the kinship system are explored, in order to discuss the categories and the ideological constructions prevalent amongst the Tuareg. The set of products and services derived from animals (milk, meat, energy, behaviours) is spelt out and contextualized. The features of such a domestication system are then set forth as a matrix wherein the privilege granted the utilization of living aniamls comes out clearly as does their specialization of the versatility of certain species. Lastly, the point of view of the 'producing-man' is examined, that is the various means deployed so that animals may thrive as individuals as well as species. As technologies are not restricted to objects, their cognitive component is emphasized

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Hata, Milene Elissa. "Efeitos genéticos e ambientais sobre o tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens) /". Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92555.

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Orientador: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz
Banca: Valter Udler Cromberg
Banca: Danísio Prado Munari
Resumo: O medo é uma característica comportamental importante em espécies domesticadas e pode ser incluído no programa de seleção, pois responde à seleção artificial e tem conseqüências importantes ao bem estar e desempenho das aves domésticas. A reação de medo pode ser avaliada pelo tempo de permanência em imobilidade tônica (IT), que é o período em que o animal fica em estado catatônico induzido manualmente pelo homem. Quanto menos tempo permanecer neste estado, menor é o medo do animal e mais adaptado este se mostra a viver em cativeiro. A característica IT é bem representativa do nível de medo do indivíduo e também pode estar relacionada com a relação heterófilo/linfócito (H/L). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar efeitos de ambiente e estimar parâmetros genéticos da característica tempo de permanência em IT de perdiz (Rhynchotus rufescens) criada no ambiente de cativeiro. A análise realizada pelo método dos quadrados mínimos revelou a influência da época de nascimento dentro de geração e o peso corporal, sendo que animais mais pesados permaneceram maior tempo em IT (b = 0,32 ± 0,14g, p<0,05). O método de máxima verossimilhança restrita possibilitou a estimação do coeficiente de herdabilidade da característica IT, apresentando valor igual a 0,29 evidenciando influência do ambiente sobre o tempo de permanência em IT. Contudo, a seleção pode ser eficiente para alterar as médias desta característica
Abstract: Fear is an important behavior trait in domesticated species and can be included in the selection program, and have important consequences to the welfare and performance of poultry. The fear reaction can be measured by the time spend in tonic immobility (TI), which is the period where the animal stays in catatonic state induced by human hand. The less time remaining in this state, smaller is the fear of the animal and it shows more adapted to living in captivity. The trait IT is well representative of the level of fear of the individual and may also be related to the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of environment and estimate the genetic characteristic of tonic immobility time in Red-winged Tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) hosed in captivity environment. The method of least squares analysis resulted the influence of season within generation and body weight, whose heavier animals showed longer period in IT (b = 0.32 ± 0.14 g, p <0.05). The restricted maximum likelihood method was applied to estimate heritability of TI with value of 0.29 indicating environmental influence However, the selection can be effective to change the means of this trit
Mestre

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Melo, Silvia Beatriz Fonseca de. "O gato dom?stico (Felis catus) responde ? sinais gestuais? poss?veis implica??es do conv?vio social". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17272.

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The cats (Felis catus) were domesticated about 9,500 years ago due to the advent of agriculture, being used to control the pests that devastated the food harvested. These animals went through an artificial selection and over generations and millennia had their behavior and morphology changed by humans. This process of domestication by man gave rise to a special ability, the understanding of human pointing gestures, clearly noticed while we feed our pets. Our goal in this study was to assess the comprehension of pointing gestures by cats and also verify the influence that social interactions exerts on the development of this ability. We found that experimental subjects from both groups, solitary animals and social animals, were able to follow human indication in order to find hidden food. However, social interaction had no effect on cats performances. The ability tested here probably evolved during the process of domestication of this species, and social interaction seems to exert little or no influence upon its expression
AOs gatos (Felis catus) foram domesticados h? cerca de 9.500 anos devido ? agricultura, onde eram utilizados no combate ?s pragas que assolavam os alimentos colhidos. Esses animais passaram por uma sele??o artificial e ao longo das gera??es e mil?nios tiveram seus comportamentos e morfologia modificadas pelos humanos. O processo de domestica??o pelo homem fez surgir uma habilidade em especial, a compreens?o de sinais gestuais humanos, que ? bem observada nos momentos em que alimentamos nossos animais. Nosso objetivo neste estudo foi testar a resposta ? sinaliza??o gestual (comportamento de apontar) em gatos, emitida por humanos e tamb?m verificar a influ?ncia do conv?vio social sobre o desenvolvimento desta habilidade. Observamos que os sujeitos experimentais de ambos os grupos, animais solit?rios e de conv?vio em grupo, foram capazes de seguir os sinais de indica??o humana para localizar o alimento escondido. Por?m, a forma de conv?vio social n?o influenciou no desempenho dos gatos. A habilidade aqui testada, possivelmente evoluiu durante o processo de domestica??o dessa esp?cie, e a intera??o social parece exercer pouca ou nenhuma influ?ncia sobre a sua express?o

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Vaysse, Amaury. "Identification des signatures génétiques de la sélection chez le chien". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00676015.

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L'espèce canine est la plus ancienne espèce domestiquée, il y a environ 15.000 ans, et se compose aujourd'hui de plus de 350 races issues d'une sélection artificielle drastique et de croisements consanguins pratiqués durant les derniers siècles. Mon travail de thèse a pour objectif l'étude de la période dominée par la sélection naturelle au cours de l'évolution des canidés et la période récente de la création des races par une sélection artificielle intense. Nous avons identifié le catalogue des gènes sous sélection positive dans 10 espèces (chien, Homme, ouistiti, macaque, orang-outan, chimpanzé, souris, rat, cheval et vache) à partir de 10.730 gènes en relation d'orthologie de type 1:1. L'espèce canine présente plus de gènes sous sélection positive en commun avec les Laurasatheria et les rongeurs qu'à l'attendu. Nous avons ensuite identifié le catalogue des régions de différenciation alléliques entre races de chien à partir de données de génotypage de 170.000 SNPs de 456 chiens de 30 races, en collaboration avec l'équipe du Dr Matthew Webster (Université d'Uppsala en Suède) dans le cadre du consortium européen de génétique du chien LUPA. Ces régions sont candidates pour être les cibles de la sélection artificielle. Ce projet se poursuit actuellement afin de comparer les sélections naturelles et artificielles et de déterminer s'il existe des régions du génome qui sont constamment affectés par la sélection ; et de déterminer si l'espèce canine peut-elle être considérée comme une simulation réduite, mais accélérée de la radiation des mammifères.

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PIAZZESI, Benedetta. "Domesticare gli istinti. Una genealogia del discorso etologico". Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/89422.

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This research proposes a genealogical investigation of a model of animal government that we define “ethological”. The contours of such model emerged between the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century; its patterns show to be in tangible discontinuity with respect to those of previous models of exploitation of animal resources, as well as with those of later zootechnical and industrial models. Our thesis is that the appearance, in 1854, of a science to which the name of “ethology” is assigned, ratifies an interest in animal habits and instincts that was mainly of governmental rather than scientific kind. To develop our argument, we have surveyed a series of different discourses, in particular veterinary, naturalistic and zoophile ones. Our aim has been to discuss how the redefinition of the problem of animal government in terms of care, adoucissement des moeurs (of humans and animals) and domestication, has aroused a positive interest in animal behavior as the target of a power that is at the same time more lasting and softer, more pervasive, and less brutal. It is from this field of transformation and valorization of animal instincts that proceeds the positivity of a knowledge of animal behavior, which results to be radically different from the classical debate on the “soul of beasts”. Therefore, our line of inquiry gives us the opportunity not only to trace an epistemological history of ethology in the 19th century (which still remains a field little explored by historians of science), but also a political history of animal government. Moving past speculative and theoretical debates on the political nature of the animal question, we propose to consider instead the historical politicization of discourses and practices concerning animal exploitation. Such politicization would coincide with the turning point in the logic of power that Michel Foucault called biopolitics. We will therefore follow the stages of the epistemological and political investment in the technologies of animal husbandry, as well as the way in which this attention to the animal body (to its productive and reproductive capacities, and finally to its behavioral performances), has in turn transformed the logic of power over man considered “as a living being”. A genealogy of the rationality of animal government is in this sense an obligatory step towards a deeper understanding of political modernity in its relationship with nature, inside and outside the human being.
Questa ricerca propone un'indagine genealogica su un modello di governo animale che abbiamo definito “etologico”. Esso si delinea tra la seconda metà del XVIII secolo e la prima metà del XIX secolo, e si pone in una discontinuità tangibile rispetto ai modelli precedenti di sfruttamento delle risorse animali e a quelli successivi di stampo zootecnico e industriale. La nostra tesi è che l'apparizione, nel 1854, di una scienza cui è assegnato il nome di “etologia” sancisca la mobilitazione di un interesse per le moeurs e gli istinti animali che è di tipo governamentale prima ancora che scientifico. A questo scopo abbiamo sondato una serie di campi discorsivi differenziati, in particolare veterinario, naturalistico e zoofilo, per mostrare come la ridefinizione del problema del governo animale, in termini di soin, adoucissement des moeurs (degli uomini e degli animali) e domestication, abbia suscitato un interesse positivo per i comportamenti animali come bersaglio di un potere che si fa al tempo stesso più duraturo e più dolce, più pervasivo e meno brutale. È da questo campo di trasformazione e valorizzazione degli istinti, che prende le mosse la positività di un sapere dei comportamenti animali radicalmente differente rispetto al dibattito classico sull'âme des bêtes. Questa indagine rappresenta dunque l'occasione non solo per una storia epistemologica dell'etologia nel XIX secolo (che resta peraltro un campo di saperi ancora poco studiato dagli storici delle scienze), ma anche e soprattutto per una storia politica delle forme di governo animale. Al di là della querelle sulla politicità de jure della questione animale, proponiamo infatti la considerazione di una politicizzazione de facto dei discorsi e delle pratiche che concernono lo sfruttamento animale, che coincide con quella svolta nelle logiche di potere che Michel Foucault ha definito biopolitica. Seguiremo dunque le tappe dell'effettivo investimento epistemologico e politico sulle tecnologie di allevamento animale, così come il modo in cui tale attenzione nei confronti del corpo animale, delle sue capacità produttive e riproduttive, e infine delle sue prestazioni comportamentali, abbia a sua volta trasformato le logiche di potere sull'uomo “in quanto vivente”. Una genealogia delle forme di razionalità nel governo animale si configura in questo senso come un passaggio obbligato per una più profonda comprensione della modernità politica nel suo rapporto con la natura, dentro e fuori l'umano.
Cette recherche propose une investigation généalogique d'un modèle de gouvernement animal que nous avons défini d'« éthologique ». Son cadre temporel s'étend de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle à la première moitié du XIXe siècle et il s'inscrit dans une discontinuité tangible par rapport aux modèles d'exploitation des ressources animales précédents ainsi que par rapport aux modèles zootechniques et industriels successifs. Notre thèse est que l'apparition, en 1854, d'une science à laquelle est attribué le nom d'« éthologie » indique un intérêt pour les moeurs et les instincts animaux ayant été gouvernemental avant même d'être scientifique. À cette fin, nous avons considéré un ensemble de domaines discursifs différents, notamment vétérinaire, naturaliste et zoophile, pour montrer comment la redéfinition du problème du gouvernement animal, en termes de soins, d'adoucissement des moeurs (des hommes et des animaux) et de domestication, a suscité un intérêt positif pour le comportement animal comme cible d'un pouvoir à la fois plus durable et plus doux, plus envahissant et moins brutal. C'est de ce champ de transformation et de valorisation des instincts que procède la positivité d'un savoir des comportements animaux radicalement différente par rapport au débat classique sur l'âme des bêtes. Cette enquête représente donc une opportunité non seulement pour une histoire épistémologique de l'éthologie au XIXe siècle (qui demeure un champ d'étude encore peu exploré par les historiens des sciences), mais aussi et surtout pour une histoire politique du gouvernement animal. Au-delà de la querelle sur la politicité de jure de la question animale, nous proposons d'envisager une politisation de facto des discours et des pratiques concernant l'exploitation des animaux, qui coïncide avec ce tournant dans les logiques du pouvoir que Michel Foucault a appelé biopolitique. Nous suivrons donc les étapes de l'investissement épistémologique et politique effectif sur le technologies d'élevage. Nous examinerons également de quelle manière cette attention portée au corps animal, à ses capacités de production et de reproduction, et enfin à ses performances comportementales, a transformé à son tour les logiques du pouvoir sur l'homme « en tant qu'être vivant ». Une généalogie des formes de rationalité du gouvernement animal est en ce sens une étape obligée vers une compréhension plus profonde de la modernité politique dans sa relation avec la nature, chez et au-delà de l'être humain.

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Menez, Florence. "La parabole de la palourde : ontogénèse d’un attachement inter-spécifique dans la lagune de Venise : ethnographie de son récit biographique". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0665.

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Fondée sur une enquête de terrain menée dans la lagune de Venise entre 2009 et 2014, cette thèse vise à montrer les processus d'intégration à l'oeuvre lors d'une invasion biologique animale, en mettant l'objet de recherche, soit la palourde Philippine en tant qu'actif et actant, au centre des interactions, et en observant la manière dont les différents acteurs (palourde, pêcheurs, néo-pêcheurs et institutions), nouent des relations interspécifiques qui redéfinissent les ontologies de chacun dans une complexité partagée en constante mutation. Dans un territoire tiraillé par de multiples intérêts commerciaux, industriels, écologiques, touristiques, tapes philippinarum, espèce exotique envahissante, est devenue une source de prospérité inespérée et un vecteur de controverses écologiques et sociales depuis son introduction volontaire en 1983. La thèse est divisée en deux parties: la première concerne la définition de l'identité de la palourde, alors qu'usages, représentations, savoirs et pratiques redessinent les frontières de l'alterité. Pour rendre cette palourde singulière "bonne à manger", des stratégies discursives, législatives et techniques sont engagées. Une mythographie de l'abondance et un questionnement des catégories permettent l'hybridation de la sauvage et étrangère "palourde à la dioxine" en domestique "indigène" puis en "palourde d'Etat". La seconde partie développe les actions matérielles, les innovations techniques, la législation et les politiques environnementales. Passant de la dynamique de la prédation à la contrainte institutionnelle de l'élevage, les pêcheurs s'hybrident eux aussi pour s'approprier une palourde qui résiste à la domestication
After its voluntary introduction to the Venetian Lagoon in 1983, the invasive and exotic Manila clam species has become an unexpected source of prosperity, as well as a carrier of social and ecological problems. The clam, fishermen and intitutions of the area tied together interspecific relationships that led to a redefinition of ontologies within a system of shared complexity. This allochtonous and wild species, called "dioxin clams", had to undergo a metamorphosis transformation to become an hybrid, not without controversy, in order to be integrated and locally incorporated. Through a series of idea-led and material operations, a mythography of abundance and a questionments of categories, the clam species was grdually considered "indigenous", "traditional" or "domestic", and finally even "the state clam". In dealing with this singular clam, the fishermen invented and adapted their representations and practices, predatorily resisting the attempts of clam domestication by institutional agencies that aim to impose clam-farming as a way of exploiting the lagoon's resources. Through a dichotomy between the fishermen's contextual knowledge and the de-contextualized knowledge of nature of institutional agencies on the other, conflicts are played on the new definition of confines, on the reappropriation of a space, and of a clam which elude all imposed rules

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Marchina, Charlotte. "Faire communauté. Étude anthropologique des relations entre les éleveurs et leurs animaux chez les peuples mongols (d’après l’exemple des Halh de Mongolie et des Bouriates d’Aga, Russie)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INAL0020.

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Cette thèse, qui s’appuie sur plusieurs enquêtes ethnographiques chez les Halh de Mongolie et les Bouriates d’Aga, ainsi que sur des sources écrites en langues mongole, russe et occidentales, porte sur le pastoralisme nomade des peuples mongols. En étudiant la manière dont les éleveurs conçoivent l’agentivité de leurs animaux (chevaux, chameaux, bovins, moutons, chèvres et chiens) et se reposent sur cette dernière, elle montre que l’élevage pastoral, loin d’être réductible à un simple rapport de domination, est un système complexe composé d’interactions multiples entre humains et animaux, qui s’adaptent mutuellement pour faire communauté. À travers une abondante cartographie constituée à partir d’enregistrements GPS, l’analyse des aspects spatiaux de la cohabitation met au jour l’importance de la relation triadique homme-animal-environnement qui participe du maintien de la communauté. Cette communauté multispécifique engage des moyens de communication qui mobilisent les cinq sens et qui révèlent les capacités cognitives des animaux. Les éleveurs exploitent celles-ci dans les situations de coopération homme-animal, où le rôle joué par les animaux est différencié selon leurs caractéristiques individuelles. Malgré les différences environnementales, socio-économiques et politiques des deux terrains d’enquête, la perspective comparative met en lumière des éléments d’un continuum mongol. Les assemblages et équilibres fins à l’œuvre dans les relations interspécifiques révèlent la grande autonomie des animaux, dont les éleveurs attendent qu’ils jouent un rôle actif dans les tâches pastorales
This thesis, based on several ethnographic surveys among Halh Mongols and Aga Buryats (Russia), as well as written sources in Mongolian, Russian and Western languages, addresses the nomadic pastoralism among the Mongols. By studying the way herders conceive the agency of their animals (horses, camel, cattle, sheep, goats and dogs) and rely on it, it is shown that animal husbandry, far from being reducible to a mere relation of domination, is a complex system made of multiple interactions between humans and animals, who mutually adapt to each other to build community. Through an abundant cartography based on GPS records, the analysis of the spatial features of cohabitation brings to light the importance of the triadic human-animal-environment relation which contributes to maintaining the community. This multispecies community engages means of communication which mobilize the five senses and reveal the animals’ cognitive capacities. Herders build on those in situation of human-animal cooperation, in which the role played by the animals is differentiated depending on their individual characteristics. Despite the environmental, socio-economic and political differences between the two fields, the comparative perspective highlights elements of a Mongol continuum. The assemblages and delicate balances prevailing in the interspecific relations reveal the large autonomy of animals, which are expected by herders to play an active role in pastoral tasks

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Giblin, Julia Irene. "Isotope Analysis on the Great Hungarian Plain: An Exploration of Mobility and Subsistence Strategies from the Neolithic to the Copper Age". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306863726.

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Nott, BreAnne M. "Documenting domestication molecular and palynological analysis of ancient turkey coprolites from the American southwest /". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/b_nott_041310.pdf.

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Milliet, Jacqueline. "Nature et enjeu du rôle des femmes dans la domestication des animaux : l'exemple du porc et du chien". Paris, EHESS, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EHES0073.

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En considerant la domestication animale comme un continuum d activites techni-culturelles conscientes 06et sans cesse renouvelees au fil du temps, il devient possible de repertorier des variantes technologiques propres a la domestication , variantes qui repondent a trois exigences fondamentales (alimentation, protection et reproduction des animaux). Seul ce cadre theorique permet, d une part, d evoquer les nuances entre l apprivoisement, la domestication, la domesticite, l elevage, le dressage, la familiarisation, etc. . , et, d autre part, de souligner le role des femmes dans la domestication. A partir d un corpus d informations concernant quelques trois cents groupes culturels , les donnees sont rangees en techniques d elevage et en techniques d utilisation qui englobent aussi bien l utilite economique que les valeurs sociales, affectives et symboliques. Les femmes sont responsables de l elevage des porcs et des chiens dans les limites d une coupure femmes-hommes qui se manifeste a deux niveaux: dans l utilisation de l animal vivant et a la mise a mort de l animal. Cette coupure est a mettre en rapport avec le sous-equipement propre aux techniques domesticatoires - ou les outils sont rares , simples et polyfonctionnels - qui se reflete dans celui du travail des femmes en general. Si l on comprend bien l enjeu du concept de division sexuelle du travail et que, a la suite de levistrauss, on se propose de le rebaptiser prohition des taches, on decouvre que les activites interdites aux femmes le sonten fonction du degre de technicite des outils et que les techniques specifiquement feminines et domesticatoires se recouvrent. Par ailleurs, es actions des femmes apparaissent plus persuasives que repressives. C est la meme une des caracteristiques de leur place dans la domestication. . C est pourquoi il semble plus juste de parler d une part feminine de la domestication plutot que d une domestication feminine a proprment parler
Domestication is considered here to be a number of different processes which always form part of a continuum of conscious technico-culturel activities. These processes must be constantly repeated and renewed and should be understood in relation to different means of production and symbolic representations. The technico-cultural activities that control the existence of animals determine how human beings manage animal feeding, protection and reproduction. This approach helps to distinguish between tamong, familiarization, domestication, domesticity, training, husbandry, etc. . . And at the same time it sheds light on the role of women in domestication. The data analysed concern almost three hundred social organizations. They are classified accroding to husbandry and utilization techniques. These techniques include economic functions as well as social, emotional and symbolic values. Women are responsible for the husbandry of pigs and dogs, but their activities differ from that of men in two domains: while animals are living and during slaughtering. These contrasts are related to both techniques of domestication and to women's work. Techniques of domestication require few tools and other material; when tools are needed, these tend to be simple and multi-functional. It is noteworthy that the instruments used by women in the traditional sexual division of labor have the same rudimentary quality. On the other hand, women's activities in domestication appear more persuasive than repressive this is precisely one of the characteristics of women's role and social dimension in animal domestication. This is why it appears more correct to refer to the female sector in domestication rahter than to domestication by women

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Rosa, Pamela Laiz Paré da. "Evolução Molecular dos Receptores da Oxitocina e da Vasopressina em Animais Domesticados e de Interesse Comercial". Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2013. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/riu/181.

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A oxitocina e a vasopressina são nonapeptídeos intimamente relacionados que surgiram a partir de duplicações em tandem ocorridas no ancestral comum dos vertebrados mandibulados e que desempenham importantes funções fisiológicas e comportamentais em muitos organismos. Suas atividades são mediadas através das interações com o receptor da oxitocina (OXTR) e com os receptores da vasopressina (AVPR1a, AVPR1b e AVPR2). O objetivo do presente estudo é caracterizar a evolução molecular dessa família de receptores num conjunto grande de organismos. Assim como, avaliar a variabilidade genética de OXTR na espécie Ovis aries que ainda não possui seu genoma disponível nos bancos de dados. Devido à conservação dos nonapeptídeos, ao menos considerando os mamíferos, acredita-se que a evolução do sistema esteja ocorrendo através de seus receptores, que, portanto são o centro deste estudo. Através de sequências nucleotídicas e proteicas para todos os receptores da oxitocina e da vasopressina obtidas nos bancos de dados HMMER e Uniprot foram realizadas análises filogenéticas por máxima verossimilhança no programa Mega 5.0. Os dados disponíveis no site Genomicus foram utilizados para a realização da sintenia e vizinhança. O padrão de evolução molecular foi estabelecido utilizando um conjunto de 23 espécies de mamíferos usando o pacote Paml 4.6. A fim de contribuir com o conhecimento da espécie Ovis aries analisou-se o gene OXTR, na raça Crioula Lanada (N=35) que apresenta um padrão distinto de seleção em comparação com as raças Ile de France (N=6) e Ideal (N=5) que são selecionadas para corte e lã. Nossos resultados indicam que OXTR, AVPR1a, AVPR1b, AVPR2 e o bloco sintênico desses receptores emergiram com o ancestral comum dos vertebrados no primeiro evento de duplicação do genoma. Primeiramente foram originados, o gene ancestral de AVPR1a e AVPR1b e o gene ancestral de OXTR e AVPR2. Os quatro receptores observados hoje se originaram após o segundo evento de duplicação do genoma ter ocorrido no ancestral comum dos vertebrados. Em termos de evolução molecular foram encontrados padrões distintos entre animais domesticados e selvagens nos receptores AVPR1a e AVPR1b. Isso indica que os animais domesticados estão sob seleção positiva para esses genes, clara marca molecular que pode estar ligada ao processo de seleção para docilidade, num contexto de evolução convergente. Para a espécie Ovis aries foi amplificado um total de 1644 pares de base (pb) obtidos do DNA das três raçasovinas estudadas. Embora tenha sido registrada variação entre as raças, não há uma quebra no padrão de evolução neutro com sinal de seleção purificadora. O que reforça a ideia que o sistema todo esteja evoluindo via os dois receptores de AVP, cuja origem filogenética é comum, AVPR1a e AVPR1b.
Oxytocin and vasopressin are closely related nonapeptides that arose from tandem duplication occurred in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates and play important physiological and behavioral functions in many organisms. Its activities are mediated through interactions with the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and vasopressin receptors (AVPR1a, AVPR1b and AVPR2). The aim of this study is to characterize the molecular evolution of this family of receptors in a large set of organisms. As well as, assess the genetic variability of the OXTR from Ovis aries species that does not have its genome available in databases. Due to the conservation of nonapeptides, at least considering the mammals, it is believed that the evolution of the system is going through their receptors, which therefore are the focus of this study. Through nucleotide and protein sequences for all oxytocin and vasopressin receptors obtained in databases UniProt and HMMER, phylogenetic analyzes were performed by maximum likelihood in the Mega 5.0 program. Available data on the website Genomicus were used to carry out the synteny and neighborhood. The pattern of molecular evolution was established using a set of 23 mammalian species using the Paml 4.6 package. To contribute to the knowledge of the Ovis aries species it was analyzed the OXTR gene, in the Creole Lanada breed (N = 35) that presents a distinct pattern of selection compared to the breeds Ile de France (N = 6) and Ideal (N = 5) that are selected for cutting and wool. Our results indicate that OXTR, AVPR1A, AVPR1b, AVPR2 and the sintenic block of these receptors emerged with the common ancestor of vertebrates in the first genome duplication event. First, was originated the ancestral gene of AVPR1A and AVPR1b and the ancestral gene of OXTR and AVPR2. The four receptors observed today originated after the second genome duplication event occurred in the common ancestor of vertebrates. In terms of molecular evolution were found distinct patterns between domesticated and wild animals in the AVPR1A and AVPR1b receptors. This indicates that domesticated animals are under positive selection for these genes, clearly molecular mark which may be linked to the process of selection for docility, in the context of convergent evolution. For the Ovis aries species was amplified a total of 1644 base pairs (bp) of DNA obtained from three sheep breeds studied. Although has been found variation between the breeds, there is no break in the pattern of neutrality with signal of purifying selection. This strengthens the idea that the whole system is evolvingthrough the two AVP receptors, whose phylogenetic origin is common, AVPR1A and VPR1b.

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Champagnon, Jocelyn. "Conséquences des introductions d’individus dans les populations exploitées : l’exemple du Canard Colvert Anas platyrhynchos". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20147/document.

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Le renforcement des populations naturelles exploitées par des individus captifs est rarement évalué, bien qu'il puisse induire des modifications notables sur la population naturelle à de nombreux niveaux : démographie, comportement, morphologie, génétique, pathogènes. Ce travail de thèse concerne les introductions de canards colverts Anas platyrhynchos réalisées à des fins cynégétiques. Cette pratique est très répandue en Europe, depuis plus de trente ans. Du fait de leur domestication en élevage, les canards lâchés subissent une mortalité naturelle très forte comparée aux oiseaux sauvages, à laquelle s'ajoute une plus grande vulnérabilité à la chasse. Une différenciation génétique marquée permet de discriminer les oiseaux lâchés de leurs congénères sauvages. Des croisements entre les deux groupes sont détectés, mais l'introgression reste limitée. Globalement, la contribution démographique et génétique des individus d'élevage à la population sauvage est faible, même si une modification morphologique attribuable aux lâchers a été constatée dans la population sauvage en trente ans. Les conséquences écologiques pour la population réceptrice semblent donc limitées, mais une vigilance continue doit s'exercer concernant la diffusion de pathogènes (forte prévalence occasionnelle de virus Influenza A dans les élevages) et les risques génétiques associés au renforcement sur le long terme
The consequences of releasing captive-reared game animals into the wild have received little attention, despite their potential impact for receiving populations in terms of demography, behaviour, morphometrics, genetics and pathogens. The present study considers Mallards Anas platyrhynchos released for hunting purposes, an increasing practice in Europe over the last 30 years. Because of domestication process in game farm facilities, our study shows high natural mortality of these ducks once released compared to wild Mallards, in addition to high vulnerability to hunting. A clear genetic differentiation allows discrimination of released and wild Mallards. Hybridization with wild Mallards exists, but did not result into significant introgression. Generally, genetic as well as demographic contributions of captive-bred birds to the natural population were low, but a morphological modification associated with releases was recorded over 30 years in natural population. Ecological consequences of the releases for the wild population seem to be limited, but caution should be maintained on the possible transmission of pathogens (occasionally high prevalence of avian Influenza A in some breeding facilities) and the genetic risks associated with long-term releases

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Maj, Emilie. "Le cheval chez les Iakoutes chasseurs et éleveurs : de la monture à l'emblème culturel". Phd thesis, Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00311117.

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Au nord-est de la Sibérie, les Iakoutes, venus de la région du Baïkal il y a moins de sept siècles, élèvent chevaux et bovins sur les alaas, dans les vallées et la taïga sur le cours inférieur du fleuve Léna.
La bibliographie en russe concernant ce peuple est riche et comprend des récits de voyageurs, des comptes rendus d'administrateurs et des analyses et descriptions d'ethnographes d'avant 1917, de la période communiste et des années post-soviétiques. L'analyse théorique est alimentée par les sources occidentales, parmi lesquelles les travaux d'Evelyne Lot-Falck, de Laurence Delaby et de Roberte Hamayon sur les peuples de Sibérie ainsi que ceux de Jean-Pierre Digard sur le cheval et la domestication.
Cousins des peuples cavaliers turco-mongols d'Asie centrale, ils affirment leur appartenance à cet ensemble tout en mettant en avant leur originalité.
Concevant leur cheval davantage comme un animal de la forêt que comme du simple bétail, ils en pratiquent à l'élevage tout en préservant le caractère « sauvage » de l'animal. Dans un système domesticatoire qui ne tente pas de soumettre l'animal, celui-ci ci conserve, aussi bien dans les faits qu'à travers les symboles, une place entre animal domestique et bête sauvage.
Pour les Iakoutes à l'économie binaire, dont l'équilibre entre chasse et élevage a fluctué en fonction de l'histoire de la société et des contraintes naturelles, le cheval représente un animal idéal. Dans un système de pensée, articulé entre chamanisme cynégétique et pastoral, l'étalon chef de harde, au tempérament fougueux et indépendant, est à la fois un moyen de transport et un double symboliques du chamane lors des rituels. Par ailleurs, il constitue le meilleur objet d'échange dans la relation que les humains pensent entretenir avec des esprits donateurs de chevaux, notamment au cours du rite du kyjdaa, dont les récits font remonter la pratique au XVIIIe siècle, période mouvementée de l'histoire où les riches légitimèrent leur statut grâce à l'installation sur le territoire de l'administration de l'empire tsariste.
Progressivement, l'échange avec les esprits, qui se déroulait sur le mode égalitaire du chamanisme cynégétique, se verticalise et prend la forme d'une dépendance symbolique envers des esprits, non plus animaux mais ancêtres pourvoyeurs de bétail, dont il faut implorer les bienfaits. Parallèlement à ce phénomène, émerge à côté de la figure de l'esprit Ürüŋ Ajyy Tojon, que les Iakoutes placent à la cime de leur panthéon, celle du Terrible D'öhögöj, protecteur des hommes et des chevaux, dont les dons sont bienvenus et la colère crainte.
Avant la politique de collectivisation en vigueur dans les années 1920-1930, le cheval était doté d'une importance utilitaire incontestable et son rôle symbolique était déjà chanté par les conteurs d'épopées, qui faisaient l'apologie des héros fondateurs de lignées. A présent, l'équidé ne fait plus partie de la vie quotidienne de tous les Iakoutes : plus mangé que monté, il acquiert une signification symbolique inversement proportionnelle à sa disparition du paysage. Ainsi, le processus de reconstruction nationale qui a suivi la chute de l'Union Soviétique a érigé le cheval au statut d'emblème de la République Sakha (Iakoutie), de sorte qu'aujourd'hui les Iakoutes désignent à la fois leur peuple et leur cheval comme les « fils de l'esprit D'öhögöj ».
L'exemple iakoute démontre l'importance de la figure du cheval dans le système de pensée d'un peuple chasseur et éleveur de Sibérie, ainsi que le parallélisme entre l'amoindrissement de la fonction utilitaire d'un artefact et le renforcement de la symbolique dont il est le support.

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Nascimento, Joelma Batista do. "Refletindo sobre a domesticação: afetos e relações de poder entre sujeitos humanos e não humanos no interior da Paraíba". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8592.

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Focusing on domesticatory processes, the dissertation seeks to understand how to build modes of relationship and interaction between human and nonhuman animals in rural areas in the interior of Paraíba, Brazil. The research revealed that these relationships and interactions are defined by configurations based on hierarchical principles where the technical and emotional-affective dimensions play a key role. In these configurations individualizing interactions (centered on concrete specimens relations, and not species generic) allow the formation of an evaluative scale regulating the relationship. It favors positions of physical and emotional closeness during handling, as well as distancing strategies (always physical and emotional) for commercialization and slaughter. Thus, affect and use techniques and alienation are not posed as contradictory elements among themselves, but as complementary components.
Focando processos domesticatórios, o presente trabalho busca compreender como se constroem os modos de relação e interação entre animais humanos e não humanos, nos espaços rurais no interior da Paraíba. A pesquisa revelou que tais relações e interações são definidas por configurações baseadas em princípios hierárquicos, onde as dimensões técnica e emocional-afetiva desempenham um papel fundamental. Por sua vez, nestas configurações, são as interações individualizantes (centradas nas relações concretas entre espécimes e não entre espécies genéricas) que permitem a formação de uma escala valorativa na regulação das relações. Isto favorece posicionamentos de proximidade física e emocional durante o manejo, além de estratégias de distanciamento (sempre físico e emocional) para a comercialização e o abate. Dessa forma, afeto e técnicas de uso e de alienação não se colocam como elementos contraditórios entre si, mas como componentes complementares.

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Pariser, Emma C. "Wild at heart? : differential maternal investment in wild and domesticated zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)". Thesis, St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/884.

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Emourgeon, Clève. "Usage et représentations de l’éléphant en Thaïlande : L’animal, le patrimoine, le symbole". Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100223.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif de dégager les processus mis en place pour qu’un animal en voie de disparition, l’éléphant en Thaïlande, reste un des symboles nationaux. Ainsi dans un premier temps, une étude du système domesticatoire met en évidence les représentations de l’animal associées au trois piliers de l’identité thaï : la royauté, la religion et la nation. Puis une analyse du discours de la population et des médias démontre que l’éléphant, fortement lié à l’homme et à la nation depuis des siècles, se retrouve aujourd’hui considéré comme un objet de maltraitance engendrant une perte de sens tant de ses représentations que dans la culture thaï. A partir de ce constat, une étude de tous les processus de conservation de l’animal réalisés par une ONG et le gouvernement est menée. Puis une analyse de la nouvelle grande utilisation de l’animal qu’est le tourisme révèle alors que l’animal alors conservé, protégé, touristifié devient un patrimoine thaï renvoyant grâce au tourisme les mêmes représentations dégagées dans la première partie. Le processus de patrimonialisation réalisé par les ONG, l’état et les camps touristiques permet alors de perpétuer l’animal et son symbolisme. Puis dans la dernière partie, il apparaît un processus d’invention de tradition autour du pachyderme permettant ainsi de lui redonner une place dans la vie de la population thaïlandaise, malgré les problèmes que l’espèce et les cornacs rencontrent. Forte des ces différentes analyses, en conclusion, l’éléphant reste l’objet le plus à même à symboliser la Thaïlande dans sa globalité
The aims of this research are to expose the process set up to keep significant as a national symbol an animal on way of disappearance, the elephant in Thailand. In the first part, a study of its domestication system reveals some representations of this animal associated to the three pillars of the thai national identity: the kingship, the religion and the nation. Then an analyse of the population and media ‘s discourse demonstrate that the animal is now considered as mistreated, generating a loss of signification of the representations of the elephant, bounded to human and the nation for century, and the thai culture linked with it. Based on this fact, a study of all the conservation of the elephant process initiated by NGO’s and the state is made. Moreover an analyse of tourism, the new mass used of the pachyderm, shows that protected and being a touristic attraction, the elephant is becoming a thai heritage sending via tourism the same representation demonstrated in the first part. Due to the process of patrimonialization of the animal made by the NGO’s, the state as well as touristic camps, the elephant and its representations are surviving. In the last part appear some inventions of tradition involving elephant and giving it a new place in thai life, even the problems facing the animal and its mahout. Based in this tudies, I conclude that elephant is still the best object to symbolise the global thai nation

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Dridi, Ayari Yosra. "La faune holocène en Tunisie : études paléontologique, archéozoologique, taphonomique et paléoenvironnements". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3049.

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Le changement climatique au cours de l’Holocène est un événement majeur, qui a bien influencé sur le développement d’activité de subsistance. Cette interaction entre l’Homme et son environnement a pu être aperçu par l’analyse de la faune de quatre gisements étendus chronologiquement du Capsien au Néolithique. Les gisements BH et SHM1, reflètent une vie fondée sur la chasse, la pêche et la collecte des escargots terrestres. Les gisements les plus récents sont ceux K.Ag et DK, traduisent le passage à une activité de production manifesté par l’élevage des ovicaprins, sans exclure l’apport de la chasse et de la pêche dans l’alimentation des occupants. Les bovidés ont été toujours la source principale dans leur apport alimentaire, mais avec une dominance de mouflon à manchettes à BH, de l’antilope bubale à SHM1 et des Caprini domestiques dans les deux gisements néolithiques (K.Ag et DK). La présence des Caprini domestiques était antérieure à celle des bovins. La fréquence du mouton par rapport à la chèvre était observée dans les deux sites néolithiques.L’étude archéozoologique illustre une faible présence des parties squelettiques les plus nutritives suite à une forte intensité anthropique, dans tous les sites. La richesse spécifique ainsi que la variabilité spécifique est à l’origine de la nature du climat ainsi qu’à la position géographique du site
Climate change during the Holocene is a major event. It had a great influence on the development of the movement of subsistence. This interaction between human being and his environment may be seen by the analysis of faunal remains of four deposits chronologically extended from Caspian to Neolithic.Both BH and SHM1 deposits, reflect a way of life based on hunting, fishing and the collection of land snails. The most recent deposits, are of K.Ag and DK, translates the move to an activity of production shown by the goat breeding, without excluding the contribution of hunting and fishing of the occupants’ food supply.The Bovids has been always the main source of their own food intake, but with the dominance of the barbary sheep in BH, the hartebeest to SHM1 and domestic goats within the two Neolithic deposits (K.Ag and DK).The presence of the local ovicaprids preceded the cattle. The frequency of sheep versus goats was observed within the two Neolithic sites.The Archeozoologic study illustrates a weak presence of the most nutritious skeletal elements after a strong intensive anthropic in all sites. The Specific richness as well as the specific variable is the origin of the climatic nature even the geographic position of the site

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Park, Hee-Bok. "Genetic Analysis of Quantitative Traits Using Domestic Animals : A Candidate Gene and Genome Scanning Approach". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4582.

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Domestication has led to genetic changes that affect quantitative traits in farm animals. Both candidate gene analysis using association tests and genome scans based on linkage analysis have been performed to understand the molecular basis underlying quantitative genetic variation in horses, pigs and chickens. To test a possible association of polymorphisms in the PRKAG3 gene, previously found to be associated with excess glycogen content in pig skeletal muscle, with quantitative traits in the horse, the major coding part of the equine PRKAG3 sequence was identified. Bioinformatic characterization of the equine PRKAG3 gene was conducted. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) causing a missense mutation (Pro258Leu) was found. Screening this SNP showed that the Leu258 allele was more frequent in breeds with heavy muscularity. To assess previously reported associations between polymorphisms in the MC4R gene and obesity-related traits further, we conducted linkage analysis between the MC4R locus and fatness-related traits using a Wild BoarxLarge White intercross. No significant association between segregation at the MC4R locus and fatness was detected in this pedigree. A genome scan of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) has been performed in an intercross between chicken lines divergently selected for growth. Divergent parental lines have been established by selecting for high and low 56-day body weight for over 40 generations. The selection has led to approximately a 9-fold difference in 56-day body weight between lines and resulted in correlated responses for a number of traits including appetite, immune response, body composition and metabolic traits. Phenotypic data on growth and other correlated traits were collected from more than 800 F2 individuals. Genome scans using 145 markers on 26 linkage groups have identified QTLs affecting growth and correlated responses to selection for 56-day body weight. No major QTL explaining a large portion of phenotypic variation in growth was revealed in this study.

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Ferrari, Sébastien. "Caractérisation, variabilité et héritabilité des traits de personnalité chez les téléostéens". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS038/document.

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Cette thèse est organisée en trois parties principales. La première partie de cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de coping style chez le bar, révélant des liens entre réponses comportementales et physiologiques suite à un stress. Les individus proactifs montraient une plus faible activation de l’axe HPI, résultant en une moindre augmentation des taux de cortisol plasmatique après un stress que les individus réactifs. Cependant, les liens entre traits de personnalité et activation des systèmes dopaminergiques et sérotoninergiques n’ont pas pu être clairement mis en évidence. Les tests individuels se sont révélés discriminants de la personnalité, mais n’ont pas permis d’observer des réponses cohérentes dans le temps en raison du caractère stressant de l’isolement chez cette espèce sociale. L’utilisation de tests en groupe est apparue mieux adaptée et a permis de caractériser un nombre important d’individus, étape nécessaire à toutes études visant à caractériser la variabilité génétique des traits comportementaux. La variabilité observée met en avant d’importantes capacités d’adaptation chez cette espèce. La seconde partie a mis en avant l’existence de liens entre traits de personnalité et stratégies d’approvisionnement en nourriture. L’analyse de la structure sociale chez cette espèce a mis en évidence une stratégie coopérative concernant l’acquisition de la nourriture avec une spécialisation de certains individus dans le groupe. Enfin, la troisième partie a permis l’observation de liens génétiques entre traits de personnalité et caractères phénotypiques, laissant entrevoir une possible sélection des caractères de personnalité dans un contexte de production piscicole. Le niveau de domestication s’est révélé avoir une influence sur les liens entre personnalité et potentiel de croissance. L’utilisation de ces coping styles et traits de personnalité pourrait être un outil supplémentaire pour améliorer le processus de domestication, permettant par exemple la sélection de coping styles divergents qui pourraient correspondre à des individus plus résistants aux maladies, ou mieux adaptés à leur environnement
This thesis is organized in three principal parts. The first part of this thesis highlights the existence of coping style in seabass, revealing links between behavioral and physiological responses following a stress. The proactive individuals showed a weaker activation of the HPI axis, resulting in a lesser increase of plasmatic cortisol levels after a stress compared to reactive fish. However, the links between personality traits and activation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems could not be clearly demonstrated. The individual tests appeared discriminating personality, but did not allow observing coherent responses in time likely because of the stressing character of the isolated situation in this social species. The use of tests in group appeared better adapted and made it possible to characterize a significant number of individual, a necessary step when one aims at characterizing the genetic variability of the behavioural traits. Finally, variability observed underlined important adaptation capacities of this species. The second part demonstrated the existence of links between personality traits and feeding strategies. The analysis of the social structure highlighted a cooperative strategy concerning the acquisition of food with a specialization of certain individuals in the group. Lastly, the third part showed genetic correlations between coping styles, personality traits and phenotypes, letting foresee a possible selection of the personality traits in a production context. The level of domestication proved to have an influence on the links between personality and growth potential. The use of all these coping style and personality traits could be an additional tool to improve the process of domestication, allowing for example the selection of divergent coping styles which could correspond to individuals more resistant to diseases, or better adapted to their environment

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Moleana, Thibaud. "Etude de la reproduction, de l'alimentation et de la composition en acides gras du picot rayé Siganus lineatus. Application à la domestication d'une nouvelle espèce tropicale pour la piscuculture marine (Nouvelle-Calédonie; Aqualagon SARL)". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0003.

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Le picot rayé Siganus lineatus dispose de nombreux atouts pour son aquaculture, motivant la société Aqualagon à entreprendre sa domestication en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Aujourd’hui, elle cherche à pérenniser sa production en supprimant les variabilités de l’élevage larvaire par une meilleure gestion de ses géniteurs, tout en faisant face à un manque de connaissance sur ce poisson. L’objectif de cette thèse a alors été d’acquérir des informations précises sur la biologie de S. lineatus en (1) déterminant les principaux paramètres régulant sa reproduction et (2) les caractéristiques trophiques selon son cycle de vie dans le contexte environnementale de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
The golden-lined rabbitfish Siganus lineatus has many assets for its aquaculture, motivating the company Aqualagon to undertake domestication in New Caledonia. Today, Aqualagon seeks to perpetuate its production by eliminating the larval rearing variabilities through a better broodstock management, while facing a lack knowledge on this fish. The purpose of this thesis was then to acquire accurate information on the biology of S. lineatus by (1) determining the main parameters regulating its reproduction and (2) the trophic characteristics of its life cycle according to the environmental context of New Caledonia

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Louchart, Frédéric. "Pureté artificielle : étude et réintroduction des orangs-outans de Bornéo". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0663.

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L'étude concerne le centre de réintroduction de Nyaru Menteng (Bornéo, Kalimantan Central, Indonésie), appartenant à une ONG: BOSF. Ce centre interroge les relations entre Humains et non-Humains en termes d'anthropologie de la nature, d'histoire des sciences et de fonctionnement de la réintroduction d'orang-outans en milieu naturel. Celle-ci pose un paradoxe: comment libérer l'animal et le rendre plus authentiquement au moyen d'un système d'élevage par l'homme? La primatologie offre un savoir éthologique sur lequel se fondent les procédés. Mais la démarche reste essentialiste, se focalise sur les aspects les plus anthropomorphes de l'animal retrouvés dans le travail de réhabilitation. Celui-ci nécessite d'exposer la construction historique de l'animal en tant qu'agent, figure de récit et symbole structurant. La réintroduction suppose également un collectif d'acteurs, unis autour de l'animal sans posséder de véritable unité; Occidentaux, administratifs indonésiens, employés dayaks, bénévoles, etc. Ce qui entraîne de nombreuses tensions d'une part, et la structuration d'un collectif autour de l'animal d'autre part. Les rapports de pouvoir se jouent dans cette relation. Avec un personnel Dayak, l'erreur serait de penser qu'on transfert [sic] de l'animisme traditionnel (Kaharingan) dans le cadre de la réhabilitation. Bien au contraire, on observe une multiplication des modes de séparartion entre Humains et non-Humains, et inaugure une relation originale, ni animique, ni naturaliste, et des formes d'interventions sur l'animal qui marquent une emprise totale sur la "nature"
This study took place in Borneo (Indonesia), inside the Nyaru Menteng Orangutan Reintroduction Center (NMORP), property of the Forest Office (BAPPENAS) and leaded by Lone Drochsler-Nuielsen from the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation. The main anthropological question of reintroduction is: how to set authentic animals free inside nature, by a human system in charge of care and cultural learning of those animals? Yet, the more primatologists follow and discribe the orangutans, the more they seem to have a culture, to be smart and fashioned for intelligent relationships. But anthropomorphism is not enough to undertsnad Nyaru Menteng's system. Thus, primatology leads to build animal's agency : as a specy, orangutans are symbols, a kind of sacred herd and have to be separated from humans. As individuals they can act and they do have interactional relationships with their nurses. Nurses are Nyaru Menteng's pillars. Often Dayaks, we could think that animism could change the way they take care of orangutans (Descola. Everyday, they have to protect themselves from them and command them. At least, reintroduction and rehabilitation shows a total human empire on nature

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Nätt, Daniel. "Stress and the Offspring : Adaptive Transgenerational Effects of Unpredictability on Behaviour and Gene Expression in Chickens (Gallus gallus)". Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Zoologi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15518.

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Environmental stress has shown to affect both the exposed individuals and the development of their offspring. Generally, it is thought that the stressed organism responds to stress by trying to adapt to it. This thesis investigates possible evolutionary consequences of cross-generational transmissions of stress, where the parent has been stressed but the offspring has not. In two studies we have exposed chicken parents of different breeds to an unpredictable circadian light rhythm, to investigate the influence of genetic background on the transmission of behaviour and patterns of genome-wide gene expression across generations. In Paper I, we can show that the domesticated chicken, by means of epigenetic factors, transmit their behaviours as well as their gene expression profiles to their offspring to a higher extent than their wild ancestor, the red junglefowl. Furthermore, in Paper II, even though the offspring never experienced the stress or had any contact with their stressed parents, they seemed to have adapted to it, which suggests that the parents might have prepared (or pre-adapted) them for living in the unpredictable environment. Additionally, eggs of stressed hens showed increased levels of estradiol that might have affected gene expression of specific immune genes, which were up-regulated in the offspring of stressed parents. It is possible that the traditional distinction between stress responses and evolutionary adaptation may be reevaluated, since our results indicate that they could be parts of the same evolutionary event.

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Crockford, Susan J. "Animal domestication and vertebrate speciation : a paradigm for the origin of species". 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/542.

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