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BAYLY, I. A. E., J. A. E. GIBSON, B. WAGNER i K. M. SWADLING. "Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of two East Antarctic freshwater calanoid copepod species: Boeckella poppei and Gladioferens antarcticus". Antarctic Science 15, nr 4 (grudzień 2003): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001548.
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New populations of the two species of calanoid copepods known to inhabit freshwater lakes in East Antarctica, Boeckella poppei (Mrázek, 1901) and Gladioferens antarcticus Bayly, 1994, have recently been discovered. The morphology of the populations of B. poppei showed significant differences, notably a reduction in the armature of the male fifth leg, when compared with typical specimens from the Antarctic Peninsula and South America. Gladioferens antarcticus had previously been recorded from a single lake in the Bunger Hills, but has now been recorded from three further lakes in this region. A recent review of Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic zooplankton suggested that neither of these species can be considered an East Antarctic endemic, with B. poppei being listed as a recent anthropogenic introduction and G. antarcticus a ‘marine interloper’. We conclude differently: B. poppei has been present in isolated populations in East Antarctica for significant lengths of time, possibly predating the current interglacial, while G. antarcticus is a true Antarctic endemic species whose ancestors have been present in the region since before Australia separated from Antarctica.
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Sollman, Philip. "The genus Bryoerythrophyllum (Musci, Pottiaceae) in Antarctica". Polish Botanical Journal 60, nr 1 (1.07.2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pbj-2015-0004.
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Abstract Antarctic material of the genus Bryoerythrophyllum P. C. Chen was studied from all specimens present in KRAM. Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum (Hedw.) P. C. Chen var. antarcticum L. I. Savicz & Smirnova is treated as a distinct species: B. antarcticum (L. I. Savicz & Smirnova) P. Sollman, stat. nov. Three species are now known in the Antarctic region: B. antarcticum, B. recurvirostrum and B. rubrum (Jur. ex Geh.) P. C. Chen. Bryoerythrophyllum rubrum is reported for the first time from the Antarctic. It is a bipolar species. A key to the taxa is given. These species are described and briefly discussed, with notes on illustrations, reproduction, habitat, world range, distribution and elevation in Antarctica.
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Sirenko, B. I. "First finding of a widely distributed Antarctic chiton species (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the North Pacific". Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal 29, nr 1 (14.01.2019): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/ruthenica.2019.29(1).3.
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For the first time, the widely spread Antarctic species Leptochiton antarcticus was found at the Emperor Seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean. In spite of a large distance between the Emperor Seamounts and Antarctica, the found specimen have very similar shell, girdle, radula and gill features to the type material. I propose that L. antarcticus spread to the North Pacific from the Antarctic via a deep-water current near the ocean floor, and perhaps it inhabits the slopes of islands and continents from the South Ocean to the Emperor Seamounts.
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Levy, Hila, Steven R. Fiddaman, Anni Djurhuus, Caitlin E. Black, Simona Kraberger, Adrian L. Smith, Tom Hart i Arvind Varsani. "Identification of Circovirus Genome in a Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) and Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) on the Antarctic Peninsula". Viruses 12, nr 8 (6.08.2020): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12080858.
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Circoviruses infect a variety of animal species and have small (~1.8–2.2 kb) circular single-stranded DNA genomes. Recently a penguin circovirus (PenCV) was identified associated with an Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) with feather disorder and in the cloacal swabs of three asymptomatic Adélie Penguins at Cape Crozier, Antarctica. A total of 75 cloacal swab samples obtained from adults and chicks of three species of penguin (genus: Pygoscelis) from seven Antarctic breeding colonies (South Shetland Islands and Western Antarctic Peninsula) in the 2015−2016 breeding season were screened for PenCV. We identified new variants of PenCV in one Adélie Penguin and one Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) from Port Charcot, Booth Island, Western Antarctic Peninsula, a site home to all three species of Pygoscelid penguins. These two PenCV genomes (length of 1986 nucleotides) share > 99% genome-wide nucleotide identity with each other and share ~87% genome-wide nucleotide identity with the PenCV sequences described from Adélie Penguins at Cape Crozier ~4400 km away in East Antarctica. We did not find any evidence of recombination among PenCV sequences. This is the first report of PenCV in Chinstrap Penguins and the first detection outside of Ross Island, East Antarctica. Given the limited knowledge on Antarctic animal viral diversity, future samples from Antarctic wildlife should be screened for these and other viruses to determine the prevalence and potential impact of viral infections.
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Pfeifer, Christian, Marie-Charlott Rümmler i Osama Mustafa. "Assessing colonies of Antarctic shags by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at South Shetland Islands, Antarctica". Antarctic Science 33, nr 2 (14.01.2021): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102020000644.
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AbstractDue to the remote location of colonies of Antarctic shags (Phalacrocorax (atriceps) bransfieldensis) in Antarctica, there is only sparse data on the abundance of this species. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) survey for known and unknown Antarctic shag colonies along the coasts of Nelson Island and western King George Island, Antarctica, was conducted in December 2016. Four colonies, one of them previously unknown, were detected. For the first time since the 1980s, the total population size of the colonies in that area was determined. A comparison with previous estimates revealed evidence of a population increase by a factor of 2.86. To support future survey campaigns, several characteristic features of Antarctic shag colonies, nests and individuals in aerial imagery were identified. This makes possible more reliable detection and determination of population size in Antarctic shag colonies. These characteristic features were compared with those of chinstrap penguin colonies (Pygoscelis antarcticus) because these species often overlap spatially and are difficult to distinguish. In addition, the optimal weather conditions and flight parameters for an aerial survey were specified.
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Lee, Sara, Wooseok Oh, Hyoung Sul La, Wuju Son, Jeong-Hoon Kim i Kyounghoon Lee. "Spatiotemporal Distribution of Antarctic Silverfish in the Ross Sea, Antarctica". Fishes 9, nr 2 (26.01.2024): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020047.
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Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) play a crucial intermediary role in connecting top predators and krill in the food web of the Antarctic Ocean. Despite their crucial role, research on their abundance is lacking. In this study, we estimated the abundance of juvenile Antarctic silverfish as foundational data for predicting their abundance. The density of juvenile Antarctic silverfish was estimated using an acoustic backscattering theoretical model. The mean volume backscattering strength was used to investigate the vertical and horizontal distributions of juvenile Antarctic silverfish in the Antarctic Ross Sea. The survey area was located near Cape Hallett, Antarctica, where Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), ice krill (E. crystallorophias), and Antarctic silverfish coexist. The survey was performed four times using the Korean Antarctic research ship, RV Araon (R/V, 7507 GT). Frame trawls were conducted to identify the length and weight of the target fish species in the survey area. Captured Antarctic silverfish captured measured 3–9 cm. The maximum target strength (TS) was −92.93 dB at 38 kHz, −86.63 dB at 120 kHz, and 85.89 dB at 200 kHz. The average TS was −100.00 dB at 38 kHz, −93.00 dB at 120 kHz, and −106.90 dB at 200 kHz. Most juvenile Antarctic silverfish were found at a depth of 100 m and were distributed closer to sea ice. Between nearshore and polynya waters, the fish demonstrated a proclivity for polynya waters.
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Smykla, Jerzy, Nataliia Iakovenko, Miloslav Devetter i Łukasz Kaczmarek. "Diversity and distribution of tardigrades in soils of Edmonson Point (Northern Victoria Land, continental Antarctica)". Czech Polar Reports 2, nr 2 (1.06.2012): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2012-2-6.
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This work contributes to the knowledge on distribution, diversity and ecology of the Antarctic soil biota. Different soil habitats from several ice-free coastal sites were sampled along the Victoria Land across 7° of latitude from 71° to 78°S during five austral summer seasons between 2003/04 and 2011/12. In this paper we report preliminary data on soil tardigrades (water bears) from Edmondson Point, Northern Victoria Land. Tardigrades were found to be present in 23 of the 41 examined soil samples (56%). Their presence was associated exclusively with soil samples collected from bryophytes communities and under cyanobacterial mats, whereas they were completely absent in fellfield and ornithogenic soils. Tardigrades were least numerous among all soil micrometazoans, their abundance in the positive samples was very variable and ranged from 3 to 1824 individuals per 100 g of soil DW. High water content seemed to be the major factor determining occurrence of tardigrades in the soils investigated. On the other hand low water content and toxic compounds from penguin guano seemed to act as a strong constraint on their existence in the Antarctic soils. Taxonomic evaluation of the extracted tardigrades revealed presence of only two species belonging to class Eutardigrada: Acutuncus antarcticus (Richters, 1904) and Milnesium antarcticum Tumanov, 2006. While A. antarcticus has already been reported previously as the most widespread and abundant tardigrade across the Victoria Land, the information on M. antarcticum is novel, both for Victoria Land and the continental Antarctica.
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Taboada, Sergi, Luis Francisco García-Fernández, Santiago Bueno, Jennifer Vázquez, Carmen Cuevas i Conxita Avila. "Antitumoural activity in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthic organisms". Antarctic Science 22, nr 5 (19.07.2010): 494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000416.
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AbstractA prospecting search for antitumoural activity in polar benthic invertebrates was conducted on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthos in three different areas: Bouvet Island (sub-Antarctic), eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica) and the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). A total of 770 benthic invertebrate samples (corresponding to at least 290 different species) from 12 different phyla were assayed to establish their pharmacological potential against three human tumour cell lines (colorectal adenocarcinoma, lung carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma). Bioassays resulted in 15 different species showing anticancer activity corresponding to five different phyla: Tunicata (5), Porifera (4), Cnidaria (3), Echinodermata (2) and Annelida (1). This appears to be the largest pharmacological study ever carried out in Antarctica and it shows very promising antitumoural activities in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthos.
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Cesari, Michele, Sandra J. McInnes, Roberto Bertolani, Lorena Rebecchi i Roberto Guidetti. "Genetic diversity and biogeography of the south polar water bear Acutuncus antarcticus (Eutardigrada : Hypsibiidae) – evidence that it is a truly pan-Antarctic species". Invertebrate Systematics 30, nr 6 (2016): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is15045.
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Antarctica is an ice-dominated continent and all its terrestrial and freshwater habitats are fragmented, which leads to genetic divergence and, eventually, speciation. Acutuncus antarcticus is the most common Antarctic tardigrade and its cryptobiotic capabilities, small size and parthenogenetic reproduction present a high potential for dispersal and colonisation. Morphological (light and electron microscopy, karyology) and molecular (18S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes) analyses on seven populations of A. antarcticus elucidated the genetic diversity and distribution of this species. All analysed populations were morphologically indistinguishable and made up of diploid females. All specimens presented the same 18S rRNA sequence. In contrast, COI analysis showed higher variability, with most Victoria Land populations presenting up to five different haplotypes. Genetic distances between Victoria Land specimens and those found elsewhere in Antarctica were low, while distances between Dronning Maud Land and specimens from elsewhere were high. Our analyses show that A. antarcticus can still be considered a pan-Antarctic species, although the moderately high genetic diversity within Victoria Land indicates the potential for speciation events. Regions of Victoria Land are considered to have been possible refugia during the last glacial maximum and a current biodiversity hotspot, which the populations of A. antarcticus mirror with a higher diversity than in other regions of Antarctica.
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Arnould, John P. Y., i Michael D. Whitehead. "The diet of Antarctic petrels, cape petrels and southern fulmars rearing chicks in Prydz Bay". Antarctic Science 3, nr 1 (marzec 1991): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102091000056.
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The breeding season diet of the three surface-nesting petrel species on the Rauer Islands, Prydz Bay were examined. The stomach contents of cape petrel (Daption capense), Antarctic petrel (Thalassoica antarctica), and southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) were sampled by collecting regurgitates and by stomach flushing during the 1987/88 early chick-rearing period. Pleuragramma antarcticum and Euphausia superba dominated the diets of all species. By mass they constituted 78% and 22% of Antarctic petrel diet, 63% and 36% of southern fulmar diet, and 14% and 85% of cape petrel diet respectively. P. antarcticum increased in importance in the diet of Antarctic petrels during the course of the study, while E. superba became increasingly important in the diets of southern fulmars and cape petrels. Previous studies conducted during incubation consistently reported the diets as comprising chiefly cephalopods and euphausiids, whilst studies during chick-rearing have reported fish and euphausiids dominating, and very little cephalopod material.
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Richter, Martha, i M. R. A. Thomson. "First Aspidorhynchidae (Pisces: Teleostei) from Antarctica". Antarctic Science 1, nr 1 (marzec 1989): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102089000106.
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A new fossil teleost, belonging to the family Aspidorhynchidae Nicholson & Lydekker, Aspidorhynchus antarcticus sp. nov., was obtained from a block of reworked Upper Jurassic tuffaceous mudstone in the lower (Albian) part of the mid-Cretaceous Whisky Bay Formation of James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Additional material, assignable to Aspidorhynchus sp., was collected from in situ Upper Jurassic marine rocks (Nordenskjöld Formation) at Longing Gap, northern Antarctic Peninsula. Not only is this the first reported occurrence of the family from Antarctica, it is also the first unequivocal record of Aspidorhynchus outside Europe; prior to this discovery, the genus had only been reported with certainty in marine deposits from the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of England, France and Germany. This is the earliest neopterygian fish so far recovered from marine rocks in the Antarctic.
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Hemmings, Alan D., Sanjay Chaturvedi, Elizabeth Leane, Daniela Liggett i Juan Francisco Salazar. "Nationalism in Today’s Antarctic". Yearbook of Polar Law Online 7, nr 1 (5.12.2015): 531–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_020.
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Whilst nationalism is a recognised force globally, its framing is predicated on experience in conventionally occupied parts of the world. The familiar image of angry young men waving Kalashnikovs means that the idea that nationalism might be at play in Antarctica has to overcome much instinctive resistance, as well as the tactical opposition of the keepers of the present Antarctic political arrangements. The limited consideration of nationalism in Antarctica has generally been confined to the past, particularly “Heroic-Era” and 1930s–1940s expeditions. This article addresses the formations of nationalism in the Antarctic present. Antarctic nationalism need not present in the same shape as nationalisms elsewhere to justify being called nationalism. Here it occurs in a virtual or mediated form, remote from the conventional metropolitan territories of the states and interests concerned. The key aspect of Antarctic nationalism is its contemporary form and intensity. We argue that given the historic difficulties of Antarctic activities, and the geopolitical constraints of the Cold War, it has only been since the end of that Cold War that a more muscular nationalism has been able to flourish in Antarctica. Our assessment is that there at least 11 bases upon which Antarctic nationalism might arise: (i) formally declared claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica; (ii) relative proximity of Antarctica to one’s metropolitan territory; (iii) historic and institutional associations with Antarctica; (iv) social and cultural associations; (v) regional or global hegemonic inclinations; (vi) alleged need in relation to resources; (vii) contested uses or practices in Antarctica; (viii) carry-over from intense antipathies outside Antarctica; (ix) national pride in, and mobilisation through, national Antarctic programmes; (x) infrastructure and logistics arrangements; or (xi) denial or constraint of access by one’s strategic competitors or opponents. In practice of course, these are likely to be manifested in combination. The risks inherent in Antarctic nationalism are the risks inherent in unrestrained nationalism anywhere, compounded by its already weak juridical situation. In Antarctica, the intersection of nationalism with resources poses a particular challenge to the regional order and its commitments to shareable public goods such as scientific research and environmental protection.
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Alexander, Karen A., Daniela Liggett, Elizabeth Leane, Hanne E. F. Nielsen, Jennifer L. Bailey, Madeline J. Brasier i Marcus Haward. "What and who is an Antarctic ambassador?" Polar Record 55, nr 6 (listopad 2019): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247420000194.
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AbstractThe term “Antarctic ambassadorship” is increasingly used to represent an individual’s connection to Antarctica and their subsequent advocacy. However, there is little clarity regarding the concept. To address this, we combined a literature review with an expert elicitation workshop. We argue that (i) the concept of Antarctic ambassador has been understood in myriad ways; (ii) Antarctic ambassadors have a connection to, knowledge of and passion for Antarctica; (iii) they also have a commitment to defending and advancing Antarctic values and (iv) Antarctic ambassadorship is about more than advocacy. We propose the first comprehensive definition of Antarctic ambassadorship. We hope this will provide a cornerstone upon which future research, and a more informed governance of Antarctic tourism, can be built.
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Jun, Sang-Yoon, Joo-Hong Kim, Jung Choi, Seong-Joong Kim, Baek-Min Kim i Soon-Il An. "The internal origin of the west-east asymmetry of Antarctic climate change". Science Advances 6, nr 24 (czerwiec 2020): eaaz1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz1490.
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Recent Antarctic surface climate change has been characterized by greater warming trends in West Antarctica than in East Antarctica. Although this asymmetric feature is well recognized, its origin remains poorly understood. Here, by analyzing observation data and multimodel results, we show that a west-east asymmetric internal mode amplified in austral winter originates from the harmony of the atmosphere-ocean coupled feedback off West Antarctica and the Antarctic terrain. The warmer ocean temperature over the West Antarctic sector has positive feedback, with an anomalous upper-tropospheric anticyclonic circulation response centered over West Antarctica, in which the strength of the feedback is controlled by the Antarctic topographic layout and the annual cycle. The current west-east asymmetry of Antarctic surface climate change is undoubtedly of natural origin because no external factors (e.g., orbital or anthropogenic factors) contribute to the asymmetric mode.
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VACCHI, MARINO, MARIO LA MESA, MASSIMO DALU i JOHN MACDONALD. "Early life stages in the life cycle of Antarctic silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum in Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea". Antarctic Science 16, nr 3 (wrzesień 2004): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002135.
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The nototheniid Pleuragramma antarcticum (Boulenger, 1902), is the dominant pelagic fish in waters of the continental shelf in High Antarctic regions. Larvae and juveniles of this species comprise the majority of ichthyoplankton at many locations around Antarctica including the Weddell Sea and the western Ross Sea, where it may amount to 98% of the ichthyoplankton. Its life cycle has been the subject of a number of studies but spawning and embryological development are still uncertain. Eggs with embryos and newly hatched larvae of P. antarcticum were collected in November 2002 near the Italian Antarctic station at Terra Nova Bay through holes drilled in the sea ice. Eggs and yolk-sac larvae were floating among the platelet ice below the solid cap of congelation ice. Eggs were 2.2–2.5 mm in diameter and contained embryos at an advanced stage of development. Hatching occurred from mid-November onwards, and newly hatched larvae averaged 9.3 mm SL. This paper provides the detailed description of embryos and newly hatched larvae in terms of pigmentation pattern and morphometric characteristics, thus allowing a significant advance in our understanding of the early life history of P. antarcticum in the Ross Sea, and extending the knowledge of the life cycle of this key Antarctic species.
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Thompson, Keith. "Antarctic Ecology and Antarctica". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 16, nr 1 (marzec 1986): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1986.10426960.
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Brady, Anne-Marie. "New Zealand's strategic interests in Antarctica". Polar Record 47, nr 2 (15.06.2010): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247410000148.
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ABSTRACTNew Zealand has important strategic interests in Antarctica that are as much about geography and the country's geostrategic needs, as they are about history and the politics of maintaining rights gained in an earlier era. This paper outlines the reasons behind New Zealand's involvement in and commitment to Antarctica; profiles the various bodies involved in maintaining and negotiating New Zealand's Antarctic presence and voice on Antarctic affairs; and discusses New Zealand's core interests in the Antarctic continent that help to shape its Antarctic policy.
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Musto, Ryan A. "Antarctic arms control as past precedent". Polar Record 55, nr 5 (wrzesień 2019): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000640.
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AbstractThe 1959 Antarctic Treaty made Antarctica the world’s first and only demilitarised continent, the world’s first denuclearised zone, and pioneered a comprehensive inspections system. This article explores Antarctic arms control as past precedent. It finds that the United States, which spearheaded the Antarctic Treaty negotiations, initially rationalised arms control in Antarctica as an isolated endeavour. Yet its potential elsewhere quickly appealed to various officials involved in the treaty negotiations and aligned with public perception. Subsequent initiatives for arms control took broad inspiration from the Antarctic Treaty, but regional differences limited specific adaptations.
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Hodgson-Johnston, Indi. "The Laws of Territorial Acquisition as Applied to Claims to Antarctic Territory: A Review of Legal Scholarship". Yearbook of Polar Law Online 7, nr 1 (5.12.2015): 556–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_021.
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Three substantive areas of analysis have emerged in the legal scholarship of the validity in international law of Antarctic territorial claims. The first is the physical amenability of the Antarctic continent to claims of territory. The second, and largest, is the application of traditional laws of territorial acquisition to Antarctic claims. The alternative argument of Antarctica as res communis is the final substantive thread of discussion.These threads of discussion have dominant arguments. They do not, however, have definite conclusions, leaving the academic conjecture as to the validity of Antarctic territorial claims unresolved. Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty makes an urgent definitive answer unnecessary. However, with new issues emerging related to sovereignty in Antarctica, such as Marine Protected Areas, and more activity from growing Antarctic Treaty membership, public discourse consistently raises the issue.As we enter this new discursive environment, a review of the main arguments of the three substantive areas of legal scholarship is timely. This article will also attempt to identify the dominant attitudes regarding the validity of territorial claims to Antarctica.
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Gil-Delgado, J. A., J. González-Solís i A. Barbosa. "Populations of breeding birds in Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands". Antarctic Science 25, nr 2 (20.03.2013): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012000752.
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AbstractData about breeding populations of birds in the Antarctica are rare and fragmented. Thus, information about the status of the breeding populations of Antarctic birds is crucial given the current scenario of climate change, which is particularly acute in Antarctica. This paper presents new information about the populations of the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata, the kelp gull Larus dominicanus, the southern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus, the Antarctic skua Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi, the chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica and the gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands). We used line transects counts to estimate both densities and numbers of nests of the different species. We estimate that there are 398.96 birds km-2 of southern giant petrels (2793 individuals), 62.4 birds km-2 of Antarctic tern (3746 individuals) and 269.1 birds km-2 of kelp gull (1884 individuals). Furthermore, we found 15 nests of Antarctic skua in 25 km2, from which we can estimate that 60–91 birds must breed on Byers Peninsula. We also censused two colonies of gentoo penguins (3000 and 1200 pairs) and 50 pairs of chinstrap. Compared to previous estimates, gentoo penguins seem to have increased whereas chinstrap penguin have decreased. Finally, the populations of Antarctic tern, southern giant petrel and kelp gull have stabilized or slightly increased.
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Powell, Robert B., Stephen R. Kellert i Sam H. Ham. "Antarctic tourists: ambassadors or consumers?" Polar Record 44, nr 3 (lipiec 2008): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247408007456.
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ABSTRACTTwo complementary studies were conducted to investigate both the immediate and longer-term influence of Antarctic cruise tourism experiences on participants’ knowledge of Antarctica, attitudes toward management issues facing the Antarctic region, and environmental behaviours and future intentions. In addition, the study investigated tourists’ attitudes toward visitor guidelines. The results suggest that Antarctica nature-based tourism operators have the potential to provide experiences that educate the public to the importance of Antarctica.
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van den Broeke, Michiel R., i Nicole P. M. van Lipzig. "Changes in Antarctic temperature, wind and precipitation in response to the Antarctic Oscillation". Annals of Glaciology 39 (2004): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814654.
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AbstractOutput of a 14 year integration with a high-resolution (55 km ×55 km) regional atmospheric climate model is used to study the response of Antarctic near-surface climate to the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), the periodical strengthening and weakening of the circumpolar vortex in the Southern Hemisphere. In spite of the relatively short record, wind, temperature and precipitation show widespread and significant AAO-related signals. When the vortex is strong (high AAO index), northwesterly flow anomalies cause warming over the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) and adjacent regions in West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea. In contrast, cooling occurs in East Antarctica, the eastern Ross Ice Shelf and parts of Marie Byrd Land. Most of the annual temperature signal stems from the months March–August. The spatial distribution of the precipitation response to changes in the AAO does not mirror temperature changes but is in first order determined by the direction of flow anomalies with respect to the Antarctic topography. When the vortex is strong (high AAO index), the western AP becomes wetter, while the Ross Ice Shelf, parts of West Antarctica and the Lambert Glacier basin, East Antarctica, become drier.
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DUMMERMUTH, ANGELIKA L., i CHRISTIAN WIENCKE. "Experimental investigation of seasonal development in six Antarctic red macroalgae". Antarctic Science 15, nr 4 (grudzień 2003): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200300155x.
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The phenology of six Antarctic red macroalgae, Delesseria salicifolia Reinsch, Gymnogongrus antarcticus Skottsberg, Gymnogongrus turquetii Hariot, Hymenocladiopsis crustigena Moe, Kallymenia antarctica Hariot and Phyllophora ahnfeltioides Skottsberg, was investigated in a two-year culture study under fluctuating daylengths imitating the conditions of King George Island, South Shetland Islands. The algae were cultured at 0°C in filtered, nutrient enriched seawater under photon fluence rates of 3, 10, 25, 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1. All species are classified as season anticipators, starting growth in late winter–spring and stopping growth before the summer solstice. Formation of new blades was observed from January/February onwards in most of the species. Carpospore formation was observed in K. antarctica in early summer. Growth was light saturated at photon fluence rates of 3 μmol photons m−2 s−1 in D. salicifolia and at 10 μmol photons m−2 s−1 in the other species, corresponding to an annual light dose of 31.4 and 157 mol photons m−2. The results show that this type of life strategy is typical for species from the Antarctic and give further evidence on the high degree of shade adaptation of Antarctic algae and predict a lower distribution limit for these species at 37 ± 15 m and 23 ± 10 m, respectively.
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Hawes, T. C. "Origins and dispersal of the Antarctic fairy shrimp". Antarctic Science 21, nr 5 (październik 2009): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200900203x.
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AbstractPassive dispersal has traditionally formed a fundamental component of biogeographical theories of the origin of the fauna that occupy the ice-free habitats of mainland Antarctica. But in the context of an emerging picture of endemism for many Antarctic terrestrial invertebrates, is there still a place for such stochastic processes in Antarctic biogeography? The case of the Antarctic fairy shrimp,Branchinecta gainiDaday 1910, may provide an answer - or, at least, an important exception to the rule. Although passive dispersal is certainly a stochastic and contingent phenomenon in Antarctica, the occurrence ofB. gainion the Antarctic Peninsula can only be explained satisfactorily by resort to this explanation. It is, at present, probably the best example of an Antarctic invertebrate with a biogeographic signature of passive - in particular, zoophoretic - dispersal.
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Storey, Bryan C., i Roi Granot. "Chapter 1.1 Tectonic history of Antarctica over the past 200 million years". Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, nr 1 (2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2018-38.
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AbstractThe tectonic evolution of Antarctica in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras was marked by igneous activity that formed as a result of simultaneous continental rifting and subduction processes acting during the final stages of the southward drift of Gondwana towards the South Pole. For the most part, continental rifting resulted in the progressive disintegration of the Gondwana supercontinent from Middle Jurassic times to the final isolation of Antarctica at the South Pole following the Cenozoic opening of the surrounding ocean basins, and the separation of Antarctica from South America and Australia. The initial rifting into East and West Gondwana was proceeded by emplacement of large igneous provinces preserved in present-day South America, Africa and Antarctica. Continued rifting within Antarctica did not lead to continental separation but to the development of the West Antarctic Rift System, dividing the continent into the East and West Antarctic plates, and uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains. Motion between East and West Antarctica has been accommodated by a series of discrete rifting pulses with a westward shift and concentration of the motion throughout the Cenozoic leading to crustal thinning, subsidence, elevated heat flow conditions and rift-related magmatic activity. Contemporaneous with the disintegration of Gondwana and the isolation of Antarctica, subduction processes were active along the palaeo-Pacific margin of Antarctica recorded by magmatic arcs, accretionary complexes, and forearc and back-arc basin sequences. A low in magmatic activity between 156 and 142 Ma suggests that subduction may have ceased during this time. Today, following the gradual cessation of the Antarctic rifting and surrounding subduction, the Antarctic continent is situated close to the centre of a large Antarctic Plate which, with the exception of an active margin on the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, is surrounded by active spreading ridges.
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Ahmad Shabudin, Ahmad Firdaus, Rashidah Abdul Rahim, Norizan Md Nor i Kamarulazizi Ibrahim. "Antarctic values and Malaysia's involvement in Antarctica: perceptions among young citizens of Malaysia". Polar Record 52, nr 3 (9.11.2015): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247415000790.
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ABSTRACTLack of support and interest among the public is one of the major challenges in strengthening and sustaining the future national agendas on Antarctica. The main goal of this study is to identify the perception of Malaysia's public with regard to Antarctic values and Malaysian involvement in the region. A survey on Malaysia's young citizen perception on Antarctic has been conducted for mapping out the future landscape of Malaysian involvement in the Antarctic region. Surveys have been conducted on respondents from secondary schools and universities in Malaysia. A questionnaire was designed to seek respondents’ knowledge and awareness on the values of Antarctica and their opinions on Malaysia's involvement. The results of the study showed that respondents had a high level of awareness of Antarctic environmental issues. However, general knowledge about the Antarctic region was still intermediate. On the other hand, the results of this study showed that the young citizens had positive and strong support for strengthening Malaysia's Antarctic involvement. This study hopes to contribute as baseline data on the matter. Such background information will reflect on the national strategy in strengthening Malaysia's current policy and future involvement in Antarctica.
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Leary, David. "Blue Ice, Meteorites, Fossil Penguins and Rare Minerals: The Case for Enhanced Protection of Antarctica’s Unique Geoheritage – An International Legal Analysis". Yearbook of Polar Law Online 12, nr 1 (13.12.2021): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_012010004.
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Its isolation and extreme climate means Antarctica is one of the world’s richest regions for untouched geoheritage. The potential of mining in Antarctica is often talked of in public discourse as a future threat to Antarctica even though the prohibition on mining is absolute and is likely to stay so indefinitely. As such mining does not pose a realistic threat to Antarctica’s geoheritage. The impacts of scientific research and tourism pose more pressing challenges to Antarctica’s geoheritage. This paper considers emerging debates in the Antarctic Treaty System on the need for further protection of Antarctica’s geoheritage. After considering the concept of geoheritage the paper considers key threats to Antarctic geoheritage. The role of Antarctic Specially Protected Area system in the protection of Antarctica’s geoheritage is then considered as is the draft code of conduct on geosciences field research currently being developed within the Antarctic Treaty System. The final part of the paper then goes on to examine how the Antarctic Treaty system could in part draw on the experience of other international initiatives, including the frameworks associated with the UNESCO Global Geoparks movement in developing an Antarctic System for protection of geoheritage.
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Lu, C. C., i R. Williams. "Contribution to the biology of squid in the Prydz Bay region, Antarctica". Antarctic Science 6, nr 2 (czerwiec 1994): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000349.
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The teuthoid fauna of the Prydz Bay region of the Southern Ocean (Indian Ocean sector) has been studied based on the material collected from 1981–1991 using a rectangular midwater trawl (RMT-8), pelagic trawl (IYGPT), and bottom trawl. Eight species of squid have been recognized: Brachioteuthis sp., Kondakovia longimana, Bathyteuthis abyssicola, Psychroteuthis glacialis, Alluroteuthis antarcticus, Mastigoteuthis psychrophila, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni and Galiteuthis glacialis. Size frequency distribution, geographical and vertical distributions of each species as well as diets of common species are analysed. There is no evidence of a diel vertical migration but ontogenetic descent appears to occur in P. glacialis and G. glacialis. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba and the Antarctic silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum are important prey for most species with cannibalism occurring in P. glacialis, A. antarcticus and M. hamiltoni. Equations for calculating total weight from mantle length, and mantle length and total weight from upper and lower rostral length are provided for B. abyssicola, P. glacialis, A. antarcticus, M. psychrophila, and G. glacialis.
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Leane, Elizabeth, Charne Lavery i Meredith Nash. "“The Only Almost Germ-Free Continent Left”". Environmental Humanities 15, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-10216184.
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Abstract This article examines the role of pandemics and viruses in cultural perceptions of Antarctica over the past century. In the popular imagination, Antarctica has often been framed as a place of purity, refuge, and isolation. In a series of fiction and screen texts from the nineteenth century to the present, viruses feature prominently. The texts fall into two categories: narratives in which Antarctica is the sole source of safety in a pandemic-ravaged world and those in which a virus (or another form of contagion) is discovered within the continent itself and needs to be contained. Viruses in these texts are not only literal but also metaphorical, taking the form of any kind of threatening infection, and as such are linked to texts in which Antarctic purity is discursively connected to racial and gendered exclusivity. Based on this comparison, the article argues that ideas of containment and contagion can have political connotations in an Antarctic context, to the extent that they are applied to particular groups of people in order to position them as “alien” to the Antarctic environment. The authors show that the recent media construction of Antarctica during COVID-19 needs to be understood against this disturbing aspect of the Antarctic imaginary, and also that narratives of Antarctic purity are imaginatively linked to both geopolitical exclusions and the melting of Antarctic ice.
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Graham, A. L., i John O. Annexstad. "Antarctic meteorites". Antarctic Science 1, nr 1 (marzec 1989): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102089000039.
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Antarctica is currently the most productive region of the Earth for the recovery of meteorites and over 9800 specimens have been found there, most of these since 1969. This material consists of meteoritic fragments representing a much smaller, but unknown, number of distinct meteorites. The particular climatic and environmental conditions of Antarctica result in the recovery of a much larger fraction of the extraterrestrial material that falls to Earth than would be the case in other regions. Remarkable concentrations of meteorites are found in some ‘blue ice’ areas resulting from the movement and ablation of the ice. Most meteorites are believed to have been derived from asteroids less then 200 km in diameter. The discovery in Antarctica of meteorites of lunar material proved that other sources are possible. Indeed two meteorites from Antarctica may have come from the planet Mars. Antarctic meteorites have much older terrestrial ages than non-Antarctic specimens and may be used to obtain information on the movement of the ice sheets in the past.
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Beck, Peter J. "Identifying national interests in Antarctica: the case of Canada". Polar Record 32, nr 183 (październik 1996): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400067553.
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ABSTRACTDuring the past decade, most publications on Antarctic politics and law have concentrated upon broader developments at the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) level. Less attention has been devoted to the nature of national interests in Antarctica and ways of balancing different policy objectives through time. Canada, though failing to accede to the Antarctic Treaty until 1988, offers a useful case study illuminating the broad range of interests influencing the policy of individual governments toward Antarctica, and particularly the reasons why states lacking clear national interests therein participate in the ATS. For Canada, Antarctica has always been viewed principally from an Arctic perspective. The resulting low priority of Antarctica explains Canada's initial non-involvement in the ATS. However, by the late 1980s, accession to the Antarctic Treaty was deemed desirable on policy grounds, even if Canada assumed only alow key role in the ATS, at least until 1994–1995, when the appointment of an Ambassador for Circumpolar Affairs was apparently followed by a more active bi-polar strategy.
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Yiğit, Merve Kahraman, i Mehmet Gökhan Halıcı. "A NEW LICHENIZED FUNGI RECORD FROM ANTARCTIC PENINSULA, ANTARCTICA ACCORDING TO nrITS PHYLOGENY: Buellia badia (FR.) A. MASSAL". CURRENT TRENDS IN NATURAL SCIENCES 12, nr 23 (31.07.2023): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2023.v12i23.038.
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Vegetation in the Antarctic Peninsula is quite poor due to the generally harsh conditions of Antarctica. Lichenized fungi are the dominant elements of the vegetation. There are about 450 species of lichenized fungi in Antarctica. About 65% of these lichenized fungi are distributed in the Antarctic Peninsula. Buellia is one of the most common genera in the Antarctic Peninsula. The genus Buellia is characterized by black lecideine apothecia, oblong or ellipsoidal and rarely citriform-shaped brown ascospores with one or more septa and a reddish-brown and rarely hyaline hypothecium. It is classified in the Caliciaceae family. The phylogeny of the heterogeneous genus Buellia is still not fully resolved today. There are about 400 species in the genus Buellia in the world. Only 20 of these species are distributed in Antarctica. In this study, we report Buellia badia as a new lichenized fungi record from Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica according to its nrITS phylogeny.
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de Pomereu, Jean. "All but blank: Artistic approaches to human Antarctica". Polar Record 55, nr 5 (wrzesień 2019): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000421.
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AbstractThe visual arts have played an increasingly important role in examining and critiquing past and present human activities in Antarctica as governed by the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental protection. This paper analyses the work of six artists who have contributed to this scrutiny, awakening us to fabrications and helping to enrich Antarctic cultures beyond the scientific and the environmental. It encourages all signatory nations to the Antarctic Treaty System to embrace and empower a more diverse artistic engagement with Antarctica and suggests that artists find new ways to address threats to the Antarctic, whether they come from within and from without.
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Chaturvedi, Sanjay. "Antarctica and the United Nations". India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 42, nr 1 (styczeń 1986): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848604200101.
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During the 200-odd years, since the circumnavigation of the Antarctica by-Captain James Cook (1772–1775), international interest in the continent has grown to such an extent that the frozen Antarctica is now at the centre of a heated political debate. The prophecy of Captain Cook that the world would derive no profit out of it, seems to be proving wrong. Antarctica has now ceased to be merely the most significant ‘natural laboratory’ and the site of important scientific experiments, it has become, under the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, a subject of ‘innovative political experiment’ in multilateral administration.1 The surrounding oceans, where seals and whales were once-recklessly exploited, today harbour a new and fast growing fishery of immense potential,2 while the prospect of offshore oil and gas exploitation lies on the horizon. With the tantalising speculations regarding the existence of more than hundred onland minerals in Antarctica (including gold, copper, lithium and uranium), it is only natural that an increasing number of states should' take interest in this so far unnoticed mine.3 Divergence of national interests, perceptions and positions within the-Antarctica Treaty System in regard to who owns the Antarctic audits: resources—particularly between the Antarctica claimants and the non-claimants—has always led to tensions, latent as well as manifest, within the Treaty System; recently a series of new developments like the United Nations' involvement in the Antarctic question have added to the complexity of the Antarctic political scenario. They have serious future implications for the delicate political equilibrium so far maintained on the continent under the Antarctic Treaty. The questions asked today are: Who owns the Antarctic and how significant are the benefits To be derived out of it? Who is to profit from them? and To what extent the possible uses of Antarctica are-compatible with each other? The essay purports to critically examine, in a historical perspective, the nature, scope and implications of the interaction between the United Nations and the Antarctic Treaty System. While taking note of the earlier attempts made to make possible a UN control of Antarctica, the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 and the functioning thereof during the ‘sixties’ and ‘seventies’, we shall focus our attention on the recent endeavour of some countries to involve the United Nations in the Antarctic Question. The study would include, of course, the nature and scope of the United Nations study of theQuestion of Antarctica ( November 1984) and the ensuing discussions. Thus we shall examine the perceptions of various states, and of the desirability and extent of the role UN might play in Antarctica. We shall also take a special note of India's stand in this regard.
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Kovalenko, P., V. Trokhymets, I. Parnikoza, Yu Protsenko, O. Salganskiy, A. Dzhulai, I. І. Dykyy, M. Nabokin, І. Kozeretska i V. Gorobchyshyn. "Current status of Belgica antarctica Jacobs, 1900 (Diptera: Chironomidae) distribution by the data of Ukrainian Antarctic Expeditions". Ukrainian Antarctic Journal, nr 2 (2021): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2021.679.
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Given the recent climate changes and their impact on the Antarctic Peninsula ecosystems, the emergence of invasive species, and increased tourism activity in this region, monitoring changes in the habitats of species native to the Antarctic Peninsula region is necessary. One such species is the Antarctic midge Belgica antarctica (Chironomidae). This insect is endemic to the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands. Thorough studies of changes in the range of this species have not been performed in recent decades. In this study, we present the area of Belgica antarctica according to the collections of biological samples during 2007–2021 (XII, XIV, XVI, XXIV, and XXV Ukrainian Antarctic Expeditions). This Antarctic midge was recorded at 26 localities on the Antarctic Peninsula and 212 localities on 55 surrounding islands between 66°08′38.4′′ S, 65°43′37.1′′ W (Cape Evensen, Stresher Peninsula, opposite the Marie Island, west coast of Graham Land) and 62°11′44.7′′ S, 58°57′40.6′′ W (King George Island, South Shetland Islands) from south-west to north-east.
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Lyons, David. "Organisation and funding of the Australian Antarctic program". Polar Record 29, nr 170 (lipiec 1993): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400018532.
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ABSTRACTThe Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) are conducted through the cooperation of various government agencies and research and interest groups. Changes in organisational arrangements since 1946 have reflected the emphasis given to different aspects of Australian Antarctic policy. The Antarctic program is focussed in Hobart, and the lead agency, the Australian Antarctic Division, is currently part of the federal environment portfolio. Australia spent an estimated $A75.7 million on its Antarctic program in the financial year 1991/92, $A67.3 million, or 89%, of which was channelled through the Antarctic Division. The'disposable budget'for research activities has remained relatively static in real terms during the past decade. The consolidation of expenditure through the Antarctic Division and the program approach to budgeting now provide some degree of breakdown of the total expenditure, identify the large sums spent on infrastructure and technology support, and quantify the high threshold cost of research in Antarctica. It remains to be seen what effect the changes in national policies, such as the decision to ban mining in Antarctica, and geopolitical developments will have on future levels of funding.
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Li, X., R. Li, G. Qiao, Y. Cheng, W. Ye, T. Gao, Y. Huang, Y. Tian i X. Tong. "COMPILING TECHNIQUES FOR EAST ANTARCTIC ICE VELOCITY MAPPING BASED ON HISTORICAL OPTICAL IMAGERY". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (2.05.2018): 2625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-2625-2018.
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Ice flow velocity over long time series in East Antarctica plays a vital role in estimating and predicting the mass balance of Antarctic Ice Sheet and its contribution to global sea level rise. However, there is no Antarctic ice velocity product with large space scale available showing the East Antarctic ice flow velocity pattern before the 1990s. We proposed three methods including parallax decomposition, grid-based NCC image matching, feature and gird-based image matching with constraints for estimation of surface velocity in East Antarctica based on ARGON KH-5 and LANDSAT imagery, showing the feasibility of using historical optical imagery to obtain Antarctic ice motion. Based on these previous studies, we presented a set of systematic method for developing ice surface velocity product for the entire East Antarctica from the 1960s to the 1980s in this paper.
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Dodds, Klaus, i Alan D. Hemmings. "Antarctic Diplomacy in a Time of Pandemic". Hague Journal of Diplomacy 15, nr 4 (8.10.2020): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-bja10042.
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Summary In the reporting about COVID-19 diplomacy, Antarctica has functioned as the exceptional — the only continent, thus far, not to record a single case of COVID-19, although cases were reported on Antarctic tourism vessels in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. For six decades, Antarctic governance has been an experiment in global democracy and diplomacy. Under the auspices of the Antarctic Treaty (1959) and associated legal instruments, all Consultative Parties from Argentina to Ukraine have the same fundamental rights to be engaged with the business of managing Antarctica. This essay speculates on ramifications of the pandemic for Antarctic governance and diplomacy. What are the implications when geographical distancing is joined by new forms of social distancing? Does the model of Antarctic governance and diplomacy still work? One possible future scenario is that conservation enforcement suffers because relevant parties refuse to accept the presence of others and weaponise public health to prevent public scrutiny.
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Hemmings, Alan D. "From the New Geopolitics of Resources to Nanotechnology: Emerging Challenges of Globalism in Antarctica". Yearbook of Polar Law Online 1, nr 1 (2009): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427-91000007.
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Abstract The Antarctic regime does not face imminent collapse, but its apparent calm disguises significant ecological and geopolitical instability. Over the past 15 years, the picture of human activity in Antarctica has transformed from one still heavily terrestrially focussed, dominated by national Antarctic programmes, largely science focussed, and situated within a Cold-War geopolitics, to one where diverse activities, increasingly including the marine environment, involving a much wider group of actors and commercial imperatives, is the norm. Globalism has brought new pressures, and increased intensity of pressures to Antarctica. Whilst the existing Antarctic Treaty System retains a theoretical capacity to develop standards and provide regulation, it has shown no obvious inclination to do so for a decade and a half. Critically, the system seems to have lost confidence in Antarctic exceptionalism as its organising principle, and to lack administrative capacity to address substantive issues. Given technology’s overcoming of the natural defences of Antarctica, if globalism now denies us the capacity to treat anywhere differently and thereby disables the principle of Antarctic exceptionalism upon which international governance of the region was predicated, Antarctica faces severe difficulties. This paper argues for continuing special treatment of Antarctica and a new deliberative exceptionalism. It suggests that significant unresolved issues within the present Antarctic dispensation need attention, notably the beginning of a debate on the abandonment of territorial sovereignty claims, a more coherent institutional development and the establishment of a political level Meeting of Parties in addition to the current officials-only meetings.
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Beck, Peter J. "The 1991 UN session: the environmental protocol fails to satisfy the Antarctic Treaty System's critics". Polar Record 28, nr 167 (październik 1992): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400028047.
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ABSTRACT1991 saw the ninth successive United Nations (UN) discussion on the ‘Question of Antarctica.’ The adoption of two more resolutions critical of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), including South African participation therein, reaffirmed the unchanging nature of the UN episode and the lack of consensus on the management of Antarctica. Key developments affecting Antarctica continue to occur away from New York: during 1990—91 the negotiations conducted at Vifia del Mar and Madrid for the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (PREP) and the measures agreed at the Bonn Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting proved the point. The critics of the ATS were appeased by neither PREP and its mining prohibition nor the recent dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa.Two UN reports were published on the state of the Antarctic environment as well as the proposed establishment of a UNsponsored research station in Antarctica. One resolution adopted in December 1991 called for annual UN reports on the Antarctic environment, although fiscal and other considerations meant that the research station proposal was effectively shelved. Another resolution urged South African exclusion from ATS meetings. The tenth annual UN discussion on Antarctica is scheduled for the close of 1992. There exists growing evidence that the critical campaign is losing momentum, although it seems premature to anticipate Antarctica's imminent demise as an UN agenda topic.
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Dethloff, Klaus, Ksenia Glushak, Annette Rinke i Dörthe Handorf. "Antarctic 20th Century Accumulation Changes Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations". Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/327172.
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The regional climate model HIRHAM has been applied to Antarctica driven at the lateral and lower boundaries by European Reanalysis data ERA-40 for the period 1958–1998. Simulations over 4 decades, carried out with a horizontal resolution of 50 km, deliver a realistic simulation of the Antarctic atmospheric circulation, synoptic-scale pressure systems, and the spatial distribution of precipitation minus sublimation (P-E) structures. The simulated P-E pattern is in qualitative agreement with glaciological estimates. The estimated (P-E) trends demonstrate surfacemass accumulation increase at the West Antarctic coasts and reductions in parts of East Antarctica. The influence of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) on the near-surface climate and the surface mass accumulation over Antarctica have been investigated on the basis of ERA-40 data and HIRHAM simulations. It is shown that the regional accumulation changes are largely driven by changes in the transient activity around the Antarctic coasts due to the varying AAO phases. During positive AAO, more transient pressure systems travelling towards the continent, and Western Antarctica and parts of South-Eastern Antarctica gain more precipitation and mass. Over central Antarctica the prevailing anticyclone causes a strengthening of polar desertification connected with a reduced surface mass balance in the northern part of East Antarctica.
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Velasco-Castrillón, Alejandro, Sandra J. McInnes, Mark B. Schultz, María Arróniz-Crespo, Cyrille A. D'Haese, John A. E. Gibson, Byron J. Adams i in. "Mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal widespread tardigrade diversity in Antarctica". Invertebrate Systematics 29, nr 6 (2015): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is14019.
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Antarctica contains some of the most challenging environmental conditions on the planet due to freezing temperatures, prolonged winters and lack of liquid water. Whereas 99.7% of Antarctica is permanently covered by ice and snow, some coastal areas and mountain ridges have remained ice-free and are able to sustain populations of microinvertebrates. Tardigrades are one of the more dominant groups of microfauna in soil and limno-terrestrial habitats, but little is known of their diversity and distribution across Antarctica. Here, we examine tardigrades sampled from across an extensive region of continental Antarctica, and analyse and compare their partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences with those from the Antarctic Peninsula, maritime and sub-Antarctica, Tierra del Fuego and other worldwide locations in order to recognise operational taxonomic units (OTUs). From 439 new tardigrade COI sequences, we identified 98 unique haplotypes (85 from Antarctica) belonging to Acutuncus, Diphascon, Echiniscus, Macrobiotus, Milnesium and unidentified Parachela. Operational taxonomic units were delimited by Poisson tree processes and general mixed Yule coalescent methods, resulting in 58 and 55 putative species, respectively. Most tardigrades appear to be locally endemic (i.e. restricted to a single geographic region), but some (e.g. Acutuncus antarcticus (Richters, 1904)) are widespread across continental Antarctica. Our molecular results reveal: (i) greater diversity than has previously been appreciated with distinct OTUs that potentially represent undescribed species, and (ii) a lack of connectivity between most OTUs from continental Antarctica and those from other Antarctic geographical zones.
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Herber, Bernard P. "The economic case for an Antarctic world park in light of recent policy developments". Polar Record 28, nr 167 (październik 1992): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400028023.
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ABSTRACTDuring the last several years, the Antarctic Treaty System has confronted the world park versus mining issue, resulting in the signing on 4 October 1991, subject to ratification, of a protocol to the Antarctic Treaty, putting in place an environmental protection regime for Antarctica. This paper develops an economic case for the creation of a world park in Antarctica. The argument is based upon the international public good and common property resource characteristics of the seventh continent. The strength of the case is tested against the alternative economic uses of the Antarctic, especially mineral development. The possible creation of an Antarctic world park is evaluated in light of the recent policy events.
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Strecke, Volker. "60 years of the Antarctic Treaty – history and celebration in radio waves". Polarforschung 90, nr 2 (29.07.2022): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/polf-90-13-2022.
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Abstract. The Antarctic Treaty, successfully negotiated and signed in 1959, entered into force after ratification by the 12 original signatory countries in 1961. Under the Antarctic Treaty, research activities are now carried out in Antarctica by 54 countries. These are 29 consultative and 25 non-consultative parties. Radio communications have always been an important part of all scientific activities in research stations, ships and aircraft in Antarctica. Historic expeditions in the 19th century and early 20th century had to use wired telegraph stations after returning from expeditions. Between 1911 and 1913, Wilhelm Filchner and Douglas Mawson were the first Antarctic expedition leaders to explore the possibilities of wireless telegraphy. Mawson succeeded in establishing radio communications from Antarctica to Australia for the first time in 1912. Today, the use of communication technologies is almost taken for granted. Direct amateur radio communications via shortwave are a flexible backup and an effective addition to communications about the Antarctic. On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty, a major international radio activity was launched in the second half of 2021 with which an important contribution to communication to the public was made. Amateur radio is now an important part of research activities in Antarctica.
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PALMOWSKI, Tadeusz. "DEVELOPMENT OF ANTARCTIC TOURISM". GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 33, nr 4 (31.12.2020): 1520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.334spl11-602.
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According to some specialists, Antarctic tourism is one of the best-managed tourism sectors in the world. It has dynamically developed in recent decades. Starting the second half of the eighties of the twentieth century, tourist figures in Antarctica grew exponentially from several hundred to 74 thousand annually. The seasonal and spatial restrictions mark its specific nature. The author believes in the need for comprehensive control of tourist activity and behaviour on the continent. The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IATTO) promotes safe and environmentally responsible voyages to Antarctica. Education is vital during these visits, providing an opportunity to become acquainted with this exceptional continent and its merit for world science. Tourists, representing over 100 nationalities, become the ambassadors of Antarctica on returning home. Study results indicate that immoderate development of Antarctic tourism may generate threats and the introduction of related restrictions.
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CANTERO, ÁLVARO L. PEÑA, i MARINA FRESNEDA MARZAL. "Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off George V Coast (East Antarctica)". Zootaxa 4441, nr 1 (26.06.2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4441.1.7.
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Hydrozoans are one of the main and most characteristic zoological groups of Antarctic benthic communities, yet there are Antarctic areas where the hydrozoan fauna is completely unknown or scarcely known as off George V Coast (East Antarctica). Hitherto, only two studies have dealt with hydroids from this area and only 16 species have been reported. The present study contributes to increase knowledge of the benthic hydroid fauna off George V Coast by studying material collected during a sampling survey associated with the CEAMARC project. A total of 12 species of benthic hydroids were found. Anthoathecata is only represented by Bimeria corynopsis, the remaining species, including Schizotricha auroraaustralis sp. nov., belong to Leptothecata. Seven of the 12 species found in the study represent new records for the area; therefore, the number of benthic hydroids known off George V Coast is raised to 23. Staurotheca is the most speciose genus, represented by three species, followed by Schizotricha with two; the remaining genera are each represented by a single species. All species are restricted to Antarctic or Antarctic/sub-Antarctic waters. Nine species (75%) are endemic to the Antarctic region, most with a circum-Antarctic distribution (7 species); only two are endemic to East Antarctica. Three species are also distributed in sub-Antarctic waters.
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Zhu, Jiangping, Aihong Xie, Xiang Qin, Shimeng Wang, Bing Xu i YiCheng Wang. "Projection on Antarctic Temperature Extremes from the CMIP6 Multimodel Ensemble under Different Scenarios". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 62, nr 8 (sierpień 2023): 1129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-22-0137.1.
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Abstract Global warming has been accelerating the frequency and intensity of climate extremes, and has had an immense influence on the economy and society, but attention is seldom paid to future Antarctic temperature extremes. This study investigates five surface extreme temperature indices derived from the multimodel ensemble mean (MMEM) based on 14 models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) under the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) of SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5. In Antarctica, the variations in extreme temperature indices exhibit regional and seasonal differences. The diurnal temperature range (DTR) usually illustrates a downward trend, particularly for the Antarctic Peninsula and Antarctic coast, and the strongest change occurs in austral summer. In all cases, the annual highest minimum/maximum temperature (TNx/TXx) increases faster in inland Antarctica. Antarctic amplification of extreme temperature indices is detected and is strongest at the lowest maximum temperature (TXn). At the Antarctic Peninsula, TXx amplification only appears in winter. Great DTR amplification appears along the Antarctic coast and is strongest in summer and weakest in winter. The changes in extreme temperature indices indicate the accelerated Antarctic warming in future scenarios.
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Zhu, Jiangping, Aihong Xie, Xiang Qin, Bing Xu i Yicheng Wang. "Assessment of Antarctic Amplification Based on a Reconstruction of Near-Surface Air Temperature". Atmosphere 14, nr 2 (20.01.2023): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020218.
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Polar amplification has been a research focus in climate research in recent decades. However, little attention has been paid to Antarctic amplification (AnA). We have examined the variations in annual and seasonal temperature over the Antarctic Ice Sheet and its amplification based on reconstruction covering the period 2002–2018. The results show the occurrence of annual and seasonal AnA, with an AnA index greater than 1.39 with seasonal differences, and that AnA is strong in the austral winter and spring. Moreover, AnA displays regional differences, with the greatest amplification occurring in East Antarctica, with an AnA index greater than 1.51, followed by West Antarctica. AnA is always absent in the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition, amplification in East Antarctica is most conspicuous in spring, which corresponds to the obvious warming in this season; and the spring amplification signal is weakest for West Antarctica. When considering the influence of the ocean, the AnA becomes obvious, compared to when only the land is considered. Southern Annular Mode (SAM), surface pressure and westerlies work together to affect the temperature change over Antarctica and AnA; and SAM and surface pressure are highly correlated with the temperature change over East Antarctica. The picture reflects the accelerated changes in Antarctic temperature.
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POLITO, MICHAEL, STEVEN D. EMSLIE i WILLIAM WALKER. "A 1000-year record of Adélie penguin diets in the southern Ross Sea". Antarctic Science 14, nr 4 (grudzień 2002): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102002000184.
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Non-krill prey remains were recovered from ornithogenic sediments at three active Adélie penguin colonies on Ross Island, to assess long-term dietary trends in this species. Radiocarbon dates place the age of these deposits from a maximum of 947 years ago to the present. We identified 12 taxa of fish and two of squid with the Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) as the most abundant prey species represented at all sites. In addition, silverfish have decreased in importance in Adélie penguin diet over the past 600 years, perhaps in response to climate change since the onset of the Little Ice Age, though it remains much more abundant in current penguin diet in the Ross Sea than in the Antarctic Peninsula. Other prey taxa reflect the diversity of prey selection by Adélie penguins in Antarctica.
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Convey, Peter. "Reproduction of Antarctic flowering plants". Antarctic Science 8, nr 2 (czerwiec 1996): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000193.
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Reproductive allocation (reproductive biomass relative to vegetative biomass) and seed production were measured for samples of the two native phanerogams occurring in Antarctica. Material collected on South Georgia (subantarctic), Signy Island (northern maritime Antarctic) and Léonie Island (southern maritime Antarctic) allowed an initial comparison of reproduction over a wide latitudinal range. Sizes of vegetative and reproductive structures of Colobanthus quitensis were smaller in Signy Island samples than those from South Georgia or Léonie Island. This pattern was reflected in the pattern of seed production. Vegetative and reproductive structures of Deschampsia antarctica were generally similar in size at both maritime Antarctic sites, but larger at subantarctic South Georgia. Seed production was similar in each season assessed and at all three sites. In most samples of both species there were close relationships between reproductive and vegetative biomass, and seed output and reproductive biomass. Subantartic C. quitensis showed greater allocation to seed production than material from maritime Antarctic sites. D. antarctica showed the reverse pattern, with greater allocation to reproductive biomass and seed production in most samples of maritime Antarctic material, particularly those from Signy Island. Reproductive strategies do not form any specific adaptation to the Antarctic environment for these species. Reasons for the failure of other higher plants to become established in the maritime Antarctic are discussed, and it is concluded that geographical isolation is the main factor. The most important proximate factors influencing propagules which reach potential colonization sites are likely to be the short length and low temperature of the summer season in relation to the time required for establishment.