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Książki na temat „Assignment of buyer's rights”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Jehiel, Philippe. Resale markets and the assignment of property rights. Centre forEconomic Policy Research, 1995.

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Libecap, Gary D. Open-access losses and delay in the assignment of property rights. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Joyce, Jon M. Assignment of rights to sue under Illinois Brick: An empirical assessment. EPO, Antitrust Division, U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1985.

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Great Britain. Office of Fair Trading., ed. A buyer's guide: Your legal rights, how to complain, where to get help. Office of Fair Trading, 1999.

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Great Britain. Office of Fair Trading., ed. A buyer's guide: Your legal rights, how to complain, where to get help. Office of Fair Trading, 1996.

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Great Britain. Office of Fair Trading., ed. A Buyer's guide: Your legal rights, how to complain, where to get help. Office of Fair Trading, 1998.

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Libecap, Gary D. The assignment of property rights on the Western frontier: Lessons for contemporary environmental and resource policy. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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United States. Dept. of Education. Office for Civil Rights. and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Student assignment in elementary and secondary schools and Title VI: Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 : prohibits discrimination in assigning students to schools, classes, or courses of study in programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 1998.

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9

Tolhurst, Gregory J. Assignment of Contractual Rights. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2016.

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Assignment of Contractual Rights. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2006.

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Assignment of Contractual Rights. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2006.

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Assignment of Contractual Rights. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2016.

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Assignment of Contractual Rights. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2016.

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The Assignment of Contractual Rights. Hart Publishing, 2006.

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0170.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the definition of the notion of ‘assignment’. Art 9.1.1 defines the assignment of a right as the transfer by agreement. Regarding the terminology, the UNIDROIT Working Group preferred the term ‘assignment of a right’ over ‘transfer of a right’ in the light of the fact that, in some legal systems, transfer is a broader term which includes a transfer by operation of law. In principle, the assignment becomes effective and the transfer occurs at the time of the agreement. Howev

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0171.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). According to Art 9.1.2, Section 9.1 of the PICC does not apply to transfers made under the special rules governing the transfers of instruments such as negotiable instruments, documents of title or financial instruments, or of rights in the course of transferring a business. This means that Section 9.1 of the PICC still applies with respect to such instruments or rights if they were assigned by way of a ‘normal’ assignment; that is, not under the special rules. However, the Official

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.3. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0172.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the assignability of non-monetary rights. For a better understanding of Art 9.1.3, it is important to bear in mind the rule stated in Art 9.1.8, which provides for the right of the obligor to be compensated by the assignor or the assignee for any additional costs caused by the assignment. It was considered that the remedy set forth in Art 9.1.8 may not be sufficient when the assignment concerns a right to non-monetary performance, and therefore Art 9.1.3 was introduced. Acc

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.4. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0173.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning partial assignment. Art 9.1.4 recognizes the economic need for assigning part of a right. Taking into account the underlying rationale of Section 9.1 of the PICC that the assignment should not burden the obligor, Art 9.1.4 draws a distinction between a right to the payment of a monetary sum and a right to other performance. According to this provision, a right to the payment of a monetary sum may be assigned partially. A right to other performance may be assigned partially

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0174.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the assignment of future rights. According to Art 9.1.5, a future right is deemed to be transferred at the time of the agreement, provided the right, when it comes into existence, can be identified as the right to which the assignment relates. This commentary discusses future right as defined by the PICC, along with the relevant elements, relevant time, time and effort, and irrelevance of the obligor's perspective for the effectiveness of the assignment of future rights. It

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0175.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning assignment of a right without individual specification. According to Art 9.1.6, a number of rights may be assigned without individual specification, provided such rights can be identified as rights to which the assignment relates at the time of the assignment or when they come into existence. The provision clarifies that the assignment of a bundle of rights is effective. It does not matter whether the bundle of rights consists of existing or future rights, or both. The PICC

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.7. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0176.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning a right assigned by mere agreement between the assignor and the assignee. Art 9.1.7 stipulates that a right is assigned by mere agreement between the assignor and the assignee, without notice to the obligor. The consent of the obligor is not required unless the obligation in the circumstances is of an essentially personal character. The fact that an agreement in writing is not required is implied by the reference to a ‘mere’ agreement. However, some formal requirements may

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.8. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0177.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). According to Art 9.1.8, the obligor has a right to be compensated by the assignor or the assignee for any additional costs caused by the assignment. The additional costs for which the obligor claims compensation must be caused by the assignment of a right; that is, they must be a direct consequence of it. In particular, additional costs may be caused by the fact that performance has to be rendered at a different place or to more than one obligee in the case of a partial assignment. T

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.9. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0178.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning non-assignment clauses. Under Art 9.1.9, the assignment of a right to the payment of a monetary sum is effective notwithstanding an agreement between the assignor and the obligor limiting or prohibiting such an assignment. However, the assignor may be liable to the obligor for breach of contract. The assignment of a right to other performance is ineffective if it is contrary to an agreement between the assignor and the obligor limiting or prohibiting the assignment. This co

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.10. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0179.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.10 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning notice of assignment received by the obligor from either the assignor or the assignee. Under Art 9.1.7 the assignment of a right is effective between the assignor and the assignee as the result of their agreement. As the consent of the obligor is not required, Art 9.1.10 was introduced to protect the obligor. According to Art 9.1.10(1), until the obligor receives valid notice of the assignment, it is discharged by paying the assignor. The effect of the notice on the obligo

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.11. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0180.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.11 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning successive assignments. According to Art 9.1.11, if the same right has been assigned by the same assignor to two or more successive assignees, the obligor is discharged by paying according to the order in which the notices were received. Art 9.1.11 does not contain any explicit restrictions on whether the first or the successive assignments must be made under the PICC. The provision applies if both the first and the successive assignment have been made in application of th

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.12. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0181.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.12 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning adequate proof of assignment. Under Art 9.1.12, if the notice of assignment of a right is given by the assignee, the obligor may request the assignee to provide within a reasonable time adequate proof that the assignment has been made. Until adequate proof is provided, the obligor may withhold payment. Unless adequate proof is provided, notice is not effective. Art 9.1.12 essentially protects the obligor against the risk of receiving fraudulent notice from a person who pur

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.13. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0182.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.13 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning defences and rights of set-off. According to Art 9.1.13, the obligor may assert against the assignee all defences that the obligor could assert against the assignor. The obligor may exercise against the assignee any right of set-off available to the obligor against the assignor up to the time notice of assignment of a right was received. The purpose of this provision is to protect the obligor's interests. This commentary discusses the notion of defences with respect to set

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.14. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0183.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.14 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning rights related to the right assigned to the assignee. According to Art 9.1.14, the assignment of a right transfers to the assignee all the assignor's rights to payment or other performance under the contract in respect of the right assigned, as well as all rights securing performance of the right assigned. Art 9.1.14 is not restricted to what civil law systems would refer to as accessory rights. With respect to partial assignments, a distinction must be made between divisi

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.1: Assignment of rights, Art.9.1.15. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0184.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.1.15 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the undertakings of the assignor with respect to the assignee. According to Art 9.1.15, the assignor undertakes that the assigned right exists at the time of the assignment. This is not the case if, for instance, the contract from which the purported right arises had never been concluded or was void, or had previously been avoided. Similarly, if the obligor had already performed its obligation, the right would no longer exist. If a future right is assigned, no such underta

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.3: Assignment of contracts, Art.9.3.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0193.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.3.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the assignment of contracts and its definition. Under Art 9.3.1, ‘assignment of a contract’ means the transfer by agreement from one person (the ‘assignor’) to another person (the ‘assignee’) of the assignor's rights and obligations arising out of a contract with another person (the ‘other party’). This commentary discusses legal transfers and the ‘no form required’ rule with respect to transfer by agreement between assignor and assignee, as well as the obligee's consent as

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.3: Assignment of contracts, Art.9.3.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0194.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.3.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning exclusion in the assignment of contracts. Art 9.3.2 clarifies that Section 9.3 of the PICC does not apply to transfers made under special (domestic) rules governing the transfer of contracts in the course of transfer of business. These types of assignment are generally subject to specific and distinct rules under the applicable domestic law, under which all contracts are transferred under certain conditions in their entirety by operation of law. However, the PICC apply to t

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.3: Assignment of contracts, Art.9.3.3. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0195.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.3.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the obligee's consent as a requirement for the assignment of contracts. As the assignment of a contract involves the transfer of obligations, it is necessary for the other party, the obligee of these obligations, to give its consent. The rationale for this rule is that the change of obligor may considerably affect the obligee's position. Therefore, the change may not be imposed on the other party. The other party must give its consent to the transfer of the contract. Furthe

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.3: Assignment of contracts, Art.9.3.4. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0196.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.3.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the obligee's advance consent with respect to the assignment of contracts. Article 9.3.3 states that the obligee may give its consent in advance, in which case the assignment of contract becomes effective when a notice of assignment is given to the other party or when the other party acknowledges it. ‘In advance’ means that it can be given before the assignor and the assignee agree on the transfer of contract. The consent can be given before an obligation contained in the c

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.3: Assignment of contracts, Art.9.3.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0197.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.3.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the circumstances under which the assignor (that is, the original obligor with respect to the transferred obligations) is discharged. As a default rule, Art 9.3.5(3) applies, unless the other party has agreed to discharge the assignor under Art 9.3.5(1) or (2). Under Art 9.3.5(3), the assignor and the assignee are jointly and severally liable. Transfer of contracts may involve the transfer of a number of obligations. In this event, the other party may choose to exercise dif

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.3: Assignment of contracts, Art.9.3.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0198.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.3.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning defences and rights of set-off with respect to assignment of contracts. Transfer of contracts typically involve the transfer of both rights and obligations. With regard to defences and set-off, Art 9.3.6 makes reference to the respective provisions in Sections 9.1 and 9.2 of the PICC. Accordingly, Arts 9.1.13 and 9.2.7 apply when a contract is transferred. With regard to the terminology when applying Art 9.2.7 to the transfer of a contract, the assignor of the contract is r

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.3: Assignment of contracts, Art.9.3.7. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0199.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.3.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the assignment of contracts that involves an assignment of rights. Transfer of contracts typically involve the transfer of both rights and obligations. With regard to rights transferred with the contract, Art 9.3.7 makes reference to the respective provisions in Sections 9.1 and 9.2 of the PICC. Arts 9.1.14 and 9.2.8 apply accordingly when a contract is transferred. As to the terminology when applying Art 9.2.8 to the transfer of a contract, the assignor of the contract is

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Coghlan, Nicholas. Saddest Country: On Assignment in Colombia. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004.

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, Introduction to Chapter 9 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0169.

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Chapter 9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) deals with assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, and assignment of contracts. In essence, the assignment of a right under Section 9.1 of the PICC is effective without the participation of the obligor. The effect of notice of the assignment to the obligor is that the obligation is no longer discharged in favour of the assignor. The PICC offer efficient and practical solutions to issues concerning the assignment of monetary rights and thereby may contribute to facilitating the transfer of such rights. With

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0185.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.2.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the modes of transfer of an obligation. Under Art 9.2.1, an obligation to pay money or render other performance may be transferred from one person (the ‘original obligor’) to another person (the ‘new obligor’) in two ways: by an agreement between the original obligor and the new obligor subject to Article 9.2.3, or by an agreement between the obligee and the new obligor, with the new obligor assuming the obligation. This commentary discusses the notion of transfer of an obl

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0186.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.2.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning exclusion in the transfer of an obligation. According to Art 9.2.2, Section 9.2 of the PICC does not apply to transfers made under special (domestic) rules governing the transfer of obligations in the course of transferring a business. Hence, these types of assignment are generally subject to specific and distinct rules under the applicable domestic law, under which all (rights and) obligations are transferred under certain conditions in their entirety by operation of law.

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.3. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0187.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.2.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the obligee's consent as a requirement for the transfer of an obligation. According to Art 9.2.3, the transfer of an obligation by an agreement between the original obligor and the new obligor requires the consent of the obligee. The reason for this rule is that the change of obligor may considerably affect the obligee's position. Therefore, the change may not be imposed on the obligee. Lack of consent of the obligee, whether it has been refused or not solicited, makes the

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.4. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0188.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.2.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the obligee's advance consent with respect to the transfer of an obligation. Article 9.2.4 states that the obligee may give its consent in advance, in which case the transfer of the obligation becomes effective when a notice of transfer is given to the obligee or when the obligee acknowledges it. ‘In advance’ means that it can be given before the original obligor and the new obligor agree on the transfer. The consent can be given before the obligation is due or comes into e

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0189.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.2.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the circumstances under which the original obligor is discharged. According to Art 9.2.5, the obligee may discharge the original obligor or retain the original obligor as an obligor in case the new obligor does not perform properly. Otherwise the original obligor and the new obligor are jointly and severally liable. As a default rule, Art 9.2.5(3), which provides for the joint and several liability of the original and new obligor, applies unless the obligee has agreed to di

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.6. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0190.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.2.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning third party performance. Under Art 9.2.6, third party performance is allowed and the consent of the obligee is not required. Accordingly, the obligee cannot refuse to accept performance when it is offered by a third party. An exception is made for obligations which are of an essentially personal character. Under such circumstances, the consent of the obligee is required; otherwise the agreement between the obligor and the third party is ineffective towards the obligee. The

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.7. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0191.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.2.7 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning defences and rights of set-off. According to Art 9.2.7, the transfer of an obligation does not cut off the obligor's defences. Rather, the new obligor can assert all the defences which the original obligor had been able to assert against the obligee. This can be justified on two distinct grounds: first, the obligee's legal situation is not impaired; and, secondly, the transfer requires the obligee's consent in any event. Art 9.2.7 gives the new obligor a right but does not

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Francesca, Mazza. Ch.9 Assignment of rights, transfer of obligations, assignment of contracts, s.2: Transfer of obligations, Art.9.2.8. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0192.

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This commentary analyses Article 9.2.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the obligee's right to payment or other performance under the contract in respect of the obligation transferred. In the case of the assignment of a right, the assignment does not alter the obligor's situation. Securities can therefore continue to serve their purposes. The situation is different where an obligation is transferred to a new obligor. If the security were to be transferred with the obligation, the risk of breach or insolvency to be covered would be that of anoth

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Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. Part V The Effects of Assignment, The Persistence of Property Rights, and The Vindication of An Owner’s Rights, 26 Consequences and Effects of An Assignment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0026.

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This chapter discusses the consequences and effects of an assignment. Although the paradigm of transfer applies clearly to multilateral intangible property, it applies much less easily to bilateral intangible property. Interests in multilateral intangible property are fully fledged property rights, good against ‘all the world’. Bilateral intangible property, whilst undoubtedly having some of the characteristics of property, lacks this characteristic of universal enforceability. In the case of bilateral intangible property, the right that is transferred remains, for all its transferability, a p

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The saddest country: On assignment in Colombia. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004.

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Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. Part V The Effects of Assignment, The Persistence of Property Rights, and The Vindication of An Owner’s Rights, 29 Vindication Of An Owner’s Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0029.

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This chapter studies the manner in which an owner of property can vindicate his rights if they are interfered with by another. An owner who has been wrongfully deprived of his property, whether that property is tangible or intangible, and whether the claim is brought as a claim in tort (as a claim in conversion) or in equity (as an ‘equitable vindicatio’), must frame that claim as a ‘following’ claim and/or as a ‘tracing’ claim. When an owner seeks to follow property, he is seeking to identify his property in the hands of another. Essentially, in order to follow property, an owner must show: t

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Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. The Law of Assignment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.001.0001.

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This book is the leading text on the law relating to intangible property or choses in action. Its clear and approachable structure covers all forms of intangible property (debts, rights under contract, securities, intellectual property, leases, rights/causes of action, and equitable rights), considering the nature of intangible property, how it comes into being, and how it is transferred or assigned. The first part of the book analyses the general principles regarding intangibles and their transfer, and the second examines the practical considerations relating to particular types of intangible

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