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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Atmosphère – Sondages laser"
Lian, Jinghui. "Understanding how emissions and atmospheric transport control the variations of atmospheric CO2 in the Paris area : insights from laser-based measurements at city scale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV010.
Pełny tekst źródłaCities play an important role in tackling climate change as they account for more than 70% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In recent years, several efforts have attempted to quantify city-scale CO2 emissions and establish a high spatially and temporally resolved inventory for supporting urban emission mitigation strategies. The so-called "top-down" inverse estimation of CO2 emissions constrained by independent atmospheric observations could serve to evaluate the consistency of traditional "bottom-up" inventories. A novel CO2 monitoring technique, known as the Greenhouse gas Laser Imaging Tomography Experiment (GreenLITE™) trace gas measurement system, was deployed in central Paris for a 1-year monitoring of near-surface atmospheric CO2 concentrations along 30 horizontal chords. This system has a much wider spatial coverage than traditional in situ sampling and was expected to be more consistent with the spatial representativeness of the kilometer-scale resolution atmospheric transport models used for the city-scale atmospheric inversion.The primary objective of this thesis is to assess the potential contribution of this GreenLITE™ system, in addition to two urban and four peri-urban in situ CO2 measurement stations, for a better understanding of the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentrations within Paris and its vicinity. For this objective, I have developed a full modeling framework around the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and its coupling with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), using CO2 emission inventories, estimates of the vegetation fluxes and boundary conditions provided by a large-scale simulation.Chapter 1 is a broad introduction to the subject while chapter 2-4 are built around three separate and publishable papers.Chapter 2 aims at evaluating whether the WRF model running at a 3-km horizontal resolution, with its various configurations, can reproduce the meteorological fields over the IdF region better than the 16-km resolution ECMWF global operational forecasts. The comparisons between WRF and ECMWF forecasts with respect to observations are carried out with a focus on three atmospheric variables (air temperature, wind and PBL height). The results of the sensitivity tests of different physics schemes and nudging options obtained in this chapter are used in subsequent research for the selection of appropriate WRF-Chem model setup in support of atmospheric CO2 transport modeling.Chapter 3 aims at understanding the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentrations within Paris and its vicinity during the 1-year GreenLITE™ operating period from September 2015 to December 2016. The analyses are based on CO2 data provided by GreenLITE™ together with six in situ stations and the 1 km-resolution WRF-Chem model coupled with two urban canopy schemes (Urban Canopy Model - UCM; Building Effect Parameterization - BEP). The GreenLITE™ data provide clear information that favors BEP over UCM in the description of vertical mixing and CO2 concentrations during the winter. However, there are indications of measurement noise in summer that limit the usefulness of the data. Furthermore, the model-observation mismatches clearly stress the difficulty of CO2 modeling within urban areas due to the large uncertainties both in the atmospheric transport and the emission inventory.Chapter 4 aims at investigating in detail the critical sources of errors that lead to the model-observation mismatches in the atmospheric CO2 modeling over Paris. These sources of misfit include uncertainties in the assumed distribution of anthropogenic emission, errors in the atmospheric transport, in biogenic CO2 fluxes and in CO2 boundary conditions at the edges of the atmospheric transport model domain. The lessons and insights from this chapter provide requirements and recommendations for the assimilation of CO2 measurements into the atmospheric inversion, when aiming at the quantification of CO2 emissions for the Paris region
Baron, Alexandre. "Lidar Raman météorologique dédié à l’étude des cycles couplés des aérosols et de la vapeur d’eau". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ004.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe coupled cycles of aerosols, water vapor and clouds are currently a dynamic field of research at the heart of climate and weather challenges. A better understanding of the interactions between these atmospheric cycles should allow to perceive the processes leading to extreme weather events and to reduce the uncertainties of climate projections, largely related to aerosol-cloud interactions. In line with these efforts, the work presented in this thesis are based on the analysis of experimental field observations, around a new tool for remote sensing. It is a transportable meteorological Raman lidar capable of simultaneous measurements of the thermodynamic temperature, water vapor content and optical properties of aerosols in the atmosphere. This instrument, developed at LSCE and called WALI, allows continuous observations in the lower and middle troposphere with a precision, and vertical and temporal resolutions in line with the breakthrough requirements set by the WMO. Firstly, the link budget of the temperature acquisition channel based on rotational Raman spectroscopy, newly implemented on the lidar, has been obtained using direct - inverse modeling. The first temperature measurements by lidar, carried out during a very contrasted period in terms of temperature marked by the occurrence of a cold spell, allowed a comparison with the outputs of mesoscale (AROME/Météo-France) and global (ERA5/ECMWF) weather prediction models and the IASI instrument onboard the METOP series satellites. During a similar winter meteorological configuration that induced major pollution events in Île-de-France, the optical properties of aerosols were monitored. Finally, a multi-instrument measurement campaign, involving aircrafts, was carried out on the shores of the Annecy lake, with an original strategy coupling remote sensing and in situ observations. They allowed preliminary analyses of the water cycle in a complex mountainous environment, including the links between atmospheric water vapor, clouds, aerosols and the lake. A meteorological Raman Lidar turns out to be a suitable tool to study these processes
Masmoudi, Amal. "Modélisation et développement expérimental du procédé de fabrication additive par fusion laser sélective d'un lit de poudre métallique : influence de la pression de l'atmosphère". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0287/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe selective laser melting process (SLM) of a metallic powder bed is an innovative process that allows the manufacturing of complex shape parts directly from a CAD file via a complete melting of powder layers deposited successively. During the SLM process, the high laser energy density creates many thermal cycles: melting - vaporization - solidification.The purpose of this work was: 1) to better characterize and understand experimentally the phenomena that occur during the laser beam - powder / molten metal pool interaction and 2) to develop a numerical model taking into account the phenomena of melting and vaporizing of the material and the presence of the surrounding gas in the build chamber.In a first time, considering simple geometries (tracks and surfaces) and 316L stainless steel as material, we studied the interaction between the laser beam, the powder bed and the liquid metal pool using several experimental techniques (spectrometry, calorimetry, ...) in order to understand the nature and the role of the metal vapor generated during the process. The results showed that the vapor has no effect on the transmission of the laser beam energy to the material during the SLM process. Meanwhile it leads to the deposition of condensed vapor and also drag some molten metal droplets.In a second time a numerical model was developed to determine the influence of the pressure of the surrounding environment on the melting process of a powder bed by a laser beam. Parameters characterizing the evolution of the physical properties of the material and of the gaseous medium according to the temperature and pressure were incorporated into the model database. Some material parameters were determined from the literature and others were obtained empirically using specific experimental measurements.Finally, this numerical model, complementing experimental results, was used to treat the main subject of the thesis which is the effect of the surrounding pressure on the SLM process. The model helped to clarify the physical phenomena provided by the change in the pressure level and its validity was checked through experimental measurements
Granier, Claire. "Les especes metalliques dans la haute atmosphere terrestre (70-110 km) : etude experimentale par sondage laser et modelisation". Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066269.
Pełny tekst źródłaGranier, Claire. "Les Espèces métalliques dans la haute atmosphère terrestre, 70-110 km étude expérimentale par sondage laser et modélisation /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376139463.
Pełny tekst źródłaTarniewicz, Jérôme. "Etude d'une méthode de sondage de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère appliquée à la correction de mesures GPS pour l'altimétrie de haute précision". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011934.
Pełny tekst źródłaDans un premier temps, le système GPS est présenté dans son utilisation géodésique classique; un bilan d'erreur est donné, en insistant particulièrement sur la modélisation du délai troposphérique qui intervient dans les observations GPS. L'erreur de positionnement induite par des hétérogénéités atmosphériques est estimée par simulation simplifiée de la chaîne de traitement GPS d'une ligne de base en double différence. Il en ressort qu'une correction externe des mesures GPS est nécessaire, et que les méthodes de traitement GPS actuelles (correction a priori et estimation de paramètres troposphériques) ne sont pas adaptées à des situations présentant de fortes hétérogénéités dans la distribution de vapeur d'eau atmosphérique.
Dans un second temps, l'étude se focalise sur le mode de la correction des mesures GPS à utiliser. Après une rapide revue des différentes techniques de sondage de la vapeur d'eau troposphérique, les précisions des délais troposphériques humides obtenus à partir d'une mesure résolue en distance sont comparées, par simulation, à celles obtenues à partir d'une mesure intégrée; de ces simulations, il est conclu qu'une mesure résolue (rapport de mélange ou concentration absolue), fournie par un lidar Raman à balayage, permet d'obtenir la précision sub-millimétrique visée sur le délai troposphérique humide.
Le développement instrumental d'un lidar Raman vapeur d'eau à balayage est ensuite abordé. Le principe de la mesure de vapeur d'eau par lidar Raman est présenté, et compte-tenu des configurations instrumentales existantes, des contraintes d'encombrement imposées par la mobilité du système et des performances obtenues par un simulateur développé pour l'occasion, les caractéristiques d'un nouveau système lidar Raman sont présentées. Les premiers résultats expérimentaux obtenus en visée zénithale lors de la campagne ESCOMPTE en 2001 et d'une campagne de mesure à Toulouse au CNRM en 2002 sont présentés, validant ainsi le simulateur instrumental du lidar Raman développé pour le sondage de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique.
Dans une dernière partie, le bénéfice d'une correction externe des mesures GPS par lidar Raman à balayage est démontré par la simulation numérique. Les observations GPS et les corrections lidar correspondantes sont calculées à partir d'une simulation de l'évolution de la distribution spatiale de la vapeur d'eau effectuée à méso-échelle par le modèle MM5. La simulation concerne une journée d'étude de la campagne IHOP (International H2O Project) pour un cas où la couche limite est très hétérogène. La stratégie d'observation est discutée en fonction de l'erreur obtenue. Il est montré que les erreurs de positionnement sub-millimétriques (environ 10 fois plus faibles que celles obtenues lors d'un traitement GPS classique) peuvent être obtenues sur une période de 24 heures, avec un balayage séquentiel et homogène de la constellation de satellites GPS (5 minutes d'observation par satellite pour des élévations supérieures à 5°).
Baldy, Serge. "Les mécanismes de génération et de dispersion de bulles provenant du déferlement des vagues : observations, analyse et modèle". Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22056.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Atmosphère – Sondages laser"
Dr, Fujii Takashi, i Fukuchi Tetsuo, red. Laser remote sensing. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła(Editor), Takashi Fujii, i Tetsuo Fukuchi (Editor), red. Laser Remote Sensing. CRC, 2005.
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