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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Atmospheric lifetime”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 31 sierpnia 2024

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Sonnemann, G. R., and M. Grygalashvyly. "Effective CO<sub>2</sub> lifetime and future CO<sub>2</sub> levels based on fit function." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 9 (2013): 1591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1591-2013.

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Abstract. The estimated global CO2 emission rates and the measured atmospheric CO2 concentrations show that only a certain share of the emitted CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere. For given atmospheric emissions of CO2, the effective lifetime determines its accumulation in the atmosphere and, consequently, its impact on the future global warming. We found that on average the inferred effective lifetime of CO2 decreases as its atmospheric concentration increases, reducing the rate of its accumulation in the atmosphere. We derived a power function that fits the varying lifetimes. Based on this fi

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2

Roelofs, G. J. "A steady-state analysis of the temperature responses of water vapor and aerosol lifetimes." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 16 (2013): 8245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8245-2013.

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Abstract. The dominant removal mechanism of soluble aerosol is wet deposition. The atmospheric lifetime of aerosol, relevant for aerosol radiative forcing, is therefore coupled to the atmospheric cycling time of water vapor. This study investigates the coupling between water vapor and aerosol lifetimes in a well-mixed atmosphere. Based on a steady-state study by Pruppacher and Jaenicke (1995) we describe the coupling in terms of the processing efficiency of air by clouds and the efficiencies of water vapor condensation, of aerosol activation, and of the transfer from cloud water to precipitati

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3

Takahashi, K., T. Nakayama, Y. Matsumi, et al. "Atmospheric lifetime of SF5CF3." Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 15 (2002): 7–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015356.

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4

Hoffmann, L., C. M. Hoppe, R. Müller, et al. "Stratospheric lifetime ratio of CFC-11 and CFC-12 from satellite and model climatologies." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 22 (2014): 12479–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12479-2014.

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Abstract. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) play a key role in stratospheric ozone loss and are strong infrared absorbers that contribute to global warming. The stratospheric lifetimes of CFCs are a measure of their stratospheric loss rates that are needed to determine global warming and ozone depletion potentials. We applied the tracer–tracer correlation approach to zonal mean climatologies from satellite measurements and model data to assess the lifetimes of CFCl3 (CFC-11) and CF2Cl2 (CFC-12). We present estimates of the CFC-11/CFC-12 lifetime ratio and the absolute lifetime of CFC-12, based on a r

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5

Sodemann, Harald. "Beyond Turnover Time: Constraining the Lifetime Distribution of Water Vapor from Simple and Complex Approaches." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, no. 2 (2020): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-18-0336.1.

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Abstract The time water vapor spends in the atmosphere from evaporation to precipitation, termed here the water vapor lifetime, is of fundamental relevance for characterizing the water cycle, for the turnover of mass and energy, causes of precipitation extremes, and the recycling of precipitation over land. While the global average lifetime of water vapor is commonly considered as about 8–10 days, recent work indicates that the distribution of water vapor lifetimes is highly skewed, and that a large part of the water vapor could have average lifetimes of about 4–5 days. Besides calling for scr

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6

Patten, K. O., and D. J. Wuebbles. "Atmospheric lifetimes and ozone depletion potentials of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in a three-dimensional model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 7 (2010): 16637–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-16637-2010.

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Abstract. The chloroalkenes trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene (tCFP) and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (tDCE) have been proposed as candidate replacements for other compounds in current use that cause concerns regarding potential environmental effects including destruction of stratospheric ozone. Because tCFP and tDCE contain chlorine atoms, the effects of these short-lived compounds on stratospheric ozone must be established. In this study, we derive the atmospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for tCFP and for tDCE assuming emissions from land surfaces at latitudes 30°

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7

Roelofs, G. J. "Aerosol lifetime and climate change." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 7 (2012): 16493–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-16493-2012.

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Abstract. The dominant removal mechanism for atmospheric aerosol is activation of particles to cloud droplets and subsequent wet deposition in precipitation. The atmospheric lifetime of aerosol is thus closely coupled to the atmospheric cycling time of water vapor. Changes of hydrological cycle characteristics resulting from climate change therefore directly affect aerosol lifetime, and thus the radiative forcing exerted by aerosol. This study expresses the coupling between water vapor and aerosol lifetimes and their temperature sensitivities in fundamental equations and in terms of the effici

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8

Patten, K. O., and D. J. Wuebbles. "Atmospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in a three-dimensional model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 22 (2010): 10867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10867-2010.

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Abstract. The chloroalkenes trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene (tCFP) and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (tDCE) have been proposed as candidate replacements for other compounds in current use that cause concerns regarding potential environmental effects including destruction of stratospheric ozone. Because tCFP and tDCE contain chlorine atoms, the effects of these short-lived compounds on stratospheric ozone must be established. In this study, we derive the atmospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for tCFP and for tDCE assuming emissions from land surfaces at latitudes 30°

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9

Brown, A. T., C. M. Volk, M. R. Schoeberl, C. D. Boone, and P. F. Bernath. "Stratospheric lifetimes of CFC-12, CCl<sub>4</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>Cl and N<sub>2</sub>O from measurements made by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 2 (2013): 4221–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-4221-2013.

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Abstract. Long lived halogen-containing compounds are important atmospheric constituents since they can act both as a source of chlorine radicals, which go on to catalyse ozone loss, and as powerful greenhouse gases. The long term impact of these species on the ozone layer is dependent on their stratospheric lifetimes. Using observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) we present calculations of the stratospheric lifetimes of CFC-12, CCl4, CH4, CH3Cl and N2O. The lifetimes were calculated using the slope of the tracer-tracer correlation of the

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10

Kepros, John G., and Greg Davidson. "Atmospheric Heating and Hubble's Lifetime." Physics Today 47, no. 1 (1994): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2808393.

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11

Ellis, D. A., J. W. Martin, S. A. Mabury, M. D. Hurley, M. P. Sulbaek Andersen, and T. J. Wallington. "Atmospheric Lifetime of Fluorotelomer Alcohols." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 17 (2003): 3816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034136j.

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12

Fischer, Gaston. "Atmospheric lifetime of carbon dioxide." Population and Environment 10, no. 3 (1989): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01257903.

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13

Hoffmann, L., C. M. Hoppe, R. Müller, et al. "Stratospheric lifetime ratio of CFC-11 and CFC-12 from satellite and model climatologies." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 11 (2014): 16865–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-16865-2014.

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Abstract. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) play a key role in stratospheric ozone loss and are strong infrared absorbers that contribute to global warming. The stratospheric lifetimes of CFCs are a measure of their global loss rates that are needed to determine global warming and ozone depletion potentials. We applied the tracer-tracer correlation approach to zonal mean climatologies from satellite measurements and model data to assess the lifetimes of CFCl3 (CFC-11) and CF2Cl2 (CFC-12). We present estimates of the CFC-11/CFC-12 lifetime ratio and the absolute lifetime of CFC-12, based on a referenc

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14

Wang, Peidong, Jeffery R. Scott, Susan Solomon, et al. "On the effects of the ocean on atmospheric CFC-11 lifetimes and emissions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (2021): e2021528118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021528118.

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The ocean is a reservoir for CFC-11, a major ozone-depleting chemical. Anthropogenic production of CFC-11 dramatically decreased in the 1990s under the Montreal Protocol, which stipulated a global phase out of production by 2010. However, studies raise questions about current overall emission levels and indicate unexpected increases of CFC-11 emissions of about 10 Gg ⋅ yr−1 after 2013 (based upon measured atmospheric concentrations and an assumed atmospheric lifetime). These findings heighten the need to understand processes that could affect the CFC-11 lifetime, including ocean fluxes. We eva

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15

Rigby, M., R. G. Prinn, S. O'Doherty, et al. "Re-evaluation of the lifetimes of the major CFCs and CH<sub>3</sub>CCl<sub>3</sub> using atmospheric trends." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 5 (2013): 2691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2691-2013.

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Abstract. Since the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and its amendments came into effect, growth rates of the major ozone depleting substances (ODS), particularly CFC-11, -12 and -113 and CH3CCl3, have declined markedly, paving the way for global stratospheric ozone recovery. Emissions have now fallen to relatively low levels, therefore the rate at which this recovery occurs will depend largely on the atmospheric lifetime of these compounds. The first ODS measurements began in the early 1970s along with the first lifetime estimates calculated by considering their at

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16

Williams, Jonathan, and Akima Ringsdorf. "Human odour thresholds are tuned to atmospheric chemical lifetimes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (2020): 20190274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0274.

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In this study, the odour thresholds (OT) and atmospheric lifetimes (AL) were compared for a suite of volatile organic compounds. It was found that odour threshold, as determined by the triangle bag method, correlated surprisingly well with atmospheric lifetime for a given chemical family. Molecules with short atmospheric lifetimes with respect to the primary atmospheric oxidant OH tend to be more sensitively detected by the human nose. Overall the correlation of odour threshold with atmospheric lifetime was better than with mass and vapour pressure. Several outliers from the correlations for p

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17

Kopylov, S. N., P. S. Kopylov, I. P. Eltyshev, and I. R. Begishev. "Characteristics of Impact on the Atmosphere of Perfluorisohexenes - Promising Components of Gas Extinguishing Compositions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2389, no. 1 (2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2389/1/012003.

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Abstract Ecological properties of perfluorohexenes are studied in the paper. C6F12 atmospheric lifetime of 17.4 days was obtained using one-dimensional photochemical model. It was shown that the substance disappears in the atmosphere due to its reactions mostly with OH radicals. Absorption spectra of C6F12 in the short-wavelength ultraviolet region of 110-200 nm and in the infrared region were calculated using the Gaussian 09 quantum mechanical calculation program. Calculations revealed that C6F12 has significant absorption in the infrared region but due to short atmospheric lifetime of this s

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18

Miller-Ricci, Eliza, Sara Seager, and Dimitar Sasselov. "The Atmospheres of Extrasolar Super-Earths." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S253 (2008): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308026483.

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AbstractExtrasolar super-Earths (1-10 M⊕) are likely to exist with a wide range of atmospheres. While a number of these planets have already been discovered through radial velocities and microlensing, it will be the discovery of the firsttransitingsuper-Earths that will open the door to a variety of follow-up observations aimed at characterizing their atmospheres. Super-Earths may fill a large range of parameter space in terms of their atmospheric composition and mass. Specifically, some of these planets may have high enough surface gravities to be able to retain large hydrogen-rich atmosphser

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19

Larin, I. K. "Odd oxygen and its atmospheric lifetime." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B 11, no. 2 (2017): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1990793117020075.

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20

Cape, J. N., M. Coyle, and P. Dumitrean. "The atmospheric lifetime of black carbon." Atmospheric Environment 59 (November 2012): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.030.

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21

Kennett, E. J., and R. Toumi. "Temperature dependence of atmospheric moisture lifetime." Geophysical Research Letters 32, no. 19 (2005): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023936.

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22

Jäggi, Noah, Diana Gamborino, Dan J. Bower, et al. "Evolution of Mercury’s Earliest Atmosphere." Planetary Science Journal 2, no. 6 (2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac2dfb.

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Abstract MESSENGER observations suggest a magma ocean formed on proto-Mercury, during which evaporation of metals and outgassing of C- and H-bearing volatiles produced an early atmosphere. Atmospheric escape subsequently occurred by plasma heating, photoevaporation, Jeans escape, and photoionization. To quantify atmospheric loss, we combine constraints on the lifetime of surficial melt, melt composition, and atmospheric composition. Consideration of two initial Mercury sizes and four magma ocean compositions determines the atmospheric speciation at a given surface temperature. A coupled interi

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23

Hou, Pei, Shiliang Wu, Jessica L. McCarty, and Yang Gao. "Sensitivity of atmospheric aerosol scavenging to precipitation intensity and frequency in the context of global climate change." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 11 (2018): 8173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8173-2018.

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Abstract. Wet deposition driven by precipitation is an important sink for atmospheric aerosols and soluble gases. We investigate the sensitivity of atmospheric aerosol lifetimes to precipitation intensity and frequency in the context of global climate change. Our sensitivity model simulations, through some simplified perturbations to precipitation in the GEOS-Chem model, show that the removal efficiency and hence the atmospheric lifetime of aerosols have significantly higher sensitivities to precipitation frequencies than to precipitation intensities, indicating that the same amount of precipi

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Sun, Xiaomin, Chenxi Zhang, Yuyang Zhao, Jing Bai, and Maoxia He. "Kinetic study on the linalool ozonolysis reaction in the atmosphere." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 90, no. 4 (2012): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v2012-001.

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In the atmosphere, linalool ozonolysis will generate a series of oxidation products and then form particles through nucleation. In this study, the linalool ozonolysis mechanisms were studied and some of the main products detected from experiment are verified. The Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory and the canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with small curvature tunneling effect (SCT) are used to calculate rate constants over the temperature range of 200∼800 K. The total rate constant for the reaction of ozone with linalool is 4.50 × 10−16 cm3 molecule–l s–l, and the ad

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Croft, B., J. R. Pierce, and R. V. Martin. "Interpreting aerosol lifetimes using the GEOS-Chem model and constraints from radionuclide measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 8 (2014): 4313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4313-2014.

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Abstract. Aerosol removal processes control global aerosol abundance, but the rate of that removal remains uncertain. A recent study of aerosol-bound radionuclide measurements after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident documents 137Cs removal (e-folding) times of 10.0–13.9 days, suggesting that mean aerosol lifetimes in the range of 3–7 days in global models might be too short by a factor of two. In this study, we attribute this discrepancy to differences between the e-folding and mean aerosol lifetimes. We implement a simulation of 137Cs and 133Xe into the GEOS-Chem chemical tra

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Wuebbles, D. J., K. O. Patten, D. Wang, D. Youn, M. Martínez-Avilés, and J. S. Francisco. "Three-dimensional model evaluation of the Ozone Depletion Potentials for n-propyl bromide, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 5 (2011): 2371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2371-2011.

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Abstract. The existing solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) and proposed solvent n-propyl bromide (nPB) have atmospheric lifetimes from days to a few months, but contain chlorine or bromine that could affect stratospheric ozone. Several previous studies estimated the Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for various assumptions of nPB emissions location, but these studies used simplified modeling treatments. The primary purpose of this study is to reevaluate the ODP for n-propyl bromide (nPB) using a current-generation chemistry-transport model of the troposphere and strato

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Wuebbles, D. J., K. O. Patten, D. Wang, D. Youn, M. Martínez-Avilés, and J. S. Francisco. "Three-dimensional model evaluation of the Ozone Depletion Potentials for n-propyl bromide, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 7 (2010): 17889–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-17889-2010.

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Abstract. The existing solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) and proposed solvent n-propyl bromide (nPB) have atmospheric lifetimes from days to a few months, but contain chlorine or bromine that could affect stratospheric ozone. Several previous studies estimated the Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for various assumptions for location of nPB emissions, but these studies used simplified modeling treatments. The primary purpose of this study is to reevaluate the ODP for nPB using a current-generation chemistry-transport model of the troposphere and stratosphere. For the

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28

Kristiansen, N. I., A. Stohl, D. J. L. Olivié, et al. "Evaluation of observed and modelled aerosol lifetimes using radioactive tracers of opportunity and an ensemble of 19 global models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 5 (2016): 3525–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3525-2016.

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Abstract. Aerosols have important impacts on air quality and climate, but the processes affecting their removal from the atmosphere are not fully understood and are poorly constrained by observations. This makes modelled aerosol lifetimes uncertain. In this study, we make use of an observational constraint on aerosol lifetimes provided by radionuclide measurements and investigate the causes of differences within a set of global models. During the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant accident of March 2011, the radioactive isotopes cesium-137 (137Cs) and xenon-133 (133Xe) were released in lar

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29

Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, Oleg Travnikov, Jeroen E. Sonke, et al. "Photochemistry of oxidized Hg(I) and Hg(II) species suggests missing mercury oxidation in the troposphere." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 49 (2020): 30949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922486117.

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Mercury (Hg), a global contaminant, is emitted mainly in its elemental form Hg0to the atmosphere where it is oxidized to reactive HgIIcompounds, which efficiently deposit to surface ecosystems. Therefore, the chemical cycling between the elemental and oxidized Hg forms in the atmosphere determines the scale and geographical pattern of global Hg deposition. Recent advances in the photochemistry of gas-phase oxidized HgIand HgIIspecies postulate their photodissociation back to Hg0as a crucial step in the atmospheric Hg redox cycle. However, the significance of these photodissociation mechanisms

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Brown, A. T., C. M. Volk, M. R. Schoeberl, C. D. Boone, and P. F. Bernath. "Stratospheric lifetimes of CFC-12, CCl<sub>4</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>Cl and N<sub>2</sub>O from measurements made by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 14 (2013): 6921–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6921-2013.

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Abstract. Long lived halogen-containing compounds are important atmospheric constituents since they can act both as a source of chlorine radicals, which go on to catalyse ozone loss, and as powerful greenhouse gases. The long-term impact of these species on the ozone layer is dependent on their stratospheric lifetimes. Using observations from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) we present calculations of the stratospheric lifetimes of CFC-12, CCl4, CH4, CH3Cl and N2O. The lifetimes were calculated using the slope of the tracer–tracer correlation of the

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31

Keßel, Stephan, David Cabrera-Perez, Abraham Horowitz, et al. "Atmospheric chemistry, sources and sinks of carbon suboxide, C<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 14 (2017): 8789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8789-2017.

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Abstract. Carbon suboxide, O = C = C = C = O, has been detected in ambient air samples and has the potential to be a noxious pollutant and oxidant precursor; however, its lifetime and fate in the atmosphere are largely unknown. In this work, we collect an extensive set of studies on the atmospheric chemistry of C3O2. Rate coefficients for the reactions of C3O2 with OH radicals and ozone were determined as kOH = (2.6 ± 0.5) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 295 K (independent of pressure between ∼ 25 and 1000 mbar) and kO3 < 1.5 × 10−21 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 295 K. A theoretical study on the mec

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Archer, David, Michael Eby, Victor Brovkin, et al. "Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 37, no. 1 (2009): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206.

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Moore, Berrien, and B. H. Braswell. "The lifetime of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8, no. 1 (1994): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gb03392.

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Archer, David, and Victor Brovkin. "The millennial atmospheric lifetime of anthropogenic CO2." Climatic Change 90, no. 3 (2008): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9413-1.

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Wang, Jian, Lei Xue, Qianyao Ma, et al. "The role of oceanic ventilation and terrestrial outflow in atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons over the Chinese marginal seas." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 24, no. 15 (2024): 8721–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-8721-2024.

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Abstract. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the marine atmosphere have been studied extensively due to their important roles in regulating atmospheric chemistry and climate. However, very little is known about the distribution and sources of NMHCs in the lower atmosphere over the marginal seas of China. Herein, we characterized the atmospheric NMHCs (C2–C5) in both the coastal cities and the marginal seas of China in the spring of 2021, with a focus on identifying the sources of NMHCs in the coastal atmosphere. The NMHCs in urban atmospheres, especially alkanes, were significantly higher com

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36

Yates, Jack S., Paul I. Palmer, James Manners, et al. "Ozone chemistry on tidally locked M dwarf planets." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 2 (2020): 1691–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3520.

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ABSTRACT We use the Met Office Unified Model to explore the potential of a tidally locked M dwarf planet, nominally Proxima Centauri b irradiated by a quiescent version of its host star, to sustain an atmospheric ozone layer. We assume a slab ocean surface layer, and an Earth-like atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen with trace amounts of ozone and water vapour. We describe ozone chemistry using the Chapman mechanism and the hydrogen oxide (HOx, describing the sum of OH and HO2) catalytic cycle. We find that Proxima Centauri radiates with sufficient UV energy to initialize the Chapman mechanism.

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Deters, B., J. P. Burrows, S. Himmelmann, and C. Blindauer. "Gas phase spectra of HOBr and Br2O and their atmospheric significance." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 4 (1996): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0468-x.

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Abstract. The HOBr molecule is a potential reservoir of Br compounds in the atmosphere. In this work, the UV-visible spectrum of HOBr was measured over the range 242–400 nm. Its absorption consists of two maxima at 280 nm (σmax=2.7±0.4×10–19 cm2 molecules–1) and 355 nm (σmax=7.0±1.1×10–20 cm2 molecules–1), respectively, where the error is ±1Σ. Atmospheric photolysis lifetime calculations for HOBr in the lower stratosphere have been made using the PHOTOGT model. The results show a strong dependence on the solar zenith angle (SZA) implying a longer lifetime at high latitudes and a relatively sho

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Kovács, Tamás, Wuhu Feng, Anna Totterdill, et al. "Determination of the atmospheric lifetime and global warming potential of sulfur hexafluoride using a three-dimensional model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 2 (2017): 883–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-883-2017.

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Abstract. We have used the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), with an updated treatment of loss processes, to determine the atmospheric lifetime of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The model includes the following SF6 removal processes: photolysis, electron attachment and reaction with mesospheric metal atoms. The Sodankylä Ion Chemistry (SIC) model is incorporated into the standard version of WACCM to produce a new version with a detailed D region ion chemistry with cluster ions and negative ions. This is used to determine a latitude- and altitude-dependent scaling factor for the ele

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Al-Zaidi, H. K., M. J. Al-Bermani, and A. M. Taleb. "Estimating the lifetime and Reentry of the Aluminum Space Debris of Sizes (1 and 10 cm) in LEO under Atmosphere Drag Effects." Journal of Kufa-Physics 12, no. 02 (2020): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31257/2018/jkp/2020/120207.

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This study attempts to address the lifetime and reentry of the space debris in low earth orbit LEO which extends from 200 to 1200 km. In this study a new Computer programs were designed to simulate the orbit dynamics of space debris lifetime and reentry under atmospheric drag force using Runge-Kutta Method to solve the differential equations of drag force. This model was adapted with the Drag Thermosphere Model (DTM78, 94), the Aluminum 2024 space debris in certain size (1&10 cm) were used in this study, which is frequently employed in the structure of spacecraft and aerospace designs. The

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Al-Zaidi, H. K., M. J. Al-Bermani, and A. M. Taleb. "Estimating the lifetime and Reentry of the Aluminum Space Debris of Sizes (1 and 10 cm) in LEO under Atmosphere Drag Effects." Journal of Kufa-Physics 12, no. 02 (2020): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31257/2018/jkp/2020/120207.

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This study attempts to address the lifetime and reentry of the space debris in low earth orbit LEO which extends from 200 to 1200 km. In this study a new Computer programs were designed to simulate the orbit dynamics of space debris lifetime and reentry under atmospheric drag force using Runge-Kutta Method to solve the differential equations of drag force. This model was adapted with the Drag Thermosphere Model (DTM78, 94), the Aluminum 2024 space debris in certain size (1&10 cm) were used in this study, which is frequently employed in the structure of spacecraft and aerospace designs. The

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Rigby, M., R. G. Prinn, S. O'Doherty, et al. "Re-evaluation of the lifetimes of the major CFCs and CH<sub>3</sub>CCl<sub>3</sub> using atmospheric trends." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 9 (2012): 24469–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-24469-2012.

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Abstract. Since the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer and its amendments came into effect, growth rates of the major ozone depleting substances (ODS), particularly CFC-11, -12 and -113 and CH3CCl3, have declined markedly, paving the way for global stratospheric ozone recovery. Emissions have now fallen to relatively low levels, therefore the rate at which this recovery occurs will depend largely on the atmospheric lifetime of these compounds. The first ODS measurements began in the early 1970s along with the first lifetime estimates calculated by considering their at

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Stevenson, D. S., C. E. Johnson, E. J. Highwood, V. Gauci, W. J. Collins, and R. G. Derwent. "Atmospheric impact of the 1783–1784 Laki eruption: Part I Chemistry modelling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 3 (2003): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-487-2003.

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Abstract. Results from the first chemistry-transport model study of the impact of the 1783–1784 Laki fissure eruption (Iceland: 64°N, 17°W) upon atmospheric composition are presented. The eruption released an estimated 61 Tg(S) as SO2 into the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The model has a high resolution tropopause region, and detailed sulphur chemistry. The simulated SO2 plume spreads over much of the Northern Hemisphere, polewards of ~40°N. About 70% of the SO2 gas is directly deposited to the surface before it can be oxidised to sulphuric acid aerosol. The main SO2 oxidants, OH and H2

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Dalsøren, Stig B., Cathrine L. Myhre, Gunnar Myhre, et al. "Atmospheric methane evolution the last 40 years." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 5 (2016): 3099–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3099-2016.

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Abstract. Observations at surface sites show an increase in global mean surface methane (CH4) of about 180 parts per billion (ppb) (above 10 %) over the period 1984–2012. Over this period there are large fluctuations in the annual growth rate. In this work, we investigate the atmospheric CH4 evolution over the period 1970–2012 with the Oslo CTM3 global chemical transport model (CTM) in a bottom-up approach. We thoroughly assess data from surface measurement sites in international networks and select a subset suited for comparisons with the output from the CTM. We compare model results and obse

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Liu, Y., L. Huang, S. M. Li, T. Harner, and J. Liggio. "OH-initiated heterogeneous oxidation of tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate: implications for its fate in the atmosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 22 (2014): 12195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12195-2014.

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Abstract. A particle-phase relative rates technique is used to investigate the heterogeneous reaction between OH radicals and tris-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) at 298 K by combining aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (C-ToF-MS) data and positive matrix factor (PMF) analysis. The derived second-order rate constants (k2) for the heterogeneous loss of TBEP is (4.44 ± 0.45) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, from which an approximate particle-phase lifetime was estimated to be 2.6 (2.3–2.9) days. However, large differences in the rate constants for TBEP relative to a reference compound were obser

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Prather, Michael J., Lucien Froidevaux, and Nathaniel J. Livesey. "Observed changes in stratospheric circulation: decreasing lifetime of N₂O, 2005–2021." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 2 (2023): 843–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-843-2023.

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Abstract. Using Aura Microwave Limb Sounder satellite observations of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone, and temperature from 2005 through 2021, we calculate the atmospheric lifetime of N2O to be decreasing at a rate of −2.1 ± 1.2 %/decade. This decrease is occurring because the N2O abundances in the middle tropical stratosphere, where N2O is photochemically destroyed, are increasing at a faster rate than the bulk N2O in the lower atmosphere. The cause appears to be a more vigorous stratospheric circulation, which models predict to be a result of climate change. If the observed trends i

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Kristiansen, N. I., A. Stohl, D. J. L. Olivié, et al. "Evaluation of observed and modelled aerosol lifetimes using radioactive tracers of opportunity and an ensemble of 19 global models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 17 (2015): 24513–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-24513-2015.

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Abstract. Aerosols have important impacts on air quality and climate, but the processes affecting their removal from the atmosphere are not fully understood and are poorly constrained by observations. This makes modelled aerosol lifetimes uncertain. In this study, we make use of an observational constraint on aerosol lifetimes provided by radionuclide measurements and investigate the causes of differences within a set of global models. During the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant accident of March 2011, the radioactive isotopes cesium-137 (137Cs) and xenon-133 (133Xe) were released in lar

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Yanchukovsky, Valery. "MUON INTENSITY VARIATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 6, no. 1 (2020): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-61202013.

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Muons in the atmosphere are formed during the decay of pions resulting from nuclear interactions of cosmic rays with nuclei of air atoms. The resulting muons are also unstable particles with a short lifetime. Therefore, not all of them reach the level of observation in the atmosphere. When the atmospheric temperature changes, the distance to the observation level changes too, thus leading to variations in the intensity of muons of temperature origin. These variations, caused by atmospheric temperature variations, are superimposed on continuous observations of muon telescopes. Their exclusion i

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Yanchukovsky, Valery. "MUON INTENSITY VARIATIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 6, no. 1 (2020): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-61202013.

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Muons in the atmosphere are formed during the decay of pions resulting from nuclear interactions of cosmic rays with nuclei of air atoms. The resulting muons are also unstable particles with a short lifetime. Therefore, not all of them reach the level of observation in the atmosphere. When the atmospheric temperature changes, the distance to the observation level changes too, thus leading to variations in the intensity of muons of temperature origin. These variations, caused by atmospheric temperature variations, are superimposed on continuous observations of muon telescopes. Their exclusion i

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Youn, D., K. O. Patten, D. J. Wuebbles, H. Lee, and C. W. So. "Potential impact of iodinated replacement compounds CF<sub>3</sub>I and CH<sub>3</sub>I on atmospheric ozone: a three-dimensional modeling study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 20 (2010): 10129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10129-2010.

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Abstract. The concept of Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) is extensively used in policy considerations related to concerns about the effects of various halocarbons and other gases on stratospheric ozone. Many of the recent candidate replacement compounds have atmospheric lifetimes shorter than one year in order to limit their environmental effects, especially on stratospheric ozone. Using a three-dimensional global chemistry-transport model (CTM) of the troposphere and the stratosphere, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential effects of several very short-lived iodinated substa

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Bluvshtein, Nir, Ulrich K. Krieger, and Thomas Peter. "Photophoretic spectroscopy in atmospheric chemistry – high-sensitivity measurements of light absorption by a single particle." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 6 (2020): 3191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3191-2020.

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Abstract. Light-absorbing organic atmospheric particles, termed brown carbon, undergo chemical and photochemical aging processes during their lifetime in the atmosphere. The role these particles play in the global radiative balance and in the climate system is still uncertain. To better quantify their radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation interactions, we need to improve process-level understanding of aging processes, which lead to either “browning” or “bleaching” of organic aerosols. Currently available laboratory techniques aim to simulate atmospheric aerosol aging and measure the evolv

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