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1

Dimitrova, Sevdalina, and Kaspars Kikste. "PREREQUISITES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BALTIC-BLACK SEA UNION." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 22, 2024): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2024vol1.7962.

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The emergence of new challenges and threats in the modern world raises the issue of creating alliances and sub-alliances that could ensure security issues in the Baltic countries and Eastern Europe as a whole. This, in turn, requires the definition of a new security system, built taking into account regional interests and new approaches to the system of collective provision of stable development. Global institutions in the context of new military conflicts show their inability to make decisions or their unwillingness to define new frameworks and conditions of security. Based on this, it seems
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Svitlana, Kutsenko. "The modern approach to regional initiatives possibilities application – the example of the Baltic-Black Sea safety belt concept." Political Science and Security Studies Journal 2, no. 2 (2021): 58–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4959531.

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The article is devoted to the prospects of regional cooperation initiatives that could ensure the national security of Ukraine. In particular, discusses the evolution and creation of opportunities Baltic-Black Sea Union reformatting its prospects in recent times “security” and economic cooperation to the Adriatic Sea. Further transformation of the idea of Baltic-Black Sea Union as a result of the Polish-Croatian initiative “Baltic – Adriatic – Black sea” in the context of countering the aggressive policy of the Russian Federation and to promote stability in
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Rud, I. "THE BALTIC-BLACK SEA UNION AS AN AXIS OF UKRAINE’S SECURITY: REALITIES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 2(58) (August 7, 2023): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2023.2(58).285608.

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The article analyzes the stages of formation of the Baltic-Black Sea community as a geopolitical, economic and security area, the historical and theoretical basis for the emergence of such a community and the changes that took place in the Baltic-Black Sea region after the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine in 2022. In addition, the issue of security cooperation is considered states of the region. The main priorities for the development of cooperation between states in the future have been identified. The main questions regarding the issues of cooperati
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Topor, Claudiu-Lucian. "Germany’s policy and the diplomatic agenda of Romanian neutrality (1914-1916). The Prospect of a plan for an alliance with Sweden." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 3, no. 1 (2011): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v3i1_7.

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In the summer of 1915, concerned about Italy’s entry into the war in alliance with the Entente powers yet encouraged by the victories of its armies on the Eastern Front, the German diplomacy attempted to encourage Sweden and Romania to abandon their neutrality in order to give a decisive blow to Russia. In several reports dispatched from Berlin, Alexandru Beldiman, the envoy to Germany who was also Romania’s representative in the Scandinavian countries, raised the possibility of Sweden’s entry into the war on the German side. After he had identified Russia as the common historical enemy of the
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Anghel, Florin. "Portrait of a necessary Ponto-Baltic alliance: Polish commercial road projects towards the Balkans and the Black Sea, 1919 – 1926." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 2, no. 2 (2010): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v2i2_4.

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The economic expression of the Romanian-Polish military and political alliance undoubtedly had to be represented by the rebirth of the Baltic-Pontic commercial road, as the flow of products coming into and towards the Polish space had been artificially directed, during the 19th century, as a result of understandable political and economic interests, towards the North and the Adriatic Seas, instead of the Baltic and Black Seas. A Polish commercial road towards the Balkans obviously comprised economic, financial and strategic components. One of them referred to building an alternative to the con
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Lepska, Nataliia, and Olesia Nadobko. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE INTERMARIUM CONCEPT IN THE GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGIES OF THE BALTIC-BLACK SEA REGION (XVI-XXI CENTURIES)." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 163 (2025): 4–13. https://doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2025.163.1.4-13.

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The article is dedicated to analyzing the transformation of the Intermarium concept in the geopolitical strategies of the Baltic-Black Sea region from the 16th to the 21st century. It examines the historical development of this concept, its adaptation to modern geopolitical conditions, and its potential impact on the future of regional cooperation. Given that most Central and Eastern European countries are situated between two powerful blocs— the European Union and NATO on one side and Russia on the other— the necessity of forming independent regional development strategies is explored. The re
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Afanasyev, Dmitry F., Natalia S. Berezenko, Sophia Barinova, and Shamil R. Abdullin. "Syntaxonomy of Charophyte Algal Communities in the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea (Russia)." Environments 10, no. 9 (2023): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10090154.

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Within the northeastern part of the Black Sea, the vegetation of charophytes was studied using the Braun-Blanquet approach. For the first time, five communities are described, including three associations and two subassociations from the alliance Charion canescentis Krausch 1964, the order Charetalia intermediae Sauer 1937, and the class Charetea intermediae F. Fukarek 1961. Diagnoses of the described syntaxa are given. A comparison with the Baltic and Mediterranean communities of charophytes is made. It is shown that all northeastern Black Sea communities with the dominance of charophytes, in
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Donetsk National University, OLEG V. "CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE POLITICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES OF UKRAINE EXPERTS (BASED ON ANALYTICAL REPORTS TO THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGES TO THE VERKHOVNA RADA)." CASPIAN REGION: Politics, Economics, Culture 65, no. 4 (2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-510x-2020-65-4-079-084.

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Basing on a constructivist approach to international relations and foreign policy, the author has defined the conceptual content of the script, in which the experts of the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies imagine Crimea and the Black Sea region. The study was carried out on the basis of the materials of the Institute's analytical reports to the messages of the President to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2014-2018. It was found that the ideas about Crimea contained in them are extremely mythologized: in the political picture of the world of the Institute's experts, the penin
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Matviienko, Matviienko, and Mykola Doroshko. "The 1920 Ukrainian-Polish Alliance and Its Implications." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXI (2020): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-3.

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The article describes the internal political situation in the UPR and Poland before the conclusion of the Treaty of Warsaw in 1920. The authors argue that in the context of the end of World War I and the rebuilding of the world geopolitical order the UPR and the Republic of Poland were destined to establish allied relations with a view to strengthening their restored statehood and ensuring security in the Baltic-Black Sea region. However, the signature of the Treaty of Warsaw failed to preserve stable interstate cooperation between Ukraine and Poland due to a range of internal political and ex
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Radojevic, Slobodan. "NATO naval forces in the Mediterranean." Medjunarodni problemi 69, no. 1 (2017): 50–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1701050r.

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The NATO area covers more water than land. The Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the Black Sea geographically and strategically unite the allies. NATO is a maritime alliance because almost all Member States have a maritime orientation and are highly dependent on maritime trade. To protect its interests on the seas and oceans NATO countries built up and maintained strong naval forces. Twenty of the 28 Member States of the Alliance has its own Navy - naval forces. Also, the Alliance has developed a highly-trained naval capacity for immediate response - Standing NATO naval forces
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Totir, Valentin-Costinel, and Ion Chiorcea. "Hybrid Threats in the Black Sea – Identifying Geographic and Economic Vulnerabilities of Romania’s Maritime Area." Romanian Military Thinking 2024, no. 1 (2024): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2024.1.05.

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With no clear evidence of its origin, hybrid warfare is a worldwide phenomenon, its effects having worldwide reverberations. Characterised by a very high adaptability and flexibility of the methods and procedures used, as well as the continuous expansion of the target audience or the area of coverage, hybrid warfare is not a new concept in human history. Overshadowed by the much higher degree of destruction and the very large number of human victims – specific to conventional war – unconventional actions – an integral part of hybrid war – often go unnoticed, but their effects are felt in all a
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Totir, Valentin-Costinel, and Ion Chiorcea. "Amenințări hibride la Marea Neagră – identificarea vulnerabilităților geografice și economice ale spațiului maritim al României." Gândirea Militară Românească 2024, no. 1 (2024): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2024.1.05.

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With no clear evidence of its origin, hybrid warfare is a worldwide phenomenon, its effects having worldwide reverberations. Characterised by a very high adaptability and flexibility of the methods and procedures used, as well as the continuous expansion of the target audience or the area of coverage, hybrid warfare is not a new concept in human history. Overshadowed by the much higher degree of destruction and the very large number of human victims – specific to conventional war – unconventional actions – an integral part of hybrid war – often go unnoticed, but their effects are felt in all a
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13

Zaborowski, Marcin. "Central European strategies in the new Cold War: between balancing and bandwagoning." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 4 (August 6, 2024): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17836.1.

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This article argues that the security of Central Europe – defined as stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black See–is based first and foremost on the viability and engagement of the Western alliance, understood as NATO and the European Union. The security and defense policies in the region are designed in relation to NATO and bilateral relations with the United States, with limited attempts to achieve some degree of self-sufficiency. Therefore, to understand the security of Central Europe and its individual nations, it is essential to understand their attitudes and fears related to alliances
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Shveytzer, Vladimir. "THE ETHNOREGIONAL COMPONENT OF THE PARTY-POLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF EUROPE." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 42, no. 6 (2024): 80–88. https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran620248088.

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The article examines the politics and ideology of parties that focus on the interests of a part of the population of important regional areas of modern Europe. Their range extends from the Scandinavian-Baltic region of the EU to the Mediterranean-Black Sea territories of the Old World, primarily in Italy and Spain. These regionals are also electorally felt in the Eastern European states and the Balkans, and influence political life in Germany, Belgium, Britain, and Ireland. Their activity focuses on the topics of reforming the national economic system, not excluding the problem of finding a «n
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Matviienko, Viktor. "UPR’s Diplomacy at the Conclusion of the National Liberation Struggle: The 1921 Black Sea Union." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXIII (2022): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2022-25.

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The article offers an insight into the foreign policy of the Ukrainian People’s Republic at the final stage of the national liberation struggle. Author analyses the UPR’s course towards forging stable political and economic alliances with the peripheral states that have emerged on the post-imperial territory of russia. The most ambitious project of 1919–20 was the creation of the Baltic-Black Sea Union consisting of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Finland, and Ukraine; however, the legal aspects of the organisation of the Black Sea Union became of primary importance in late November 1920.
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Nechayeva-Yuriichuk, Nataliia. "Security Dimensions of Geopolitical Initiatives in the Сentral and Еastern Еurope Region". Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, № 11 (14 грудня 2022): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2022.11.141-161.

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From 2014 till today one can observe the process of reshaping of the existing system of international relations, the transformation of approaches to the resolution of military and political conflicts of both individual states and international organizations, the formation of new military-political alliances and blocs. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the security potential of some recent geopolitical initiatives in the region of Central-Eastern Europe, in particular, the Central European Initiative, the Three Seas Initiative and the Lublin Triangle. Central European Initiative was found
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Skjødt, Annagrete. "Rosetfiblens »anatomi«." Kuml 58, no. 58 (2009): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v58i58.26393.

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The “anatomy” of the rosette fibulaRosette or thistle fibulas have always attracted attention by virtue of their size and exclusiveness. They are richly decorated with, for example, gilt sheet metal and inlaid pieces of coloured glass. Also in terms of craftsmanship these are complicated pieces as each fibula consists of 40-60 different individual components. It was apparently only women of high status who were buried with one or, in rare instances, two examples. In Oscar Almgren’s classic work on the Northern European fibula types, rosette fibulas are assigned to his group VII – fibulas with
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18

Chupyra, Volodymyr. "Regional Alliances between states: historical review and future projections for Ukraine." Foreign Affairs, 2021, 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46493/2663-2675-2021-3-4-2.

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Following article refl ects political and political military al liances as means to solve defense challenges that threaten sov ereignty and territorial integrity, among other those of Ukraine. The article evaluates several historical examples of such regional alliances, their benefi ts and drawbacks and how these aff ected the dynamics of international politics. Typical alliances established in pre-modern times, were either temporary and of personal nature or tended to develop into actual unions, limiting the sovereignty of its members. In the modern era though, military-political alliances pr
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