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Pistenon, Nicolas. "Découvrir la loi de comportement de matériaux viscoélastiques non linéaires par réseaux de neurones à base physique et données expérimentales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLM044.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe application of machine learning techniques based on neural networks provides novel insights into the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of materials. These networks are capable of capturing a wide variety of complex behaviours due to their ability to act as universal function approximators. However, the deployment of these techniques requires large datasets, which are often difficult to obtain experimentally. This manuscript introduces various physical biases that enable the modelling of mechanical behaviour, specifically non-linear viscoelastic behaviour, using limited experimental data, thereby addressing this limitation.The two fundamental principles of thermodynamics provide a robust framework for constraining the formulation of constitutive laws. This approach reduces the quantity of data required for model training, while simultaneously improving the models' resilience to measurement errors.Recurrent neural networks, on the other hand, are particularly well-suited for modelling behaviour that depends on the loading history. Their hidden memories mirror the internal variables introduced in mechanics by the local state principle. However, these networks present challenges in terms of training and generalisation. To overcome these difficulties, a neural network model with mechanical encoding is proposed. This model employs the internal variables of a linear viscoelasticity model to encode the material's history, which proves to be sufficient for modelling its non-linear mechanical behaviour.One of the most significant challenges in three-dimensional modelling from experimental data is the incorporation of material symmetries in order to avoid the need for superfluous testing. For isotropic materials, a method of increasing the data set by randomly rotating the tests, combined with lateral transfer learning, enables the development of a three-dimensional constitutive law using only two types of uniaxial test. A thermodynamically consistent formulation that inherently preserves the material's isotropy is proposed; however, challenges related to training remain to be addressed in order to optimise this approach
Courty, Stéphanie. "Structuration et propriétés thermodynamiques de la matière baryonique dans l'Univers : de l'origine physique du biais cosmologique". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112211.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe galaxy distribution is biased with respect to the underlying mass distribution. Cosmological bias is larger at high redshift. The understanding of its physical origin can give useful insights about galaxy formation. We use numerical simulations to reproduce the hierarchical structuration of the matter, the accretion and cooling of baryons into dark matter potential wells. These simulations follow explicitly the dynamical evolution of the dark matter and of the baryonic matter in an expanding Universe. They include a set of dissipative processes and follow the chemical evolution of the cosmological plasma. Galaxy formation is computed from recipes describing gas in collapsing regions. We show that galaxy-like objects are in good agreement with the observational data. Clustering differences between galaxies and mass are characterized statistically by bias parameters. However this description is inadequate to understand the complex process of galaxy formation. We take advantage of a probabilistic formalism to separate the non-linearity and stochasticity characteristics of the bias relation between the density fluctuation fields of galaxies and mass. This relation depends on the thermodynamics of baryons justifying the introduction in the simulation of the non-equipartition processes between electrons, neutrals and ions of the cosmological plasma. We discuss in detail about the influence of these processes on the spatial distribution and on the thermodynamical properties of the baryonic matter in not too dense structures at redshifts before the reionization epoch. We point out that low-mass galaxy formation is inhibited at high redshift. It turns out that the cosmological bias relation is modified, underlying the role playing by thermodynamics in the process of galaxy formation
Rupprecht, Jean-Francois. "Optimisation de processus de recherche par des marcheurs aleatoires symetriques, avec biais ou actifs". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066488/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaRandom search processes can model nuclear reactions or animal foraging. In this thesis, we identify optimal search strategies which minimize the mean first passage time (MFPT) to a target for various processes. First, for symmetric and biased Brownian particles, we compute the distribution of exit times through an opening within the boundary of angular sectors, annuli and rectangles. We conclude on the optimizability of the MFPT in terms of geometric parameters. Second, for walks that switch between volume and surface diffusions, we determine the mean exit time through an opening inside the bounding surface. Under analytical criteria, an optimal desorption rate minimizes the MFPT. We justify that this optimality is a general property through a study of the roles of the geometry, of the adsorption properties and of a bias in the bulk random walk. Third, for active walks composed of straight runs interrupted by reorientations in a random direction, we obtain the expression of the optimal reorientation rate which minimizes the MFPT to a centered spherical target within a spherical confinement, in two and three dimensions. In a last chapter, we model the motion of eukaryotic cells by active Brownian walks. We explain an experimental observation: the persistence time is exponentially coupled with the speed of the cell. We also obtain a phase diagram for each type of trajectories. This model is a first step to quantify the search efficiency of immune cells in terms of a minimal number of biological parameters
Doyon, Michaël. "Demande dynamique de santé physique chez les aînés : un modèle décisionnel unifiant mathématiques et théories du vieillissement réussi". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11603.
Pełny tekst źródłaLenoir, Benjamin. "Accéléromètre électrostatique à biais corrigé pour le test de la loi de gravitation à l'échelle du Système Solaire". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00736620.
Pełny tekst źródłaMedeiros, Soares Marcio. "Croissance, structure et magnétisme dans les systèmes à décalage d'échange FM/AFM : approche fondamentale par la physique des surfaces". Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENY022/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur aim is to study the interaction of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials with well-defined interface by combining structural, electronic and magnetic techniques using synchrotron light. Our interest is guided by the exchange bias effect in thin ferromagnetic films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The main systems studied in this work were ultra-thin layers of chemically-ordered alloys of FePt and MnPt on Pt(001) and of Fe/Ag(001), eventually coupled to CoO. Our strategy was to find an appropriate surface and, for each coupled bilayer, study the individual growth of each element, alloy or oxide. By controlling a variety of parameters, such as surface structure, cleanliness, deposition rate and temperature, we have got a good understanding of the growth process. The coupled systems obtained were studied in situ by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and ex situ by magneto-optic Kerr effect, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The relation between the exchange coupling, which manifests itself by an increase in coercivity and a bias field, and the structural characteristics was discussed for the MnPt/FePt and CoO/Fe interfaces.Keywords: exchange bias, chemically ordered alloy, MnPt, FePt, Fe/Ag(001), surface X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, MOKE, synchrotron
Bretenaker, Fabien. "Etude theorique et experimentale des modes propres et etats propres dans les lasers en anneau : applications a la gyrometrie et a la detection d'effets petits". Rennes 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992REN10048.
Pełny tekst źródłaHoffmann, Maria. "Recherche d’un boson de Higgs additionnel de plus haute masse via sa désintégration en une paire de bosons de jauge Z avec le détecteur ATLAS au LHC". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS263/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main subject of this thesis is the search for an additional heavy Higgs boson through its decay into a pair of Z bosons (H → ZZ(*)) using data recorded with the ATLAS experiment installed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Four distinct analyses are presented, which are distinguished by the decay mode of the Z boson into either a pair of charged leptons (electrons or muons), into a pair of neutrinos or into a pair of quarks, denoted according to final-state, i.e. as 4l, 2l2ν, 2l2q and 2ν2q. The study is performed using 20.3 fb⁻¹ of proton-proton collision data recorded during the first phase of LHC operation (Run-1) at centre-of-mass energy of √s = 8 TeV. A search strategy is employed which segments the data according to the Higgs boson production mechanism, assuming that these are the same as in the Standard Model (SM). Furthermore, the signal is modelled with a width that is small compared to the experimental mass resolution. The Higgs boson mass range considered extends up to 1 TeV for all four decay modes and down to as low as 140 GeV, depending on the decay mode. No significant excess of events over the Standard Model prediction is found. A simultaneous fit to the four decay modes yields upper limits on the heavy Higgs boson production cross-section times H → ZZ branching ratio ranging from 359 fb at mH = 200 GeV to 11 fb at mH = 1 TeV for the gluon-fusion production mechanism, and from 214 fb at mH = 200 GeV to 13 fb at mH = 1 TeV for the vector-boson fusion production mechanism. The results from these four searches are also interpreted in the context of models beyond the SM, namely the Type-1 and Type-2 2 Higgs Doublet Model. The heavy Higgs boson search is also performed with the H → ZZ(*) → 4l decay mode alone using 3.2 fb⁻¹ of proton-proton collision data recorded during the second phase of LHC operation (Run-2) at an increased centre-of- mass energy of √s = 13 TeV. No significant excess of events over the Standard Model prediction is found. Upper limits are set on the heavy Higgs boson production cross-section times H → ZZ(*) → 4l branching ratio of 4.5 fb at mH = 200 GeV and 1 fb at mH = 1 TeV. Lastly, a project of a more technical character is presented. In this study, the scintillation detectors employed by ATLAS for triggering with minimal bias in the forward region, the Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillators (MBTS), are characterised. Due to material degradation caused by radiation damage in the early phases of LHC operation, the MBTS had to be replaced during the LHC shutdown taking place in 2014. Before installation in ATLAS, these detectors were characterised in appropriate laboratory facilities using cosmic radiation
Perchoux, Camille. "Accounting for residential and non-residential environments to measure contextual effects on health behavior : the case of recreational walking behavior". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066593/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaPrevious studies on place effect on health focused on the residential neighborhood. This approach was criticized for not considering non-residential geographic life environments. The overarching aim of this dissertation is to estimate whether accounting for people’s network of activity places and their resulting exposure allows improving the understanding of environmental influences on recreational walking behavior. Three cross sectional studies were conducted on the second wave of the RECORD Cohort Study. In the first study, I identified a typology of individuals’ patterns of mobility and related socio-demographic correlates. Results from the second study provide evidence that exposure to environmental characteristics supportive to walking highly differs between the residential neighborhood, the perceived residential neighborhood and the activity space. The measurement error resulting from the sole use of residential measures of exposure varies among SES groups and among categories of the degree of urbanicity of the residence. In the third empirical study a high density of destinations, the presence of a lake or waterway, and a high neighborhood education are associated with recreational walking. This dissertation strengthen the conceptual grounds and empirical evidence that accounting for both residential and non-residential geographical environments individual get exposed is required to better proxy the true environmental exposure, and to estimate environmental influences on health behaviors
Gapihan, Erwan. "Mémoire magnétique à écriture assistée thermiquement à base de FeMn". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00623040.
Pełny tekst źródłaBertolini, Clément. "Estimation à haut-niveau des dégradations temporelles dans les processeurs : méthodologie et mise en oeuvre logicielle". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952867.
Pełny tekst źródłaBlagouchine, Iaroslav. "Modélisation et analyse de la parole : Contrôle d’un robot parlant via un modèle interne optimal basé sur les réseaux de neurones artificiels. Outils statistiques en analyse de la parole". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX26666.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis Ph.D. dissertation deals with speech modeling and processing, which both share the speech quality aspect. An optimum internal model with constraints is proposed and discussed for the control of a biomechanical speech robot based on the equilibrium point hypothesis (EPH, lambda-model). It is supposed that the robot internal space is composed of the motor commands lambda of the equilibrium point hypothesis. The main idea of the work is that the robot movements, and in particular the robot speech production, are carried out in such a way that, the length of the path, traveled in the internal space, is minimized under acoustical and mechanical constraints. Mathematical aspect of the problem leads to one of the problems of variational calculus, the so-called geodesic problem, whose exact analytical solution is quite complicated. By using some empirical findings, an approximate solution for the proposed optimum internal model is then developed and implemented. It gives interesting and challenging results, and shows that the proposed internal model is quite realistic; namely, some similarities are found between the robot speech and the real one. Next, by aiming to analyze speech signals, several methods of statistical speech signal processing are developed. They are based on higher-order statistics (namely, on normalized central moments and on the fourth-order cumulant), as well as on the discrete normalized entropy. In this framework, we also designed an unbiased and efficient estimator of the fourth-order cumulant in both batch and adaptive versions
Robitaille-Grou, Marie-Christine. "Biais écologique de la méta-analyse avec modificateur d'effet sous le paradigme de l'inférence causale". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20209.
Pełny tekst źródłaDessy, Tatiana. "Méthode d'inférence par bootstrap pour l'estimateur sisVIVE en randomisation mendélienne". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22135.
Pełny tekst źródłaGatarayiha, Jean Philippe. "Méthode de simulation avec les variables antithétiques". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9923.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this master thesis, we consider simulation methods based on antithetic variates for estimate integrales of f(x) on interval (0,1] where f is monotonic function, not a monotonic function or a function difficult to integrate. The main idea consists in subdividing the (0,1] in m sections of which each one is subdivided in l subintervals. This method is done recursively. At each step the variance decreases, i.e. The variance obtained at the kth step is smaller than that is found at the (k-1)th step. This allows us to reduce the error in the estimation because the estimator of integrales of f(x) on interval [0,1] is unbiased. The objective is to optimize m.
Les fichiers qui accompagnent mon document ont été réalisés avec le logiciel Latex et les simulations ont été réalisés par Splus(R).
Macana, Goia Jorge Andres. "Détection des événements de "Minimum Bias" et neutrons avec les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX par simulations". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5492.
Pełny tekst źródłaA network of sixteen ATLAS-MPX detectors has been put in operation in the ATLAS detector at CERN-LHC. ATLAS-MPX detectors are sensitive to a mixed radiation field of photons and electrons in the ATLAS cavern and are covered with lithium fluoride and polyethylene converters in order to increase the detection sensitivity of thermal neutrons and fast neutrons respectively. High energy collisions are dominated by partonic interactions with small transverse moment pT , associated with "minimum bias" events. In our case, the proton-proton collision occurs with an center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with a fixed luminosity of 10³⁴cm⁻²s⁻¹ in the simulations. We use "minimum bias" events simulation generated by PYTHIA using the framework Athena. Athena’s framework makes a full GEANT4 simulation of the ATLAS detector. We include the positions of each detector in the Athena algorithms for measuring the number of photons, electrons and muons that can reach the detectors ATLAS-MPX. We measure the fluxes of thermal and fast neutrons generated by GCALOR in lithium fluoride and polyethylene regions respectively. The "minimum bias" events results and the flow of thermal and fast neutrons obtained by simulations are compared with real measurements of the ATLAS-MPX detectors.
Perchoux, Camille. "Accounting for residential and non-residential environments to measure contextual effects on health behavior : the case of recreational walking behavior". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14057.
Pełny tekst źródłaContexte : Les études portant sur les effets de l’environnement sur la santé ont essentiellement examiné les effets de l’environnement résidentiel. Cette approche a été critiquée pour son absence de prise en compte des environnements géographiques de vie non-résidentiels (c.-à-d. le travail, l’école, les lieux récréatifs et sociaux, etc.). Alors que la mobilité est un déterminant clé de l’exposition, peu d’études ont examiné les mobilités quotidiennes pour évaluer les effets du milieu sur la santé. Objectifs : L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’évaluer si la prise en compte des lieux d’activité dans lesquels les individus se déplacent et sont régulièrement exposés permet de mieux estimer l’impact de l’environnement sur la pratique de la marche récréative. Les objectifs spécifiques de la thèse sont : i) identifier les différents types de comportement spatiaux des individus vivants en région Île-de-France et leurs déterminants sociodémographiques ; ii) évaluer si l’exposition à des facteurs environnementaux facilitant la marche diffère en fonction de la définition géographique de la zone d’exposition et varie en fonction du niveau socio-économique et de la localisation de la résidence dans la région Île-de-France ; iii) évaluer les caractéristiques environnementales, résidentielles et non-résidentielles, associées à la pratique de la marche récréative. Méthodes : Trois études transversales ont été conduites sur la seconde vague de la Cohorte RECORD (Residential Environment and CORonary heart Disease). Les lieux d’activité réguliers des participants, ainsi que la délimitation de leur quartier résidentiel perçu ont été collectés grâce à l’application VERITAS (Visualization and Evaluation of Regular Individual Travel destinations and Activity Spaces). Résultats : La première étude a permis d’identifier une typologie des comportements de mobilité individuels caractérisés par : i) la taille de l’espace d’activité, ii) l’élongation de l’espace d’activité, iii) le centrage de l’espace d’activité sur le quartier de résidence, iv) le volume d’activités, et v) les types d’activités réalisées. Le statut socio-économique et la localisation de la résidence dans l’agglomération parisienne sont apparus comme de forts déterminants du comportement spatial. Les résultats de la deuxième étude montrent que l’exposition à des caractéristiques environnementales facilitant la marche diffère entre le quartier de résidence, le quartier résidentiel perçu, et l’espace d’activité. L’erreur de mesure liée à la seule prise en compte de mesures d’exposition résidentielle varie en fonction des groupes socio-économiques et des degrés d’urbanisation de la résidence dans la région Île-de-France. Dans la troisième étude, une densité de destinations élevée, la présence de lacs ou de voies d’eau et un niveau d’éducation élevé du quartier sont associés à une augmentation de la pratique de la marche récréative. Enfin, cette étude montre une forte influence des caractéristiques environnementales autour de la résidence et des lieux d’activité récréatifs sur la pratique de la marche récréative. Conclusion : Cette thèse souligne l’importance de prendre en compte les environnements géographiques de vie résidentiels et non-résidentiels pour i) mieux approximer l’exposition environnementale réelle, ii) évaluer les effets de l’environnement sur les comportements de santé. Afin d’approfondir les mécanismes par lesquels l’environnement influence la pratique de l’activité physique, il apparait pertinent d’examiner conjointement où les individus se déplacent, mais également ce que les individus font, en termes de types d’activité et de contraintes liées aux activités réalisées. Identifier quels lieux d’activité ont le plus d’influence sur la pratique de l’activité physique contribue à cibler des contextes géographiques prioritaires pour les interventions en promotion de la santé.
Background: Previous studies on place effect on health focused on the residential neighborhood. This approach was criticized for not considering non-residential geographic life environments. While mobility is a key determinant of exposure, few studies accounted for daily mobility to evaluate environmental effects on health. Purpose: The overarching aim of this dissertation is to estimate whether accounting for people’s network of activity places and their resulting exposure allows improving the understanding of environmental influences on recreational walking behavior. The specific objectives are: i) to identify types of spatial behavior of individuals living in the Ile-de-France region and their socio-demographic correlates; ii) to assess whether the exposure to supportive walking environments differs depending on the geographic definition of the exposure area and varies by the socioeconomic status and the degree of urbanicity; iii) to evaluate which residential and non-residential neighborhood characteristics are associated with recreational walking. Methods: Three cross sectional studies were conducted on the second wave of the RECORD Cohort Study (Residential Environment and CORonary heart Disease). Information on participants’ regular activity places and perceived residential neighborhood were collected through the VERITAS application (Visualization and Evaluation of Regular Individual Travel destinations and Activity Spaces). Result: In the first study, I identified a typology of individuals’ patterns of mobility characterized by: i) the size of the activity space, ii) the elongation of the activity space, iii) the centering of the activity space on the residential neighborhood, iv) the volume of activity, and v) the type of activity performed. The individual-level socio-economic status and degree of urbanicity of the place of residence in the Ile-de-France region are strong determinants of individuals’ spatial behavior. Results from the second study provide evidence that exposure to environmental characteristics supportive to walking highly differs between the residential neighborhood, the perceived residential neighborhood and the activity space. The measurement error resulting from the sole use of residential measures of exposure varies among SES groups and among categories of the degree of urbanicity of the residence. In the third empirical study a high density of destinations, the presence of a lake or waterway, and a high neighborhood education are associated with recreational walking. Finally, this study provides evidence of a strong influence of the environmental condition around the home and the recreational activity locations on the practice of recreational walking. Conclusion: This dissertation strengthen the conceptual grounds and empirical evidence that accounting for both residential and non-residential geographical environments individual get exposed is required to i) better proxy the true environmental exposure, ii) estimate environmental influences on health behaviors. In order to investigate the mechanisms through which environmental exposure influence physical activity, it is relevant to examine where people go, and what people actually do in terms of type of activity and constraints related to the activity performed. Identifying which activity places is most influential on physical activity informs on the geographical contexts health promotion interventions should target.