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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Bilateral bodie":
1
Williams, GR, P. Holland, J. Beazley i N. Hyder. "Bilateral pisotriquetral loose bodies". Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, nr 3 (kwiecień 2012): e121-e124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588412x13171221588730.
Streszczenie:
Case reports detailing diagnosis and effective treatment of pisotriquetral loose bodies are scarce. This article describes an even rarer case of bilateral pisotriquetral joint loose bodies, explores the relative diagnostic roles of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography, and outlines effective strategies used for the management of this condition drawn from the literature and our own experience.
2
Tagami, Rumi, Takashi Moriya, Kosaku Kinoshita i Katsuhisa Tanjoh. "Bilateral Tension Pneumothorax Related to Acupuncture". Acupuncture in Medicine 31, nr 2 (czerwiec 2013): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2012-010284.
Streszczenie:
We report on a patient with a rare case of bilateral tension pneumothorax that occurred after acupuncture. A 69-year-old large-bodied man, who otherwise had no risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax, presented with chest pressure, cold sweats and shortness of breath. Immediately after bilateral pneumothorax had been identified on a chest radiograph in the emergency room, his blood pressure and percutaneous oxygen saturation suddenly decreased to 78 mm Hg and 86%, respectively. We confirmed deterioration in his cardiopulmonary status and diagnosed bilateral tension pneumothorax. We punctured his chest bilaterally and inserted chest tubes for drainage. His vital signs promptly recovered. After the bilateral puncture and drainage, we learnt that he had been treated with acupuncture on his upper back. We finally diagnosed a bilateral tension pneumothorax based on the symptoms that appeared 8 h after the acupuncture. Because the patient had no risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax, no alternative diagnosis was proposed. We recommend that patients receiving acupuncture around the chest wall must be adequately informed of the possibility of complications and expected symptoms, as a definitive diagnosis can be difficult without complete information.
3
Dhivakar, M., Anjali Prakash, Anju Garg i Ayush Agarwal. "Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (Stoneman Syndrome) – A Rare Skeletal Dysplasia". Indian Journal of Musculoskeletal Radiology 2 (29.06.2020): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijmsr_43_2019.
Streszczenie:
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare skeletal dysplasia with characteristic imaging and clinical findings, which includes bilateral hallux valgus, monophalangic great toes with short and stout first metatarsals, heterotopic ossification of muscles and connective tissues, short broad femoral necks, pseudo exostoses, short and stout first metacarpals, C2-C7 facet joint fusion, large posterior elements, and tall narrow vertebral bodies. We present a case of an 8-year-old male child who came with complaints of multiple progressive hard swellings over the neck, chest, and abdomen with restriction of movements for a duration of 2 years and deformity of great toe on both sides since birth. On clinical examination, the patient had multiple non-tender hard bony swellings in neck, chest, and abdominal wall with bilateral hallux valgus deformity. Radiographic examination revealed well- defined rib-like ectopic osseous outgrowths in the posterior aspect of neck, soft tissues of chest and abdominal wall, bilateral hallux valgus, monophalangic great toe and short first metatarsals with normal cervical vertebral bodies, posterior elements, short first metacarpals bilaterally, and pseudo exostoses in medial aspect of upper one-third of both tibia. With the above classic findings, the diagnosis of FOP was made. Early diagnosis of the condition is very important in these cases as intramuscular injections, biopsies, and trivial trauma can exacerbate the condition with painful flare-ups.
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Brito-Marques, Paulo Roberto de, Roberto Vieira de Mello i Luciano Montenegro. "Frontoparietal cortical atrophy with gliosis in the gray matter of cerebral cortex: case report". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 60, nr 2B (czerwiec 2002): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2002000300023.
Streszczenie:
The case of a patient who suffered from progressive amnesia, depressive humor, language and visuospatial disturbances, and hallucination episodies with interference at the daily living activities is reported. She had moderate neuropsichological diffuse deficits at the first examination, especially at the executive and visuo-constructive functions. Her cerebrospinal fluid test presented high total protein. Magnetic resonance image showed slight white matter increase in periventricular, semi-oval center bilateral and left external capsule regions, besides light frontal and parietal lobe atrophy, bilaterally. Brain single photon emission computerized tomography revealed both a bilateral moderate frontal and a severe parietal lobe hypoperfusion, especially on the left side. Macroscopic examination showed cortical atrophy, severe on the frontal, moderate on the parietal and mild on the posterior third temporal lobes, bilaterally. There was a slight atrophy on the neostriatum in the basal ganglia. The histopathological findings of the autopsy showed severe neuronal loss with intensive gemioscytic gliosis and variable degrees of status spongiosus in cortical layer. Hematoxylin-eosin and Bielschowsky staining did not show neuronal swelling (balooned cell), argyrophilic inclusion (Pick's bodies), neurofibrillary tangles nor senile plaques. Immunohistochemical staining for anti-ubiquitin, anti-tau, anti-beta-amyloide, and anti-prion protein were tested negative.
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Hagedorn, Curtis L., Shachar Tauber i Ron A. Adelman. "Bilateral intraocular foreign bodies simulating crystalline lens". American Journal of Ophthalmology 138, nr 1 (lipiec 2004): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2004.01.046.
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Köksal, Kadiogˇlu, Tefekli, Usta, Beşişik i Erol. "Spontaneous bacterial abscess of bilateral cavernosal bodies". BJU International 84, nr 9 (24.12.2001): 1107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00372.x.
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Allard, Paul, Régis Lachance, Rachid Aissaoui i Morris Duhaime. "Simultaneous bilateral 3-D able-bodied gait". Human Movement Science 15, nr 3 (czerwiec 1996): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(96)00004-8.
8
Gardner, R. L. "The early blastocyst is bilaterally symmetrical and its axis of symmetry is aligned with the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote in the mouse". Development 124, nr 2 (15.01.1997): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.2.289.
Streszczenie:
At least one polar body, almost invariably the second, persists intact to the early blastocyst stage in nearly two-thirds of mouse conceptuses of the PO strain. The distribution in early blastocysts of these surviving polar bodies was highly non-random. Most not only lay in the mid-region of the embryonic-abembryonic axis but, on discovering that early blastocysts are bilaterally rather than radially symmetrical about this axis, were found to align with the bilateral axis. Cell marking experiments failed to detect movement of polar bodies relative to the surface of the conceptus during either cleavage or blastulation. That the distribution of degenerating polar bodies and their presumed debris was similar to intact ones also argued against their motility, as did the finding that at all stages second polar bodies were attached to conceptuses by a thin, extensible, weakly elastic ‘tether’. Although the transfer of small fluorochromes between them was rarely observed beyond second cleavage, the second polar body and conceptus could remain coupled ionically up to the blastocyst stage. It is concluded that the second polar body normally remains attached to the conceptus through persistence of the intercellular bridge formed during its abstriction, and therefore provides an enduring marker of the animal pole of the zygote. Hence, according to the distribution of polar bodies, the axis of bilateral symmetry of the early blastocysts is normally aligned with the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote and its embryonic-abembryonic axis is orthogonal to it. Such relationships suggest that, at least in undisturbed development, specification of the axes of the blastocyst depends on spatial patterning of the zygote.
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Chung, Chung Yee, i Evan Po-fat Yiu. "Is there variable neuronal susceptibility to compression?" Asian Journal of Ophthalmology 16, nr 3 (17.01.2019): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35119/asjoo.v16i3.421.
Streszczenie:
A 12-year-old boy with suprasellar germinoma complicated by hydrocephalus was found to have dorsal midbrain syndrome and bilateral compressive optic neuropathy. Following a third ventricular neuroendoscopic biopsy and the initiation of chemotherapy, a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain showed significant regression of the tumor with resolution of hydrocephalus. On smooth pursuit, there was significant improvement in upgaze. However, light-near dissociation of his pupillary defect was persistent. Fundal examination showed persistent temporal pallor of the optic discs bilaterally, associated with a suboptimal best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 and bilateral centrocecal scotoma.The differential recovery of neuronal function following relief of compression is poorly understood. In this case, both the optic nerve and pretectal axonal fibers responsible for pupillary reflex, with their neuronal cell bodies residing outside the direct compressive site at the midbrain, showed poor functional recovery. However, relief of pressure at the rostral interstitial medial longitudinal fasciculus and posterior commissure nuclear complexes resulted in significant clinical improvement in upgaze.
This case suggests that, for neurons, axons are apparently more susceptible to pressure than cell bodies. The predominant transmission of nerve impulses takes place through the length of axons, and thus is more sensitive to pressure changes, with the associated microvascular compromise and demyelination.
10
Nepomuceno, Antonia, Matthew J. Major, Rebecca Stine i Steven Gard. "Effect of foot and ankle immobilization on able-bodied gait as a model to increase understanding about bilateral transtibial amputee gait". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 41, nr 6 (20.03.2017): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364617698521.
Streszczenie:
Background:The anatomical foot–ankle complex facilitates advancement of the stance limb through foot rockers and late-stance power generation during walking, but this mechanism is altered for persons with bilateral transtibial amputation when using passive prostheses.Objectives:To study the effects of bilateral foot and ankle immobilization on able-bodied gait to serve as a model for understanding gait of persons with bilateral transtibial amputation and associated compensatory mechanisms.Study design:Comparative analysis.Methods:Nine able-bodied persons walked at self-selected slow, normal, and fast speeds. They performed trials unaltered and when fitted with bilateral foot and ankle–immobilizing casts. Data from 10 individuals with bilateral transtibial amputation walking at self-selected fast speeds were used for qualitative comparison.Results:The average speeds for the able-bodied fast speed cast and normal speed no-cast trials were similar and were compared with bilateral transtibial amputation data. The able-bodied cast condition data more closely matched bilateral transtibial amputation data than the no-cast data. Ankle range-of-motion and power generation at pre-swing in the cast condition were markedly decreased, while trunk lateral flexion and transverse rotation range-of-motion and peak hip power generation increased.Conclusion:Results suggest that the absence of active ankle range-of-motion and power generation contributes to the development of characteristic compensatory gait mechanisms displayed by persons with bilateral transtibial amputation.Clinical relevanceThis study helps to improve understanding of compensatory mechanisms resulting from reduced foot and ankle joint motion to inform lower limb prosthesis design and function for improving gait quality of individuals with bilateral transtibial amputation.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Bilateral bodie":
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RIGANO, SILVIA. "Il ruolo delle parti sociali per l’evoluzione del sistema di formazione nel settore dell’edilizia". Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1226554.
Streszczenie:
La formazione per lo sviluppo di nuove competenze, nell’industria edile così come
in molti dei settori di cui si compone il tessuto produttivo italiano, è al centro di un
ampio dibattito che coinvolge plurimi aspetti: dalla costruzione di una
professionalità rispondente alle richieste del mercato, alla necessità che la forza
lavoro sia pronta a adattarsi ai cambiamenti tecnologici, demografici e sociali a cui
si andrà incontro nei prossimi anni. Partendo da questa constatazione, il lavoro di
ricerca è volto ad analizzare l’evoluzione del ruolo delle parti sociali dell’edilizia
per la regolamentazione degli aspetti formativi e del mercato del lavoro, al fine di
comprendere in che modo gli attori della rappresentanza affronteranno i
cambiamenti del prossimo futuro.
La ricerca intende approfondire le tematiche legate ai sistemi di istruzione e
formazione, provando a leggere i cambiamenti del mondo del lavoro attraverso
l’analisi di un sistema di relazioni industriali caratterizzato dalla presenza di enti
bilaterali ben strutturati e da un dialogo sociale particolarmente sviluppato – non
solo a livello nazionale – sui temi in oggetto. Si proverà, pertanto, ad interpretare la
contrattazione collettiva come strumento partecipativo per la costruzione di profili
professionali attraverso logiche bilaterali create dallo stesso sistema di relazioni
industriali. Attraverso l’analisi degli attuali strumenti di governance del mercato e
dello strumento dell’apprendistato nella sua funzione formativa, il lavoro di ricerca
descriverà l’attuale composizione del sistema per dedicare, successivamente, ampio
spazio alla progettazione formativa nazionale ed europea. Infatti, all’azione delle
parti sociali nell’ambito dei processi formativi, si unisce oggi il ruolo svolto dalla
progettazione che sembra essere in grado di ridisegnare una figura professionale e
di individuare le competenze di settore anche a livello europeo.Training for the development of new skills, in the construction industry as well as in many of the sectors of which Italy's productive fabric is composed, is at the center of a wide-ranging debate involving multiple aspects: from the construction of a professionalism responsive to market demands, to the need to adapt the workforce to the technological, demographic and social changes to be encountered in the coming years. The research is aimed at analyzing the evolving role of the social partners in the construction industry in regulating training and labor market aspects in order to understand how representative actors will face the future changes. The research intends to delve into issues related to education and training systems, trying to read the changes through the analysis of an industrial relations system characterized by the presence of well-structured bilateral bodies and a particularly developed social dialogue - not only at the national level - on these issues. An attempt will therefore be made to interpret collective bargaining as a participatory tool for the construction of job profiles through bilateral logics created by the industrial relations system itself. Through the analysis of current market governance tools and the apprenticeship in its training function, the research will describe the current composition of the system to devote, subsequently, ample space to national and European projects. In fact, the action of the social partners in the context of training processes is now joined by the role played by European projects, which seems to be able to redesign a professional figure and identify skills even at the European level.
2
Cantuarias, Salaverry Fernando, i Deville Jose Luis Repetto. "The international responsibility of States due to cancel or not to recognize awards". IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123782.
Streszczenie:
In the framework of international treaties, with special emphasis on theBilateral investment treaty (Bit), various responsibilities for states that comprise arise. However , what happens when the courts of a country interfere contrary to international standards in full force and effect of an award, the impact caused in that state and that leading to be internationally liable to a Bit or FtA are studied in this essay. the author further analyze jurisprudence of investment arbitration tribunals in cases Saipem v. Bangladesh, ATA v. Jordan Frontier Petroleum v. Czech Republic and White Industries v. India, also focuses on the case of Peru; and urges members of a treaty respect the rules of the game.En el marco de los tratados internacionales, con especial énfasis en el tratado Bilateral de inversión (Bit), surgen diversas responsabilidades para los estados que lo conforman. sin embargo, el qué ocurre cuando los órganos jurisdiccionales de un país interfieren contrariamente a los estándares internacionales en plena validez y eficacia de un laudo y la repercusión que ocasionan en tal estado y que lo conllevan a ser responsable internacionalmente frente a un Bit o un tLC, son tratados en este artículo. el autor, además de analizar jurisprudencia de los tribunales arbitrales de inversiones en los casos Saipem v. Bangladesh, ATA v. Jordania, Frontier Petroleum v. República Checa y White Industries v. India, se centra también en el caso peruano; e insta a quelos países miembros de un tratado respeten las reglas del juego.
3
Casano, Lilli Viviana. "Flessibilità ed occupabilità: i sistemi bilaterali di formazione per i lavoratori interinali in Italia ed in Francia". Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1143.
Streszczenie:
La tesi prende le mosse da una rassegna della letteratura sul ruolo della formazione continua nella realtà contemporanea, tanto nella prospettiva del contributo ai processi di sviluppo e innovazione dei sistemi produttivi, quanto rispetto alla soddisfazione delle esigenze di promozione e tutela di lavoratori che si muovono su mercati sempre più fluidi, in ragione della crescente globalizzazione e deregolamentazione dei processi economici che caratterizzano gli scenari internazionali. La ricerca si sviluppa nell ambito della seconda prospettiva analitica, a partire dall ipotesi che la compatibilità degli interessi di imprese e lavoratori in materia di formazione non sia scontata, nè riconducibile ad automatismi di mercato, ma possa essere costruita attraverso appropriati modelli di governance coerenti con gli assetti istituzionali dei contesti nazionali e locali e con i profili e gli obbiettivi degli attori coinvolti. Poichè il carattere di bene pubblico della formazione continua viene concepito come esito problematico di un processo di costruzione sociale, le domande di ricerca con cui si misura la ricerca riguardano i fattori di differenziazione ed efficacia di diversi sistemi regolativi della formazione continua, con particolare riferimento a quella rivolta ai lavoratori interinali. Per ricostruire tali meccanismi sociali si è assunta una prospettiva teorica macroistituzionalista e di political economy comparata, utilizzando una metodologia di indagine basata sull analisi comparata a livello europeo dei sistemi nazionali di regolazione della formazione per lavoratori interinali. Sono stati, così, individuati i tratti distintivi dei principali modelli nazionali, interpretandoli alla luce delle direttive della Strategia Europea per l Occupazione in materia di formazione continua. A partire da questo quadro di sfondo, l indagine si è concentrata sulla comparazione fra due casi nazionali, quello italiano e quello francese, che presentano numerosi tratti comuni, ma anche significativi elementi di differenziazione. Questi sono stati rilevati a un duplice livello: da un lato, ricostruendo il quadro normativo, i modelli di governance e i sistemi organizzativi che regolano in ciascun paese la formazione per i lavoratori interinali, con una particolare attenzione al funzionamento degli Enti bilaterali (i Fondi FAFTT-Fond Assurance Formation Travail Temporaire in Francia, Forma.Temp in Italia); dall altro, valutandone la coerenza con il profilo sociale dei lavoratori coinvolti e con le caratteristiche dei mercati del lavoro locali e nazionali, nonché la capacita di contrasto rispetto ai meccanismi di disuguaglianza sociale che differenziano la condizione dei lavoratori interinali.
Książki na temat "Bilateral bodie":
1
Kurt, Nuspliger, i Switzerland Konferenz der Kantonsregierungen, red. Zwischen EU-Beitritt und bilateralem Weg: Überlegungen und Reformbedarf aus kantonaler Sicht : Expertenberichte im Auftrag der Arbeitsgruppe "Europa - Reformen der Kantone". Zürich: Schulthess, 2006.
2
Kurt, Nuspliger, red. Entre adhésion à l'UE et voie bilatérale: Réflexions et besoin de réformes du point de vue des cantons : rapports d'experts commandés par le groupe de travail "Europe - Réformes des Cantons". Genève: Schulthess, 2006.
3
Office, General Accounting. Foreign assistance: U.S. bilateral food assistance to North Korea had mixed results : report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20013): The Office, 2000.
4
Heike, Spieker. Part IV The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, 40 Rights and Obligations of Foreign National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808404.003.0040.
Streszczenie:
This chapter describes the origins of National Societies of the Red Cross or the Red Crescent before elaborating on their legal status as well as their mandates, roles, and tasks. Together with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Federation, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies form the three components of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. They have been endowed with a mandate by the international community which is at the same time considerably broad and distinct, entailing specific tasks, roles, rights, and obligations. The scope of their privileges and immunities is limited and largely determined by bilateral agreements between a deploying National Society/Movement component and the Receiving State. The chapter highlights the legal framework of National Societies’ international operations as well as specificities of their relationship with military bodies.
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Hall, Anthony. South-South Cooperation for Social Development. Redaktorzy Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni i Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.27.
Streszczenie:
Under President Lula (2003–2010), Brazil’s foreign aid program expanded significantly into the area of South-South cooperation. This included the “soft power” fields of social protection, food security, agricultural research, and humanitarian assistance, among others, with a particular emphasis on supporting Sub-Saharan Africa, notably but not exclusively Portuguese-speaking countries. Much of this aid was provided with the support of technical assistance from UN agencies such as UNDP and FAO and bilateral aid bodies, via trilateral agreements, under the coordination of Brazil’s International Cooperation Agency (ABC). South-South collaboration is considered to be morally superior to conventional aid arrangements, being supposedly demand-driven and “non-exploitative,” thus empowering recipients in the process. Brazilian policymakers sought to transfer national anti-poverty initiatives to Africa. This was based initially on the Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer (CCT) program, but other nutritional food security initiatives followed, such as boosting small farmer production as well as supporting agribusiness.
Części książek na temat "Bilateral bodie":
1
Levrat, Nicolas. "Governance: Managing Bilateral Relations". W The Law & Politics of Brexit: Volume III, 219–39. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848468.003.0011.
Streszczenie:
This chapter provides an overview of the new governance framework for EU-UK cooperation, exploring the mechanisms established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) in managing bilateral relations. It examines the complex institutional machinery created by the TCA, including the Partnership Council, a dispute resolution system, and dozens of committees and sub-committees. As a consequence of the thin material scope of the TCA, its institutional mechanism will become the framework for continuing future negotiation between the parties. The chapter warns that the ongoing mistrust between the partners to the bilateral relation does not bode well for cooperation ahead, as a degree of trust is a necessary precondition for any efficient governance scheme.
2
Blattner, Charlotte E. "Extended Jurisdiction through Foreign Policy, Soft Law, and Self-Regulation". W Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders, 199–232. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948313.003.0007.
Streszczenie:
This chapter focuses on whether states can use extended forms of extraterritorial jurisdiction to protect animals abroad, including foreign policy rules, investment agreements, jurisdiction assigned to international bodies, and self-regulation by private actors. These subtler forms of extraterritorial regulation are fully established and widely used in human rights law. When applied to animal law, they yield substantial benefits for states that want to protect animals abroad by reaching beyond traditional command-and-control structures and tapping the expertise of non-state actors. The focus of this chapter is on investment rules, export credit standards, bilateral investment treaties, bilateral free trade agreements, impact assessments, reporting, corporate social responsibility, codes of conduct, and the Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises, issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
3
Lee, Christine U., i James F. Glockner. "Case 14.26". W Mayo Clinic Body MRI Case Review, redaktorzy Christine U. Lee i James F. Glockner, 723–24. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199915705.003.0381.
Streszczenie:
64-year-old man with recently diagnosed prostate carcinoma and elevated alkaline phosphatase level; abdominal pelvic MRI was requested to screen for metastases in this patient with a severe allergy to iodinated CT contrast Axial diffusion-weighted images (b=800 s/mm2) (Figure 14.26.1) reveal multiple small hyperintense lesions involving lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies, bilateral ribs, and the left iliac bone. Anterior and posterior views from bone scintigraphy (...
4
McRae, Donald. "State-to-State Dispute Settlement in Megaregionals". W Megaregulation Contested, 537–50. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825296.003.0024.
Streszczenie:
State-to-state dispute settlement (SSDS) in trade matters was transformed from the traditional model through the compulsory two-tier mechanism of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It now functions to contain unilateralism in trade adjudication and remedies, supplies workable interpretations and new jurisprudence on contested and evolving issues in a unified way for all states, and helps overcome impasses in WTO political bodies. The megaregional agreements, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), did not spur much further innovation over the WTO’s baseline and in fact stay closer to the weaker SSDS model of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The megaregionals continue the trend of bilateral and regional free trade agreements to include both SSDS and investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS), but do little to recalibrate the relationship and interactions between the two. It is therefore likely that ISDS cases arising under these agreements will largely resemble the dynamics of existing bilateral investment treaty (BIT)-based and United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) or International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)-ruled disputes, and that WTO dispute settlement will continue to hold sway in the field of trade for the vast number of obligations that are common to the WTO and the megaregionals.
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Karataş, Kasım, i Mustafa Baloglu. "Acculturation Stress and Its Reflections in Terms of Social Inequality". W Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 348–65. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9108-5.ch019.
Streszczenie:
Within the framework of social justice principles, it is important that the members of the host culture and the immigrant community develop bilateral acceptance and solidarity. Both bodies have responsibilities in preventing discrimination, social inequality, social disparity, and social injustice so that the experiences of acculturation stress do not become detrimental to societal peace and accord. It is an important source of social inequality that the members of the host country have prejudice and discriminate against immigrants on a personal and institutional basis and deprive them of social support. Higher levels of acculturation stress experienced by immigrant children and adolescents due to social inequality might lead to an unhealthy acculturation process. As a result, in the light of social justice and on the basis of universal human rights, a healthy social interaction and integration will be achieved by handling the process of acculturation and reducing the effects of acculturation stress.
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Peter T, Muchlinski. "Part I The Conceptual Framework, 3 Regulating Multinationals". W Multinational Enterprises and the Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198824138.003.0003.
Streszczenie:
This chapter examines the interaction of multinational enterprises (MNEs) with the political communities in which they operate. It first maps the actors involved and identifies their respective roles and interests. The chapter then considers the effects of MNEs on home and host communities and economies. This involves ideological themes that have influenced the regulatory debate not only historically, but also for the present and future. The chapter also explores the principal levels and methods of regulation, discussing the relationship between formal regulation by state bodies and informal regulation by non-state actors; outlining the available sources of regulatory rules and practices; and assessing the choices of legal jurisdiction between the national, bilateral, regional and multilateral levels. Integrated global production, dominated by MNEs, has led to changes in international and national regulatory environments away from ‘investor control’ towards ‘investor promotion and protection’. At the same time, with the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the socialist system, there appears to be no serious alternative to the corporate capitalism espoused by MNEs, backed up by the ‘neoliberal’ system of market-led globalization. However, recent challenges to the ‘neoliberal’ ascendancy come from economic nationalism and protectionism as well as greater concern for corporate social responsibility and accountability.
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Sinclair, Georgina. "Police Scotland and PSNI". W Exporting the UK Policing Brand 1989-2021, 183–207. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743200.003.0008.
Streszczenie:
Abstract This chapter considers the international policing activities of Police Scotland and PSNI and the development of their own brands by increasing their international footprint strengthened by political devolution and policing reforms. The development of a Police Scotland brand was linked to Scotland’s political trajectory following devolution and then the Scottish independence referendum. The promotion of Scottish interests internationally has seen a slow but steady growth over the past eight years with a particular growth in bilateral projects within the priority countries. The international activities of Police Scotland are examined through case studies in Malawi and Sri Lanka. The PSNI provided a template for post-conflict change management and supporting processes of change and wider lessons learning within international police reform and development which are examined within case studies in Bolivia and the Philippines. As the RUC legacy has faded into memory so a PSNI brand has developed, fostered by public bodies and private companies that have actively promoted brand Northern Ireland which has included policing, justice, and security services. The UK policing brand (re)shaped from the start of the twenty-first century with Police Scotland and PSNI becoming added to the overall international offer. However, with the reforming of the UK policing brand came a fragmentation within the delivery of international policing across the four-nation state.
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Lecours, André. "South Tyrol". W Nationalism, Secessionism, and Autonomy, 121–42. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846754.003.0006.
Streszczenie:
The sixth chapter looks at another case, South Tyrol, where secessionism has remained weak. While there has not been in Italy a series of constitutional changes affecting regional autonomy, the long-time slogan of the SVP, dynamic autonomy, speaks to the nature of South Tyrol’s autonomy within the Italian state. A striking feature of the Second Autonomy Statute for South Tyrol is that its implementation took 20 years (1972–1992). During this period, which followed a decade, the 1960s, punctuated by secessionist and irredentist violence, there was virtually no reason to adopt and support secessionist positions, as autonomous measures were gradually put into place. Most crucially, the bilateral commissions tasked with the implementations of the Second Autonomy Statute continued their work after 1992, keeping South Tyrol’s autonomy on the move, adjusting it to new circumstances, and even expanding it. These two bodies, the Commission of Six and the Commission of Twelve, play central roles in the governance of both the region of Trentino-Alto Adige and the province of Bolzano/Bozen as their enactment degrees become Italian law. The fact that South Tyrol still develops its autonomy has kept secessionist forces at bay. Indeed, incentives to support independence or reintegration with Austria are virtually non-existent in a context where autonomy can be progressively adapted, fine-tuned, and even developed in a way that largely shields South Tyrol from the broader Italian politics and maximizes the prosperity of the Alpine community.
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Quiros, Peter A., i Alfredo A. Sadun. "Inherited or Congenital Optic Nerve Diseases". W Visual Fields. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195389685.003.0010.
Streszczenie:
In this chapter, we discuss inherited/congenital optic nerve diseases and their related visual fields defects. It is important for the ophthalmologist to establish, on the basis of the visual fields defect whether the optic nerve is involved and, if so, whether this is at the level of the optic disc or further back. In addition, the visual fields defect can help establish whether the etiology is acquired or congenital. If the former is the case, then the visual fields defect may reveal an insult that is rapidly progressive and hence requires immediate and aggressive management. The diseases are divided into the categories of congenital optic disc anomalies and heredodegenerative optic atrophies. Congenital optic disc anomalies include aplasias, dysplasias (hyperplasia and hypoplasia), optic nerve colobomas and pits, anomalous disc elevations: pseudopapilledema with or without hyaline bodies (drusen), and tilted disc and crescents. Absence of the optic disc (aplasia) is extremely rare and only a few case reports have been published in the literature. Optic disc size varies and may be larger (hyperplasia) or smaller (hypoplasia) than normal. Hyperplasia is much less common than hypoplasia and is usually related to ametropias. Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) may be unilateral or bilateral and isolated or associated with different syndromes. It may be associated with good or poor visual prognosis. It is the most common congenital optic disc anomaly encountered in pediatric ophthalmic practice. When the nerve head is slightly or segmentally reduced, especially in the presence of normal visual acuity, the diagnosis is based on comparison of disc photographs or calculation of the ratio of the disc center-to-fovea distance to disc diameter. Usually this ratio is increased in hypoplasia and, if higher than 3.0, is almost diagnostic. Sometimes the hypoplastic disc is surrounded by a ring of sclera and a ring of hyperpigmentation, described as “double-ring sign”. Maternal diabetes and use of teratogenic agents such as phenytoin, alcohol, quinine, and cocaine may be associated with ONH.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Bilateral bodie":
1
Mukherjee, Rudranarayan M., i Kurt S. Anderson. "Efficient Impulse Momentum Formulation for Multi-Flexible Body Systems". W ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87408.
Streszczenie:
This paper presents the generalization of the divide and conquer impulse momentum formulation to systems with flexible bodies. The approach utilizes a hierarchic assembly-disassembly process by traversing the system topology in a binary tree map to solve for the jumps in the system generalized speeds and the constraint impulsive loads in linear and logarithmic cost in serial and parallel implementations, respectively. The coupling between the unilateral and bilateral constraints is handled efficiently through the use of kinematic joint definitions. The equations of motion for the system are produced in a hierarchic sub-structured form. The generalized impulse momenta equations of flexible bodies are derived using a projection method. The equations are then cast into a format amenable to be incorporated in the basic divide and conquer form. The solution of the equations using the hierarchic assembly disassembly process by using the boundary conditions are discussed for free floating, anchored trees and kinematically closed loop systems.
2
Salman, Dan Mohamed, Raphael Palomo Barreira, Marcelo Tognato Ximenes, Lucas Ghisleri, Vivian Gagliardi, Antonio Jose da Rocha i Rubens Jose Gagliardi. "Machiafava-Bigmami and Wernicke’s Encephalopathy: Association of two rare conditions". W XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.669.
Streszczenie:
Introduction: Both Machiafava-Bigmami disease (MBD) and Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) result from hypovitaminosis mainly associated with chronic alcoholism. The former affects the corpus callosum while the latter affects mostly the mammillary bodies. There are two main clinical subtypes for MBD in Heinrich’s classification. In type A the entire corpus callosum is affected and is characterized by acute or subacute lowering of consciousness and pyramidal deficits. A poor outcome is expected even with initial, prompt therapy. Methods: Case study with medical record review. Case report: Female patient, 53 years old, with subacute monoparesis in the right lower limb, progressing to generalized paresis, altered mental status and communication impairment. She reported smoking and chronic alcohol addiction for 30 years. She was emaciated, dehydrated, drowsy, sometimes agitated; she had eye opening to speech, dysarthric, bradypsychic, hypoactive pupils, bilateral evoked horizontal nystagmus, proximal paresis with dystonic posture. Impaired coordination and gait, with no other positive findings. Head-CT showed hypodensity in the corpus callosum, more pronounced in the splenium. Head- MRI indicated signs of abnormal impregnation in the mammillary bodies, cerebellar atrophy in the anterior vermis, diffuse cytotoxic lesion in the corpus callosum compatible with toxic demyelination. Conclusion: Although rare, such conditions must be recognized and treated promptly in order to delay progress and improve prognosis.
3
Galvez, Javier, Alejandro Cosimo, Federico J. Cavalieri, Alberto Cardona i Olivier Brüls. "A General Purpose Formulation for Nonsmooth Dynamics Including Large Rotations: Application to the Woodpecker Toy". W ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97606.
Streszczenie:
Abstract The aim of this work is to extend the finite element multibody dynamics approach to problems involving frictional contacts and impacts. Since rigid bodies and joints involve bilateral constraints, it is important to avoid any drift phenomenon. Therefore, the nonsmooth generalized-α method is used, which imposes the constraints both at position and at velocity levels. Its low intrusiveness allows one to reuse an existing library of elements without major modifications. The study of the woodpecker toy dynamics sets up a good example to show the capabilities of the nonsmooth generalized-α within the context of a general finite element framework. This example has already been studied by many authors who generally adopt a model with a minimal set of coordinates and small rotations. We show that using a finite element approach, the equations of motion can be assembled automatically, and large rotations can be easily considered.
4
Mukherjee, Rudranarayan M. "Operational Space Impulse Momentum Algorithm for Flexible Multibody Systems With Generalized Topologies". W ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48886.
Streszczenie:
This paper presents a new methodology for modeling discontinuous dynamics of flexible and rigid multibody systems based on the impulse momentum formulation. The new methodology is based on the seminal idea of the divide and conquer scheme for modeling the forward dynamics of rigid multibody systems. While a similar impulse momentum approach has been demonstrated for multibody systems in tree topologies, this paper presents the generalization of the approach to systems in generalized topologies including many coupled kinematically closed loops. The approach utilizes a hierarchic assembly-disassembly process by traversing the system topology in a binary tree map to solve for the jumps in the system generalized speeds and the constraint impulsive loads in linear and logarithmic cost in serial and parallel implementations, respectively. The coupling between the unilateral and bilateral constraints is handled efficiently through the use of kinematic joint definitions. The generalized impulse momenta equations of flexible bodies are derived using a projection method.
5
Kang, Inseung, Hsiang Hsu i Aaron J. Young. "Design and Validation of a Torque Controllable Hip Exoskeleton for Walking Assistance". W ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9198.
Streszczenie:
Recent technological advancements have expanded the field of human augmentation. Specifically, lower limb exoskeletons have benefited many by providing assistance to increase mobility. The proposed study aims to develop a novel bilateral hip exoskeleton that provides mechanical power assistance in both hip flexion and extension during walking. Each actuation unit employs series elastic actuator for a high fidelity closed loop torque control utilizing a ball screw transmission incorporated with a fiberglass leaf spring. The control architecture was divided into three tiers and each tier implemented different control algorithms. The device was experimentally validated with both benchtop and human testing. Benchtop testing was done to tune required control parameters in the low-level controller and to validate the torque response. We tested five able-bodied subjects walking with our device. We analyzed their kinematic and kinetic data with different levels of mechanical power assistance during walking. Our benchtop testing results showed that the low-level PID gains were tuned to achieve desired bandwidth and torque tracking. Human testing results demonstrated that the high-level controller provided an accurate information for assistance onset timing that the hip exoskeleton was able to assist the user effectively.
6
Coy Fuster, Pilar, Sebastian Canovas, Ann Van Soom, Nicola Bernabo, Patrick Lonergan i Karl Schellander. "European Joint Doctorates: myth or reality?" W Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11209.
Streszczenie:
Today, there is a lack of consensus for the full implementation of common programmes recognizing the “highest” level of higher education in Europe. Even though cotuttelle agreements are widely used for international joint supervision of PhD theses, these are merely bilateral and individual case-based agreements, far away from a real joint degree under a legal framework that establishes the programme. This article aims to describe the experience of the authors in the management and coordination of a joint doctoral programme between 2015 and 2019 and the results obtained from the interrogation of official websites about the reality in Europe concerning such programmes. Our conclusion is that, still in the 21st century, there is a huge gap to be overcome before the existence of Joint International/European Doctorates can be considered an everyday reality. Although various attempts have been made in the last 20 years, there is still a long way to go for Higher Education institutions to integrate all aspects of such programmes, and to make them something more and different than an additional Diploma Supplement. In the authors´ opinion, major efforts must be made by the administrative bodies, although the drive of the academic staff is crucial for success.
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Lemos, Nathalia Oliveira, Fábio Bagnoli, Maria Antonieta Longo Galvão Silva, José Francisco Rinaldi i Vilmar Marques de Oliveira. "INVASIVE LOBULAR BREAST CANCER METASTATIC TO THE ORBIT: A CASE REPORT". W XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mastologia. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s1048.
Streszczenie:
Invasive lobular carcinoma represents 5%–15% of breast carcinomas, presenting in many cases as multicentric and bilateral tumors with low mammographic detection. The most common breast cancer metastases are the bones, lungs, brain, and liver. However, the disease can also spread to abdominal cavity, ovaries, and skin. The orbit is an infrequent site of tumor metastasis, ranging from 1% to 13% among all orbital tumors, and breast, lung, and prostate are among the most common primary sites. We report the case of a 73-year-old female patient who presented with a palpable mass in the left orbital rim, whose incisional biopsy revealed a pattern compatible with invasive breast carcinoma with lobular characteristics and E-cadherin overexpression, luminal molecular subtype B. She denied breast complaints and palpable nodules, but on clinical examination she showed a tumor in the inferolateral quadrant of the left breast measuring 6 cm and a left axilla with lymph node enlargement suspected of lymph node involvement. Mammography identified suspicious nodulation in this topography, confirmed by ultrasound. The diagnosis made through core biopsy was an invasive breast carcinoma with lobular characteristics, and the immunohistochemical profile showed luminal molecular subtype B. Systemic staging revealed involvement of the retroperitoneum, left ovarian annex, vertebral bodies, pelvis, right femur, and left iliac suspected for secondary involvement. The patient is currently undergoing adjuvant systemic treatment.
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Boff, Germano Ramos, Elan Jedson Lemos, Bruna Walter Pasetti, Leonardo Henrique Bertolucci i Ricardo Antonio Boff. "A CASE REPORT: BREAST MYIASIS — AN UNCOMMON DISEASE". W XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mastologia. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s1015.
Streszczenie:
Myiasis is a dermatosis resulting from flies’ larvae infestation in animal and human tissues. More prevalent in subtropical and tropical countries, it is related to lower social and economic levels. The fly species that can cause this pathology are Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cochliomyia hominivorax, and Dermatobia hominis. The infestation happens after eggs are deposited in a disrupted tissue or by an orifice caused by a fly sting and attacks cutaneous and mucous membranes in many body regions, including the breast. There is no person-to-person transmission. The larvae feed on the injured tissue, leading to pain and tissue destruction. The abscesses, tuberculosis, and inflammatory sebaceous cysts are clinical conditions to be ruled out in differential diagnosis. An abscess is the most common inflammatory breast condition, presenting with pain, erythema, and local heating. A cold abscess may lead to the suspicion of mycobacteria infection, mostly in lactating women. Otherwise, sebaceous cysts when inflamed may look like an abscess, but will not have fluctuation signs, and an ultrasound (US) image will help the diagnosis. The diagnosis is clinical and done by observing moving larvae or by US showing a well-defined lesion, with high echogenicity, and the presence of larvae. The best treatment option is manual larvae extraction, associated or not with paste vaseline or mineral oil covering the affected area, which causes larvae immobilization and asphyxia. The ideal treatment is to remove the larvae intact, because maceration leads to the release of irritating substances into the surrounding tissue. Surgery is not a good option. It is useful to prescribe an antibiotic regimen to treat or prevent infections. This case report allows the conclusion that myiasis is an uncommon breast pathology and sometimes may be ignored in the clinical setting. For this reason, its presence must always be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of breast diseases in certain groups of patients coming from at-risk areas. A 56-yearold white female, obese, with low social and economic conditions, came to a public health outpatient clinic complaining of increasing volume, hardening, and skin alterations in the right breast (hyperemia and skin thickening) in the past 10 years. No investigation was done during this long period, but the symptoms worsened in the past 6 months and severe pain was reported by the patient. She was referred to a specialized center and a bilateral mammogram revealed an extensive asymmetry in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast with architectural distortion associated with uncountable atypical calcifications and diffuse dermal thickening, classified as BIRADS 5. Physical examination revealed the presence of bilateral, enlarged, suspected axillary lymph nodes. The patient underwent breast core biopsy that resulted in invasive breast cancer of nonspecial histologic type, Nottingham grade 3, molecular type luminal B (RE 20%, RP 30%, negative HER-2, and KI-67 60%/cells). After being staged with radiologic examinations, she was found with multiple bone metastases in the thoracic and lumbar bodies, as well as a lytic lesion in the left iliac wing. She started treatment with the oncology team using hormone therapy plus Zoledronic Acid plus chemotherapy. One month after beginning therapy, she went to an emergency unit presenting cavitations and dimpling in the right breast, associated with bullous lesions, necrosis, and bad smell. Physical examination demonstrated live moving larvae over the necrotic tissue, confirming the diagnosis of breast myiasis associated with a stage IV breast carcinoma.
9
Chen, Siqing, i He Xu. "Modeling, Analysis, and Function Extension of the McKibben Hydraulic Artificial Muscles". W BATH/ASME 2020 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2020-2741.
Streszczenie:
Abstract Compared with rigid robots, flexible robots have soft and extensible bodies enforcing their abilities to absorb shock and vibration, hence reducing the impact of probable collisions. Due to their high adaptability and minimally invasive features, soft robots are used in various fields. The McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles are the most popular soft actuator because of the controllability of hydraulic actuator and high force to weight ratio. When its deformation reaches a certain level, the actuators can be stopped automatically without any other braking mechanism. The research of McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles is beneficial to the theoretical analysis of soft actuators in the mechanical system. The design of soft actuators with different deformations promotes the development of soft robots. In this paper, a static modeling of the McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles is established, and its correctness is verified by theoretical analysis and experiment. In this model, the deformation mechanism of the artificial muscle and the law of output force is put forward. The relationship between muscle pressure, load, deformation, and muscle design parameters is presented through the mechanical analysis of the braid, elastic tube, and sealed-end. The law of the muscle deformation with high pressure is predicted. The reason for the muscle’s tiny elongation with extremely high pressure is found through the analysis of the relationship between the angle of the braid, the length of single braided thread, and the pressure. With the increase of pressure, the angle of the braid tends to a fixed value. As the stress of braided thread increases, so does its length. The length changes obviously when the stress is extremely enormous. The angle of the braid and the length of the braided thread control the deformation of artificial muscles, resulting in a slight lengthening with extreme high pressure. Under normal pressure, the length of the braided wire is negligible, so that the entire muscle becomes shorter. According to the modeling and theoretical analysis, a new McKibben hydraulic artificial muscle that can elongate under normal rising pressure is designed. This artificial muscle can grow longer with pressure increases, eventually reaching its maximum length. During this time, its diameter barely changes. Its access pressure is higher than that of conventional elongated artificial muscles. Through experiments, the relationship between the muscle deformation, pressure, and load still conform to this theoretical model. This model can be used for the control of soft actuators and the design of new soft robots. This extensional McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles and the conventional McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles can be used in the bilateral control of soft robots.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Bilateral bodie":
1
Bolton, Laura. Donor Support for the Human Rights of LGBT+. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.100.
Streszczenie:
This rapid review synthesises evidence on the bilateral and multilateral donors promoting and protecting the human rights of LGBT+ people on a global scale. It focusses on those donors that have policies, implementation plans and programmes on LGBT+ rights. This review also examines the evidence on the impact of their work. The bilateral donors providing the most support for LGBT+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, +) communities in 2017-18 are the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), UK Department for International Development (DFID), The Netherlands Development Cooperation, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), and the European Commission (EC). Whilst the multilateral donors providing the most support for LGBT+ are the UN and World Bank. The United Nations (UN) is doing a huge amount of work on LGBT+ rights across the organisation which there was not scope to fully explore in this report. The UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (UNOCHR) in particular is doing a lot on this theme. They publish legal obligation information, call attention to rights abuses through general assembly resolutions. The dialogue with governments, monitor violations and support human rights treaties bodies. The work of the World Bank in this area focuses on inclusion rather than rights. A small number of projects were identified which receive funding from bilateral and multilateral donors. These were AMSHeR, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), and Stonewall. This rapid review focused on identifying donor support for LGBT+ rights, therefore, searches were limited to general databases and donor websites, utilising non-academic and donor literature. Much of the information comes directly from websites and these are footnoted throughout the report. Little was identified in the way of impact evaluation within the scope of this report. The majority of projects found through searches were non-governmental and so not the focus of this report.
2
Kelly, Luke. Lessons Learned on Cultural Heritage Protection in Conflict and Protracted Crisis. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), kwiecień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.068.
Streszczenie:
This rapid review examines evidence on the lessons learned from initiatives aimed at embedding better understanding of cultural heritage protection within international monitoring, reporting and response efforts in conflict and protracted crisis. The report uses the terms cultural property and cultural heritage interchangeably. Since the signing of the Hague Treaty in 1954, there has bee a shift from 'cultural property' to 'cultural heritage'. Culture is seen less as 'property' and more in terms of 'ways of life'. However, in much of the literature and for the purposes of this review, cultural property and cultural heritage are used interchangeably. Tangible and intangible cultural heritage incorporates many things, from buildings of globally recognised aesthetic and historic value to places or practices important to a particular community or group. Heritage protection can be supported through a number of frameworks international humanitarian law, human rights law, and peacebuilding, in addition to being supported through networks of the cultural and heritage professions. The report briefly outlines some of the main international legal instruments and approaches involved in cultural heritage protection in section 2. Cultural heritage protection is carried out by national cultural heritage professionals, international bodies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well as citizens. States and intergovernmental organisations may support cultural heritage protection, either bilaterally or by supporting international organisations. The armed forces may also include the protection of cultural heritage in some operations in line with their obligations under international law. In the third section, this report outlines broad lessons on the institutional capacity and politics underpinning cultural protection work (e.g. the strength of legal protections; institutional mandates; production and deployment of knowledge; networks of interested parties); the different approaches were taken; the efficacy of different approaches; and the interface between international and local approaches to heritage protection.