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Theckethil, Reshmi. "Building Codes." Journal of Security Education 1, no. 4 (October 20, 2006): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j460v01n04_09.
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Green, Melvyn, and Anne L. Watson. "Building Codes: Evaluating Buildings in Seismic Zones." APT Bulletin 20, no. 2 (1988): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1494245.
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Anonymous. "Building codes decoded." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 76, no. 2 (January 10, 1995): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo076i002p00010-02.
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Contestabile, Monica. "Australian building codes." Nature Climate Change 2, no. 8 (July 27, 2012): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1651.
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F. Fakunle, Funke, Chibuzo Opiti, Ahmed A. Sheikh, and Adebayo A. Fashina. "Major barriers to the enforcement and violation of building codes and regulations: a global perspective." SPC Journal of Environmental Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 12–18. https://doi.org/10.14419/jes.v2i1.30371.
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For centuries now, building codes have been a vital instrument for minimizing susceptibility to natural hazards. These codes are guides to architects and engineers when designing new buildings or renovating existing buildings in vulnerable areas. However, the productive implementation of building codes demands a good institutional structure and training of construction practitioners including artisan. This implies that the introduction of building codes and its proper administration will not be effective unless there is a strategic plan for its enforcement process. This is because the deficiencies and violations of building codes/regulations could lead to a large number of shortcomings, particularly regarding the minimum requirements for public health, safety, general welfare, building quality and environmental protection. It is thus clear that there is a need to explore the barriers associated with the implementation and enforcement of building codes/regulations in different countries. This paper seeks to provide a better understanding on the major barriers to the enforcement and violation of building codes and regulations from a global perspective by reviewing building codes, exploring how they are enforced and the penalties for non-compliances in different countries. Finally, this paper concludes that some of the building codes and regulations are too complex for construction and building professional, and as such, many countries still struggle to understand the proper enforcement of building codes. Â
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Baum, Janet. "What are building codes?" Chemical Health and Safety 12, no. 1 (January 2005): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chs.2004.09.012.
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Zaalishvili, Vladislav. "Soils’ classification according to their seismic properties in Building Codes of various countries." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 09032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128109032.
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The article presents the results of Building Codes’ analysis in different countries of the world in terms of taking into account the seismic properties of soils when calculating buildings and structures for seismic effects. The main indicators of the soils’ seismic properties are highlighted, their analysis is carried out from the point of view of the possibility and necessity of taking them into account in the future Building Codes of Georgia. The basis for the soils’ classification according to their seismic properties has been developed. The conclusion about the validity of using the new Building Codes of Russia and the Building Codes of the United Europe (Eurocode-8) is made as the basis for future Russian standards in terms of taking into account the seismic properties of soils by their seismic properties. The paper indicates that the new Building Codes in Russia will be developed based on the Building Codes of the former USSR. The main provisions of the standards have been tested in practice and, if the construction is in accordance with them, buildings and structures withstand seismic effects well. These Regulations do not contradict the Eurocode-8 Standards, which are undoubtedly more progressive and can be taken as a basis for future Building Codes in Russia. In conclusion, the main criteria for the soils’ classification according to their seismic properties are given.
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A. Sheikh, Ahmed, Funke F. Fakunle, and Adebayo A. Fashina. "The status quo of building codes and construction practices in Somaliland: practitioners' perceptions." SPC Journal of Environmental Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 4–11. https://doi.org/10.14419/jes.v2i1.30357.
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For several years, building codes have been perceived as one of the significant ways of establishing building quality, environmental protection, public health and safety, and energy efficiency in the building and construction industry. Conversely, some least developing countries like Somaliland are yet to adopt and enforce the current building codes and as such allowing the construction of buildings that do not meet the minimum international standards on public health and safety. Consequently, this paper seeks to review the overall and genuine picture about Somaliland 's building traditions, history, and advancement alongside the construction practices in Somaliland. In addition, unstructured interviews were held with some top governmental officials from the Ministry of Housing and Public Works, Ministry of Environment & Rural Development, the Somaliland Fire Agency, and Hargeisa Regional Court to carefully explore the status quo of building codes in Somaliland. This was achieved by generating qualitative data via the use of open-ended questions. The findings from the study revealed that there are currently no building codes or regulations in Somaliland. Meaning that the building industry is presently self-governed by the owners and the construction professionals. The study concludes that in spite of the absent of building codes and regulations, there have been a rapid development in the building and construction industry and the increase of mid-rise building of four to six story buildings in Somaliland. Â
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Kuramoto, Hiroshi. "A Short Note for Dr. Watabe’s Review in 1974." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0357.
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In the preceding article, I reviewed two seismic design codes of the Building Standard Law of Japan, revised in 1981 and 2000, with the transition of Japanese seismic design codes. Having read the 1974 review by Dr. Makoto Watabe, I was most impressed by his comprehensive understanding of seismic structural systems for buildings – an understanding that is fresh even today, more than 3 decades later. He moves from the basic principles for seismic building design to earthquake-resistant properties of building. The general seismic design principles of buildings he has reviewed are very sound and introduced both in current seismic design codes I have reviewed and the seismic design of super high-rise buildings over 60 m high.
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Shan, Zhi, Dingkang Fu, Lijie Qiu, Yuling Liang, and Chao Huang. "A Semi-Explicit Practical Coding Method for Prefabricated Building Component Parts in China." Buildings 13, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051236.
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In the context of building industrialization, the dissemination and transmission of information related to prefabricated building component parts are of paramount importance throughout the building’s life cycle and the entire industry chain, necessitating high standards of information integration. At present, the development of information coding for prefabricated building component parts in China is hindered by various challenges, such as the lack of uniform norms and standards across different regions, as well as significant differences in the composition and character length of coded information categories. Through reviewing academic papers and society, group, and local standards related to the coding of prefabricated building component parts, this article identifies the importance of component part coding information categories. Considering the readability of codes, a practical coding system is adopted for the coding design, proposing a semi-implicit practical coding method for prefabricated building component parts. This method has strong flexibility and wide applicability. Additionally, a common coding system for component parts is devised to address the issue of missing information caused by the limited characters of component parts codes. This system enables comprehensive life cycle information management of component parts of prefabricated buildings and promotes the application of prefabricated buildings in China.
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Shrestha, Jagat K., Nirajan Paudel, Bishal Koirala, Binod R. Giri, and Adarsha Lamichhane. "Impact of Revised Code NBC105 on Assessment and Design of Low Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 16, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v16i1.36527.
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Gorkha Earthquake in 2015 has impacted considerably in the design and construction of buildings in Nepal. Strength and Safety of life and constructions have become the prime concerns of the government and the public. Regulation is required to achieve the strength and safety in the constructions. Hence, a need for revision of building codes has been felt and Nepal Building Code, NBC105 has been revised. This paper presents the impact of the revised code on seismic load estimation for low rise reinforced concrete buildings. For the assessment of the impact linear and non- linear static and linear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete residential buildings of two storey and four Storey has been taken subjected to Indian Standard Codes IS 1893: 2002, IS 1893:2016, Nepal Building Codes NBC 105: 1994 and NBC 105: 2020. The buildings were modeled and analyzed in SAP2000. The response of the buildings such as time period, base shear, drifts, and storey forces from the application of the four codes was compared. The comparison of the results shows that the structural response of the building under the revised NBC105:2020 is 60% to 65% higher compared to the previous code NBC105:1994.
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Kamgar, Reza, Sayyed Morteza Hatefi, and Noorollah Majidi. "A Fuzzy Inference System in Constructional Engineering Projects to Evaluate the Design Codes for RC Buildings." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091147.
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Economical design of a building is one of the main aims that should be followed because of its importance in constructional projects. In order to have an economical design, longitudinal reinforcing bars in the reinforced concrete members are among those parts of the structure that can be designed economically. The application of fuzzy inference systems provides an effective tools to handle the uncertainties and subjectivities arising in the designing process of buildings. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to propose a fuzzy inference system to evaluate the building design codes from an economical point of view. For this purpose, after designing the mentioned fuzzy inference system, three examples of three-dimensional concrete buildings are analyzed and designed using different codes. For all these codes, the structural properties of concrete buildings, the gravity and the seismic loads are considered to be the same. Finally, it finds that the fuzzy logic theory is an effective and practical tool to compute a value that shows the distance between the designed building and the economically designed building. Also, it concludes that between the studied codes, (EUROCODE 2-1992, Hong Kong CP-04, CSA A23.3-04 and ACI 318-05), the ACI 318-05 and Hong Kong CP04 codes lead to a more economical design for taller buildings. For low-rise buildings, the CSA A23.3-04 and ACI 318-05 codes lead to an economical design. Also, the EUROCODE 2-1992 has a minimum value for the economical design of all the considered buildings.
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Perera, Ishanka, Kasun Hewage, Anber Rana, and Rehan Sadiq. "Combining Energy Performance and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in Buildings: A Systematic Review on Common IEQ Guidelines and Energy Codes in North America." Energies 18, no. 7 (March 31, 2025): 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071740.
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The indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in buildings is vital for health, work efficiency, productivity, and the overall sustainability of buildings. IEQ is governed by four parameters: indoor air quality and thermal, acoustic, and visual comfort. The recent pandemic has compelled people to think beyond energy efficiency and refocus on the health, well-being, and productivity of building occupants. Despite numerous IEQ guidelines and standards, there remains a paucity of systematic research that critically examines the relationship between IEQ and building energy efficiency. This systematic review explores the existing equilibrium and identifies gaps between IEQ standards and building energy codes. Firstly, this review examined the status of the IEQ standards and identified that most of the North American IEQ guidelines cannot achieve energy efficiency targets. Secondly, existing building energy codes were reviewed to determine how well these codes fare with IEQ requirements. It was revealed that the expensive energy certification documents are more focused on IEQ than traditional energy codes. The identified factors indicate that most building energy codes can meet only indoor air quality thresholds (a subset of IEQ), while other parameters are inadequately addressed. This review revealed 19 relationships between IEQs and energy efficiency. Building energy code/IEQ guidelines developers could consider the identified 19 relationships to develop a combined set of guidelines/standards for future building stock. An integration model between IEQ and energy efficiency is proposed as a future research direction to contribute to the better design and construction of modern buildings. The findings will facilitate the construction of healthy and sustainable buildings, and they aim to generate new residential communities that achieve an optimal health–energy–carbon nexus.
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J.Sankar*, E.V.Raghava Rao N.Chennakesavulu. "DESIGN OF G+4 HOSPITAL BUILDING FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 546–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.203980.
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It has been said that “Earthquake don’t kill people but buildings kill people”. By taking care to make the constructions earthquake proof, we cannot only reduce economic loss but also loss of precious lives. Major earthquakes in India have damaged or destroyed numerous buildings. By monitoring how buildings respond to earthquake and applying the knowledge gained engineers are improving the ability of structures to survive major earthquakes. Designing a building is always a challenge and that challenge is compounded when they are built in earthquake prone. As earth scientists learn more about ground motion during earthquakes and structural engineers. Use this information to stronger buildings that can withstand earthquakes, engineers must and should understand the stresses caused by shaking. Every time a strong earthquake occurs, the new information gathered enables engineers to refine and improve structural design and building codes. Such loss of life and property can be reduced. Building codes provide the first line of defence against future earthquake damage and help to ensure public safety. Records of building response to earthquakes, especially those from structures that failed or damaged have led to many revisions and improvements in building codes. Earthquakes are of low permeability but high risk events .Awareness against earthquake is the need. We are the engineers to be blamed for such hazards.
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Dubynin, N. V., and E. A. Lepeshkina. "ARCHITECTURAL CREATIVITY AND BUILDING CODES." Вестник Московского информационно-технологического университета - Московского архитектурно-строительного института, no. 2 (2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52470/2619046x_2020_2_26.
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Colwell, Peter F., and Abdullah Yavas. "The Value of Building Codes." Real Estate Economics 20, no. 4 (December 1992): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00593.
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Nawari, Nawari O., and Adel Alsaffar. "Methods for Computable Building Codes." Civil Engineering and Architecture 3, no. 6 (December 2015): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2015.030601.
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Gwin, Carl R., and Seow‐Eng Ong. "Homeowner warranties and building codes." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 18, no. 4 (August 2000): 456–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780010345409.
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Ehsan, Salimi Firoozabad, K. Rama Mohan Rao, and Bagheri Bahador. "Determination of Time Period of Vibration Effect on Seismic Performance of Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.878.
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Most seismic codes specify empirical formulas to obtain the fundamental period of buildings. The equations specified in present IS codes, are according to the available data on the time period of buildings measured from their recorded accelerograms. Shear-wall dominant reinforced concrete buildings, constructed, using codes specification are commonly built in different countries, facing a substantial seismic risk, in spite of their high resistance against ground motions. Current seismic code provisions including the Uniform Building Code (International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, 1997) and the Indian Seismic Code (Criteria for earthquake resistant design of buildings, fifth revision, 2002) are considered to evaluate the effect of time period on seismic behavior of building.In this study, time period obtained by code formulas are compared with those obtained by modal analysis in SAP2000. Also the top story displacement (as an adequate parameter of determination the seismic performance of building) correspond to the values of mentioned time period are estimated using uniform building code and software respectively. It is observed that current empirical equation for calculating the time period of RCC buildings is rather inaccurate. Also it is shown that the time period has very effective influence on seismic performance of building.
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Abdulqader, Diman N., and Dawood S. Atrushi. "Evaluation and Assessment of Existing Design Codes and Standards for Building Construction." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 10, no. 2 (November 19, 2022): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10983.
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Building design codes (BDC) are used to control the construction industry in general and building design in particular. The BDC offers the construction sector with a standard language and set of requirements. There are several BDCs developed and utilized for construction purposes throughout the world. Certain design codes are employed in structural design to assure the structure’s health and safety, as well as its cost-effectiveness. It also assures that the structure is sufficiently sturdy to endure all potential climatic conditions, bear its intended load, and is integrated to ensure effective use of building materials and resources. This research aims to compare various building construction design codes to identify and explore the most appropriate standard in terms of safe design, economics, and availability of details. In Kurdistan and different parts of Iraq, many international companies have designed building structures with various codes during the past 20 years. This is a bad condition since the government has no control over the construction of the buildings, which includes both the code and the building materials. There is currently no overview of the design codes in use in Kurdistan, nor is it clear whether they are congruent with what students’ study in institutions.
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Natarajan, Ramesh Babu, and C. V. Subramanian. "Perception of Fire safety evacuation design towards Fire Disaster in core towns of southern region of India." Disaster Advances 16, no. 8 (July 15, 2023): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1608da016027.
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Old south Indian traditional towns are subjected to tremendous morphological changes. In an urban environment, fire is considered a manmade disaster. Urban pressure demands densely constructed built environments with critical fire risk parameters. In spite of various codes, building regulations that are formulated and enforced for the safety of human life and buildings, built environments in traditional areas of south India do not comply with fire safety codes and regulations. This study focuses on the perception of fire safety evacuation design by professionals who design buildings in the urban areas of south India namely “Kumbakonam, Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli.” The fire safety evacuation parameters related to building characteristics namely number of exits, occupant load, width of exit routes/exit doors, maximum travel distance and corridor widths are considered in the present study. A structured survey has been conducted among 380 architects and engineers, who are directly involved in building designs in the aforementioned cities of south India to understand the perception of fire safety design. Therefore, this study identifies the challenges in complying existing codes and regulations, perception and knowledge in application of fire safety codes in continuous building area (CBA). In continuous building areas, the existing regulations and codes are ineffective for fire safety concern as perceived by architects and engineers. A significant percentage of respondents does not consider maximum travel distance calculation (23.15%), occupancy load (24.21%) and capacity factors calculations (33.95%) in their building design which are important determinant criteria for fire safety evacuation design during a fire disaster.
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Stepinac, Mislav, Iztok Šušteršič, Igor Gavrić, and Vlatka Rajčić. "Seismic Design of Timber Buildings: Highlighted Challenges and Future Trends." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041380.
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Use of timber as a construction material has entered a period of renaissance since the development of high-performance engineered wood products, enabling larger and taller buildings to be built. In addition, due to substantial contribution of the building sector to global energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and waste production, sustainable solutions are needed, for which timber has shown a great potential as a sustainable, resilient and renewable building alternative, not only for single family homes but also for mid-rise and high-rise buildings. Both recent technological developments in timber engineering and exponentially increased use of engineered wood products and wood composites reflect in deficiency of current timber codes and standards. This paper presents an overview of some of the current challenges and emerging trends in the field of seismic design of timber buildings. Currently existing building codes and the development of new generation of European building codes are presented. Ongoing studies on a variety topics within seismic timber engineering are presented, including tall timber and hybrid buildings, composites with timber and seismic retrofitting with timber. Crucial challenges, key research needs and opportunities are addressed and critically discussed.
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Leerbeck, Kenneth, Peder Bacher, Rune Grønborg Junker, Anna Tveit, Olivier Corradi, Henrik Madsen, and Razgar Ebrahimy. "Control of Heat Pumps with CO2 Emission Intensity Forecasts." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112851.
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An optimized heat pump control for building heating was developed for minimizing CO 2 emissions from related electrical power generation. The control is using weather and CO 2 emission forecasts as inputs to a Model Predictive Control (MPC)—a multivariate control algorithm using a dynamic process model, constraints and a cost function to be minimized. In a simulation study, the control was applied using weather and power grid conditions during a full-year period in 2017–2018 for the power bidding zone DK2 (East, Denmark). Two scenarios were studied; one with a family house and one with an office building. The buildings were dimensioned based on standards and building codes/regulations. The main results are measured as the CO 2 emission savings relative to a classical thermostatic control. Note that this only measures the gain achieved using the MPC control, that is, the energy flexibility, not the absolute savings. The results show that around 16% of savings could have been achieved during the period in well-insulated new buildings with floor heating. Further, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of various building properties, for example, level of insulation and thermal capacity. Danish building codes from 1977 and forward were used as benchmarks for insulation levels. It was shown that both insulation and thermal mass influence the achievable flexibility savings, especially for floor heating. Buildings that comply with building codes later than 1979 could provide flexibility emission savings of around 10%, while buildings that comply with earlier codes provided savings in the range of 0–5% depending on the heating system and thermal mass.
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Anjay, Kumar Mishra, Karmacharya Ganesh, and S. Aithal P. "Compliance Status of Building Bylaws and Codes in High-rise Apartment Buildings of Nepal." International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters (IJAEML) 5, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 66–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4774677.
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<strong>Purpose:</strong> The implementation and compliance of building bylaws and building codes in apartment buildings in Nepal are always questionable. Thus, the overall objective of the study was to assess the building bylaws and building code compliance in apartment buildings. <strong>Design/Methodology/Approach:</strong> Data were collected by field observation of selected thirteen apartments and questionnaire survey after extensive literature review. It is analyzed based on the standard of codes and bylaws and effect during the earthquake and presented using charts, tables, and graphs. <strong>Findings/Result:</strong> Though the provisions of bylaws i.e., greenery open space have not complied in four apartments and setback criteria have not complied in two apartments, all other provisions of bylaws have fully complied with in all thirteen apartments selected for the study. Likewise, most of the provisions of the Nepal National Building Code have fully complied in all thirteen apartments selected for the study. However, the RCC bands in masonry infill walls were not provided in all the thirteen selected apartments. The study revealed that the structural members in most of the apartments during the Gorkha earthquake 2015 were damaged minor to moderate only. But the nonstructural infill walls in most of the apartments were damaged moderately to severely. The main reason for severe to moderate damage on nonstructural infill walls of apartments was due to the RCC bands and vertical reinforcement not provided in the nonstructural walls. So, the RCC bands shall be provided in masonry infill walls and also the nonstructural masonry infill walls should be replaced in apartment buildings with lightweight, prefabricated materials to avoid damage in masonry infill walls. Similarly, the designer and developer himself should be made fully responsible and accountable for full compliance of building code and building Bylaws. Rewards and punishment systems should be introduced with the level of compliance with the provisions of codes and bylaws. Thus, the study revealed that the apartment building construction is a formal housing process regulated by the government of Nepal in the overall process of approval, supervision, and monitoring. The High-rise apartment buildings in Kathmandu valley are safe enough from earthquake, fire, and other natural disasters since the compliance with building codes and bylaws is satisfactory. Also, there is no option to go for High-rise Apartment buildings in the cities like Kathmandu where the land is very limited. <strong>Originality/Value:</strong> It is empirical research to signify the compliance and contribution of building codes and bylaws <strong>Paper Type:</strong> Ex-post facto project management research.
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Ramy, Mohammed Abdelrahman Aly Aggag, Dr. Mohamed Basil Emara Prof., and Mohamed Amr Salama Dr. "Seismic Analysis of High Rise Buildings Using Different Codes." International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences 10, no. 3 (December 4, 2023): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10255023.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> An examination was conducted on a residential building in Egypt consisting of 15 stories to assess its ability to withstand lateral loads. The analysis was then repeated for the same building, but with an increased number of stories, reaching a total of 30 stories. Two different lateral load resisting systems, namely outriggers and bracing systems, were used in the study. The analysis of all the buildings was performed using the ETABS 2015 program, according to the Egyptian, European, and American codes. High-rise buildings in Egypt commonly range from 15 to 30 stories. Consequently, a linear analysis was conducted on the 30-storey building using the Egyptian, European, and American codes, but in a different region and soil type compared to the initial study. The findings indicate that the Egyptian code yields higher values for base shear, maximum displacement, and total weight of the building compared to European and American codes. Furthermore, the lateral load resisting system experienced a significant increase when the building was relocated from a seismic region to a higher seismic region.<strong>Keywords:</strong> Earthquakes, seismic analysis, Outer Bracing, High rise buildings, Outrigger and Belts system.<strong>Title:</strong> Seismic Analysis of High Rise Buildings Using Different Codes<strong>Author:</strong> Ramy Mohammed Abdelrahman Aly Aggag, Prof. Dr. Mohamed Basil Emara, Dr. Mohamed Amr Salama<strong>International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences</strong><strong>ISSN 2394-7357</strong><strong>Vol. 10, Issue 3, September 2023 - December 2023</strong><strong>Page No: 36-43</strong><strong>Novelty Journals</strong><strong>Website: www.noveltyjournals.com</strong><strong>Published Date: 04-December-2023</strong><strong>DOI: </strong><strong>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10255023</strong><strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong><strong>https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/Seismic%20Analysis%20of%20High%20Rise-04122023-2.pdf</strong>
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Luft, RenéW. "Comparisons among Earthquake Codes." Earthquake Spectra 5, no. 4 (November 1989): 767–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585552.
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This review paper compares ANSI, NEHRP, SEAOC, and UBC. A few essential differences among these documents are as follows: (a) The NEHRP document gives force levels corresponding to a strength-based or limit states design, while the other three documents give force levels that correspond to working or service stress design; (b) the importance factor is used as a multiplier of base shear level in all documents except NEHRP, which treats building importance by a seismic hazard exposure group; (c) NEHRP and UBC-1988 contain detailing requirements for all common construction materials and all seismic zones, while UBC-1985 contains detailing requirements for zones of high seismicity but only limited requirements for zones of moderate seismicity; (d) P-delta analysis is specified by NEHRP for all buildings that must be analyzed, by SEAOC for buildings that exceed drift limits, by UBC-1988 for all buildings except those in Zones 3 and 4 meeting drift limits, and is not specified by ANSI.
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Sri Wahyuni, Akhyar Lubis, and Annisa Ferbina Br.Purba. "QR Code Generator Application To Access Information On The Campus Building." International Journal Of Computer Sciences and Mathematics Engineering 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2023): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.61306/ijecom.v2i2.44.
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The purpose of this research is to create and develop an application for creating QR codes that may be used to retrieve data about campus structures. Users only need to use their phone's camera to scan a QR code to obtain information immediately. Visitors to campus will find a wealth of information regarding school buildings, including location maps, a list of amenities, and emergency contacts. Java programming was used on the Android Studio platform to create this application. Building-related information is kept in the Firebase Realtime Database. A database-connected website interface allows administrators to manage data. The application for creating QR codes has been successful in producing dynamic codes with details about specific campus structures. Field testing demonstrates that the application functions properly. Buildings can have their QR codes scanned by users to view comprehensive building information. This application can be used in any section of the campus buildings to give guests immediate access to information. Tests for this study were conducted at Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi.
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Ahn, Ki, Han Shin, and Cheol Park. "Energy Analysis of 4625 Office Buildings in South Korea." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061114.
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relevance of building thermal performance and characteristics to building energy consumption. This paper reports an energy analysis of 4625 office buildings in Seoul, South Korea, using data from the Korean national building energy database and architectural database. The following four research questions were investigated: (1) Do old buildings consume more energy than new ones? (2) Have strict prescriptive building energy codes contributed to the reduction in energy use intensity (EUI, kWh/m2·year) over the past several decades? (3) What are the characteristics of building energy consumption in terms of season, age, and cooling system (electric chiller vs absorption chiller)? (4) Which factors in the Korean building energy database are relevant to building energy consumption? The analyses revealed that, contrary to common assumptions, new buildings did not always consume less energy than old buildings, and it may be wrong to attribute intensification of prescriptive building energy codes directly to building energy efficiency improvements. In addition, the building characteristics (i.e., district, year built, number of floors, number of elevators, and total floor area) available in the Korean building energy database do not adequately explain building energy consumption, and the existing data collection method needs further improvement.
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Yimer, Adal. "A Comparative Study of Rectangular Beam Depth Effects Under EBCS-1995 and ES EN-2015 Codes." American Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (April 29, 2024): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20241202.12.
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To achieve structural integrity, serviceability, and economy of buildings, national and international building standards are used for dimensioning and proportioning of structural members. Building codes may be amended due to, the existence of new construction materials, technologies, and structures, and to improve earlier gaps. Ethiopia has experienced three building codes in the last 40 years. Those codes were the Ethiopian Standard Code of Practice, ESCP 1983-1995, Ethiopian Building Code of Standard, EBCS-1995, and the Ethiopian Standard, ES EN 2015. Design code compliance design and supervision of buildings is one of the major ways to achieve the planning, design, construction, service life as well as overall performance of projects. This study is conducted on the depth determination of an interior RC beam with different span and steel grades under EBCS-1995 and ES EN-2015 design codes. The result of this study proves that EBCS 1995 is uneconomical for shear and moment design for longer spans, and preferable for smaller spans, while ES EN 2015 provides smaller serviceable depth and deflection and maintains economical design for longer spans. Construction professionals need to understand the basic purpose of code amendment and should use the new design code as a major design reference and the earlier code accordingly.
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Mieler, Mike W., S. R. Uma, and Judith Mitrani-Reiser. "Using failure analysis tools to establish seismic resilience objectives for building components and systems." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.1.86-97.
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While modern building codes have proven effective at reducing casualties caused by structural collapse following several recent earthquakes, they have been less effective at preventing damage that can lead to loss of functionality, especially in ordinary buildings (e.g., offices, factories, hotels, etc.). Because the performance of these buildings can significantly impact community recovery and resilience, it is imperative that building codes expand their current focus on protecting life safety in rare earthquakes to include provisions and requirements that aim to prevent damage and minimize loss of functionality in more frequent events. Towards this end, this paper presents a conceptual framework that directly connects performance targets for structural and nonstructural components to global resilience objectives for an entire building. The framework uses fault trees, a common failure analysis tool, to: (1) model how damage to or failure of different components and systems within a building can affect overall building functionality, and (2) provide the quantitative underpinnings for deriving consistent performance targets for building components and systems. The paper then presents a demonstration of the proposed framework to study loss of functionality in a generic commercial building and derive a set of consistent performance targets for its structural and nonstructural components. Lastly, the paper discusses potential applications of the proposed framework, including providing risk-consistent foundations for future generations of building codes and engineering standards.
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Jeongmin, Seong, and Shin Sangyun. "Implementation of an Automated Code Checking Algorithm Based on Site Analysis." Buildings 14, no. 6 (June 4, 2024): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061654.
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To date, BIM has been primarily utilized in cost and schedule management, an interference check between architectural and structural models and systems based on geometric data in the process of the construction life cycle. However, there is a lack of research that utilizes the information contained in the BIM model to review whether the proposed architectural model is appropriately designed in accordance with each country’s building regulations or building codes or that proposes a model optimized for laws and standards. ‘Building code checking’ is the step of reviewing whether a building designed based on the building codes is suitable for being constructed as a building. However, this process consumes significant time and money and leads to human errors due to the manual review process. This study included implementation of an algorithm based on the Korean building code. In this study, there was the process of selection of codes when architects interpret building codes in common and implementation based on the codes selected. Next, modeling based on DXF files from NGII (National Geographic Information Institute) was applied to the algorithm developed in this study. Last, it includes case studies that compare the outputs of the algorithm with the real buildings, which had received real code checking, to make sure the algorithm in this paper is working properly. The implementation of such an automated system has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the building design and construction process. It can help architects to quickly and accurately identify potential legal issues and provide alternative solutions that meet regulatory requirements. This, in turn, can lead to reduced project costs, improved quality of designs, and faster project delivery times.
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Malhotra, Dr P. K. "Seismic Hazard Analysis for Building Codes." Seismological Research Letters 78, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.4.415.
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Galvan, Sara C. "Rehabilitating Rehab through State Building Codes." Yale Law Journal 115, no. 7 (May 1, 2006): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20455668.
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Skalko, Steven V. "Building codes evolve through experience, research." PCI Journal 58, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.06012013.34.40.
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Dehring, C. A., and M. Halek. "Coastal Building Codes and Hurricane Damage." Land Economics 89, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.89.4.597.
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Jones, Craig. "Why we need tougher building codes." Construction Research and Innovation 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20450249.2014.11873934.
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Malhotra, Praveen K. "Should Building Codes Target Societal Risk?" Earthquake Spectra 25, no. 1 (February 2009): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3055370.
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Bulleit, William M. "Structural Building Codes and Communication Systems." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 17, no. 4 (November 2012): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000136.
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E, The. "Building Codes Save Money and Lives." Scientific American 329, no. 3 (October 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1023-51.
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Velikov, Kathy, Kazi Najeeb Hasan, Geoffrey Lewis, Carol C. Menassa, Vineet R. Kamat, and Geoffrey Thün. "Stretch Codes and the Building Envelope." Technology|Architecture + Design 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2025): 156–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2025.2475722.
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Krylova, Victoria, Elena Tverytnykova, Oleg Vasylchenkov, and Tatyana Kolisnyk. "PUNCTURED NCC CODES FOR INFORMATION PROTECTION IN INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 1(11) (May 18, 2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2022.01.06.
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During development and design of information-measuring systems, enabling to carry out collection, processing and transmission of information, one of the main problems is the choice of effective methods of information protection against defects in noisy communication channels. Effective use of frequency-time resources of information communication channels, as the most valuable part of the information transmission system, is the key to provide reliable delivery of transmitted messages. One of effective directions of reliability increase and information transfer reliability in information-measuring communication networks is implementation of methods and algorithms of noise-resistant coding, providing for detection and coping with errors, arising due to interferences in the communication channel. In this case, the choice in favor of one or another coding method depends on the information characteristics of the data channel. Parameters of the noise coder must be coordinated with the source of the message, the communication channel, as well as the requirements for the reliability of bringing information to the recipient. The problem of obtaining a wide range of codec parameters with simultaneous preservation of the unified macrostructure of the codec in communication systems causes the need for research on the development of adaptive algorithms for error information protection. In the article the research results of the characteristics of variable rate slot convolutional codes for adaptive coding/decoding in information-measuring systems of information transmission are proposed. Consequently, when creating communication networks, there is no need to use a large number of different codecs, even with completely different requirements to the code rate, channel rate and gain due to coding. In addition, there is a real opportunity to create terminal equipment, working on unified algorithms of protection against errors and access.
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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Performance assessment and strengthening proposal of an existing building." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 74, no. 01 (February 2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3250.2021.
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Due to major-scale earthquakes, revisions of earthquake resistant structural design methods have periodically been made in seismic codes. It is known that many existing buildings are located in active seismic zones in all parts of the world. Severe damage to structural members, with partial or total collapse of buildings, has been observed in past earthquakes. Consequently, the evaluation of seismic performance and strengthening techniques of the existing buildings according to various seismic codes has become a global issue in structural engineering. With the development of computer technology, non-linear methods have been offering increasingly reliable evaluation procedures in the performance-based assessment of buildings. In this study, non-linear performance analysis of an existing typical mid-rise reinforced concrete building is first performed according to Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018 and American Standard, ASCE. After evaluation of damage to structural members, the building is strengthened by steel braces and the analysis is performed once again. The SAP2000 finite elements analysis software is utilized in the solutions. Damage ratios of structural members as well as modal properties and storey drift ratios are determined and compared according to both codes, and it is concluded that the proposed strengthening method could be a significant alternative in such buildings.
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Hu, Ming, and Nora Wang Esram. "The Status of Embodied Carbon in Building Practice and Research in the United States: A Systematic Investigation." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 12961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132312961.
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The building construction industry accounts for 5% of global energy use and 10% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A primary source of these emissions is the manufacture of building construction materials such as steel, cement, and glass. As aggressive building energy codes push new construction towards net-zero-energy and net-zero-carbon operations, corresponding efforts to reduce embodied energy and carbon from building construction materials must be pursued to achieve the decarbonization goals of the building sector. In the past few decades, progressive building energy codes as well as the underlying research on reducing the operational energy and its related greenhouse gas emissions have stimulated changes of practice in building design and operation. In contrast, strategies to reduce embodied carbon in the substitute remaining life-cycle stages of a building are less defined and studied. The selection of building materials and systems is largely unregulated, as long as minimum health, safety, and performance standards are met. In addition, it is unclear whether we have adequate knowledge infrastructure to incorporate embodied carbon into national model codes. This study provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of existing methods, databases, and tools on embodied carbon studies, and identifies the knowledge gaps. It provides a basis for the governments, academia, industry, and other institutes to collaboratively fill in these gaps and develop standards and codes to decarbonize buildings and their interface with other sectors.
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Çapa, Yuşa Uğur, Ali Ruzi Özuygur, and Zekai Celep. "A study on earthquake performances of reinforced concrete buildings with various number of stories." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2021.04083098.
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Seismic codes generally require that the Equivalent Seismic Load Method or the Modal Response Spectrum Method is adopted in the design of buildings. In the equivalent seismic load method, the equivalent seismic static force applied to the building is determined depending on the seismicity of the region where the building is located, the usage class of the building, the fundamental period of the building and the building mass. Later, this equivalent seismic load is reduced by the seismic load reduction factor to take into account the increase in the capacity of the system and the decrease in the seismic demand due to the nonlinear and inelastic behavior of the system, i.e., by accepting limited inelastic deformations in the building subjected to the design earthquake. Then, structural system of the building is analyzed under the reduced seismic forces in addition to the vertical loads by using the load combinations given in the design codes. The process is completed by designing the sections and the structural elements of the building. Similar processes can be implemented by using the modal response spectrum method. The difference between these two methods is consideration of the higher modes of the building instead of the first mode only and the use of the modal masses of the building for each mode, instead of the total mass of the building. In the latter method, the contributions of the higher mode are combined by using specific superposition rules. The codes assume that the structural systems designed in this way will exhibit the almost same level of inelastic deformation, i.e., the controlled damage state, regardless of the building parameters, such as the number of stories. In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the validity of this implicit acceptance. For this purpose, the buildings with a various number of stories are designed by satisfying the bare minimum requirements of the code only, as much as possible. The seismic behavior and the lateral load capacity of these buildings are examined by the static and dynamic nonlinear analyses. The ratio of the nonlinear load capacity to the reduced equivalent seismic load is evaluated depending on the number of the stories of the buildings. The results which are presented in detail yield that the buildings with a low number of stories have relatively larger nonlinear lateral load capacity-to-the reduced elastic seismic load ratio, which is not compatible with the general implicit assumption made in the seismic codes.
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Kuramoto, Hiroshi. "Seismic Design Codes for Buildings in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0341.
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Two revised seismic design codes in the Building Standard Law of Japan, which were revised in 1981 and 2000, are simply reviewed with the transition of Japanese seismic design code in this paper. The central feature of the seismic code revised in 1981 was the introduction of a two-phase earthquake design. Allowable stress design was employed for first-phase earthquake design targeting the safety and serviceability of buildings during medium-level earthquake activity. Second-phase earthquake design, which is ultimate strength design, was added to provide safety against severe earthquake motion. On the other hand, the seismic code revised in 2000 precisely defines performance requirements and verification based on accurate earthquake response and limit states of a building. The capacity spectrummethod is used for evaluating the earthquake response. The code is applicable to any type of material and buildings such as seismic isolation systems as long as material properties are well defined and structural behavior is appropriately estimated.
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Phillips, Peter. "Becoming Unsafe Overnight: Managing Historic Buildings as Building Regulations and Standards Change." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.155.
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Building standards and regulations have been around for a long time, and most historic structures were built in accordance with whatever codes existed at the time. However, as codes have changed (often in response to natural or human-caused disasters) these buildings have become progressively less compliant, making their continued occupation and use difficult without extensive and often damaging alterations to their significant spaces and fabric. In Australia, there have been considerable changes to standards over the past two hundred years to deal with apparent deficiencies in the codes exposed as a result of bushfires, earthquakes, cyclones and rising sea levels. Building regulations have also changed so as to deal in ever more detail with health and safety matters, as well as issues such as equitable access and energy efficiency. These changes have had an impact on historic buildings and structures, in the most extreme cases leading to loss of the building where owners anxious to redevelop can convince the authorities that preservation and upgrading to meet current standards will impose unreasonable economic hardship. In other cases, the insensitive and sometimes over-cautious application of codes (often to reduce the risk of future litigation or loss of insurance) leads to almost as much damage to the historic building as the upgrading work is intended to avoid if a disaster occurs. Conserving historic buildings while keeping them safely in active use requires a flexible and innovative approach to the regulations, as exemplified in the work of the Heritage Council of New South Wales Fire Access and Services Advisory Panel, of which the author was a foundation member.
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Kim, Hye Gi, Hyun Jun Kim, Chae Hwan Jeon, Myeong Won Chae, Young Hum Cho, and Sun Sook Kim. "Analysis of Energy Saving Effect and Cost Efficiency of ECMs to Upgrade the Building Energy Code." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 4955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184955.
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Building energy codes are key policy tools for improving building energy efficiency by defining the minimum requirement for the energy performance of new buildings. In Korea, the building energy code was focused on prescriptive criteria for a long time but is now gradually introducing performance criteria. However, switching to performance criteria is not straightforward because of the resistance of the market to abandoning the well-consolidated prescriptive criteria. The objective of this study is to derive appropriate measures to strengthen the prescriptive criteria and the performance criteria, considering both the energy-saving effect and the economic efficiency for new office buildings and educational buildings to increase the market acceptance of the building energy codes. To this end, the energy-saving effects of reference buildings resulting from the reinforcement of the prescriptive criteria in the past have been first analyzed. Then, based on the collected energy performance parameters and cost data, the economic efficiency relative to the energy saving deriving from the application of passive and active energy conservation measures (ECMs) were analyzed, and future building energy code’s reinforcement measures were derived.
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An, Hyun, Nam Yong Jee, and Seung Yup Roh. "A Comparison on Codes of Egress Safety in Each Country." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 2025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.2025.
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As buildings tend to become bigger, higher and more complex, types of fire outbreak have diversified these days. Accordingly, it has also become difficult to cope with fire outbreaks resulting in a higher risk of suffering loss. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for securing reasonable egress plans and safety of egress by comparing egress regulations of countries including America (NFPA 101), British (Building Regulation-Approve document B), New Zealand(Building Regulation & Compliance document for New Zealand building code), Japan (Architecture Relationship Statute book) and Korea (Architecture Statute book).
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Yadav, Maneesh, Gurudev Sahil, Dhriti Dhaundiyal, and Shruti Dhaundiyal. "Green building codes for sustainable housing development in India: progress review and future pathways." Mari Papel y Corrugado 2025, no. 1 (February 21, 2025): 16–28. https://doi.org/10.71442/mari2025-0003.
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Given the rapid urbanisation, acceleration of the anthropogenic transformation of landscapes and the escalating ecological imperatives facing India, robust and effective green building codes have become paramount in ensuring sustainable housing development. This paper reviews the effect of the development of green building codes on sustainable housing across India, especially as far as their compliance with SDGs. While prior literature targets policy formulation, more attention should be paid to researching the policy impacts and the difficulties in the corresponding policies’ implementation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the Green Buildings codes, the study uses systematic review of literature and policy documents, which works hand-in-hand with qualitative analysis. The research hypothesis posits that in regions having policies closely aligned with SDGs, there has been greater development of policies of sustainability and these areas exhibit enhanced development of policies and sustainability outcomes as evidenced by development of codes on maintaining resilience, environmental performance, and socio-economic equity This relationship is basis of the study hence the question; what factors enhance the potential for improved sustainability outcomes in green building codes aligned with SDGs? Research evidence indicates that despite intended high ambitions in formulation of codes, the eventual effectiveness is negated by weak operational compliance and geographical inequalities. This research forms part of a broader investigation into specific sections of the green building codes, covering energy efficiency, material utilisation, urban planning, and green space development. The study offers policy implications to policy makers and maps out a general guideline to enhance the implementation of sustainable features in housing delivery systems across the country.
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Wang, Yukang, Yue Liu, Haozhe Cai, Jia Wang, and Xiaoping Zhou. "An Automated Fire Code Compliance Checking Jointly Using Building Information Models and Natural Language Processing." Fire 6, no. 9 (September 13, 2023): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6090358.
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Fire checking is indispensable for guaranteeing the fire safety of buildings as it reviews the compliance of the building with fire codes and regulations. Automated Compliance Checking (ACC) systems that check building data utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) against fire codes have emerged as an active field of research. Substantial efforts have focused on analyzing the properties of the building components. However, the analysis of the spatial geometric relationships of building components has received inadequate attention. The present study proposes a novel ACC system leveraging Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to review the spatial geometric relationships of building components in BIM models. First, a framework for a BIM-based ACC system is delineated and decomposes ACC into three constituent subtasks: building model parsing, code knowledge translation, and compliance check result reporting. Second, an approach for structured processing of spatial geometric stipulations in fire codes using NLP is presented to review the geometric relationships between components in building models. Finally, the system’s performance is assessed by testing fire code compliance across various building types utilizing BIM models. The empirical findings demonstrate that the system achieves superior recall compared with the manually formulated gold standard, with the ACC system enabling quick, accurate, and comprehensive automated compliance checking.