Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Camus”

This thesis focuses on the reception of ancient Greece and Rome in the literature of the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, essayist and playwright Albert Camus. It will argue that Camus’ relationship to the ancient world is a confluence of the traditions of European literature and philosophy and the cultural discourses of colonial French Algeria. It also argues that Camus’ interest in the ancient world is representative of broader patterns of reception as a form of identity creation and further explores the specific role this played in colonial societies. Camus wrote essays that engaged strongly with concepts of Greek myths, like Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942) and L’Homme révolté (1951), in other essays such as l’Été (1953), he wrote more generally about the idea of Greek values as a solution to the problems of modernity. He also wrote a play, Caligula (1942), based on the life of the Roman Emperor as well as early essays about visits to Roman ruins, published in Noces (1938). Greco-Roman antiquity was a continuous presence in his literature and imagination, from his University Diploma to works he was drafting at the time of his death in 1960. This aspect of his work has however received little critical attention. This thesis argues that to understand the importance of the ancient world in Camus’ literature one has to view it as a product of his relationships to his most importance influences and the literary culture in which he wrote. It will discuss Camus as part of a continuum of ideas about the ancient world that is subtly shaped and altered by its use in French Algeria, and how his relationship to Greece and Rome highlights critical aspects in the development of his thought. A study of Camus allows one to explore a number of questions about the lasting fascination with ancient culture in the consciousness of modernity.

Literary criticism has traditionally associated the work of Albert Camus with a very specific conception of literature. His more "philosphical" works (namely, his essays) are thus seen as demonstrations of the "message" that his truly literary works seek to transmit. As such, Le Mythe de Sisyphe and L'Homme revolte are considered to provide the driving themes (l'Absurde and la Revolte) of the author's fictive writings. This image (that of the "romancier a message") becomes problematic, however, in face of Camus' intransigent refusal to surrender to any form of dogma. Indeed, for the author, this possibility of surrender constitutes the greatest threat to la Revolte, representing its potential capitulation into Revolution and Terror. We believe that this notion of literature as a vehicle for philosophical beliefs is precisely the concept against which Camus was fighting.
Through the theme of "le juste", or more specifically the question of how we know what is just, Camus challenges this idea of literature and the act of writing. By exposing the mechanisms of self-justification underlying all universal values (and hence of all transcendental "truths" upon which they are necessarily based) the writer reveals them to be social and discursive constructs which permit and perpetuate the imposition of norms in a given domaine, including that of literature. This study proposes to examine Camus' rapport with this element of self-justification in literature, and the ways in which he calls the latter into question.

Jeune, Camus disait : "ce qui compte, c'est d'être vrai, et cela comprend tout". Adulte, la vérité est devenue le principe unifiant de sa vie et de son œuvre, le centre d'où tout part et où tout revient. Le fil des vérités permet justement de se maintenir au centre du phénomène camusien et de redéfinir son œuvre ainsi que sa personnalité en fonction de ce critère essentiel. L'ouvrage comprend quinze chapitres, regroupés en cinq sections : 1) Vérités premières, où Camus est présenté dans son environnement intime, au fur et à mesure que se créent en lui les mythes familiers et que s'inscrivent dans son œuvre les symboles algériens, maternels, paternels, reflétant sur la totalité des écrits une sensibilité et une vision du monde particulières ; 2) Vérités métaphysiques, section qui s'attaque au cycle de l'absurde : Le Mythe de Sisyphe ou l'absurde comme notion ; l'Etranger ou l'absurde incarné en des personnages et des situations révélatrices ; Caligula et Le Malentendu, ou l'absurde comme action brute aux proportions spectaculaires. Chez l'écrivain Camus, l'absurde est aussi une question de style, de coloriage ; 3) Vérités historiques, section consacrée aux œuvres de la révolte : L'Homme révolté ou la définition de la révolte en ses étapes successives ; Les Justes et L'Etat de siège, où la révolte culmine la mort. Le jeu subtil sur la polysémie du mythe de Prométhée fait en sorte que ce cycle regorge de vérité situées aux limites de la contradiction ; 4) Vérités mytiques, section où l'art de créer des mythes chez Camus est étudié en comparaison avec les formes mythiques anciennes. Comment un récit réaliste devient un chef-d'œuvre de fiction, et comment le mythe, s'incrustant dans le quotidien, mime le réel en profondeur et en diversité, La Peste nous en fait la révélation ; 5) Vérités de l'art, section qui propose une approche esthétique de l'œuvre : Camus était avant tout un artiste du langage et on essai de découvrir quels procédés lui ont permis de devenir l'écrivain de référence qu'on connaît
The very important thing for Camus was the research of verity, so well as the verity became the unifying principale of his both life and work, the center where everything turned around. The verities of Albert Camus reveal, in fact, what is substantive in the life of this autor, what is consistent in his thought and what is relevant in his art. This thread of verities permits just to keep at the center of camusian phenomenon and to redefine his work as well as his personality in the function of this essential criterion. This thesis consists in fifteen chapters, regrouped in five sections : original, metaphysical, hisorical, mythical and artistic verities : the analysis concerns the integral Camus's work : essays, fictions, theatre, in order to give an account as equitable as possible on the manner he uses to think, to write and to play. The subtle management of the polysemy of antic, biblical or original myths and parabolas, like Sisyphus, Prometheus, the Stranger, the Plague, the Fall, results in verities situated within the limits of contradiction : The Plague, for instance, is the example on how a realistic chronicle becomes a masterpiece of fiction and how the myth, encrusted in the everyday routine, reproduces and almost replaces the reality in its very depths and diversities dimensions. Before all, Camus was an artist of the language and our first preoccupation was to elucidate by which methods and especially by which techniques and proceedings of style him becomes the writer of reference that we know

Even though parallels between the philosophy of Albert Camus and The Big Lebowski have been drawn repeatedly, a sustained enquiry into several possible dimensions of the matter is yet to have been conducted.This dissertation makes an attempt to conduct the aforementioned enquiry in some detail. In doing this, the study will try to analytically compare Camusian philosophy and Dudeism and bring out the similarities between them. This does not imply that there are no differences between the two; but the focus of this study is the similarities and not the differences. Dudeism, for the purpose of this study, will not be restricted to The Dude and the literature written on The Dude and Dudeism. It will also be expanded to accommodate certain other parts of the larger discourse of Ethan and Joel Coen’s filmography as well as a few other parts of The Big Lebowski itself. It is crucial, however, to “draw a line in the sand” (Walter, The Big Lebowski) at the very outset. In embarking on a comparative analysis between Camusian philosophy and Dudeism, this study does not intend to propose that one of them is influenced by the other and “what-have-you” ("The Editorial Preface" 12). Instead, it simply attempts to point out some of the discursive elements that they share with each other as well as with several of the sub-discourses they comprise of. The analysis in the dissertation that follows is split into three major chapters: 1. ‘Well, I’ll tell you what I’m blathering about’: An analytical frame of reference. 2. ‘You can’t be worried about that shit, life goes on, man’: Life, Death and Absurdity in Camus and Dudeism. 3. ‘Somebody this square community won’t give a shit about’: Camus’ Absurd Man and Dudeism The first chapter, “‘Well, I’ll tell you what I’m blathering about’: An analytical frame of reference”, provides an analytical framework for the discussions that follow in the rest of the dissertation. It is further divided into three sections. The first section lays out a basic understanding of a few fundamental ideas of Dudeism for the readers. The second section discusses a few important aspects of the philosophy of Albert Camus. The third section briefly establishes the connections between Dudeism and the philosophy of Camus which are examined in greater detail later in the study. The second chapter, “‘You can’t be worried about that shit, life goes on, man’: Life, Death and Absurdity in Camus and Dudeism” looks at Camus’ takes on Life, Death and Absurdity while also pointing out the parallels they seem to strike with Dudeism. The chapter is further divided into four sections. The first section examines strands of Camusian thought, especially the Absurd in the other films of Ethan and Joel Coen before establishing a connection to The Big Lebowski. The second section explores the attitudes towards Death in Camusian philosophy and Dudeism. The third section compares the ideologies of Life in the works of Camus and Dudeism. The fourth and final section explores parallels between Camus’ novel The Stranger and The Stranger: the cowboy narrator of The Big Lebowski. The third chapter picks up on the Camusian trope of the Absurd Man and its relation to Happiness in both: the works of Camus as well as the discourses of Dudeism. It comprises of three sections. The first section explores the notion of Alienation in Camusian philosophy and Dudeism and looks at how it eventually leads to the trope of the Absurd Man in Camus. The second section explores Camus’ creation of the Absurd Man through the Cycle of the Absurd and looks at how it fits into Dudeism. The third and final section delves into a comparison of the Absurd Man’s quest for Happiness in Camus and Dudeism.
M.A. Honours with Research in English

Albert Camus' 40. Todestag ist Anlaß, die literarische, kulturelle und politisch-soziale Bedeutung des Autors für die ehemals sozialistischen Länder zu dokumentieren. Camus' Interesse für diese Länder und die Unbestechlichkeit seines Urteils konnten von den oppositionellen Kräften als wirksame Unterstützung wahrgenommen werden; das belegen die Beiträge von acht LiteraturwissenschaftlerInnen, ÜbersetzerInnen und Kulturschaffenden, die an der Rezeption Camus' maßgeblich beteiligt waren und sind. Dabei wird deutlich, daß sich in der Auseinandersetzung mit Camus' Werk eine politische Haltung kundtat, die nicht selten eine Lebenshaltung und -entscheidung war.

Cette thèse propose une lecture de la création de Camus sous l’angle démocratique et antitotalitaire pour démontrer l’aspect innovant de sa pensée qui est plus que jamais d’actualité. Cent ans après la naissance de l’écrivain prix Nobel de littérature, son œuvre ouvre de nouveaux axes de réflexion à mi-chemin entre la philosophie, la science-politique et la littérature. Après une introduction générale aux concepts de totalitarisme et de démocratie, nous passerons plus spécifiquement à l’étude de l’auteur. Nous esquisserons un portrait de Camus en tant que journaliste engagé dans les batailles de son temps et nous aborderons une analyse comparative entre Camus et les intellectuels ou penseurs qui ont influencé sa pensée démocratique et inspiré sa réflexion sur les totalitarismes. Ensuite, nous focaliserons l’analyse sur certaines œuvres : les essais journalistiques (Actuelles I, II, III) et philosophiques (L’Homme révolté) ; les œuvres de fiction, comme La Peste, ainsi que trois pièces de théâtre Caligula, Les Justes et L’État de siège. En nous basant sur ce choix d’œuvres, nous examineront la technique adoptée par Camus pour transférer dans la fiction le débat démocratique contre les totalitarismes de son époque. Enfin, nous étudierons du point de vue lexicologique les termes de totalitarisme et démocratie, ainsi que tous leurs synonymes entrant dans le champ sémantique du débat antitotalitaire
This thesis proposes a reading of Camus’ creation from the democratic and antitotalitarian perspective in order to demonstrate the innovative aspect of his thought, which is more actual than ever. One hundred years after the birth of the writer, Nobel Prize for literature, his work opens up new lines of thought halfway between philosophy, science, politics and literature. After a general introduction to the concepts of totalitarianism and democracy, we will proceed to the more specifically study of the author. We sketch a portrait of Camus as a committed journalist in the battles of his time and we will discuss a comparative analysis between Camus and intellectuals and thinkers who influenced his democratic thought and inspired his thinking on totalitarianism. Then, we will focus the analysis on certain works : journalistic (Actuelles I, II, III ) and philosophical essays (The Rebel), fictional works, such as The Plague, and three plays Caligula, The Just Assassins and The State of siege. Based on this selection of works, we will examine the technique adopted by Camus to transfer into the fictional the democratic debate against the totalitarianism of his era. Finally, we will study from a lexicological point of view the terms of totalitarianism and democracy, and all their synonyms within the semantic field of anti-totalitarian debate

This essay examines The Myth of Sisyphus (1942), The Plague (1947), and The Rebel (1951). I have chosen these three works in an effort to triangulate Camus' intellectual development, his persistent interest in literature, and the historical background against which these take place. Sisyphus and The Rebel are Camus' two major philosophical essays. The former belongs to Camus' "First Cycle" of writing, in which he focused on the concept of "the Absurd"; the latter belongs to Camus' "Second Cycle", in which he focused on the theme of "revolt." Camus wrote The Myth of Sisyphus during the Nazi occupation of Paris, an event which he witnessed and experienced and which also served as the inspiration for his novel The Plague. Though the two books are connected by this event, thematically The Plague belongs to Camus' Second Cycle. For this reason, it serves as an illuminating work, demonstrating the importance of fiction to Camus' intellectual process and his particular way of thinking. From Sisyphus to The Rebel, Camus' argument for fiction comes down to the opportunity it offers to describe life rather than explain it. In his opinion, the best novelists exhibit the very philosophy that should generally govern human behavior. These novelists limit themselves to what they can be sure of – namely, their personal experiences; they patiently explore what it is like to live on this earth – how human beings deal with each other, manage their environments, and cope with the often tremendous complexities of life. Not co-incidentally, Camus' fiction took special interest in death of all kinds – from murder to sickness to suicide – in order to remind his readers that life is finite. According to Camus, writing fiction is a way to keep the reader conscious of the human condition, because good fiction plainly exhibits life as it is and death as our common fate. By reflecting on good literature, readers may form their own life ethic.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Filosofia, 2010.
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Em nossa dissertação, procuramos pensar a ação a partir do itinerário filosófico de Albert Camus. A princípio, investigaremos as possibilidades da ação a partir da fratura entre o homem e o mundo, ao que Camus denomina absurdo. Ação que não pode redundar em suicídio filosófico ou físico, posto que esses são modos de trair a constatação da absurdidade da vida. A ação absurda não pode mais visar o absoluto e se fiar em valores transcendentes e absolutos. Ela tem que respeitar os limites agora descobertos: a relatividade e a ignorância humana frente ao futuro. Por isso, a atitude coerente ao absurdo é “viver mais”, “bater todos os recordes”, já que o homem tem apenas o presente. Mas tal atitude não pode fundamentar uma regra de conduta, não pode oferecer uma referência para a ação frente aos outros homens. A ação tem de ser pensada a partir da revolta, pois ela pode nos revela um valor, em nome do qual o homem pode agir. Pela revolta, o homem toma consciência de um valor comum a todos os homens; é a descoberta de uma natureza humana. É a fidelidade a essa natureza que deve conduzir e limitar a ação revoltada. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
In this dissertation we try to think actions from the philosophic itinerary of Albert Camus. At first, we investigate the possibilities of actions from the rupture of man and the world, what Camus denominates 'absurd'. Actions that cannot end in some kind of philosophical ou physical suicide, given that those are ways of betraying the verification of the absurdity of life. The absurd action cannot look for the absolute nor trust transcendental and absolute values. It has to respect the limits now discovered: human relativity and ignorance in face of the future. As a result, a coherent attitude towards the absurd is to 'live more', 'brake all records', given that man has only the present. But such an attitude cannot found a rule of conduct, cannot offer a reference for an action with regard to other men. The action has to be thought from the revolt itself, since it can reveal us a value, in the name of which man can act. By the revolt man becomes aware of a common value to all men; and that is the discovery of a human nature. It is the fidelity with respect to that nature that has to conduct and limit the revolted action.

Grace a la politique d'ouverture, la chine s'ouvre au monde exterieur tant sur le plan economique que sur le plan culturel. Dans le domaine de la litterature francaise contemporaine, on introduit beaucoup d'ecrivains y compris albert camus dont les oeuvres litteraires sont presque toutes traduites. Sur ses oeuvres les critiques chinois ont fait des commentaires qui sont plutot favorables. En revanche, a l'egard de ses essais philosophiques, les critiques sont severes. Le public chinois apprecie surtout ses romans comme "l'etranger" et "la peste", on le considere comme ecrivain engage. La deuxieme partie de ce travail est consacree a l'humanisme de camus. Nous essayons de donner une vue d' ensemble sur la pensee de camus dans cette partie que nous considerons comme supplement de la premiere partie. Nous parcourons l'itineraire de cet humanisme dont les principes, les elements et les objectifs sont egalement etudies et developpes.

A revolta se situa no pensamento de Albert Camus como uma das atitudes fundamentais da existência humana. Do movimento de negação, com o qual a revolta é geralmente identificada, Camus resgata sua tensão regeneradora. Analisa o estabelecimento de limites às situações opressivas como um processo criador e ressalta, em tal conduta, o carater gerador de valores.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université de Montréal, 2002.
"NQ-75892." "Thèse présentée à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de doctorat (Ph. D.) en études françaises." Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.

Au début des Carnets, exprimant ce qui le pousse à créer, Albert Camus mentionne « la nostalgie d’une pauvreté perdue ». Une nostalgie ambiguë, qui ne signifie pas un simple regret du temps perdu, mais qui se relève du « sentiment bizarre » que le fils porte à sa mère silencieuse. Elle consiste en réalité dans l’aspiration douloureuse à la tendresse, qui est liée intrinsèquement à la misère de l’existence que l’auteur a vécue dans son enfance. Dans le but de raconter son passé, il élabore sa nostalgie comme essence de sa sensibilité. Signe de complexité, une telle captivité comporte de plus le regret et la mauvaise conscience à l’égard du milieu pauvre qu’il a quitté. Quoique paraissant ambiguë, le nom de nostalgie est juste, s’agissant de la quête de l’identité au fond : dans la sensibilité déchirée s’inscrit la recherche inassouvissable d’une véritable origine de l’être. D’où le fait que, dans le contexte existentiel, la notion del’absurde s’établit sur la sensibilité nostalgique : l’homme se trouve déchiré entre sa condition limitée et son aspiration à une vie de plénitude. Il choisit de tenir sa nostalgie déchirante comme le fond de son être, son axe de vie et sa raison de vivre. Pour l’homme absurde, la création littéraire n’est pas une option, mais la volonté de lucidité et de liberté, en vue de « donner aux couleurs le pouvoir d’exprimer le vide ». L’oeuvre figure la dialectique de la présence et de l’absence, ce qu’expriment par moyens divers les romans camusiens. Enfin, le dernier Camus exprime la nostalgie de la patrie en tant que quête consciente de sonorigine, du « soleil enfoui », qui l’attire et le dirige, qu’il connaît depuis toujours
In the beginning of Carnets, Albert Camus mentions “the nostalgia for a lost poverty” as he expresses what drives him to create. Ambiguous nostalgia, which does not mean a simple regret of lost time, concerns the “strange feeling” that the son carries toward his silent mother. In reality, it consists in the painful aspiration for tenderness, which is intrinsically bound up with the misery that the author has experienced in his childhood. In order to tell his past, he elaborates his nostalgia as the essence of his sensitivity. And as a signof its complexity, such captivity includes a regret and a sense of guilt towards the poor environment which he left behind. Despite its ambiguity, the name of nostalgia is just because it concerns the quest for identity: in the torn sensitivity, there is an insatiable quest for a true source of being. Therefore, in the existential context, the concept of the absurd is established upon the nostalgic sensibility: human beings are torn between their limited condition and their desire for a full life. They choose to hold their torn nostalgia astheir existential foundation, their life axis and their raison d’être. For the absurd man, literary creation is not an option. It embodies the will of lucidity and liberty, in order to “give power of expressing vacuum to colors”. The dialectic of presence and absence is represented in the novels of Camus in various ways. In his later years, Camus expresses nostalgia for the homeland, consciously searching for his origin; the quest after his “buried sun”. He has always known this “buried sun” which had been attracting him as his guidance

Destinée à étudier la profonde influence exercée par Dostoïevski sur Camus, ainsi que le dynamisme de la polémique fictive lancée par l'écrivain français contre son prédécesseur russe, cette thèse s'articule autour de trois axes fondamentaux. Sa première partie est consacrée à la cristallisation progressive du " mythe du nord ", cette région de la géographie mentale de camus qui détermine l'horizon d'attente dans le cadre duquel ce dernier interprétait l'œuvre de Dostoïevski. La réaction passionnelle de Camus face aux deux composantes idéologiques majeures de ce mythe (" tentation de la révolte ", " tentation de la sainteté ") se trouve abordée dans les deux parties ultérieures de notre thèse. En analysant les enjeux de cette oscillation typiquement dostoïevskienne entre la révolte et la sainteté qui anime l'univers poétique de camus, nous espérons porter un regard nouveau sur cette " face cachée, nordique " de l'écrivain que la critique littéraire française tend à négliger
Designed to study the profound influence of Dostoevsky on Camus and the dynamism of the fictitious polemics conducted by the French writer against his Russian predecessor, this thesis is constructed along three fundamental lines. Its first part is dedicated to the progressive crystallization of the «myth of the north ", the region of Camus’s mental geography which determines the horizon of expectation within the framework of which Camus interpreted Dostoevsky’s work. Camus's passionate reaction to the two major ideological components of this myth (" temptation of revolt ", “temptation of sanctity " ) is examined in the two other parts of the thesis. In analyzing the manifestations of this typically dostoevskian oscillation between revolt and sanctity that animates Camus’s poetic universe, i hope to introduce a new view of this «hidden, northern face” of the writer which French literary critics tend to neglect

Dès ses 1ères oeuvres, Camus pose le problème du mal et de la mort, en même temps que le problème du salut. Ses héros rédempteurs s'apparentent aux "héros mythiques" et en particulier au sauveur des Evangiles. Son 1er homme, Meursault, refait le chemin d'Adam : de l'innocence à la chute, de l'Eden à l'exil, de la vie à la mort. Après quoi, les héros explorent successivement différents chemins en vue de la rédemption de leurs semblales et de leur propre salut. Caligula configure un antéchrist qui ne fait qu'ajouter au malheur des hommes. Jan, faux redempteur, entraîne dans sa chute celles qu'il était venu sauver. Le sacrifice des Justes ne rachète rien, car le salut des hommes ne peut se faire par la haine, violence et le meutre. Par contre, Tarrou, Diego, faisant le sacrifice de leur vie, rappellent la figure du rédempteur évangélique. Le héros camusien offre sa vie pour sauver ses frères. Il triomphe de la mort en la rendant féconde, rédemptrice, victorieuse. Seul Clamence, aspirant à être délivré, non de la maladie, de l'oppression ou de la mort, mais de ses fautes, attend vainement le salut
Camus poses the problem of evil and death at the same time as the problem of salvation right from the time of his first works. His redeeming heroes are skin to the "mythical heroes" and particularly to the saviour of the gospels. His first man, meursault, re-treads the path of adam : from innocence to the fall, from eden to exile, from life to death. After this the heroes explore different paths successively, with a view to the redemption of their fellow man as well as their own. Galigula is an anti-christ who only adds to the unhappiness of man. In his fall, jan, a false redeemer, pulls down those whom he had come to save. The sacrifice of the just redeems nothing, since the salvation of man cannot be attained by hatred, violence and murder. On the other hand, tarrou and diego by sacrifieing their lives, bring to mind the figure of the redeemer of the gospels. Camus' heroes offer their lives to save their brothers. They triumph over death by making it fruitful, redeeming, victorious. Only clamence, who aspires to be delivered not from illness, oppression or death, but from his faults, awaits salvation in vain

The aim of this thesis is to introduce a renowned French author Albert Camus and subsequently develop my own conclusion on one of his major works - The Stranger (1942). In the first part I introduce the personality of Albert Camus's in the context of philosophical history, literature and drama. I aim to explain the background of his life in the first part of the 20th century, particularly the influence of his origin in Algiers, at that time politically and culturally dominated by the French, in contrast with later residence in France itself. These influences promoted the principle of individuality in the work of Albert Camus and clearly directed him to his own interpretation of literary expression and existentialism. Further I outline the basic principles of this philosophy and I present his most important literary and dramatic works. More specifically I deal with the analysis of the novel The Stranger itself. The topic of next chapter is the presentation of Camus's selected work on the Czech as well as international stages and their specifications. In brief mention I present film adaptations as well. The second part goes in to analysing my own conclusions of The Stranger with a particular attention to the set design. This is closely related to the practical work of the thesis - designs of chosen scenes and scale models are included in the photographic documentation. I aim to explain how I use the actual text of the novel whilst adjusting its structure in relation to the stage design. Then I analyze in detail the various dramatic situations and scenes in terms of set design solutions. In short I present technical and lighting solutions of this production. Conclusion of this thesis refers to the contribution of Camus's work and its influence on the art scene of the 20th century.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Literatura
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Tese (doutorado)- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura.
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A tese "Albert Camus e a revolta marginal" identifica relações e intersecções entre o pensamento do escritor Albert Camus (1913-1960), sobretudo quanto ao que denominou "movimento de revolta", e textos da ficção brasileira contemporânea, marcados por representações do cotidiano nas periferias de grandes cidades.

Cette thèse étudie dans l’oeuvre d’Albert Camus, les formes que prend un thème récurrent, le malentendu. Cette omniprésence pourrait s’expliquer d’abord par la vie de l’auteur, particulièrement par les traumatismes de l’enfance : une étude comparative des deux oeuvres autobiographiques montre bien le douloureux malentendu avec la mère. Mais l’incompréhension se situe aussi sur le plan politique et moral, car les positions ambiguës de l’écrivain sur la question algérienne ont suscité de violentes polémiques avec les intellectuels, alors que Camus n’a cessé de dénoncer l’injustice dont étaient victimes les autochtones. La réception de l’oeuvre n’a pas échappé à cette difficulté. Camus a été « mal-entendu » par la critique, tant en France métropolitaine qu’en Algérie, si bien qu’il met en place un imposant paratexte afin d’éviter toute « mauvaise » lecture. Ainsi, toutes les expériences vécues par l’auteur (le malentendu avec la mère, avec les intellectuels, avec les critiques…) nourriront son oeuvre qui sera marquée par l’incompréhension entre ses personnages, par un déchirement dans leurs relations dû à une différence au niveau de la pensée, de la culture, de la race
The following thesis studies the forms that the recurrent theme of misunderstandingtakes in the writings of Albert Camus. This omnipresence could be explained first bythe author’s life, especially his childhood trauma: a comparative study of twoautobiographical works shows the painful misunderstanding with the mother. But themisunderstanding is also located on the political and moral levels, as the writer’sambiguous positions on the Algerian question started up violent controversies withintellectuals although Camus has always denounced the injustice whose victims werethe aboriginal. The reception of his writings has not escaped this difficulty. Camuswas "poorly understood" by critics, both in France and Algeria, so he sets up animposing paratext to avoid "bad" reading. Thus, all the author’s experiences of(misunderstanding with the mother, with intellectuals, with critics ...) feed up hiswritings - which will be marked by misunderstanding between the characters - with atear in their relationship caused by a difference at the level of thought, culture, race

L'espace sensoriel dans la mort heureuse, l'etranger, la peste et noces fait l'objet, dans le present travail, d'une analyse textuelle. Les textes ici etudies sont consideres comme systemes de signes dont les articulations et les fonctions il s'agit de reconstruire a travers une approche narratologique et semiotique de l'espace sensoriel. De ce point de vue ce dernier presente deux dimensions dans une relation de complementarite. Il s'agit, d'un cote de l'espace sensoriel decrit, celui de l'enonce, le cadre de l'histoire racontee, d'un autre cote de l'espace du discours lui-meme, la spatialite propre au texte: les lieux et les parcours rapportes, toujours accessibles a travers les sensations, par les vehicules perceptifs. En meme temps, l'instance de la representation produit les figures de l'espace sensoriel: description, metaphore, metonymie. L'espace sensoriel ne s'offre a la lecture que comme une composante d'un espace "ecrit" et d'un espace "inscrit" dans l'ecriture
The object of this study is the sensory space of la mort heureuse, l'etranger, la peste and noces through a textual analysis. The above texts are examined as systems of signs where articulations and functions are reconstructed through a narratological and semiotic approach of the sensory space. From this point of view the sensory space presents two dimensions of complementery nature. On the one hand is the sensory space described, that is the "utterance" by which the story is narrated. On the other hand it includes the space of the discourse, the spatial form of the text: the places itineraries depicted are always accessible through the senses as vehicles of perception. At the same time the instance of the representation creates the figures of sensory space: description, metaphor, metonymy. The sensory space is developed not only as a composit of the written space but it is also inscribed within the text

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
O trabalho consiste em fazer a reflexÃo Ãtico-polÃtica nas obras do escritor franco-argelino Albert Camus (1913-1960) a partir de seus textos jornalÃsticos, dramatÃrgicos e ensaios filosÃficos. Em primeiro lugar, hà a reflexÃo sobre Ãtica, engajamento e a responsabilidade do escritor e a recusa do silÃncio como forma de rompimento com a resignaÃÃo e a passividade, evocando a responsabilidade Ãtica dos intelectuais no enfrentamento das questÃes decisivas, utilizando os Discursos da SuÃcia (1957). Em seguida, o trabalho trata dos temas da recusa do assassinato legitimado como crÃtica aos totalitarismos diante do diagnÃstico de seu tempo, com a crÃtica tambÃm ao progresso cientÃfico-bÃlico, que colocou a CiÃncia a serviÃo da morte como nunca antes na HistÃria, como forma de enfrentamento do medo que se encarnou no sÃculo XX, utilizando os Editoriais jornalÃsticos do jornal Combat (Combate) intitulados Nem VÃtimas, Nem Verdugos (1948). Hà em seguida a reflexÃo Ãtico-polÃtica do engajamento a partir da peÃa de teatro Os Justos (1949), escrita no perÃodo do pÃs-guerra, abordando a questÃo do assassinato do ponto de vista do engajamento terrorista revolucionÃrio, utilizando tambÃm as reflexÃes presentes no ensaio O Homem Revoltado (1951).

O presente trabalho é uma análise das obras de Albert Camus e de Jean-Paul Sartre sob o ângulo do que o crítico russo E. M. Mielietínski designou, em sua A Poética do Mito, de remitologização moderna, fenômeno de revalorização do mito, forma de discurso e de pensamento supostamente arcaica, mas que, em pleno século XX era que deveria marcar o auge da dessacralização e autonomização racional do homem, ressurge como representação poderosa de explicitação da condição humana e do tempo presente. Um ressurgimento mais patente na literatura com as obras de Joyce, Kafka e Thomas Mann, entre outros, crítica literária e ciências humanas (especialmente a psicologia freudiana e junguiana e a etnologia), mas que também intervém de maneira significativa na filosofia ocidental, em bases que nos propomos a abordar em suas figurações particulares em Albert Camus e Jean-Paul Sartre. A célebre querela entre os dois, por conta da publicação por Camus de O Homem Revoltado, em 1952, oferece o contexto objetivo para uma investigação que, contudo, vai além de tal episódio, e mesmo das diferenças exclusivamente ideológicas e filosófico-doutrinais ali em questão. Tomando por eixo privilegiado de análise justamente O Homem Revoltado, pretendemos estudar os principais aspectos da armação mitopoética da obra, à luz de suas ressonâncias em outras obras do autor, para depois lançar pistas para um cotejo deste específico \"mitologismo moderno\" que também propomos desvendar enquanto fenômeno de \"camuflagem do sagrado\", segundo Mircea Eliade com o que Sartre apresenta especialmente na peça As Moscas, em suas concepções dramatúrgicas em geral e também em textos como \"Erostrato\" e o \"Prefácio\" de Os Condenados da Terra, de Frantz Fanon, no que nos propomos chamar de a antropo(a)gonia mítica sartriana, calcada no valor simbólico da violência para a gênese do humano, em contraste com a \"nostalgia participativa\" que, em Camus, une os homens entre si e com a Natureza.
This thesis analyzes the works of Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre by the perspective designated by the Russian critic E.M. Mielietínski in his book The Poetics of Myth, as modern remythologization, the phenomenon of revalorization of myth, a form of discourse and thought supposedly archaic but that in the 20th century an era that should mark the apex of man\'s secularism and rational autonomy reemerges as a powerful representation of the universal human condition and/or the present time. An evident resurgence in literature through the works of Joyce, Kafka and Thomas Mann, among others literary criticism and the humanities (especially Jungian Freudian and psychology as well as ethnology) but one that also intervenes in a significant manner in Western philosophy, on foundations which we propose to approach through the particular case of Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre. The famous quarrel between the two, due to Camus\'s publication of The Rebel in 1952, offers the objective context for an investigation that reaches beyond that episode and the exclusively ideological differences and philosophical doctrines in question. Privileging an analysis of The Rebel, we intend to study the principal aspects of the book\'s mythic-poetic motif, in light of its resonance with the author\'s other works, in order to set the stage for a comparison of this specific \"modern mythology\" which we further propose to reveal using the \"camouflage of the sacred\" phenomenon, according to Mircea Eliade with that which Sartre presents, particularly in the theatrical piece The Flies, in his dramaturgical concepts in general and also in written works such as \"Erostrato\" and the preface to Franz Fanon\'s Wretched of the Earth, in what we propose to call the mythic Sartrian anthropo(a)gonv, draped in the symbolic value of violence to the human genesis, in contrast with the \"participatory nostalgia\" which, in Camus, unites men within themselves and Nature.

"petit prince" valeureux en contact avec la misere, artiste cultive, amoureux du soleil, de la mer, de la splendeur mediterraneenne, la pauvrete ne l'atteint pas mais toute sa vie il lutte contre la maladie et la souffrance. La pensee est pour lui une compensation; la morale une revalorisation de l'existence. A l'epoque de la derniere guerre, cette jeune voix humaniste s'eleve pour defendre l'amour, la solidarite, l'amitie. Le public etranger l'adopte avec tant de faveur qu'il recoit le prix nobel de litterature. Son oeuvre reste inachevee mais "sisyphe est mort heureux, ecrit andre maurois, laissant son rocher au plus haut"
Valorous "little prince" in contact with misery, cultured artist, in love with sun, with sea and mediterranean splendour. Poverty doesn't reach him; but he fights against illness and pain all his life. Thought is a compensation for him and ethics an existence revalorization. In the last war time, this young humanist voice goes up to support love, solidarity and friendship. The foreign readers borrows him so much favourably he gets the literature nobel prize. His production remains unfinished but "sisyphe is dead happy, andre maurois writes, and left his rock perched high up

À ce jour, ont été écrites de nombreuses et remarquables études qui analysent les textes littéraires, philosophiques, journalistiques, épistolaires d’Albert Camus, et ce dans diverses perspectives : stylistiques, narratologiques, linguistiques, psychanalytiques, symboliques, thématiques, biographiques, intertextuelles, sociologiques, politiques, esthétiques, éthiques, philosophiques entre autres. Or, rares sont les études qui examinent l’idée et l’image du temps chez cet écrivain français du siècle dernier, à partir de ses essais philosophico-littéraires. L’essayiste songe par exemple à la conception temporelle, en l’associant tantôt au mouvement circulaire du monde méditerranéen, beau et éternel, ou du cosmos (L’Envers et l’endroit, Noces, entre autre), tantôt à la fonction de la conscience humaine qui espère, se souvient et se révolte (Le Mythe de Sisyphe), tantôt à la marche de l’histoire humaine, européenne (L’Homme révolté). En considérant l’œuvre entière de Camus, et surtout ces quatre essais, L’Envers et l’endroit, Noces, Le Mythe de Sisyphe et L’Homme révolté, notre thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les trois conceptions temporelles, qui n’ont pas reçu une attention critique suffisante : l’éternité, la triple temporalité (le passé, le présent et l’avenir) et le temps historique
To this day, there have been written numerous and remarkable studies which analyze the literary, philosophical, journalistic, and epistolary texts of Albert Camus from diverse perspectives : stylistic, narratological, linguistic, psychoanalytical, symbolic, thematic, biographical, intertextual, sociological, political, esthetic, ethical, philosophical, among others. Rare are studies which examine the idea and the image of time as conceived by this 20th century French writer, as evidenced in his philosophical-literary essays. Camus considers the conception of time by associating it with the circular movement of the Mediterranean world, beautiful and eternal, and that of the cosmos (Betwixt and Between, Nuptials), with the functioning of the human conscience which hopes, remembers, rebels (The Myth of Sisyphus), or with the course of both human and European history (The Rebel). By studying the complete works of Camus, especially, the following four essays—Betwixt and Between, Nuptipals, The Myth of Sysiphus, and The Rebel— our thesis aims to study three temporal notions which have not received sufficient critical attention: eternity, triple temporality (past, present, and future), and historical time

The following thesis aims to demonstrate the relevance of the work of Albert Camus to contemporary ethics. Drawing on recent debates around philosophical style and ethical communication, I suggest that Camus' work is characterised by an endeavour to formulate new ways of communicating moral issues and provoking ethical reflection. The following thesis is broken up into eight chapters. Chapter One is an introductory chapter which sets out the context to the current thesis, drawing on research on the significance of philosophical style (such as those of Berel Lang and Jon Stewart), as well as texts which assess the possibility of reading literature for ethical content (from Martha Nussbaum and Richard Posner), among other works. Chapter Two examines Camus' response to Christianity as the basis for the formulation of his own ethics, arguing that it is his inability to accept the concept of transcendence that motivates his desire to devise an alternative moral philosophy. The following four chapters (Chapter Three through to Six) examine specific devices used by Camus in both his literary and philosophical works, in order to demonstrate his endeavour to formulate new modes of ethical communication, all the way from grammatical constructions to ethical fables. Chapter Seven is a case study of a novel which I argue follows in Camus' footsteps in its attempt to elicit ethical reflection through narrative technique-that is, Kamel Daoud's Meursault, contre-enquête. Chapter Eight summarises the contribution that Camus' diverse writings make to ethical understanding, suggesting that drawing on interdisciplinary writings such as Camus' could beneficially expand the methodological arsenal of contemporary ethics.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Filosofia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2013.
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No discurso que se seguiu o Prêmio Nobel de Literatura em 1957, Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) apresenta a ideia que então justificava seu ofício. Ao se perguntar não apenas como o escritor deve agir, mas em busca de uma razão de ser da arte mesma, ele apresenta o que ele chama, então, de “o papel do escritor” (CAMUS, 1957, p.14). Na busca de uma compreensão aprofundada dessa expressão e do discurso, desenvolvemos, na presente dissertação, a exploração de algumas obras com valor estratégico na elaboração de um panorama da obra camusiana como um todo e, mais precisamente, do lugar que ocupa a arte no pensamento que lhe dá origem. Nesse sentido, o estudo das três ideias centrais do pensamento camusiano – o absurdo, a revolta e a justiça – foram feitas através de seus ensaios, peças e romances indistintamente. Com isso, definimos uma interpretação que desafia a leitura tradicional de sua obra ficcional como simples ilustração da não ficcional ou, por outro lado, que tome a obra não ficcional como mera explicação da obra ficcional. Definimos essa perspectiva como o “pensamento em imagens” e a tomamos como base para todo o trabalho. Começamos então uma análise do conceito de absurdo, por meio das obras O estrangeiro (1942) e O mito de Sísifo (1942), e, nelas, estudamos o conflito fundamental entre a sensibilidade humana e a indiferença do mundo. Em seguida, tratamos da ideia de revolta em Calígula (1944) e O homem revoltado (1951), e da necessidade do reconhecimento do outro no enfrentamento da condição absurda da existência humana. E, por fim, buscamos na peça Os justos (1949), um elemento que regule a revolta, impedindo que a justiça que ela pretende estabelecer não se configure no seu oposto. Definidas as bases teóricas desse pensamento, buscamos então entender como Camus posiciona o artista em tempos de crise. Nesse ponto, adentramos o discurso mesmo e buscamos compreender que sentido ele dá para arte em um mundo absurdo, como ele justifica a escrita em função da solidariedade encontrada no outro e em função de que valores tal prática deve se estabelecer. Em seguida, procedemos a um estudo de caso, assumindo a possibilidade da exploração de um caso ficcional, que focalizou o conto Jonas ou o artista no trabalho (1957), com o objetivo de ilustrar a tensão dessa posição a partir da perspectiva do artista. E, por fim, retornamos ao Mito de Sísifo e de Calígula, em busca de uma comparação das ideias apresentadas nesse discurso, feito no final da vida do autor, com as primeiras ideias desenvolvidas por ele acerca da arte e do seu papel no mundo, expressas nas obras inicialmente investigadas. Com esse percurso, esperamos enfim estabelecer uma leitura que faça justiça ao equilíbrio delicado exigido por essa ideia que Camus fazia do “papel do escritor”, a forma e as razões de seu engajamento forçoso em seu tempo e as condições que esse impõe. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
In the speech that followed the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957, Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) presents the idea that then justified his craft. When asking not only how the writer should act, but searching for a reason of being for art itself, he presents what he then called "the role of the writer" (CAMUS, 1957, p.14). In search of a deeper understanding of this expression and of the speech, we developed, in the present master dissertation, the exploration of some works with strategic value in developing an overview of Camus’s works as a whole and, more precisely, of the place of art in this thought from which it originates. In this sense, the study of the three central ideas of Camus thought – absurdity, revolt and justice – were made through his essays, plays and novels alike. This way we define an interpretation that challenges the traditional reading of his fiction as a simple illustration of non-fictional works or, on the other hand, that takes his nonfiction as mere explanation of his fictional works. We define this approach as “images thought” and took it as the basis for the whole of the present work. We then began an analysis of the concept of absurdity, through the works The Stranger (1942) and The Myth of Sisyphus (1942) and there studied the fundamental conflict between the human sensibility and the indifference of the world. Then we worked on the idea of revolt in Caligula (1944) and The Rebel (1951), and the necessity of recognizing the other in confronting the absurd condition of human existence. Finally we seek, in the play The Just Assassins (1949), an element that could regulate the revolt, preventing the justice it seeks to establish not become its opposite. Having defined the theoretical basis of this way of thinking, we seek to understand how Camus then places the artist in times of crisis. At this point we enter the discourse itself and seek to understand which sense it gives to art in an absurd world, how he justifies writing according to the solidarity found in the other and in which values such practice should establish itself. We have performed a case study, assuming the possibility of the exploration of a fictional case that focused in the short-story Jonas or the artist at work (1957) with the objective of illustrating the tension present in this position from the perspective of the artist. And, finally, we will return to The Myth of Sisyphus and Caligula, in search of a comparison between the ideas presented in this speech, given at the end of his life, and the first ideas he developed about art and its role in the world. In taking this course, we ultimately hope to establish a reading that would do justice to the delicate balance demanded by this idea that Camus made of the “role of the writer”, the form and reasons for his forcible engagement in his time and the conditions that comes with it. _______________________________________________________________________________________ RÉSUMÉ
Dans le discours qui a suivi le Prix Nobel de Littérature en 1957, Albert Camus (1913 – 1960) a présentée l'idée que justifie alors son métier. Lors de se demander non seulement comment l'écrivain doit agir, mais étant aussi à la recherche d'une raison pour l’art même, il présente ce qu'il appelait alors «le rôle de l'écrivain » (CAMUS, 1957, p.14). À la recherche d'une meilleure compréhension de cette expression et du discours, on a développée, dans la présente dissertation de Master, l'exploration des oeuvres ayant une valeur stratégique dans l'élaboration d'un aperçu de l’oeuvre de Camus dans son ensemble et, plus précisément, de la place de l'art dans la pensée qui l’origine. En ce sens-là , l'étude des trois idées centrales de la pensée de Camus – l'absurdité, la révolte et de la justice – fut réalisé à travers ses essais, ses pièces de théâtre et ses romans indistinctement. Ainsi, nous définissons une interprétation qui conteste la lecture traditionnelle de sa fiction comme une simple illustration de sa non-fiction ou, d'autre part, qui prend ses non-fictions par simple explication de ses oeuvres de fiction. Nous définissons cette approche comme «penser en images» et nous l'avons pris pour base de tout ce travail. Nous avons, ensuite, réalisé une analyse de la notion d'absurdité, à travers les oeuvres L’étranger (1942) et Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942) et nous y avons étudié le conflit fondamental entre la sensibilité humaine et l'indifférence du monde. Subséquemment, nous avons traité l'idée de révolte dans Caligula (1944) et L’Homme révolté (1951), et nous avons observé la nécessité de reconnaître l'autre face à la condition absurde de l'existence humaine. Après quoi, nous cherchons dans la pièce Les Justes (1949), un élément qui pourrait réguler la révolte, en empêchant la justice qu’elle cherche à établir de devenir son contraire. Ayant défini le fondement théorique de cette pensée, nous cherchons à comprendre comment Camus situe alors l'artiste en temps de crise. Ici, nous entrons dans le discours lui-même et cherchons à comprendre quel sens il donne à l'art dans un monde absurde, comme il justifie l'écriture sur la base de la solidarité trouve dans l'autre et en fonction de quelles valeurs telle pratique devrait être établi. Nous avons réalisé, donc, une étude de cas, en supposant la possibilité d'exploration d’un cas fictif, que a focalisé la nouvelle Jonas ou l'artiste au travail (1957), afin d’illustrer la tension de cette position du point de vue de l’artiste. Et, enfin, nous nous avons dédier au Mythe de Sisyphe et Caligula, à la recherche d'une comparaison entre les idées présentées dans ce discours, prononcé à la fin de la vie de l’auteur, les premières idées qu'il a développées à propos de l'art et de son rôle dans le monde, exprimée dans les oeuvres de l’enquête initiale. Avec cette route, nous chercions enfin d’établir une lecture qui rend justice à l’équilibre délicat nécessaire par cette idée que Camus fasait du « rôle de l’écrivain>, la forme et les raisons de leur engagement forcé dans son temps et les conditions que cela impose.

Engagement, ce terme qui connait une remarquable fortune dans le milieu intellectuel, prend effet au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale. Depuis lors, hommes de lettres et scientifiques se complaisent avec ravissement d'appartenir au cercle privilégié des intellectuels. Pendant tout le temps que dure la traversée des chemins sinueux qui mènent à l'engagement intellectuel, chaque clerc expose sa stratégie et sa façon d'aborder le problème. Les exemples d'approche étant multiples, nous focalisons notre étude sur deux types : l'engagement camusien et l'engagement sartrien. Au sein de différentes mouvances de l'après-guerre, Sartre et Camus, à la fois écrivains, journalistes, essayistes, hommes de théâtres et hommes d'action, et agissant dans l'univers de la politique suscitent une légitime curiosité. L'itinéraire politique de chacun de ces deux clercs, leur force mais aussi leur faiblesse, nous aident à mieux situer le statut, le rôle et le devoir de l'intellectuel dans une société où le politique occupe une place majeure. Camus, en homme de gauche convaincu, a toute sa vie durant, combattu pour que règnent la justice et la liberté, les seules valeurs qui, à ses yeux, méritent qu'on lutte et qu'on meure pour elles. Sartre, après son arrestation et sa déportation, devient au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale <> en France et le militant exemplaire d'une littérature engagée. Malgré des différences et une controverse qui fit grand bruit, Camus et Sartre restent les <> de leur temps. Ces deux frères ennemis ont chacun à leur manière laissé des traces indélébiles. Longtemps après leur mort, il semblerait que ce soit le milieu artistique ait repris le flambeau, acteurs, chanteurs et cinéastes qui paraissent tous, dans l'ensemble, sensibilisés par les problèmes cruciaux du moment, comme la lutte contre le racisme, le cancer, le sida et la faim dans le monde se font les nouveaux porte-paroles du peuple et les hérauts d'un désir de paix et d'harmonie sociale. Ils essayent à leur tour de remédier à leur manière aux maux d'une société du spectacle, devenue celle du regard et de l'image, selon l'expression de Guy Debord
The term commitment, which knows a remarkable success in intellectual circle, comes into effect in the days following the Second World War. Since then, men of letters and scientists have been reveling with delight in being members of a privileged circle of intellectuals. During the whole length of crossing sinuous ways which lead to the intellectual commitment lasts, each clerk exposes his strategy and his manner to deal with the problem. There are numerous ways to tackle the issue, our study is consequently focused on two types: Camus and Sartre's commitment. Within the different flux of after war, Camus and Sartre, at the same time writers, journalists, essayists, men of theatre and action, acting in the political world, arouse a justifiable curiosity. The political itinerary of each of the two clerks, their strength and also their weakness help us to better locate the status, the role and the intellectual's duty in a society where politics has on important place. During his whole life, Camus has fought as a convinced man of the left for the reign of justice and freedom, the only values for which deserve, in his eyes, one can fight and die. Soon after Second World War Sartre becomes after his arrest and his internment, << the figurehead of the intellectual commitment >> in France and the exemplary militant of the commited literature. In spite of differences and a controversy which has made a great noise, Camus and Sartre remain << the main and the complementary witnesses >> in their time. These two enemy brothers have left an indelible mark each in his own way. A long time after their death, it would seem that it was the artistic circle which took up the torch; actors, singers and film makers, whose awareness on the whole looked heightened of current crucial problems such as the fight against racism, cancer, aids and famine in the world, act as the new spokesmen for the nation and the heralds of peace and social harmony. They try each in their turn to cure the pains of a << society of spectacle >> their own way, which has become according to Guy Debord's expression, the society of <>

Nous avons traite dans cette these de "l'image de l'algerie dans l'oeuvre d'albert camus". Apres une description de l'espace geographique, du soleil et de la mer auxquels a. Camus voue un culte immense, nous avons decouvert les hommes, les femmes et les enfants qui peuplent les rivages de la mediterranee. Nous avons saisi ces habitants dans les divers aspects de leur vie: dans le quotidien comme dans le solennel. Pour finir, nous avons analyse les causes de cette guerre d'algerie et ses consequences sur camus. Toute la problematique de cette these consiste a montrer l'adequation parfaite et profonde qui regne entre a. Camus et l'algerie
We have analysed in this thesis "the algerian image in the work of albert camus". After a description of the geographic space, the sun and the sea, for whom he consacrate a vast importance. We have descovered men, womans and childrens leaving in mediterraneen rivage. These peoples are described from different sights of their life, in their daily activitees as in their officiel working. At the end, we have analised the reasons of the algerian war and her effects on a. Camus. The problematical aspect of this thesis is to schow the perfect and very deep relation that attached a. Camus to algerie

La présente étude propose une lecture de l’oeuvre de fiction d’Albert Camus à travers l’optique de l’exil. Le thème de l’exil s’y déploie tant à un niveau géographique que figuré, et son expression est nourrie tant par la réflexion que par le vécu de l’écrivain. Un exilé est un « homme privé de… » : cette formule camusienne signale d’abord l’état de rupture qu’est l’état d’exil, ensuite le royaume encore à définir et à re/conquérir. Avant que l’unité soit re/gagnée, l’homme subit les syndromes de l’exil qui se caractérisent notamment par le décharnement, le flottement, et la défaillance de la mémoire. Cependant l’exil peut aussi être bénéfique. L’examen de l’exil éclaire la substance du royaume : il est l’accord de l’homme avec ce qui constitue son bonheur, l’innocence avant la prise de conscience irréversible de la réalité, le monde concret avant l’invasion de l’abstraction, et aussi la reconnaissance mutuelle ainsi que le rassemblement de soi-même contre la dispersion. L’expression de l’exil chez Camus suit l’évolution de sa pensée : de l’absurde à l’amour, sa création va de la cassure comme condition requise de l’homme dans le monde jusqu’à l’acceptation consciente de sa vérité. Curieusement mais inévitablement, le retour aux origines ne peut s’effectuer que sur la terre de l’oubli et de l’exil
The present study proposes a reading of Albert Camus’s work of fiction and theatre through the perspective of exile. In his work, the theme of the exile appears at the geographical level as well as the figurative one, and its interpretation is nurtured by both his reflection and his real life. An exile is a “man deprived of…”: this formula of Camus himself indicates firstly the state of rupture, and secondly, by the unnamed word, the “kingdom” still to be defined and to be re/conquered. Before the unity to be re/gained, man suffers exile’s syndromes that can be characterized notably by the emaciation (in the figurative term), wavering, and the lapse of memory. However, exile can also be beneficial. The examination of exile throws light upon the nature of the kingdom: it is the harmonious state of man and what constitutes his happiness, the innocence before the irreversible awareness of the reality, the concrete world before the invasion of abstraction, the mutual recognition, as well as the gathering of oneself against the dispersion. Camus’s expression of exile follows the evolution of his thought: from absurd to love, his creation begins from man’s inescapable condition of rupture being in the world and reaches finally at the fully awareness and acceptation of his own truth. Curiously but inevitably, the return to the origin can only be realized on the land of forgetting and of exile

Mise en evidence d'analogies linguistiques, dramatiques et thématiques entre l'oeuvre d'Albert Camus et la bible, afin de montrer qu'en définitive l'auteur fut toujours préoccupé par une certaine forme de sacralite du monde et par un souci de redéfinir le rôle de l'écrivain en son époque : la quête de l'auteur s'organise dès ses premiers écrits et s'interrompt alors que l'oeuvre n'était pas achevée ; tout ceci contribue à former ce que nous appellerions les paraboles du secret d'Albert Camus
To bring to light linguistic, dramatic and thematic analogies between the works of Albert Camus and the bible, in order to show that eventually the writer was continually preoccupied by certain aspects of the sacred in the world, and by an eagerness to refefine the role of the writer in his own time. The author's search becomes apparent right from the first works and comes to a halt before the task was finished : this is what shapes what we would call " Albert Camus's parables of secret "

Le theatre de camus est une partie de son oeuvre trop meconnue, ou du moins trop souvent delaissee. On oublie que si celui qui recut le prix nobel en 1957 fut un essayiste, un romancier et un nouvelliste, il fut aussi un homme de theatre. C'est pourquoi nous avons decide de travailler sur le theatre en general, et sur la recherche d'une tragedie moderne en particulier. Cette question a toujours beaucoup interesse camus. Sa conference prononcee a athenes sur l'avenir de la tragedie en 1955 en est la preuve : il souhaitait apporter sa tragedie a son epoque. Ainsi, nous retracerons les premiers pas de camus au theatre, avec la creation a alger de deux compagnies - le theatre du travail et le theatre de l'equipe. Nous etudierons ensuite la notion de mise en scene dans ses differentes oeuvres (creations aussi bien qu'adaptations) avec ses diverses influences (celle de jacques copeau, son << seul maitre >>, et celle d'antonin artaud), son approche des decors, des costumes, et son gout du geste et du mouvement. L'etude des personnages nous permettra ensuite de montrer que bien que conservant le << classicisme >> du personnage de theatre - c'est-a-dire qu'il n'y a chez camus, contrairement a ce que l'on nomme couramment le << theatre de l'absurde >> ni deconstruction du personnage, ni infirmite, ni decheance - camus renouvelle certains elements de la tragedie grecque, comme par exemple le choeur antique. Et comme il n'est pas de tragedie sans langage, nous montrerons a quel point ce dernier reste classique. Chez camus, foin de destruction du langage, ni de trivialites : le langage est beau, il se respecte, il est noble. Il restera toujours un moyen de communication, le vehicule d'une pensee coherente. On peut donc dire que tout en respectant certaines regles du classicisme. Camus apporte sa touche a l'edifice de la recherche d'une tragedie moderne. On peut alors qualifier son theatre de << classicisme moderne >> ou de << modernisme classique >>.