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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Canopy”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 25 lipca 2025

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1

Medina, Alejandro Josue. "Urban Canopy." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44892.

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This thesis explores the definition of an urban canopy, how civic architecture can create a space for the pedestrian in the city, and the elements which can compose such a space. Experimentation in the urban canopy allows definition into the protective nature of such an archetype. Filtering and entrance techniques are discovered to allow access by the pedestrian only. The structural and spatial composition of the space is also developed to enhance human interaction and usability. Layering provides different levels of access and privacy as different groups use the space. And finally the employ

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Carlyle, Erin. "Magnolia Canopy Otherworld." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1555331993434814.

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Newell, Felicity L. "A Bird’s Eye View of the Forest: How Does Canopy Openness Affect Canopy Songbirds?" The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276875484.

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Noble, Sidney Lake. "The Influence of Canopy Cover and Canopy Heterogeneity on Plant Diversity within Oak Savannas." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1595843486558554.

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Udumala, Savary Sajith Kumar Jose. "Study of the force distribution in the citrus canopy during harvest using continuous canopy shaker." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041324.

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Grant, Eleanor Rose. "Canopy-atmosphere interactions over complex terrain." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550799.

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The study of boundary layer flow through a forest canopy on complex terrain has, until recently, been limited to modelling and laboratory studies. This thesis presents a unique set of field measurements from within and above a canopy situated on a ridge. A climatological study of the observed dataset is presented to identify the significant fea- tures of these flows that differentiate them from air flows above and within a homogeneous canopy on flat terrain. The ridge is found to impact on the flows in the following ways. On the summit the velocity profile resembles that of a canopy profile on

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Holland, M. R. "Canopy collapse of dried pea crops." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305741.

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Jackson, Robin Geoffrey. "Remote sensing of forest canopy gaps." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327361.

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Cuello, Nerea. "NEW CONCEPT OF A STROLLER CANOPY." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Jönköping University, JTH, Industridesign, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49442.

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This master thesis report describes the process of designing, developing and building an accessory for a stroller that protects the kid from rain and sun. The project is a collaboration with Thule Sweden AB, in Hillerstorp.The work starts with developing a new concept idea for Thule’s category “Active with kids”, in the line of strollers, and with a focus on the Southern Europe market, more concretely Spain. The design proposal fits and expresses Thule’s vision and brand language.The project started with gaining knowledge about the market, investigating the user needs with surveys to find out

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Monteleone, Susan Elaine. "Light Spectra Distributions in Temperate Conifer-Forest Canopy Gaps, Oregon and in Tropical Cloud-Forest Canopy, Venezuela." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279052/.

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Light spectra distributions were measured in two different montane forests: temperate and tropical. Spectral light measurements were made in different sized canopy gaps in the conifer forest at H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon, USA. Researchers at Oregon State University created these gaps of 20 m, 30 m, and 50 m in diameter. In the tropical cloud forest, spectral light measurements were made in two plots that were permanently established at La Mucuy Parque Nacional in Venezuela, in collaboration with researchers at Universidad de Los Andes. In both studies, spectra and distributio

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Balduzzi, Mathilde. "Plant canopy modeling from Terrestrial LiDAR System distance and intensity data." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20203.

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Le défi de cette thèse est de reconstruire la géométrie 3D de la végétation à partir des données de distance et d'intensité fournies par un scanner de type LiDAR. Une méthode de « shape-from-shading » par propagation est développée pour être combinée avec une méthode de fusion de données type filtre de Kalman pour la reconstruction optimale des surfaces foliaires.-Introduction-L'analyse des données LiDAR nous permet de dire que la qualité du nuage de point est variable en fonction de la configuration de la mesure : lorsque le LiDAR mesure le bord d'une surface ou une surface fortement inclinée

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Perkins, Kelly A. "Cerulean warbler selection of forest canopy gaps." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4596.

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13

Gao, Jincheng. "Canopy chlorophyll estimation with hyperspectral remote sensing." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/252.

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Pilger, Neal, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Canopy reflectance modeling of forest stand volume." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2004, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/230.

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Three-dimensional canopy relectance models provide a physical-structural basis to satellite image analysis, representing a potentially more robust, objective and accurate approach for obtaining forest cover type and structural information with minimal ground truth data. The Geometric Optical Mutual Shadowing (GOMS) canopy relectance model was run in multiple-forward-mode (MFM) using digital multispectral IKONOS satellite imagery to estimate tree height and stand volume over 100m2 homogeneous forest plots in mountainous terrain, Kananaskis, Alberta. Height was computed within 2.7m for trembling

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Narayanan, Sruthi. "Canopy architecture and water productivity in sorghum." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8760.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Agronomy<br>Robert M. Aiken<br>Increasing crop water use efficiency (WUE), the amount of biomass produced per unit water consumed, can enhance crop productivity and yield potential. The objective of the first study was to evaluate the factors affecting water productivity among eight sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes, which differ in canopy architecture. Sorghum genotypes, grown under field conditions, showed significant differences in (a) biomass production, (b) water use, (c) intercepted radiation, (d) water productivity and (e) radiation use e

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Carr, Daniel. "Non-intrusive load monitoring with canopy clustering." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2012. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/nonintrusive-load-monitoring-with-canopy-clustering(14629d2f-4fdf-47c0-aa3e-9cb7924ce5df).html.

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Dwindling fossil fuels and the rising price of energy has meant that attitudes towards energy usage have changed in both domestic and commercial settings. This change in attitude has led to the development of smart metering technologies that are currently being rolled out across the world. The research has been developed to be able to add functionality to smart metering devices by providing information about energy usage within the premises through Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). The thesis provides a detailed description of the work undertaken to develop a novel method of load disaggreg

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Jenkins, Stuart Rees. "The ecology of sheltered, canopy dominated shores." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481202.

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Edwards, Clinton Lee. "Free-space optical communications through a forest canopy." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1742.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Bamatraf, Abdurhman Mohamed. "Temporal and spatial relationships of canopy spectral measurements." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1986_25_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Pera, Gizelle M. "Canopy Demographics at the Firestone Reserve, Costa Rica." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/707.

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Though Costa Rica has suffered numerous bouts of deforestation to its valuable tropical rainforest area, especially in the 1970s, it has become a leader in its efforts to regenerate and restore its rainforest. However, studies and protocols for the assessment of forest regeneration are urgently required. Research has shown that the percentage of light penetrating the canopy floor, or light fraction, is a good indicator of rainforest maturity. In this study, digital rectilinear photography and a global positioning system receiver were used to survey the Firestone Reserve inCosta Rica in order t

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21

Wells, Rachel. "Genetic control of canopy architecture in Brassica napus." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439928.

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Rowland, Clare Sharon. "Forward and inverse modelling of forest canopy reflectance." Thesis, University of Salford, 2001. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/46521/.

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Fort, Tania. "Functions, transmission and emission of the canopy microbiota." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0338.

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Les arbres interagissent avec des communautés microbiennes diversifiées qui influencent leur fitness et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes terrestres. Contrairement aux micro-organismes associés aux racines et au sol, les micro-organismes qui colonisent la canopée forestière sont encore mal connus. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les fonctions des micro-organismes associés aux parties aériennes des arbres (feuilles, tiges, graines) ainsi que leur dynamique de transmission verticale (de l’arbre à ses descendants) et horizontale (émission de l’arbre vers l’atmosphère), en combin

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Carr, Daniel. "Canopy Disturbance and Reproduction in Cornus florida L." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2245.

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This study examined aspects of local reproductive variation in the flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) coincident with recent differences in primary canopy architecture. The dogwood trees in this study were impacted by a hurricane that created numerous treefall gaps, which created fine scale heterogeneity in the primary canopy. Fine scale disturbances in a forest can result in changes for multiple members of the forest community, including the reproductive responses of the trees and interspecific pollination mutualisms. Previously determined differences in offspring genetic structure sugges

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Monje, Oscar A. "Effects of Elevated CO2 on Crop Growth Rates, Radiation Absorption, Canopy Quantum Yield, Canopy Carbon Use Efficiency, and Root Respiration of Wheat." DigitalCommons@USU, 1993. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6763.

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Wheat canopies were grown at either 330 or 1200 μmol mol-1 CO2 in sealed controlled environments, where carbon fluxes and radiation interception were continuously and nondestructively measured during their life cycles. The effects of elevated CO2 on daily growth rates, canopy quantum yield, canopy and root carbon use efficiencies, and final dry mass were calculated from carbon flux measurements in an open gas exchange system. Dry biomass at harvest was predicted from the gas exchange data to within ± 8%. The greatest effect of elevated CO2 occurred in the first 15d after emergence; however, se

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Peterson, Birgit Ellen. "Canopy fuels inventory and mapping using large-footprint lidar." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3189.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Geography. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Burlison, Alison Jean. "Sward canopy structure and ingestive behaviour in grazing animals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27546.

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Espinoza, Fermin Owens Robb E. "Identifying roads and trails hidden under canopy using Lidar." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Sep%5FEspinoza.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Science in Space Systems Operations)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2007.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Olsen, R. C. "September 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 22, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p.105-108). Also available in print.

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Larrivée, Maxim. "Diversity of canopy spiders in north-temperate hardwood forests." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115856.

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The objective of this thesis was to understand the spatial patterns and processes responsible for canopy and understorey spider (Arachnida: Araneae) diversity at multiple spatial scales in north-temperate hardwood forests. I sampled tree trunks (sticky traps) and foliage (beating) of sugar maple and American beech tree canopies and their understorey saplings in old growth forests near Montreal, Quebec. Results show the composition of canopy and understorey assemblages differed significantly, and so did sugar maple and American beech canopy assemblages. Each stratum was also dominated by differ

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Owens, Robb E. "Identifying roads and trails hidden under canopy using Lidar." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3329.

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LIDAR data collected from four geographic regions are studied to determine the feasibility of reliably identifying roads and trails hidden under dense jungle and forest canopies. The four analyzed regions include the Elkhorn Slough in Central California (2005), Kahuku Training Area on the North side of Oahu Island in Hawaii (2005), La Selva Biological Station near Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica (1997), and Cougar Mountain Park in Bellevue, Washington (2001). Using the commercial product, Quick Terrain Modeler, 3-D interactive analysis was done to identify roads and trails hidden

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Krougios, Prokopios. "Extracting hidden trails and roads under canopy using LIDAR." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/3823.

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The field of Remote Sensing has been greatly benefited by the development of LIDAR. The extraction of bare earth under tree canopies and especially the identification of hidden trails are important tools for military and civilian operations in dense forests. LIDAR data from Sequoia National Park in California (2008) and Fort Belvoir Military Base in Virginia (2007) were two areas that were selected for analysis. Quick Terrain Modeler software was used in order to recognize hidden trails. The entire procedure was followed by ground truth verifications in Sequoia National Park and all the

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Luker-Brown, M. "Simulating the interactions between canopy microclimate and vegetation physiology." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299539.

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PAULA, REGINALDO ROSA COTTO DE. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FLOW WITHIN AND ABOVE FOREST CANOPY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11570@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Neste trabalho três métodos foram utilizados para estudar o escoamento turbulento em regiões de florestas. No primeiro método, a influência da vegetação no escoamento foi modelada através da adição de termos fontes nas equações de quantidade de movimento, energia cinética turbulenta e sua taxa de dissipação. No segundo, a vegetação foi considerada um meio poroso homogêneo. Finalmente, a camada do dossel foi representada por modelos 3-D de árvores, consideradas como obstáculos individuais. As equações foram resolvidas at

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Roberts, Anthony. "The influence of acacias on below canopy grass communities." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26501.

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The inﬂuence of acacia species through their varying life stages (seedlings, juveniles, adults and dead trees) on sub-canopy grass communities was investigated at various sites in the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park (HUP). There were signiﬁcant differences between classes (at p < 0.05} to each other and to the open sites, but to differing extents at the different rainfall regions within the HUP. Signiﬁcant differences occurred between young acacias and the open sites more frequently at the drier sites than at the wetter sites. Young acacias do not inﬂuence below canopy grass communities in the high

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Kimball, Pulelehua L. "Urban Tree Canopy Assessments in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48057.

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An urban tree canopy assessment (UTCA) is a new technology that can inform management decisions to optimize the economic, social and environmental benefits provided by urban forests. A UTCA uses remote sensing to create a comprehensive spatial snapshot of a locality's land cover, classified at a very fine scale (1 meter or less). Over the past decade, UTCAs have been conducted for numerous localities in the Chesapeake Bay watershed (CBW) as part of a strategy to enhance urban tree canopy (UTC) and reduce stormwater runoff that pollutes the Chesapeake Bay. Our research examined how local gover

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Horn, Andrea L. "Assessment of Tree Canopy Effects Overtop Low Volume Roadways." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564052715480026.

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Teixeira, João Carlos Martins. "WRF sensitivity to lower boundary and urban canopy parametrizations." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10175.

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Mestrado em Meteorologia e Oceanografia Física<br>Ao longo dos anos avanços, na tecnologia de satélite viabilizaram a aquisição de informações sobre a superfície da Terra, tais como elevação e uso do solo, com grande detalhe e resolução. Esta informação pode ser incluída em modelos numérico da atmosfera, atualizando e dando-lhes mais detalhes sobre as condições de fronteira inferior. Assim sendo, este trabalho visa estudar a sensibilidade do Weather Research and Forecasting model a três conjuntos de dados de topografia, e dois de uso do solo diferentes. Um caso de estudo em que a precipitação

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Karatolios, Apostolos Krougios Prokopios. "Extracting hidden trails and roads under canopy using LIDAR." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FKaratolios.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Applied Physics and M.S. in Applied Physics and M.S. in Electronic Warfare Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Olsen, R. C. ; Jenn, David C. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 29, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-95). Also available in print.

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Pauthenet, Martin. "Macroscopic model and numerical simulation of elastic canopy flows." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0072/document.

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On étudie l'écoulement turbulent d'un fluide sur une canopée, que l'on modélise comme un milieu poreux déformable. Ce milieu poreux est en fait composé d'un tapis de fibres susceptibles de se courber sous la charge hydrodynamique du fluide, et ainsi de créer un couplage fluide-structure à l'échelle d'une hauteur de fibre (honami). L'objectif de la thèse est de développer un modèle macroscopique de cette interaction fluide-structure, afin d'en réaliser des simulations numériques. Une approche numérique de simulation aux grandes échelles est donc mise en place pour capturer les grandes structure

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Thomas, Daniel. "Hitchhiking in the Canopy: Ecological Patterns of Forest Mycobiomes." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23141.

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The fungal microbiome, or “mycobiome” of plants is diverse and important to host health, but the fluxes of fungi among plant hosts and with the surrounding environment are poorly understood. In chapter two, we employed sterile culture techniques and spatial sampling to examine leaves as possible vectors for transfer of their endophytic fungi from the canopy to substrate on the forest floor, as predicted by the Foraging Ascomycete hypothesis. Some foliar endophytic fungal species are also present as wood-decomposing fungi on the forest floor, that transfer of mycelium across t

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Wang, Wei-Min. "Estimation of component temperatures of vegetative canopy with Vis/NIR and TIR multiple-angular data through inversion of vegetative canopy radiative transfer model." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6027.

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Les mesures de la température de brillance des couverts végétaux s’appliquent à de très nombreux domaines comme la climatologie, l’hydrologie, l’agronomie, écologie. Son intérêt principal est de permettre d’accéder à l’estimation du bilan énergétique de la surface. Les mauvaises performances des modèles actuels en terme de restitution de la température de surface sont attribuées, en grande partie, à l'hétérogénéité des surfaces continentales. Les modèles actuels sont inaptes à rendre compte correctement des flux dans ces conditions (même éventuellement avec une correction de type kB-1). Les es

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Wang, Wei-Min Li Zhao-Liang. "Estimation of component temperatures of vegetative canopy with Vis/NIR and TIR multiple-angular data through inversion of vegetative canopy radiative transfer model." Strasbourg : Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/00001118.

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Strydom, Janéne. "Canopy manipulation practices for optimum colour of redglobe (V.Vinifera L.) /." Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1228.

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Van, der Vyver Marius Lodewyk. "Restoring the biodiversity of canopy species within degraded spekboom thicket." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1564.

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I investigated the return of plant canopy diversity to degraded spekboom thicket landscapes under restoration treatment. I attempted the reintroduction of five nursery propagated and naturally-occurring plant species in severely degraded Portulacaria afra Jacq. (spekboom) dominated thickets that have been subjected to a restoration method involving the planting of dense rows of P. afra truncheons for various time periods and also in degraded and intact thickets. I also planted nursery propagated P. afra cuttings. An average of 30 propagules of each species, were planted in each of the chosen a

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Krayenhoff, Eric Scott. "A multi-layer urban canopy model for neighbourhoods with trees." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51674.

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Over 50% of the world’s population lives in cities, many of which are hot, polluted, and expanding. The design of cities impacts local meteorology and climate, which affect building energy use and the comfort and health of urban residents. Numerical models that incorporate the relevant urban elements and physical processes can predict these effects and guide management strategies. Addition of vegetation is a key design strategy for moderation of local urban climate, and many cities already boast extensive vegetation. Relative to shorter vegetation, urban trees have unique effects on local clim

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Gaige, Elizabeth. "Throughfall Dynamics and Canopy Processes in a Nitrogen Fertilized Forest." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GaigeES2005.pdf.

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Hastwell, Graeme. "Facilitation and fertile islands : linking canopy effects with plant interactions /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh3588.pdf.

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Costa, Carlos. "Root and canopy characteristics of maize types with extreme architectures." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36898.

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Studies of corn root morphology, canopy description, light and nutrient relationships, have focused on conventional corn hybrids. We are now extending these studies to other corn types with contrasting canopy and root architectures. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out in order to characterize root morphology, N status in the plant and its relationship with yield and yield components, canopy architecture and light interception of these genotypes. The indoor experiments investigated root morphology and how N affects it. Root fractal geometry and its relationship with standard measu

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Pegoraro, Emiliano. "Environmental control of isoprene emission : from leaf to canopy scale." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/767.

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Isoprene is the most abundant volatile organic compound (VOC) emitted from vegetation, mainly trees. Because it plays an important role in tropospheric chemistry leading to formation of pollutants and enhancing the lifetime of the greenhouse gas methane, concern about the response of isoprene emissions to the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration and global climate change has been increasing over the last few years. The consequences of predicted climate change will have complex repercussions on global isoprene emission. The increasing atmospheric CO2 per se will have direct effects on terrestr

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Harmon, Charles F. "Automating identification of roads and trails under canopy using LiDAR." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5585.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>Analysis techniques are developed to automatically extract roads and trails under thick forest canopy. LiDAR data were taken over the Swanton Pacific Ranch in the Santa Cruz Mountains from an airborne laser mapping system, the Optech 3100, on March 9-10, 2010. Collected data were characterized by point densities of 5-10 m2. Point cloud data were reduced to digital surface models using ARCMAP (from ESRI). The DSM was calculated at 1 meter spacing. These surface models were analyzed using topographic tools in ENVI, allowing for calculatio

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