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1

Hasdai, David, Peter B. Berger, Alexander Battler, and David R. Holmes Jr. Cardiogenic Shock. Humana Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/159259154x.

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Hochman, Judith S., and E. Magnus Ohman, eds. Cardiogenic Shock. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444316926.

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G, Daniel Werner, Kronzon Itzhak, and Mügge Andreas, eds. Cardiogenic embolism. Williams & Wilkins, 1995.

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4

1951-, Hochman Judith S., Ohman Magnus, and American Heart Association, eds. Cardiogenic shock. American Heart Association, 2009.

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Hasdai, David, Peter B. Berger, Alexander Battler, and David R. Holmes, eds. Cardiogenic Shock. Humana Press, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-154-1.

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David, Hasdai, ed. Cardiogenic shock: Diagnosis and treatment. Humana Press, 2002.

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7

name, No. Cardiogenic shock: Diagnosis and treatment. Humana Press, 2003.

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8

R, Hainsworth, McWilliam P. N, Mary, D. A. S. G., and University of Leeds. Department of Cardiovascular Studies., eds. Cardiogenic reflexes: Report of an international symposium. Oxford University Press, 1987.

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9

Lim, Hoong Sern. Hemodynamic Physiology in Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64740-6.

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R, Hainsworth, and Mark Allyn L, eds. Cardiovascular reflex control in health and disease: Mechanism of adoption and resetting of baroreceptor reflex. W.B. Saunders, 1993.

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11

Chen, Martin, and Muoi Trinh. Cardiogenic Shock. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0010.

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Heart failure and cardiogenic shock are important causes of perioperative morbidity and mortality that require prompt recognition prior to the institution of specialized monitoring and treatment, including the consideration of circulatory assist devices. Patients at risk for perioperative heart failure require special consideration with respect to preoperative evaluation, medical optimization prior to proceeding with surgery, and monitoring throughout the perioperative period. The intraoperative and postoperative management need to be carefully planned in order to avoid the development of acut
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12

Ohman, E. Magnus, and Judith S. Hochman. Cardiogenic Shock. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.

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13

Ohman, E. Magnus, and Judith S. Hochman. Cardiogenic Shock. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2009.

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14

Hasdai, David, Peter B. Berger, Alexander Battler, and David R. Holmes Jr. Cardiogenic Shock. Humana, 2010.

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15

Hollenberg, Steven M., and Eric R. Bates. Cardiogenic Shock. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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16

Hasdai, David, Peter B. Berger, Alexander Battler, and David R. Holmes Jr. Cardiogenic Shock. Humana Press, 2002.

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17

Bates, Eric R. Cardiogenic Shock. Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2002.

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18

(Editor), David Hasdai, Peter B. Berger (Editor), Alexander Battler (Editor), and David R. Holmes Jr. (Editor), eds. Cardiogenic Shock (Contemporary Cardiology). Humana Press, 2002.

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19

Cybulsky, Irene Joanna. The contribution of cardiogenic oscillations. 1987.

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20

Acharya, Deepak, Indranee Rajapreyar, and Karl Kern, eds. Cardiogenic Shock: Basic and Clinical Considerations. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-045-1.

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21

Katritsis, Demosthenes G., Bernard J. Gersh, and A. John Camm. Acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685288.003.0815_update_003.

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22

Tanaka, Sébastien, and Jacques Duranteau. Management of acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0165.

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Severe capillary leak is an important factor in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction following inflammatory syndromes such as sepsis-induced acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Various interventions, such as a conservative fluid strategy, albumin, and diuretics are designed to maintain an adequate intravascular colloid osmotic pressure, reduce capillary leak and reduce extravascular water. Of these, only a conservative, rather than liberal fluid strategy is currently recommended. Preclinical studies in ARDS and sepsis suggest that preventing microvascular leak ma
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23

Thiele, Holger, and Uwe Zeymer. Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0049.

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Cardiogenic shock complicating an acute coronary syndrome is observed in up to 10% of patients and is associated with high mortality still approaching 50%. The extent of ischaemic myocardium has a profound impact on the initial, in-hospital, and post-discharge management and prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patient. Careful risk assessment for each patient, based on clinical criteria, is mandatory, to decide appropriately regarding revascularization by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, drug treatment by inotropes and vasopressors, mechanical left
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24

Thiele, Holger, and Uwe Zeymer. Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0049_update_001.

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Cardiogenic shock complicating an acute coronary syndrome is observed in up to 10% of patients and is associated with high mortality still approaching 50%. The extent of ischaemic myocardium has a profound impact on the initial, in-hospital, and post-discharge management and prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patient. Careful risk assessment for each patient, based on clinical criteria, is mandatory, to decide appropriately regarding revascularization by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, drug treatment by inotropes and vasopressors, mechanical left
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25

Thiele, Holger, and Uwe Zeymer. Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0049_update_002.

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Cardiogenic shock complicating an acute coronary syndrome is observed in up to 10% of patients and is associated with high mortality still approaching 50%. The extent of ischaemic myocardium has a profound impact on the initial, in-hospital, and post-discharge management and prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patient. Careful risk assessment for each patient, based on clinical criteria, is mandatory, to decide appropriately regarding revascularization by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, drug treatment by inotropes and vasopressors, mechanical left
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26

Thiele, Holger, and Uwe Zeymer. Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0049_update_003.

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Cardiogenic shock complicating an acute coronary syndrome is observed in up to 10% of patients and is associated with high mortality still approaching 50%. The extent of ischaemic myocardium has a profound impact on the initial, in-hospital, and post-discharge management and prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patient. Careful risk assessment for each patient, based on clinical criteria, is mandatory, to decide appropriately regarding revascularization by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, drug treatment by inotropes and vasopressors, mechanical left
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27

Lim, Hoong Sern. Hemodynamic Physiology in Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock. Springer, 2024.

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28

Kimmoun, Antoine, and Bruno Levy. Pathophysiology of shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0149.

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Shock remains a major cause of intensive care unit admission. Initially categorized into hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock, understanding of the pathophysiology has recently evolved such that tissue hypoperfusion in all shock states leads to a dysregulated inflammatory response. After 24 hours, septic shock and ischaemiareperfusion related to hypovolaemic and cardiogenic shock share similar haemodynamic and pro-inflammatory profiles. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines is a major consequence of this common pathophysiology, which is focused upon activation of NF-κ‎b wi
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29

Hainsworth, Roger, and Allyn L. Mark. Cardiovascular Reflex Control in Health and Disease. W.B. Saunders Company, 1993.

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30

Cardiogenic reflexes: Report of an international symposium organized by the Department of Cardiovascular Studies, University of Leeds, and held in Leeds, 16-20 September 1985. Oxford University Press, 1987.

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31

Dalzell, Jonathan R., Colette E. Jackson, Roy Gardner, and John JV McMurray. Acute heart failure: early pharmacological therapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0052.

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Acute heart failure syndromes consist of a spectrum of clinical presentations due to an impairment of some aspect of the cardiac function. They represent a final common pathway for a vast array of pathologies and may be either a de novo presentation or, more commonly, a decompensation of pre-existing chronic heart failure. Despite being one of the most common medical presentations, there are no definitively proven prognosis-modifying treatments. The mainstay of current therapy is oxygen and intravenous diuretics. However, within this spectrum of presentations, there is a crucial dichotomy whic
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32

Dalzell, Jonathan R., Colette E. Jackson, Roy Gardner, and John JV McMurray. Acute heart failure: early pharmacological therapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0052_update_001.

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Acute heart failure syndromes consist of a spectrum of clinical presentations due to an impairment of some aspect of the cardiac function. They represent a final common pathway for a vast array of pathologies and may be either a de novo presentation or, more commonly, a decompensation of pre-existing chronic heart failure. Despite being one of the most common medical presentations, there are no definitively proven prognosis-modifying treatments. The mainstay of current therapy is oxygen and intravenous diuretics. However, within this spectrum of presentations, there is a crucial dichotomy whic
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33

Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Therapy-related issues: cardiovascular system. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603640.003.0017.

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Angina 338Tolerance to nitrate therapy 341Heart failure 342Drug interventions for severe heart failure 348Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema 350Treatment of hypertension 352Understanding anticoagulation 356Clinical use of anticoagulants 358Warfarin dosing 362Counselling patients treated with warfarin 364Reversing the effects of warfarin (or other vitamin K antagonists) ...
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34

Gilmore, Joseph P., and Irving H. Zucker. Reflex Control of the Circulation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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35

Gilmore, Joseph P., and Irving H. Zucker. Reflex Control of the Circulation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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36

Gilmore, Joseph P., and Irving H. Zucker. Reflex Control of the Circulation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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37

Gilmore, Joseph P., and Irving H. Zucker. Reflex Control of the Circulation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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38

Demetriades, Demetrios, Leslie Kobayashi, and Lydia Lam. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial
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39

Demetriades, Demetrios, Leslie Kobayashi, and Lydia Lam. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_001.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial
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40

Lam, Lydia, Leslie Kobayashi, and Demetrios Demetriades. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_002.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial
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41

Lam, Lydia, Leslie Kobayashi, and Demetrios Demetriades. Cardiac complications in trauma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0062_update_003.

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Post-traumatic cardiac complications may occur after penetrating or blunt injuries to the heart or may follow severe extracardiac injuries. The majority of victims with penetrating injuries to the heart die at the scene and do not reach hospital care. For those patients who reach hospital care, an immediate operation, sometimes in the emergency room, cardiac injury repair, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation provide the only possibility of survival. Many patients develop perioperative cardiac complications such as acute cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary air embolism, and myocardial
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42

Alonso Salinas, Gonzalo Luis, Marina Pascual Izco, Covadonga Fernández-Golfín, Luigi P. Badano, and José Luis Zamorano. Ischaemic heart disease: acute coronary syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0029.

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Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a non-invasive and accessible tool that should be widely used in the evaluation of patients with suspected or known acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Its role is crucial in the management of patients with suspected ACS without electrocardiographic changes or elevation of cardiac markers, allowing the formulation of differential diagnosis between cardiac and extracardiac aetiologies. If the ACS is confirmed, initial assessment of regional and global left and right ventricle contractile function is fundamental in establishing the management strategy and may h
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43

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. Critically Ill Patients. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0012.

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Echocardiography is one of the most powerful diagnostic and monitoring tools available to the modern emergency/critical care practitioners. It can provide important information throughout the whole patient pathway. This chapter details the role of lung ultrasound and 2D echocardiography and colour Doppler for a variety of critical acute care conditions. These include acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, acute dyspnoea, and acute lung injury. More general information on how to perform a lung ultrasound, specific problems in ventilated patients and echocardiographic examination in cardiorespirato
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44

Pang, Diana, and Joseph A. Carcillo. Pediatric Shock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0008.

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The chapter on pediatric shock recognition and management provides essential information on types of shock and its management. It contains summaries of hypovolemic, hemorrhagic, cardiogenic, vasoplegic, septic, metabolic, and dysoxic shock. All types of shock are best treated when therapy is targeted toward achieving specific goals (goal-directed therapy), and this chapter provides guidelines for clinical, hemodynamic, and biochemical goals. To achieve those goals, the chapter also provides guidelines on the use of key therapies, including isotonic crystalloid and colloid, blood products, cate
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45

D’Amato, Gaetano, Guillermo Luxán, and José Luis de la Pompa. Defining cardiac domains from the inside: NOTCH in endocardial–myocardial interactions. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0011.

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In this chapter we illustrate the signalling interactions of the endocardium with the other cardiac tissues to coordinate cardiac development. First, we describe the developmental origins of the endocardium. Then we focus on the Notch pathway because of its unique signalling activity in the endocardium, and briefly describe the elements of this signalling mechanism and the key cardiogenic processes that require endocardial Notch signalling: patterning of the early embryonic endocardium into prospective territories for valves and ventricular chambers, early valve formation, ventricular trabecul
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46

Erlinge, David, and Göran Olivecrona. Diagnosis and management of ST-elevation of myocardial infarction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0147.

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ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is generally caused by a ruptured plaque that triggers local thrombus formation, which occludes the coronary artery. STEMI should be diagnosed rapidly, based on the combination of ST-segment elevation and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. The main treatment objective is myocardial tissue reperfusion as quickly as possible. The preferred method of reperfusion is primary percutaneous coronary interventionif transport time is below 2 hours, and thrombolysis if longer STEMI patients with acute onset cardiogenic shock should be evaluated by echocard
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47

Cropsey, Christopher L., and Patrick B. Knight. Beta Blocker/Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0088.

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Beta blocker and calcium channel blocker overdose is a rare perioperative complication that manifests with symptoms of altered mental status, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Although the clinical presentation is often similar, the underlying pathophysiology can differ between either cardiogenic or vasodilatory shock. Standard therapies such as calcium administration or beta-adrenergic agonists may be effective but often require much higher doses than normal. The evidence for targeted therapies, such as high-dose insulin infusion and glucagon, is mixed, but these should b
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48

McAuley, Danny F., and Thelma Rose Craig. Measurement of extravascular lung water in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0140.

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The accumulation of fluid in the interstitium and alveolar space is known as extravascular lung water (EVLW). EVLW is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients and is elevated in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, acute lung injury (ALI), and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary oedema is a consequence of increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure and/or an increased capillary permeability. The quantity of pulmonary oedema fluid is dependent on the balance of fluid formation and clearance, and this contributes to the over
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Mebazaa, Alexandre, and Mervyn Singer. Therapeutic strategy in cardiac failure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0152.

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The fundamental therapeutic principles of heart failure management are for acute heart failure with mainly signs of pulmonary congestion, normal or high blood pressure, and no signs of low cardiac output to reduce pulmonary congestion without affecting blood pressure. Management principles of cardiogenic shock management comprise improvement of forward flow with restoration/maintenance of adequate organ perfusion. Appropriate management requires sound appreciation of the underlying pathophysiology, awareness of the actions and potential side-effects of each therapeutic intervention, and a leve
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Spoletini, Giulia, and Nicholas S. Hill. Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0090.

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Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has been increasingly used over the past decades to avoid endotracheal intubation (ETI) in critical care settings. In selected patients with acute respiratory failure, NIV improves the overall clinical status more rapidly than standard oxygen therapy, avoids ETI and its complications, reduces length of hospital stay, and improves survival. NIV is primarily indicated in respiratory failure due to acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and associated with immunocompromised states. Weaker evidence supports its use
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