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1

Tyukavin, Aleksandr, Andrey Vasil'ev, Nikolay Arseniev, et al. Physiology with the basics of anatomy. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1904329.

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The textbook presents modern ideas about the structure and functions of the human body in accordance with the curriculum of the discipline "Physiology with the basics of anatomy".
 The morphofunctional features of living systems and basic physiological processes that manifest themselves at the level of cells, tissues, organs and the body as a whole are highlighted. The main genomic and epigenomic mechanisms of regulation of intracellular processes, as well as molecular mechanisms of adaptation of cells to the action of environmental factors are presented. The structure and precision neuro
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Rowland, Thomas W. Cardiovascular function. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0011.

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The circulatory response to increased metabolic demands of endurance exercise is best explained by a model in which volume of circulatory flow is governed by alterations in peripheral vascular resistance. These dynamics of the cardiovascular response to an acute bout of progressive endurance exercise are similar in children and adults, and, when adjusted for body size, true cardiovascular fitness (ability to generate cardiac output) is no different in healthy, untrained pre- and postpubertal individuals. As in adults, the capacity to eject stroke volume at maximal exercise differentiates level
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Rowland, Thomas W. Cardiovascular function. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0019.

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While the critical nature of blood perfusion during exercise is well recognized, many questions remain incompletely answered. What are the mechanisms by which circulation of blood is increased during exercise? By what means is circulatory flow tightly linked to tissue metabolic demands? What limits increases in circulatory flow during exhaustive exercise? By what mechanism does repeated exercise (i.e. fitness training) improve cardiovascular capacity? And—germane to the present discussion—are the answers to any or all of these questions diff erent in children than adults? Chapter 19 considers
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Siniawski, Henryk. Importance of Arterial Conduit Function Assessment in Chronic Congestive Heart Failure: Predictors of True Circulatory Decompensation for Optimal Timing of Mechanical Circulatory Support. INTECH Open Access Publisher, 2011.

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Maizel, Julien, and Michel Slama. Doppler echocardiography in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0141.

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The capacity of echocardiography to non-invasively identify the major causes of circulatory failure has made it increasingly popular in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Assessing cardiac performance in shocked patients is a key point in therapeutic support decision-making. Analysing left and right ventricular function and morphology should be mandatory in the training curriculum of ICU physicians. Haemodynamic evaluation relies on several parameters examining left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, left ventricular filling pressure, fluid responsiveness, and right ventricular f
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Arroyo, Vicente, Mónica Guevara, and Javier Fernández. Renal failure in cirrhosis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0247.

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A major event in liver cirrhosis is the development of a progressive deterioration of circulatory function due to splanchnic arterial vasodilation and impairment in cardiac function. This feature determines a homeostatic activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and antidiuretic hormone. The splanchnic microcirculation is resistant to the vasoconstrictor effect of these systems. Therefore, the homeostasis of arterial pressure in cirrhosis occurs in the extrasplanchnic, mainly renal circulation. The activation of these systems produces renal fluid reten
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Schelbert, Heinrich R. Image-Based Measurements of Myocardial Blood Flow. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0024.

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Image-based measurements of myocardial blood flow afford the assessment of coronary circulatory function. They reflect functional consequences of coronary stenoses, diffuse epicardial vessel disease and microvascular dysfunction and structural changes and thus provide a measure of the total ischemic burden. Measured flows contain therefore clinically important predictive information. Fundamental to flow measurements are the tissue tracer kinetics, their description through tracer kinetic models, high spatial and temporal resolution imaging devices and accurate extraction of radiotracer tissue
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Keshav, Satish, and Palak Trivedi. The liver in systemic disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0217.

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The liver may be involved in systemic diseases that primarily affect other organs. In most cases, the systemic disease should be treated effectively first. Circulatory disturbances can cause liver dysfunction by ischaemia (due to arterial hypoperfusion) and hepatic venous congestion. The liver is a key organ in sepsis, both as source of inflammatory mediators and as a victim of the inflammatory response. An oncological process may affect hepatic function in a number of ways. For example, tumours in and around the liver can affect function by directly reducing the volume of healthy, functioning
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Yang, Jingduan, and Daniel A. Monti. Human Energetic Anatomy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190210052.003.0003.

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This chapter teaches another essential foundation of acupuncture and Chinese medicine, the theory of Jing Luo, the invisible energy channels known as meridians through which Qi circulates. This chapter presents this complex human energy network as an energetic anatomy that include 12 principal channels (Zheng Jing), 8 extra channels (Qi Jing Ba Mai), 12 associated channels (Jing Bie), 12 peripheral channels (Jin Jing), 12 skin areas (Pi Bou), and 15 connecting channels (Luo Mai). The classification, distribution, and function of each is discussed in detail. There is no modern medicine equivale
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Rahimi, Kazem. Chronic heart failure. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0092.

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The European Society of Cardiology defines heart failure as a clinical syndrome in which patients have the following features: symptoms typical of heart failure (breathlessness, fatigue, ankle swelling); signs typical of heart failure (tachycardia, tachypnoea, pulmonary crackles, pleural effusion, raised jugular venous pressure, peripheral oedema, hepatomegaly); and objective evidence of a structural or functional abnormality of the heart at rest (cardiomegaly, third heat sound, cardiac murmurs, abnormality on the echocardiogram, raised natriuretic peptide concentration). Heart failure results
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Morley-Smith, Andrew C., André R. Simon, and John Pepper. Implanted cardiac support devices. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0031.

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Mechanical circulatory support forms a crucial and expanding element of advanced heart failure management. Short-term assistance is delivered in emergency situations or where the underlying condition is likely to quickly worsen, and these approaches are discussed in Chapter 30. This chapter focuses on implantable devices intended for the medium and long term. The first half of the chapter is aimed directly at practical clinical management, whilst the second half considers the evidence base for contemporary practice. The chapter concludes by considering new paradigms for implantable cardiac sup
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Morley-Smith, Andrew C., André R. Simon, and John Pepper. Implanted cardiac support devices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0031_update_001.

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Mechanical circulatory support forms a crucial and expanding element of advanced heart failure management. Short-term assistance is delivered in emergency situations or where the underlying condition is likely to quickly worsen, and these approaches are discussed in Chapter 30. This chapter focuses on implantable devices intended for the medium and long term. The first half of the chapter is aimed directly at practical clinical management, whilst the second half considers the evidence base for contemporary practice. The chapter concludes by considering new paradigms for implantable cardiac sup
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Smith, Martin. Beating heart organ donation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0389.

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Transplantation is the optimal treatment of end-stage dysfunction of many organs and can be life-saving. Despite increases in live donation and donation after circulatory death, donation after brain death remains the most important source of donor organs, and is currently the only source of thoracic organs in most countries. Brain death is associated with profound physiological changes including cardiovascular and respiratory changes, and severe metabolic and endocrine dysfunction that can jeopardize transplantable organ function. Although adequate time must be allowed for the proper confirmat
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Macauley, Robert C. Death and Organ Donation (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0016.

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The concept of death by neurological criteria (i.e., brain death) was formulated in 1968 to describe a state of complete and irreversible loss of brain function. While there remain philosophical debates about the validity of the concept, it is enshrined in state law—with a few notable limitations—and impacts both the role of continued somatic support as well as making possible the donation of vital organs. In light of the shortage of organs available for transplantation, greater attention has recently been paid to death by circulatory criteria procurement protocols. One significant source of d
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15

Dalzell, Jonathan R., Colette E. Jackson, Roy Gardner, and John JV McMurray. Acute heart failure: early pharmacological therapy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0052.

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Acute heart failure syndromes consist of a spectrum of clinical presentations due to an impairment of some aspect of the cardiac function. They represent a final common pathway for a vast array of pathologies and may be either a de novo presentation or, more commonly, a decompensation of pre-existing chronic heart failure. Despite being one of the most common medical presentations, there are no definitively proven prognosis-modifying treatments. The mainstay of current therapy is oxygen and intravenous diuretics. However, within this spectrum of presentations, there is a crucial dichotomy whic
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16

Dalzell, Jonathan R., Colette E. Jackson, Roy Gardner, and John JV McMurray. Acute heart failure: early pharmacological therapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0052_update_001.

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Acute heart failure syndromes consist of a spectrum of clinical presentations due to an impairment of some aspect of the cardiac function. They represent a final common pathway for a vast array of pathologies and may be either a de novo presentation or, more commonly, a decompensation of pre-existing chronic heart failure. Despite being one of the most common medical presentations, there are no definitively proven prognosis-modifying treatments. The mainstay of current therapy is oxygen and intravenous diuretics. However, within this spectrum of presentations, there is a crucial dichotomy whic
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Kreit, John W. Cardiovascular–Pulmonary Interactions. Edited by John W. Kreit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190670085.003.0003.

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Intramural pressures within a tube or circuit determine the rate and direction of flow, whereas the transmural pressure of an elastic structure determines its volume. In Chapter 1, we applied these principles when talking about the pressure needed to overcome viscous forces and elastic recoil during ventilation. In this chapter, we use them to explain changes in blood flow between two portions of the circulatory system and changes in the volume and size of the heart chambers. Cardio–Pulmonary Interactions provides an overview of essential cardiovascular physiology as well as an in-depth discus
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Litell, John M., and Nathan I. Shapiro. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0297.

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The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septi
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19

The use of TENS for non-painful conditions. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0010.

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Peripheral nerves consist of afferent and efferent neurones with different functions. TENS can be used to excite somatic efferents to influence the activity of skeletal muscle, and autonomic efferents to influence the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. There are physiological rationale to support the use of TENS to manage various non-painful conditions. Clinical experience suggests TENS is often beneficial. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the mechanism of action, clinical use and clinical efficacy for TENS when used to manage non-painful conditions. The chapter c
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Jaeckle, William, ed. Physiology of Larval Feeding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0009.

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The functional properties of marine invertebrate larvae represent the sum of the physiological activities of the individual, the interdependence among cells making up the whole, and the correct positioning of cells within the larval body. This chapter examines physiological aspects of nutrient acquisition, digestion, assimilation, and distribution within invertebrate larvae from an organismic and comparative perspective. Growth and development of larvae obviously require the acquisition of “food.” Yet the mechanisms where particulate or dissolved organic materials are converted into biomass an
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Reich, David L., Stephan A. Mayer, and Suzan Uysal, eds. Neuroprotection in Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.001.0001.

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Clinicians caring for patients are challenged by the task of protecting the brain and spinal cord in high-risk situations. These include following cardiac arrest, in critical care settings, and during complex procedural and surgical care. This book provides a comprehensive overview of various types of neural injury commonly encountered in critical care and perioperative contexts and the neuroprotective strategies used to optimize clinical outcomes. In addition to introductory chapters on the physiologic modulators of neural injury and pharmacologic neuroprotectants, the topics covered include:
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Rady, Mohamed Y., and Ari R. Joffe. Non-heart-beating organ donation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0390.

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The transplantation community endorses controlled and uncontrolled non-heart-beating organ donation (NHBD) to increase the supply of transplantable organs at end of life. Cardiac arrest must occur within 1–2 hours after the withdrawal of life-support in controlled NHBD. Uncontrolled NHBD is performed after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in an unexpected witnessed cardiac arrest. Donor management aims to protect transplantable organs against warm ischaemic injury through the optimization of haemodynamics and mechanical ventilation. This also requires antemortem instrumentation and systemi
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