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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Clenbuterol”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 10 marca 2023

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1

Douillard, Aymeric. "Implication des calpaïnes lors d'un remodelage musculaire induit par un traitement chronique au clenbutérol." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON14001/document.

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Afin de lutter efficacement contre les malversations du dopage, il apparaît essentiel de comprendre les mécanismes conduisant au remodelage musculaire. Dans ce but nous avons analysé les effets d’un β2-agoniste, le clenbutérol, sur le remodelage musculaire et les différentes voies de signalisation qui y sont associées. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés au système des calpaïnes qui a souvent été associé à des phénomènes de remodelage musculaire, principalement dans des modèles d’atrophie. Nous avons montré une sollicitation précoce du système des calpaïnes lors d’un traitement chroni

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2

Schmädicke, Ina. "Pharmakokinetik und Rückstandsverhalten von Clenbuterol bei Milchmastkälbern." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/1999/112/index.html.

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3

Burniston, Jatin George. "Clenbuterol-induced growth and damage of cardiac and skeletal muscle." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400532.

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4

Rose, Martin D. "The thermal stability and effect of cooking on veterinary drug residues in food." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267560.

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5

Sternbauer, Karin. "Metabolic studies in cattle using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique /." Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200538.pdf.

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6

Moore, Kerry. "INVESTIGATION OF THE 4-AMINO-α,α-DIHYDROXY-3,5-DICHLOROACETOPHENONE IMPURITY IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CLENBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE". VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3339.

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Clenbuterol Hydrochloride is a bronchodilator marketed as Spirospent® for Human Pharmaceuticals and as Ventipulmin® for Veterinary Pharmaceuticals by Boehringer Ingelheim.1 This research investigates formation of the 4-amino-α,α-dihydroxy-3,5-dichloroacetophenone impurity (Dihydroxy Impurity) in the synthesis of Clenbuterol Hydrochloride. The Dihydroxy Impurity has increased three-fold since the process was transferred to Boehringer Ingelheim Chemicals, Inc. in 1999.1 The Dihydroxy Impurity is proposed to be produced during an amination/reduction step from a reaction of water with the starti

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7

Rajab, P. E. "The metabolic, biochemical and cardiovascular effects of treatment with clenbuterol in the rat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285682.

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8

ALKO, DANIEL. "Metabolisme compare du clenbuterol chez le rat et le veau : implications pour l'evaluation toxicologique des beta-agonistes utilises en elevage (doctorat : toxicologie)." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05N050.

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9

Cameron, Robert B., Craig C. Beeson, and Rick G. Schnellmann. "Structural and pharmacological basis for the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by formoterol but not clenbuterol." NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625746.

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Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with numerous acute and chronic degenerative diseases. The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) agonist formoterol induces mitochondrial biogenesis (MB), but other beta(2)AR agonists, such as clenbuterol, do not. We sought to identify the MB signaling pathway of formoterol and the differences in signaling between these two ligands that result in the differential induction of MB. While formoterol and clenbuterol increased cAMP, only formoterol increased the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target eNOS. The increase in Akt phosphorylation was G

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10

Abraham, Getu. "Charakterisierung beta-adrenerger Rezeptoren auf Pferdeleymphozyten und deren Regulation unter dem Einfluß von Clenbuterol und Dexamethason." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-37035.

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6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Charakterisierung b-adrenerger Rezeptoren auf Pferdelymphozyten und deren Regulation unter dem Einfluß von Clenbuterol und Dexamethason Getu Abraham Institut für Pharmakologie, Pharmazie und Toxikologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Deutschland Juni, 2001 86 S., 205 Lit., 7 Tab., 23 Abb. Über Vorkommen und Eigenschaften von b-Adrenozeptoren auf Pferdelymphozyten und ihre pharmakologische Regulation liegen bisher keine Untersuchungen vor. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten b-adrenerge Rezeptoren an intakten Pferdelymphozyten in Bindungsstudien mit dem

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11

Kremers, Wolfram. "Neuroprotektion durch Nikotin, Clenbuterol, Memantin und Prolin-reiches Peptid in einer Primärkultur von postnatalen Hippocampuszellen der Ratte." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/diss/z2004/0435/.

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12

Sutayatram, Saikaew DVM. "Effects of Exercise, Clenbuterol, Carvedilol, Dobutamine, and Sedentary Existence in Acute Imipramine-Induced Heart Failure in Rat." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417521358.

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13

Abraham, Negash Getu. "Charakterisierung [beta]-adregener [beta-adregener] Rezeptoren auf Pferdelymphozyten und deren Regulation unter dem Einfluss von Clenbuterol und Dexamethason." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://dol.uni-leipzig.de/pub/2001-41.

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14

Chen, Kuangjen David. "Contractility, myosin isoforms, and myogenic regulatory factors after clenbuterol-, and hindlimb suspension-treatment in young and senescent rats /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487942739807414.

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15

Neukirch, Susanne [Verfasser]. "Gewebedopplerechokardiographische Untersuchung der Wirkung des β₂-Sympathomimetikums Clenbuterol auf den Herzmuskel gesunder und an RAO erkrankter Pferde / Susanne Neukirch". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1030488045/34.

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16

Kremers, Wolfram [Verfasser]. "Neuroprotektion durch Nikotin, Clenbuterol, Memantin und Prolin-reiches Peptid in einer Primärkultur von postnatalen Hippocampuszellen der Ratte / Wolfram Kremers." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1170540031/34.

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17

Johansson, M. Annette. "Immunosensor methods for drug residue control of food : assay design and sample matrix effects /." Uppsala : Dept. of Microbiology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a457.pdf.

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18

Stave, Christina [Verfasser]. "Untersuchung der Skelettmuskulatur bei chronisch lungenkranken Pferden vor und nach Therapie mit Clenbuterol und vor und nach Belastung / Christina Stave." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024538982/34.

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19

Barden, Timothy John. "The synthesis of novel O-alkyl analogues of the energy-repartitioning [beta]-agonist clenbuterol and their physiological and immunological characterisations." Thesis, [Campbelltown, N.S.W. : The Author], 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/29572.

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It was proposed that some O-alkyl analogues of the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol would be effective structural and functional congeners of clenbuterol which may then be used for the production of clenbuterol-specific idiotypic antibodies. These antibodies could possibly then be used to generate anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic the energy-repartitioning effects of clenbuterol. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesise and characterise these compounds, evaluate their physiological effects, characterise the specificity of antibodies produced in response to protein conjugates of

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20

Barden, Timothy John. "The synthesis of novel O-alkyl analogues of the energy-repartitioning [beta]-agonist clenbuterol and their physiological and immunological characterisations /." [Campbelltown, N.S.W. : The Author], 1995. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030723.132446/index.html.

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21

Kremers, Wolfram [Verfasser]. "Neuroprotektion durch Nikotin, Clenbuterol, Memantin und Prolin-reiches Peptid in einer Primärkultur von postnatalen Hippocampuszellen der Ratte / vorgelegt von Wolfram Alexander Kremers." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:04-z2004-04355.

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22

Cavalié, Hélian. "Effets au niveau musculo-squelettique d'un traitement de 8 semaines au clenbuterol, associé ou non à un entraînement de force chez le rat." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CLF20040.

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Un traitement de 8 semaines au clenbuterol chez le rat, à des doses considérées comme dopantes, modifie profondément la composition corporelle des animaux avec une augmentation de la masse maigre et une diminution de la masse grasse. L'entraînement de force-résistance combiné au traitement accentue encore plus ces différences alors que l'exercice seul n'a qu'un effet modéré. Au niveau musculaire les principaux effets du traitement et/ou de l'entraînement sont une redistribution du type de fibres des muscles squelettiques lent (soleus), mixte (plantaris) et rapide (EDL) vers un phénotype encore

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23

Ribeiro, Tânia Ferreira. "Utilização ilícita de fármacos no desporto." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5157.

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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas<br>A utilização ilícita de fármacos no desporto não é um fenómeno recente e é uma prática bem conhecida e difundida. São várias as substâncias que alteram a condição física do desportista e que podem melhorar o seu rendimento. A utilização de fármacos com finalidades não terapêuticas, além de ser eticamente reprovável, não é isenta de efeitos adversos na saúde dos atletas. A World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) foi criada devido ao cresc

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24

Törneke, Karolina. "Pharmacological aspects of adrenoceptor drugs in the horse /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5431-X.pdf.

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25

Grogan, Shawn Patrick, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "Endocrine alteration of meat quality and gene expression in rats and deer." THESIS_FEMA_ARD_Grogan_S.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/724.

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Stress activates a number of endocrine pathways that alter an animal's physiology in a manner which can result in undesirable meat quality. Animals frequently exhibit meat quality defects, including ecchymosis, at slaughter due to the stress of slaughter. This thesis explores how stress related hormones interact with adrenergic receptors to alter muscle and vascular physiology. Fallow deer were exposed to either a transciptional regulator (hydrocortisone), a beta adrenergic recptor agonist (clenbuterol) or a beta adrenergic receptor antagonist (propranolol). The administration of hydrocortison

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26

Leyva, Minaya Elvis Edisson, and Cáceres Fernando Pérez. "Desarrollo y validación de un método analítico para la cuantificación por HPLC de clenbuterol clorhidrato en solución oral-gotas, y análisis comparativo de productos comercializados en el Perú." Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2009. http://www.cybertesis.edu.pe/sisbib/2009/leyva_me/html/index-frames.html.

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El análisis por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Precisión (HPLC) de productos farmacéuticos es una necesidad y es de uso rutinario. Esta técnica evita minimiza los errores que conllevan a situaciones de riesgo al usuario, garantizando que el contenido en el producto sea el correcto. La validación es un proceso establecido que obtiene pruebas documentadas y demostrativas para que un método de análisis sea lo suficientemente fiable y reproducible para producir un resultado previsto dentro de los intervalos definidos. La validación de un método analítico es un requisito necesario para cumplir con l

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27

Pérez, Cáceres Fernando, and Minaya Elvis Edisson Leyva. "Desarrollo y validación de un método analítico para la cuantificación por HPLC de clenbuterol clorhidrato en solución oral-gotas, y análisis comparativo de productos comercializados en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/1606.

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El análisis por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Precisión (HPLC) de productos farmacéuticos es una necesidad y es de uso rutinario. Esta técnica evita minimiza los errores que conllevan a situaciones de riesgo al usuario, garantizando que el contenido en el producto sea el correcto. La validación es un proceso establecido que obtiene pruebas documentadas y demostrativas para que un método de análisis sea lo suficientemente fiable y reproducible para producir un resultado previsto dentro de los intervalos definidos. La validación de un método analítico es un requisito necesario para cumplir con l

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28

Stella, Roberto. "Skeletal muscle analysis by two different approaches: - an in vivo model to study the physiology of cellular prion protein - proteomics to identify biomarkers of illicit animal treatments." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422863.

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Data reported in the present thesis were obtained in two different projects. Accordingly, the thesis is divided into two chapters. The first chapter, which refers to papers I and II, reports a study aimed at unravelling the physiologic role of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) using an in vivo model of skeletal muscle regeneration. The second chapter refers to paper III in which the two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) approach in combination with tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify potential biological markers of the illegal treatment of bulls with growth promoting agents (GPA). B

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29

Nuhovic, Emina. "Läkemedelseffekter på α-synuklein aggregering - betydelse för Parkinsons sjukdom". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-82570.

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Parkinsons sjukdom (PD) är ett tillstånd som ger en försvårad och försämrad livskvalité. I dagsläget finns det endast symtomatiska läkemedel men ingen bot med vilken sjukdomen upphör eller som bromsar förloppet. Pågående forskningsarbete utgår bland annat från att ta fram nya läkemedel men även också undersöka om redan befintliga läkemedel går att använda som behandling av PD. Många av de redan befintliga läkemedlen som testas är de som har förmågan att påverka proteinet α-synuklein (α-syn) och dess aggregering, som visats vara en central orsak till uppkomsten av PD. I föreliggande litteraturs

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30

Grogan, Shawn Patrick. "Endocrine alteration of meat quality and gene expression in rats and deer." Thesis, [Richmond, N.S.W.] : CSIRO Animal Production : School of Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/724.

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Stress activates a number of endocrine pathways that alter an animal's physiology in a manner which can result in undesirable meat quality. Animals frequently exhibit meat quality defects, including ecchymosis, at slaughter due to the stress of slaughter. This thesis explores how stress related hormones interact with adrenergic receptors to alter muscle and vascular physiology. Fallow deer were exposed to either a transciptional regulator (hydrocortisone), a beta adrenergic recptor agonist (clenbuterol) or a beta adrenergic receptor antagonist (propranolol). The administration of hydrocortison

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31

Chuang, Meng Shiu, and 莊孟修. "Detection of clenbuterol in equine serum and urine." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22933571452893357966.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>獸醫學系<br>87<br>The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of clenbuterol in equine urine and serum after a continuously oral dose of clenbuterol?HCl. Horses were fed with 0.8mg of clenbuterol/kg BW twice a day (therapeutic dose). Urine and serum were collected separately after the latest treatment. Blood samples were given at 10min, 15min, 20min, 30min, 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h, 1d, 2d after dosing; urine were collected at 20min, 30min, 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h, 1d, 2d after dosing. Samples from treated animal were analysed and the clenbuterol concentration

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32

蘇翰農. "Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for clenbuterol." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55671671701643133563.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>獸醫學系<br>90<br>Clenbuterol is one kind of β2 selective agonists. It binds withβ2 receptors then via series of signal transductions activating protein kinase to make pharmalogical effect. Clenbuterol clinically uses as bronchodilators by enhancing the clearance of mucosal cilliary, but it improves the carcass and lowers the feed efficacy. Illegal abusement using as growth promoter is common now. An ELISA was developed for the detection of clenbuterol in diversity. The clenbuterol derived diazotized clenbuterol and was conjugated with HSA to produce antigen. Anticlenbuterol serum

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33

Schmädicke, Ina [Verfasser]. "Pharmakokinetik und Rückstandsverhalten von Clenbuterol bei Milchmastkälbern / vorgelegt von Ina Schmädicke." 1999. http://d-nb.info/961944137/34.

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Lackay, Sarah N. "The effects of Leptin, GIP and Clenbuterol on bone marrow gene expression." 2006. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/lackay%5Fsarah%5Fn%5F200605%5Fms.

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Sander, Kristian [Verfasser]. "Beeinflussung atemgasanalytischer Lungenfunktionsparameter durch intravenöse Clenbuterol-Applikation beim Pferd / vorgelegt von Kristian Sander." 2000. http://d-nb.info/962782548/34.

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Abraham, Getu. "Charakterisierung beta-adrenerger Rezeptoren auf Pferdeleymphozyten und deren Regulation unter dem Einfluß von Clenbuterol und Dexamethason." Doctoral thesis, 2001. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A10925.

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6. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Charakterisierung b-adrenerger Rezeptoren auf Pferdelymphozyten und deren Regulation unter dem Einfluß von Clenbuterol und Dexamethason Getu Abraham Institut für Pharmakologie, Pharmazie und Toxikologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, Deutschland Juni, 2001 86 S., 205 Lit., 7 Tab., 23 Abb. Über Vorkommen und Eigenschaften von b-Adrenozeptoren auf Pferdelymphozyten und ihre pharmakologische Regulation liegen bisher keine Untersuchungen vor. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten b-adrenerge Rezeptoren an intakten Pferdelymphozyten in Bindungsstudien mit dem

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37

Hsu, Wei-Hsun, and 徐偉勛. "Determination of Clenbuterol in Urine by Head-space Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatograph-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2r7v6k.

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碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>化學系<br>92<br>In this thesis, we develop a method of using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatograph-ion trap mass spectrometer (GC-ITMS) to detect a β-agonist : clenbuterol. We discuss and optimize eight parameters of extraction and desertion procedure, including types of fibers, extraction temperature, extraction time, desorption temperature, desorption time, stir rate, ionic strength, pH of sample and cooling system. The method show good linearity over the concentration range 1–1000 ng/mL and gives detection limits below ng/mL level. Pr

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Wu, Shih-Wei, and 吳仕偉. "Production of Polyclonal Antibody and Development of ELISA and Gold Nanoparticle Immunochromatographic Strip Assay for Clenbuterol and Salbutamol." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49477563554953687511.

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碩士<br>中山醫學大學<br>生物醫學科學學系碩士班<br>103<br>Clenbuterol (CLE) and Salbutamol (Sal), β2 agonist similar to Ractopamine (Rac), have been widely used in livestock due to theirs remarkable effectiveness of muscle growth and protein-to-fat ratio improvement. CLE and Sal may cause acute toxic responses, such as cardiac palpitation, tachycardia, nervousness, muscle tremors and confusion. In addition, the toxicity of Sal was less than the CLE. For detecting the level of CLE and Sal in pork or beef, rabbit polyclonal antibodies for CLE and Sal were produced in our studies. Using the antibodies from the rabbi

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39

Chang, Lin-Ying, and 張鈴纓. "Studies on the detection limit of analytical method for clenbuterol residues in swine muscle, swine liver and bovine muscle." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00718698874615638978.

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碩士<br>中國文化大學<br>生活應用科學研究所<br>90<br>A simple and rapid method with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) to determine clenbuterol in muscle and liver of swine and cattle. After homogenizing the tissue with 0.4N perchloric acid, the supernatant was extracted with diethyl ether, followed by back-extraction in 0.2M sulphuric acid, and finally determined by HPLC. The separation was performed with a Waters 5C18-MS (2.0×150 mm)(Cosmosil) column on 0.05M NaH2PO4 (pH3.0):acetonitrile (80:20, v/v) as a mobile phase, and clenbuterol was detected by absorbance at 212nm. The recovery

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40

Barden, Timothy John, University of Western Sydney, and Faculty of Business and Technology. "The synthesis of novel O-alkyl analogues of the energy-repartitioning [beta]-agonist clenbuterol and their physiological and immunological characterisations." 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/29572.

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It was proposed that some O-alkyl analogues of the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol would be effective structural and functional congeners of clenbuterol which may then be used for the production of clenbuterol-specific idiotypic antibodies. These antibodies could possibly then be used to generate anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic the energy-repartitioning effects of clenbuterol. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesise and characterise these compounds, evaluate their physiological effects, characterise the specificity of antibodies produced in response to protein conjugates of

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(14249484), Cheryl A. Javro. "Evaluation of the mechanism by which animal growth promotants operating through B2-adrenoceptors induce muscle growth: Methodological development, and a study of clenbuterol." Thesis, 1996. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Evaluation_of_the_mechanism_by_which_animal_growth_promotants_operating_through_B2-adrenoceptors_induce_muscle_growth_Methodological_development_and_a_study_of_clenbuterol/21714995.

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<p>There were two main objectives for this study. The first of these was to develop a research methodology with which both the affinity and efficacy of B-adrenoceptor agonists on protein degradation in skeletal muscle could be studied.</p> <p>B2-Adrenoceptors were isolated from toad skeletal muscle and were characterised in radioligand binding experiments. The resultant affinity constants for 14 drugs were compared with values obtained from bovine Bradrenoceptors, and paired t-test analysis indicated that no significant difference existed between these two populations of B2-adrenoceptors. Thus

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Fugazzola, Maria Carlotta [Verfasser]. "Pharmakologische Beeinflussung der Bronchokonstriktion durch Clenbuterol, Cilomilast und Beclomethason-dipropionat an "Precision Cut Lung Slices" beim Pferd / vorgelegt von Maria Carlotta Fugazzola." 2009. http://d-nb.info/99602316X/34.

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Abraham, Negash Getu [Verfasser]. "Charakterisierung β-adregener [beta-adregener] Rezeptoren auf Pferdelymphozyten und deren Regulation unter dem Einfluß von Clenbuterol und Dexamethason / eingereicht von Getu Abraham Negash". 2001. http://d-nb.info/963268244/34.

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(707203), Huifang Huang. "Studies of physiological methods for increasing growth rate in beef cattle." Thesis, 1999. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Studies_of_physiological_methods_for_increasing_growth_rate_in_beef_cattle/21700775.

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<p>The aim of this project was to investigate physiological methods for increasing growth rate in beef cattle. The effect of glucocorticoids with or without clenbuterol on B<sub>2</sub>- adrenoceptors (B<sub>2</sub>-AR) in skeletal muscle and the effect of fasting on serum leptin were studied.</p> <p>Muscle growth can be promoted in meat producing animals, humans, and experimental animals by the use of B-agonists. However, these anabolic effects rapidly attenuate due to a decrease in B<sub>2</sub>-AR density in skeletal muscle following treatment. Glucocorticoids were demonstrated to increase

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